515:
became ruler and betrayed the State of Jin by invading the State of Song. As a result, Duke Jing of Song attacked Cao. No troops from the State of Jin came to the rescue such that the State of Cao was exterminated in 487 BC after the capture of Duke Fei of Cao.
419:
As a result of the Cao's relative weakness, later generations wrote few records on events concerning the state's history. The only major event recorded in the
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and took Duke Gong of Cao prisoner. After the defeat of the State of Chu, Cao followed the orders of its near neighbour the State of Jin.
484:
About 630 it was a vassal or ally of Chu. When Chu attacked Song, Jin made a diversionary attack on Cao. After Jin defeated Chu at the
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450:
and appointed himself the eleventh ruler. He was the first ruler of the State of Cao to receive the title of "Duke" (公).
2701:
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Descendants of the people of Cao adopted the name of their former state. This is one origin of the
Chinese Surname
503:
in 515 BC and held him prisoner until his death. Thereafter, disorder broke out in Cao and Duke Dao's successors
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got into difficulties when passing through the State of Cáo and was treated rudely by
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dynasty (770 BC), the State of Cao suffered internal upheaval. In 760 BC,
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Later on, the States of Cao and Song became hostile towards each other.
356:(1046–221 BC). The state was founded sometime in the 11th century BC by
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about 50 miles east of the point where the current course of the
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the State of Cao became caught up in the struggle for
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changes from east to north-east. To the northwest was
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in 632 BC, Jin crushed the State of Cao, rescued the
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16:Zhou Dynasty Chinese vassal state (1046–221 BC)
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431:was killed by his younger brother
14:
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511:were killed one after another.
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2665:Records of the Grand Historian
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421:Records of the Grand Historian
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333:
325:
181:
167:
153:
123:
1:
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7:
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10:
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757:曹莊公/曹庄公 (Cáo Zhuāng Gōng)
540:Rulers of the State of Cao
414:
3151:
3103:
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2135:
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2131:
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2057:
1981:
1979:
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1901:
1839:
1837:
1780:
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1196:
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1123:
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917:曹聲公/曹声公 (Cáo Shēng Gōng)
519:
446:killed his elder brother
310:
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33:
21:
455:Spring and Autumn period
438:At the beginning of the
933:曹隱公/曹隐公 (Cáo Yǐn Gōng)
565:曹叔振鐸 (Cáo Shū Zhènduó)
371:and younger brother of
367:(d. 1053 BC), a son of
2718:Ancient Chinese states
2683:"Rulers of the States"
773:曹釐公/曹厘公 (Cáo Lǐ Gōng)
461:between the states of
375:. With its capital at
91:• Disestablished
34:11th century BC–487 BC
853:曹成公 (Cáo Chéng Gōng)
744:終生/终生 ( Zhōng Shēng)
407:and to the southeast
50:Common languages
2681:Chinese Text Project
949:曹靖公 (Cáo Jìng Gōng)
885:曹平公 (Cáo Píng Gōng)
837:曹宣公 (Cáo Xuān Gōng)
805:曹共公 (Cáo Gòng Gōng)
789:曹昭公 (Cáo Zhāo Gōng)
741:曹桓公 (Cáo Huán Gōng)
597:曹仲君 (Cáo Zhòng Jūn)
352:in China during the
294:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
901:曹悼公 (Cáo Dào Gōng)
821:曹文公 (Cáo Wén Gōng)
542:
403:, to the northeast
330:traditional Chinese
81:• Established
2634:(later Zhulou and
1716:Duke Zhuang of Cao
978:Rulers family tree
869:曹武公 (Cáo Wǔ Gōng)
753:Duke Zhuang of Cao
725:曹穆公 (Cáo Mù Gōng)
629:曹孝伯 (Cáo Xiào Bó)
613:曹宮伯 (Cáo Gōng Bó)
538:
358:Shu Zhenduo of Cao
322:simplified Chinese
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3090:
3089:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2508:Duke Sheng of Cao
2210:Duke Cheng of Cao
1301:Count Xiao of Cao
1228:Count Gong of Cao
1155:Lord Zhong of Cao
975:
974:
913:Duke Sheng of Cao
849:Duke Cheng of Cao
709:曹廢伯 (Cáo Fèi Bó)
693:曹惠伯 (Cáo Huì Bó)
677:曹戴伯 (Cáo Dài Bó)
661:曹幽伯 (Cáo Yōu Bó)
625:Count Xiao of Cao
609:Count Gong of Cao
593:Lord Zhong of Cao
581:曹太伯 (Cáo Tài Bó)
568:振鐸/振铎 ( Zhènduó)
505:Duke Sheng of Cao
497:Duke Jing of Song
486:Battle of Chengpu
393:North China Plain
389:Shandong Province
314:
313:
306:
305:
200:Yale Romanization
141:Standard Mandarin
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102:
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3100:
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2730:
2711:
2704:
2697:
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2687:
2668:
2657:
2522:Duke Jing of Cao
2394:Duke Ping of Cao
2089:Duke Xuan of Cao
1933:Duke Gong of Cao
1869:Duke Zhao of Cao
1652:Duke Huan of Cao
1560:Count Fei of Cao
1476:Count Hui of Cao
1410:Count Dai of Cao
1396:Count You of Cao
1082:Count Tai of Cao
991:
990:
982:
981:
968:伯陽/伯阳 ( Bóyáng)
965:曹伯陽 (Cáo Bóyáng
945:Duke Jing of Cao
881:Duke Ping of Cao
833:Duke Xuan of Cao
801:Duke Gong of Cao
785:Duke Zhao of Cao
737:Duke Huan of Cao
705:Count Fei of Cao
689:Count Hui of Cao
673:Count Dai of Cao
657:Count You of Cao
645:曹夷伯 (Cáo Yí Bó)
577:Count Tai of Cao
543:
479:Duke Gong of Cao
475:Duke Xian of Jin
448:Count Fei of Cao
433:Count Dai of Cao
429:Count You of Cao
369:King Wen of Zhou
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2494:Duke Dao of Cao
2412:
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2408:Duke Yin of Cao
2398:
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2093:
2091:
2015:
2013:
2011:Duke Wen of Cao
1937:
1935:
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1382:Count Yi of Cao
1303:
1230:
1157:
1084:
1013:
1011:Cao Shu Zhenduo
980:
929:Duke Yin of Cao
897:Duke Dao of Cao
817:Duke Wen of Cao
641:Count Yi of Cao
561:Cao Shu Zhenduo
534:
522:
513:Duke Fei of Cao
509:Duke Yin of Cao
501:Duke Dao of Cao
417:
373:King Wu of Zhou
360:
348:) was a vassal
92:
85:11th century BC
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2675:External links
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1801:Duke Li of Cao
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1574:Duke Mu of Cao
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899:
893:
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886:
883:
877:
876:
873:
870:
867:
865:Duke Wu of Cao
861:
860:
857:
856:負芻/负刍( Fùchú)
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
774:
771:
769:Duke Li of Cao
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
721:Duke Mu of Cao
717:
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569:
566:
563:
557:
556:
553:
552:Personal name
550:
547:
533:
530:
521:
518:
444:Duke Mu of Cao
416:
413:
385:Dingtao County
312:
311:
308:
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296:
290:
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283:
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273:Middle Chinese
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196:
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193:Yue: Cantonese
189:
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135:Transcriptions
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2139:
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2097:
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2070:
2068:
2038:
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2019:
2012:
1992:
1990:
1960:
1958:
1941:
1934:
1914:
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1538:
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1503:
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1484:
1477:
1457:
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1397:
1390:
1383:
1379:
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1368:
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1358:
1356:
1355:
1344:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1302:
1282:
1280:
1250:
1248:
1229:
1209:
1207:
1177:
1175:
1156:
1136:
1134:
1104:
1102:
1083:
1063:
1061:
1031:
1029:
1012:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
938:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
874:
872:勝/胜 ( Shèng)
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
810:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:1053–1002 BC
586:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
546:English Name
545:
544:
541:
536:
532:Rulers of Cao
529:
527:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
490:State of Song
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
341:
336:
331:
323:
319:
309:
297:
295:
291:
288:
284:
276:
274:
270:
267:
263:
255:
253:
249:
241:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
217:
215:
211:
203:
201:
197:
194:
190:
184:
179:
177:
173:
165:
163:
159:
151:
149:
145:
142:
138:
133:
129:
121:
119:
115:
111:
106:
98:
94:
88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
32:
20:
3243:
3199:Western Zhou
3174:Eastern Zhou
3152:Minor states
3105:Seven states
2820:Minor states
2745:
2734:Major states
2726:Zhou dynasty
2663:
2655:
2617:
2604:
2528:
2514:
2500:
2414:
2400:
2307:
2216:
2095:
2017:
1939:
1875:
1807:
1722:
1658:
1580:
1566:
1482:
1416:
1402:
1388:
824:壽/寿 ( Shòu)
760:射姑 ( Shègū)
731:759– 757 BC
712:石甫 ( Shífǔ)
603:1002–935 BC
539:
535:
523:
494:
483:
469:. In 637 BC
452:
440:Eastern Zhou
437:
425:Western Zhou
418:
397:Yellow River
381:State of Cao
380:
354:Zhou dynasty
343:
318:State of Cao
317:
315:
228:Southern Min
148:Hanyu Pinyin
23:State of Cao
2867:Western Guo
2862:Eastern Guo
2632:Zhu lineage
2628:Zou (state)
2598:Cao Bo yang
971:501–487 BC
961:Cao Bo yang
955:505–502 BC
939:509–506 BC
923:514–510 BC
907:523–515 BC
891:527–524 BC
875:554–528 BC
859:577–555 BC
843:594–578 BC
840:彊 ( Qiáng)
827:617–595 BC
811:652–618 BC
808:襄 ( Xiāng)
795:661–653 BC
779:670–662 BC
763:701–671 BC
747:756–702 BC
715:760–760 BC
699:794–760 BC
683:826–796 BC
667:835–826 BC
651:864–835 BC
635:895–865 BC
619:935–895 BC
549:Reign name
453:During the
423:during the
361: [
300:*N-tsˤu
287:Old Chinese
54:Old Chinese
3250:Categories
2647:References
985:Cao state
888:須/须 ( Xū)
680:蘇/苏 ( Sū)
664:疆 (Jiāng)
600:平 ( Píng)
571:?–1053 BC
379:(陶丘), the
162:Wade–Giles
60:Government
3224:Zhongshan
3072:Zhongshan
2660:Sima Qian
2638:) of the
2605:502-487BC
2529:506-502BC
2515:515-510BC
2501:524-515BC
2415:510-506BC
2401:528-524BC
2308:555-528BC
2217:578-555BC
2096:595-578BC
2018:618-595BC
1940:653-618BC
1876:662-653BC
1808:671-662BC
1723:702-671BC
1659:757-702BC
1581:760-757BC
1483:795-760BC
1417:826-796BC
1403:835-826BC
1389:865-835BC
936:通 (Tōng)
792:班 ( Bān)
632:云 ( Yún)
616:侯 ( Hóu)
499:captured
473:, son of
2887:Han (SE)
2882:Han (NW)
2640:Cao clan
2622:See also
952:露 ( Lù)
920:野 ( Yě)
776:夷 ( Yí)
728:武 ( Wǔ)
696:兕 ( Sì)
648:喜 ( Xǐ)
584:脾 ( Pí)
471:Chong'er
459:hegemony
214:Jyutping
3077:Zhoulai
3067:Zhongli
904:午( Wǔ)
415:History
235:Hokkien
118:Chinese
68:History
63:Earldom
39:Capital
3261:487 BC
555:Reign
520:Legacy
377:Taoqiu
345:Cáoguó
342::
340:pinyin
332::
324::
252:Tâi-lô
95:487 BC
71:
43:Táoqiū
3219:Zheng
2932:Liang
2897:Huang
2877:Guzhu
2872:Gumie
2811:Zheng
1567:760BC
365:]
350:state
206:Chòuh
168:Ts'ao
3209:Yiqu
3194:Teng
3189:Song
3143:Zhao
3062:Zeng
3052:Yiqu
3047:Ying
3042:Yang
3027:Xing
3022:Xian
3012:Teng
3007:Tang
2992:Shěn
2987:Shēn
2972:Quan
2957:Peng
2937:Liao
2852:Deng
2837:Chao
2786:Song
2751:Chen
2231:公子欣时
1014:曹叔振铎
507:and
465:and
409:Song
316:The
279:Dzaw
45:(陶丘)
3229:Zou
3214:Yue
3204:Wey
3184:Shu
3169:Dai
3164:Cai
3138:Yan
3133:Wei
3128:Qin
3118:Han
3113:Chu
3082:Zou
3002:Tan
2997:Sui
2982:Ruo
2977:Rui
2947:Luo
2927:Lai
2917:Jia
2902:Huo
2892:Hua
2847:Dai
2842:Dao
2832:Bei
2806:Yue
2801:Yan
2791:Wey
2781:Shu
2776:Qin
2761:Jin
2756:Chu
2746:Cao
2741:Cai
2636:Zou
2601:曹伯阳
2525:曹靖公
2511:曹声公
2497:曹悼公
2411:曹隐公
2397:曹平公
2322:公孙会
2304:曹武公
2213:曹成公
2092:曹宣公
2014:曹文公
1936:曹共公
1872:曹昭公
1804:曹僖公
1719:曹庄公
1655:曹桓公
1577:曹缪公
1479:曹惠伯
1413:曹戴伯
1399:曹幽伯
1385:曹夷伯
1304:曹孝伯
1231:曹宫伯
1158:曹仲君
1085:曹太伯
526:Cao
467:Chu
463:Jin
401:Wey
258:Tsô
244:Chô
238:POJ
220:Cou
176:IPA
154:Cáo
108:Cao
3252::
3179:Lu
3159:Ba
3123:Qi
3057:Yu
3037:Xǔ
3032:Xu
3017:Xi
2967:Qǐ
2962:Pi
2952:Na
2942:Lü
2922:Ju
2912:Ji
2907:Ji
2827:Ba
2796:Wu
2771:Qi
2766:Lu
2662:,
2603:?-
2527:?-
2513:?-
2499:?-
2413:?-
2399:?-
2306:?-
2215:?-
2204:太子
2094:?-
2016:?-
1938:?-
1874:?-
1806:?-
1795:曹羁
1721:?-
1657:?-
1579:?-
1565:?-
1563:石甫
1481:?-
1415:?-
1401:?-
1387:?-
528:.
481:.
435:.
411:.
405:Lu
387:,
363:zh
338:;
335:曹國
328:;
326:曹国
2857:E
2710:e
2703:t
2696:v
320:(
124:曹
27:曹
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