116:
453:
519:
511:
20:
177:
who figured in the order's legends about its origins. It was also known as white crosiers or crosiers with red heart from the color of their robes or their emblem. The order's difficult and varied names introduce much confusion in historiography and obscure its origin and history. In particular, the
370:
in 1673–1674, the
Bohemian order became an autonomous and independent order in 1678. The new order became known as the Order of the Holy Cross with the Red Heart (Canonicus Ordo Crucigerorum cum Rubeo Corde). In 1715, they established an annual celebration in honor of Saint
1386:
224:, though this description is unclear and debatable. However, the information about the order's activities is very fragmentary as its rules prohibited publicizing one's work, and many libraries and archives were lost when the monasteries were closed.
703:
571:
150:, a Roman fountain located nearby. It could also be a reference to Demetrius, an alleged Christian martyr who plays a role in the legends of the order's founding. In Lithuania, the order was known as
1514:
1419:
Vaicekauskas, Mikas (2008). "To Burn or To
Republish?: The Fate of the 18th–19th century Lithuanian Bestseller". In Gabler, Hans Walter; Robinson, Peter; Subačius, Paulius V. (eds.).
128:
201:. White symbolized purity while red symbolized martyrdom and sacrifice. The meaning of the emblem could be summarized as "perfecting the heart by faithfully carrying the cross".
159:
115:
366:, the Canons Regular of Penitence returned to Prague but they were not satisfied with their Polish superior general. After a failed attempt to merge with the Belgian
1457:
The cultural legacy of the monasteries resolved in the former Polish
Commonwealth and in Silesia during 18th and 19th centuries: the fate, importance, inventory
990:
384:
1166:
Elm, Kaspar; Franchi, Antonino; Gustaw, Romualdo (1980). "Frati della
Penitenza dei Beati Martiri". In Pelliccia, Guerrino; Rocca, Giancarlo (eds.).
1354:
698:
1524:
886:
367:
291:(two of them in Prague), two in the Kingdom of Poland, one in Germany, and one in an unknown island in Kuyavia. The order was invited to the
566:
626:
164:
1315:
1529:
1220:
944:
389:
197:. The scapular was embroidered with the symbol of the order – red heart with a red cross. A pierced heart is an attribute of
553:
324:
268:
where the monks built the Church of the Holy Cross (completed in 1356). In 1257, the order was invited to Poland by Duke
1140:
1022:
1534:
446:
405:
As the number of monasteries in the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania continued to grow, the order formed a separate Lithuanian
133:
406:
142:
where the order was originally based. The church is known only from written records and possibly was located near the
1490:
1436:
1325:
1272:
1230:
1219:
Janonienė, Rūta (20 September 2000). "Vilniaus buvęs atgailos kanauninkų vienuolynas ir Šv. Baltramiejaus bažnyčia".
973:
68:
1387:"ks. Andrzej Bruździński, Kanonicy regularni od pokuty na ziemiach polskich, Wydawnictwo Unum, Kraków 2003, ss. 445"
362:
in 1470. In the 16th century, the order's monasteries were located only in Poland and
Lithuania. In 1628, after the
1301:
The knights of the cross with the red heart (Cyriaci) and their convent in the Old Town of Prague between 1628-1729
1519:
296:
399:
300:
220:(including a pseudo-martyr Demetrius). The order was known for its pastoral work. It was also described as a
887:"Ks. Andrzej Bruździński, Kanonicy regularni od pokuty na ziemiach polskich, Kraków: Wydawnictwo UNUM, 2003"
1314:
Janonienė, Rūta (6 June 2000). "Videniškių buvęs atgailos kanauninkų vienuolynas ir Šv. Lauryno bažnyčia".
646:
487:
347:
1509:
379:(1621–1688), was first buried in the Church of the Holy Cross of the order and only later transferred to
452:
208:. Its surviving constitutions (1612 from Poland and 1750 from Bohemia) are essentially copies of the
1063:
Dictionnaire des Ordres religieux ou
Histoire des Ordres Monastiques, Religieux et Militaires (etc.)
358:) monasteries were closed. The monks returned to Prague in 1436 but had to flee more permanently to
55:, and devotion to the Holy Cross. Established in the 13th century, the order was initially based in
1023:"An Hitherto Unknown 17th Century Correspondence Between Bohemian and Belgian Crosiers (1673–1674)"
363:
292:
80:
269:
394:
continues to be celebrated in Prague every 15 May. The
Bohemian order was closed in 1783 due to
273:
1061:
355:
307:
in 1260) and perhaps in Spain and France. The monasteries in Spain were reportedly located in
1294:
261:
205:
63:, Germany, England, perhaps Spain and France. The Bohemian branch with the main monastery in
48:
37:
Ordo
Canonicorum Regularium Mendicantium S. Mariae de Metro de Poenitentia Sanctorum Martyrum
1259:
939:
470:
213:
120:
104:
1296:
Kanonie Cyriaků (křižovníků s červeným srdcem) na Starém Městě pražském v letech 1628-1729
518:
72:
8:
410:
380:
143:
1303:] (Diploma thesis) (in Czech). Charles University in Prague. pp. 5, 30, 62, 79.
320:
316:
288:
280:
84:
60:
376:
1486:
1452:
1432:
1401:
1321:
1268:
1226:
1201:
1171:
1155:
1067:
1037:
996:
969:
901:
510:
249:
217:
1331:
67:
became an independent order in 1628 and was suppressed in 1783. Most popular in the
1424:
430:
331:
241:
96:
1236:
672:
372:
221:
209:
198:
186:
840:
434:
245:
237:
174:
154:(White Augustinians) from their white robes. In Poland, the order was known as
92:
44:
40:
32:
1428:
1066:. Encyclopédie théologique (in French). Vol. 2. Migne. pp. 953–954.
853:
659:
414:
88:
1503:
1405:
1193:
1071:
1000:
905:
775:
438:
1205:
1175:
1159:
1041:
749:
501:), author of a popular Lithuanian-language collection of religious readings
339:
260:– that came under papal protection. In 1256, the order was invited by King
613:
600:
417:
became the superior general. The superior in Videniškiai had the title of
395:
330:
Initially based in Rome at the Church of the Sancta Mariae de Metro, the
147:
1170:(in Italian). Vol. VI. Rome: Edizioni Paoline. pp. 1392–1398.
1096:
631:
586:
456:
The main location of the order in Poland – Church of St. Mark in Kraków
343:
52:
481:
762:
685:
474:
351:
304:
731:
540:
505:
449:. This monastery also closed in 1845 bringing the end of the order.
442:
359:
123:
wearing the white habit with the embroidered red emblem of the order
100:
76:
788:
441:
policies and closed all monasteries of the order except for one in
233:
194:
190:
179:
312:
827:
814:
801:
735:
426:
257:
253:
248:. The earliest known papal document referencing the order is by
335:
308:
303:
in 1387. The order also had monasteries in
England (founded in
265:
252:
from 9 April 1256 which mentioned three monasteries – in Rome,
232:
The origin of the order is unknown though it shares with other
64:
1352:
522:
Church of St. Bartholomew where the last monastery was located
514:
Interior of the former monastery in Videniškiai (now a museum)
1139:
Elm, Kaspar; Franchi, Antonino; Gustaw, Romualdo (May 1986).
718:
422:
19:
1453:"Kanonicy regularni od pokuty, Kraków (św. Marka Apostoła)"
409:. As the monasteries in Poland closed down, the Lithuanian
284:
139:
56:
1267:. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. pp. 14–19.
948:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
127:
In their Latin name, "S. Mariae de Metro" referred to the
107:(officially beatified in 2018) was a member of the order.
1515:
Catholic religious orders established in the 13th century
212:
constitutions. The order was particularly devoted to the
1355:"Dziękczynienie za beatyfikację Bł. Michała Giedroycia"
1036:. Translated by Raymond Steffes, Walter Nichipor: 3–5.
1423:. Variants. Vol. 7. Brill/Rodopi. pp. 9–10.
1320:(in Lithuanian). Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla.
1225:(in Lithuanian). Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla.
989:
Hülsen, Christian (1927). "M60. S. Mariae de Metrio".
29:
Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs
995:(in Italian). Florence: Leo S. Olschki. p. 345.
272:. The order was in danger of being suppressed by the
236:
the legends about its founding in the 1st century by
473:(died in 1485), known for his piety, was officially
1258:Bosch, Piet van den (1992). Cotone, Michael (ed.).
421:, i.e. he had the right to wear bishop's insignia (
1200:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 637.
1483:Kanonicy regularni od pokuty na ziemiach polskich
506:Monasteries in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1501:
1165:
1138:
283:listed eight monasteries of the order – one in
1353:Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna (8 June 2019).
1099:(in Polish). Kościół świętego Marka w Krakowie
894:Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademijos metraštis
368:Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross
1418:
884:
1480:
963:
1384:
968:(in Lithuanian). Aidai. pp. 197–198.
465:The most famous member of the order were:
1313:
1218:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1288:
1286:
1284:
937:
517:
509:
451:
315:, both founded by pilgrims visiting the
216:and the Holy Cross as well as the early
114:
18:
1485:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo UNUM.
1292:
1261:The Crosiers: They Shared with Everyone
1196:. In Herbermann, Charles George (ed.).
1191:
1187:
1185:
1168:Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1055:
1053:
1051:
959:
957:
955:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
880:
878:
876:
1502:
1445:
1307:
1154:. Translated by James Hentges: 12–14.
1134:
1059:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
988:
938:Jagminas, Leonardas (1 August 2018) .
1525:Catholic Church in the Czech Republic
1412:
1369:
1346:
1281:
1257:
1251:
1212:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1394:Studia Źródłoznawcze. Commentationes
1182:
1078:
1048:
982:
952:
912:
873:
110:
1164:which is an English translation of
1141:"The Penitents of the Holy Martyrs"
1020:
1007:
375:(killed in 1393) who, according to
325:Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine
299:in 1390 shortly after the official
178:order is often confused with other
91:), the order was suppressed by the
13:
1474:
1111:
71:(a total of five locations in the
14:
1546:
1421:Textual Scholarship and the Canon
429:). After the failed anti-Tsarist
323:, and were incorporated into the
169:. In Bohemia, they were known as
146:; its name might be derived from
1192:McGahan, Florence Rudge (1911).
945:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
83:(a total of 18 locations in the
992:Le Chiese di Roma nel Medio Evo
129:Church of Santa Maria de Metrio
158:from their main center at the
16:Roman Catholic religious order
1:
1481:Bruździński, Andrzej (2003).
1317:Lietuvos vienuolynai. Vadovas
1222:Lietuvos vienuolynai. Vadovas
964:Rabikauskas, Paulius (2002).
885:Prašmantaitė, Aldona (2003).
867:
491:
400:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
346:. At the time, four (Prague,
338:in 1340. In 1420, during the
301:Christianization of Lithuania
59:and had a few monasteries in
1530:Catholic Church in Lithuania
342:, the order fled Bohemia to
7:
87:with the main monastery in
75:with the main monastery in
10:
1551:
460:
445:which was attached to the
227:
160:Church of St. Mark, Kraków
119:17th-century engraving of
51:and emphasized piousness,
43:religious order. It was a
1535:Catholic Church in Poland
1429:10.1163/9789042032361_003
1385:Baranowska, Anna (2005).
1198:The Catholic Encyclopedia
447:Church of St. Bartholomew
279:In a papal bull of 1295,
23:Coat of arms of the order
1293:Jiřinec, Martin (2007).
1021:Elm, Kaspar (May 1986).
480:Priest Jakub Sójecki of
364:Battle of White Mountain
293:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
103:closed in 1845. Blessed
99:. The last monastery in
81:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1060:Hélyot, Pierre (1849).
966:Krikščioniškoji Lietuva
204:The order followed the
1520:1845 disestablishments
940:"atgailos kanauninkai"
523:
515:
457:
398:reforms introduced by
274:Second Council of Lyon
124:
36:
24:
521:
513:
455:
297:Władysław II Jagiełło
270:Bolesław V the Chaste
262:Ottokar II of Bohemia
206:Rule of St. Augustine
185:The monks wore white
118:
49:Rule of St. Augustine
22:
1194:"Penitential Orders"
437:implemented various
348:Klášterec nad Orlicí
214:crucifixion of Jesus
1334:on 24 February 2022
1239:on 11 February 2012
532:Present-day country
411:provincial superior
381:St. Vitus Cathedral
356:Benátky nad Jizerou
334:later relocated to
240:and restoration by
152:baltieji Augustinai
144:Arch of Constantine
93:Tsarist authorities
47:which followed the
1510:Augustinian canons
524:
516:
458:
321:Kingdom of Galicia
317:Camino de Santiago
289:Kingdom of Bohemia
281:Pope Boniface VIII
125:
85:Diocese of Vilnius
25:
865:
864:
608:1400 – 1595/1610
561:1262/1266 – 1816
250:Pope Alexander IV
218:Christian martyrs
111:Names and symbols
73:Diocese of Kraków
69:Kingdom of Poland
1542:
1496:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1459:. 9 January 2017
1449:
1443:
1442:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1391:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1330:. Archived from
1311:
1305:
1304:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1235:. Archived from
1216:
1210:
1209:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1148:Crosier Heritage
1145:
1136:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1093:
1076:
1075:
1057:
1046:
1045:
1030:Crosier Heritage
1027:
1018:
1005:
1004:
986:
980:
979:
961:
950:
949:
935:
910:
909:
891:
882:
707:
635:
575:
526:
525:
500:
496:
493:
488:Michał Olszewski
431:Uprising of 1831
393:
385:Navalis festival
332:superior general
168:
137:
97:Uprising of 1831
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1477:
1475:Further reading
1472:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1417:
1413:
1389:
1383:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1328:
1312:
1308:
1291:
1282:
1275:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1190:
1183:
1143:
1137:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1079:
1058:
1049:
1025:
1019:
1008:
987:
983:
976:
962:
953:
936:
913:
889:
883:
874:
870:
701:
629:
569:
508:
498:
494:
471:Michał Giedroyć
463:
387:
377:Bohuslav Balbín
373:John of Nepomuk
287:, three in the
256:(Germany), and
230:
222:mendicant order
199:Saint Augustine
162:
131:
121:Michał Giedroyć
113:
105:Michał Giedroyć
17:
12:
11:
5:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1444:
1437:
1411:
1368:
1345:
1326:
1306:
1280:
1273:
1250:
1231:
1211:
1181:
1110:
1077:
1047:
1006:
981:
974:
951:
911:
871:
869:
866:
863:
862:
859:
856:
850:
849:
846:
843:
837:
836:
833:
830:
824:
823:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
791:
785:
784:
781:
778:
772:
771:
768:
765:
759:
758:
755:
752:
746:
745:
742:
739:
728:
727:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
708:
695:
694:
691:
688:
682:
681:
678:
675:
669:
668:
665:
662:
656:
655:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
636:
623:
622:
619:
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610:
609:
606:
603:
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595:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
576:
563:
562:
559:
556:
550:
549:
546:
543:
537:
536:
533:
530:
507:
504:
503:
502:
485:
478:
462:
459:
435:Russian Empire
276:of 1272–1274.
246:Judas Cyriacus
242:Empress Helena
238:Pope Anacletus
229:
226:
175:Judas Cyriacus
112:
109:
45:penitent order
41:Roman Catholic
39:) was a small
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1547:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1492:83-89256-11-8
1488:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1438:9789042032361
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:(in Polish).
1395:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1356:
1349:
1333:
1329:
1327:9986-571-39-1
1323:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1274:0-8146-5836-9
1270:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1232:9986-571-39-1
1228:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
985:
977:
975:9955-445-36-X
971:
967:
960:
958:
956:
947:
946:
941:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
881:
879:
877:
872:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
821:
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805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
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774:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
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733:
730:
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716:
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709:
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697:
696:
692:
689:
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683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
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640:
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624:
620:
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615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
602:
598:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
573:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
535:Years active
534:
531:
528:
527:
520:
512:
489:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
468:
467:
466:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:Russification
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
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1400:: 217–218.
1357:(in Polish)
900:: 741–746.
854:Suvainiškis
702: [
660:Videniškiai
630: [
570: [
499: 1779
495: 1712
484:(1579–1659)
415:Videniškiai
396:Josephinism
388: [
189:with white
163: [
148:Meta Sudans
132: [
89:Videniškiai
1504:Categories
1463:25 January
1361:27 January
1338:30 January
1243:30 January
1103:25 January
1097:"Markowie"
868:References
861:1782–1832
848:1775–1810
835:1770–1832
822:1764–1832
809:1721–1832
796:1700–1832
783:1695–1832
770:1677–1832
757:1650–1700
744:1644–1845
726:1641–1832
713:1622–1832
699:Michališki
693:1620–1832
680:1620–1827
667:1618–1832
654:1610–1800
641:1600–1832
621:1501–1832
594:1390–1832
587:Medininkai
581:1390–1523
548:1257–1807
497: – c.
344:Regensburg
95:after the
79:) and the
53:asceticism
1406:0081-7147
1072:758265296
1001:636231156
906:1392-0502
858:Lithuania
845:Lithuania
841:Glitiškės
832:Lithuania
819:Lithuania
806:Lithuania
793:Lithuania
780:Lithuania
767:Lithuania
763:Skiemonys
754:Lithuania
741:Lithuania
690:Lithuania
686:Panemunis
664:Lithuania
638:Lithuania
618:Lithuania
614:Tverečius
601:Tęgoborze
591:Lithuania
475:beatified
419:infulatus
413:based in
352:Pardubice
327:in 1567.
305:Guildford
210:Dominican
195:mozzettas
191:scapulars
789:Kurkliai
776:Jūžintai
567:Bystryca
554:Trzciana
529:Location
469:Blessed
407:province
295:by King
234:Crosiers
180:Crosiers
156:Markowie
1206:1391341
1176:2194708
1160:9663588
1042:9663588
828:Kvetkai
815:Papilys
802:Salakas
750:Paberžė
736:Vilnius
723:Belarus
710:Belarus
673:Bogoria
627:Smalvos
578:Belarus
482:Przyrów
477:in 2018
461:Members
427:crosier
319:in the
258:Kuyavia
254:Alsfeld
228:History
171:Cyriaci
61:Bohemia
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732:Užupis
677:Poland
651:Poland
647:Pilica
605:Poland
558:Poland
545:Poland
541:Kraków
443:Užupis
433:, the
383:. The
360:Kraków
354:, and
336:Prague
309:Sarria
266:Prague
187:habits
173:after
101:Užupis
77:Kraków
65:Prague
1390:(PDF)
1299:[
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890:(PDF)
719:Myory
706:]
634:]
599:Near
574:]
423:mitre
392:]
313:Arzúa
167:]
136:]
33:Latin
1487:ISBN
1465:2020
1433:ISBN
1402:ISSN
1363:2020
1340:2020
1322:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1245:2020
1227:ISBN
1202:OCLC
1172:OCLC
1156:OCLC
1105:2020
1068:OCLC
1038:OCLC
997:OCLC
970:ISBN
902:ISSN
425:and
311:and
285:Rome
244:and
193:and
140:Rome
57:Rome
27:The
1425:doi
264:to
138:in
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