434:. Within a male group, four to five males may form temporary subgroups that change size and members each day. Female groups live in separate burrow clusters. A female group's home range is c. 4 hectares (9.9 acres) with core areas of around 0.25 hectares (0.62 acres). Home ranges can overlap. Core areas are defended by agonistic behaviour. Male groups live in home ranges envelop those of several female groups and average 12.1 hectares (30 acres). Within a female group there is no dominance hierarchy, and members use the same feeding and sleeping ranges. Male groups, by contrast, live in ages-based linear hierarchies. Competition between males usually takes the form of leaping displays that cause no injuries. Unlike female groups, male groups are not territorial, and membership is very open. During oestrus, a female will be approached, solicited and chased by males trying to mate with her. The most dominant males get the first matings. A female will mate with the same male several times. If a male has not yet mated with a female, he will disrupt the copulations she has with other males. However, mate guarding is rare.
31:
524:
418:
328:
thighs. The eyes are fairly large and have white lines around them. The pinnae are small. The tail is flattened on the back and underside and is covered with white hair and two black bands at the base. The Cape ground's sexual dimorphism is subtle. Males usually weigh 423–649 grams (0.933–1.431 lb), 8 to 12 percent more than females at 444–600 grams (0.979–1.323 lb). Male Cape ground squirrels have a total length of 424–476 millimetres (16.7–18.7 in), while females are 435–446 millimetres (17.1–17.6 in) long. The dental formula of the ground squirrel is
312:
500:
84:
206:
512:
59:
488:
1304:
463:. In groups, only one female at a time enters oestrus which lasts around three hours. Gestation lasts around 48 days or 42–49 days. Lactation begins not long before the pups are born. A lactating female isolates herself in a separate burrow to care for their young but she returns to her group after weaning or if her litter is lost for some reason. There are 1-3 pups in a litter. They are born
467:, hairless and blind. The pups stay in the burrows for their first 45 days. By 35 days, the eyes are open. Seven days after emerging from the burrows, the pups can eat solid food. Lactation ends at around 52 days. Males reach sexual maturity at eight months while female mature at 10 months. The former leave their natal groups while the latter remain.
373:(7,500 sq ft) with 2-100 entrances. Burrows serve to protect the squirrel from extreme temperatures at the surface as well as predators. Nevertheless, most of the day is spent feeding at the surface. Squirrels shade their head and back with their bushy tails, which was originally thought to be important for
475:
The Cape ground squirrels populations does not seem to be threatened overall. In some areas, it is persecuted as an agricultural pest. In addition, humans have used poisonous grass to control ground squirrel due to crop damage and rabies. It inhabits protected areas, such as
Kgalagadi Transfrontier
442:
When perceiving something as a threat, ground squirrels will emit a whistle-like call as an alarm call. The alarm call comes in two forms; the short and shrill "bi-jo" which signals serious danger, and a medium-pitched "bi-joo" sound which is used for lesser dangers. During antagonistic encounters,
425:
Cape ground squirrels live in groups of two to three adult females and a maximum of nine sub-adults of either sex as well as the females' dependent offspring. Groups that have more than three females split into smaller groups. Adult males live separately from females and only join when the females
381:
as they forage in the hot sun in between visits to their burrows. Burrowing has been shown to reduce the squirrel's core body temperature by a few degrees
Celsius. Squirrels tend to leave the burrows earlier in the morning in the summer months to avoid the heat, and in the winter months their core
359:
The Cape ground squirrel is widespread in southern Africa; through
Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, and Namibia. Its range covers most of Namibia but is absent from coastal regions and the northwest. Ground squirrels inhabit central and southwestern Kalahari in Botswana. In South Africa, it can be
385:
Ground squirrels eat bulbs, fruits, grasses, herbs, insects and shrubs. They forage daily and do not hoard food. The Cape ground squirrel usually does not need to drink as it gets sufficient moisture from its food. A ground squirrel's daily activities are made of around 70% feeding, 15-20% being
372:
and grasslands with hard ground. They can also be found in scrub along pans, on floodplains and in agricultural areas. Ground squirrel are generally active during the day and do not hibernate. They are burrowing animals that dig and live in clusters of burrows averaging around 700 square metres
327:
The Cape ground squirrel has black skin with a coat made of short stiff hairs without underfur. The fur is cinnamon on the back while the face, underbelly, sides of neck and ventral sides of limbs are white. The sides of its body each have a white stripe that stretches from the shoulders to the
405:. Predators of ground squirrels include jackals, snakes and monitor lizards. Ground squirrels may be able to scent the differences in the dropping of predators and non-predators. When threatened by predators ground squirrels engage in
409:: several squirrels rush at the predator while using their bushy tails to block it. When the predator strikes back, all the squirrels back off. However, multiple mobbings are usually successful in driving away predators.
905:
Fick, L.G.; Kucio, T. A.; Mathee, A.; Mitchell, D. (2009). "The relative roles of the parasol-like tail and burrow shuttling in thermoregulation of free-ranging Cape ground squirrels, Xerus inauris".
377:. However, research has revealed that tail raising does not actually decrease core body temperature and seems to mostly serve as a way for squirrels to cool the skin and increase their
451:
Cape ground squirrel mate and reproduce year-round but mating occurs mostly in dry winter months. Since females copulate with multiple males, the males' large testes are useful for
2236:
276:
ground squirrel is somewhat misleading as it actually has a much wider area of habitation. This common name may have been arrived at to distinguish it from a
30:
523:
2077:
347:. This species is notable for its impressively large testicles, which are roughly golf ball size, around 20% of the length of the head and body.
2129:
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386:
vigilant and around 10% socializing. The squirrels use the position of the sun as an orientation marker to hide and recover their food.
1109:
Waterman, Jane M. (2006). "Delayed maturity, group fission and the limits of group size in female Cape ground squirrels (Sciuridae:
2051:
1336:
666:
2090:
1062:
Waterman, J., J. Roth. 2007. "Interspecific associations of Cape ground squirrels with two mongoose species: benefit or cost?".
456:
195:
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squirrels emit deep growls as signs of aggression. Juvenile squirrels make play calls, nest-chirpings, and protest squeaks.
2206:
940:
Scantlebury, M; Danek-Gontard, M; Bateman, P. W.; Bennett, N. C.; Manjerovic, M.; Joubert, K.; Waterman, J. (2012).
599:
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Cape ground squirrels live in groups of two to three adult females and a maximum of nine sub-adults of either sex
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942:"Seasonal Patterns of Body Temperature Daily Rhythms in Group-Living Cape Ground Squirrels Xerus inauris"
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2012:
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body temperature increases rapidly upon exiting their burrows. Dust bathing is also done.
8:
2201:
1840:
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1610:
1594:
1079:) discriminate between olfactory cues in the faeces of predators versus non-predators?",
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2017:
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339:. The belly and groin area of the females each have two pairs of mammary glands. The
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1832:
1722:
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1040:
981:
922:
907:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology
623:
613:
452:
293:
1178:
1001:"Use of the sun as a heading indicator when caching and recovering in a wild rodent"
368:
Cape ground squirrels live mainly in arid or semiarid areas. They prefer to live in
311:
1477:
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1261:
1212:
1158:
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1030:
1022:
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1933:
1913:
1266:
966:
394:
378:
250:
1242:"The Adaptive Function of Masturbation in a Promiscuous African Ground Squirrel"
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occurs between August and
September and between March and April, once per year.
1075:
Belton, L., N. Ball, J. Waterman, P. Bateman. 2007. "Do Cape ground squirrels (
918:
641:
321:
1126:
2190:
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1988:
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68:
63:
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Waterman, J. M. 1995. "The social organization of the Cape ground squirrel (
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402:
254:
1344:
1170:
1095:
Waterman, J. M. 1997. "Why do male Cape ground squirrels live in groups?"
334:
331:
205:
2147:
2064:
1997:
1536:
1145:
Waterman, Jane M. (1998). "Mating tactics of male Cape ground squirrels,
838:(Rodentia, sciuridae)-an inhabitant of arid regions of southern Africa",
340:
2056:
1226:
679:
476:
Park in
Botswana and South Africa and Etosha National Park in Namibia.
155:
1026:
939:
459:, which could serve to keep the genitals clean and reduce the risk of
2069:
1201:"Reproductive biology of a tropical, non-hibernating ground squirrel"
464:
285:
95:
1959:
1217:
1200:
430:. Male groups number up to 19 unrelated individuals, which are not
1982:
1546:
1369:
1346:
348:
258:
145:
115:
1350:
609:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
390:
344:
262:
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relationship, mongoose and squirrel relations appear to be more
2025:
1397:
1381:
1375:
1363:
1303:
427:
289:
135:
125:
105:
612:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 790.
397:. While Cape ground squirrels and meerkats appear to have a
369:
742:
Lynch C. D. 1983. "The mammals of the Orange Free State",
904:
389:
The burrows of Cape ground squirrels are also used by
999:
Samson, Jamie; Manser, Martha B. (1 September 2016).
2237:
Taxa named by
Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann
711:Skurski, D., J. Waterman. 2005. "Xerus inauris",
597:
2188:
798:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1091:
1089:
1058:
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1054:
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695:
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691:
689:
1185:
1133:
1086:
1051:
998:
863:
860:, Salisbury, Rhodesia, Museum Memoirs No. 4.
845:
794:
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790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
762:
760:
758:
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754:
752:
598:Thorington, R.W. Jr; Hoffman, R.S. (2005).
560:
1337:
1323:
819:
718:
686:
360:found in central and north-central areas.
249:) is found in most of the drier parts of
204:
57:
29:
1275:
1265:
1216:
1034:
975:
965:
805:(Zimmermann, 1780) (Rodentia, Sciuridae)"
773:
766:Zumpt I. F. 1970. "The ground squirrel",
731:The mammals of southern African subregion
667:Foljambe, Alice Etheldreda Georgiana Mary
591:
1239:
1198:
1149:: consequences of year-round breeding".
1144:
1108:
749:
729:Skinner J. D., R. H. N. Smithers. 1990.
665:
416:
363:
343:of the males are large with a prominent
310:
299:The species has also been known as the
2189:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
320:From an original painting by the Hon.
1964:
1963:
1318:
900:
898:
2197:IUCN Red List least concern species
1064:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
572:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
545:
412:
13:
933:
895:
799:Herzig-Straschil, Barbara (1977).
505:Ground squirrel at burrow entrance
14:
2248:
1296:
1302:
744:Memoirs van die Nasionale Museum
522:
510:
498:
486:
455:. After copulation, males will
437:
82:
1442:(Spermophilopsis leptodactylus)
1233:
1102:
1069:
992:
461:sexually transmitted infections
446:
354:
1603:Carruther's mountain squirrel
809:Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde
736:
659:
634:
306:
1:
1934:Large tribe listed separately
538:
241:South African ground squirrel
1620:Lady Burton's rope squirrel
1440:Long-clawed ground squirrel
1267:10.1371/journal.pone.0013060
967:10.1371/journal.pone.0036053
834:Herzig-Straschil B. 1979. "
7:
1850:Swynnerton's bush squirrel
1801:Cooper's mountain squirrel
1709:(Heliosciurus rufobrachium)
1577:(African striped squirrels)
493:Young Cape ground squirrels
213:Cape ground squirrel range
10:
2253:
1817:African red bush squirrel
1777:Alexander's bush squirrel
1644:Fire-footed rope squirrel
1636:Red-cheeked rope squirrel
1520:Unstriped ground squirrel
1461:(African ground squirrels)
1199:Waterman, Jane M. (1996).
919:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.004
479:
288:, which was imported from
2207:Mammals described in 1780
1972:
1946:
1929:
1912:
1879:(African giant squirrels)
1869:
1757:
1734:
1717:(Heliosciurus ruwenzorii)
1663:
1654:(Funisciurus substriatus)
1630:(Funisciurus lemniscatus)
1605:(Funisciurus carruthersi)
1567:
1544:
1535:
1503:Mountain ground squirrel
1451:
1428:
1405:
1396:
1358:
1345:Extant species of family
1127:10.1017/S0952836902000146
888:; Rodentia: Sciuridae)".
733:, University of Pretoria.
470:
224:
217:
212:
203:
184:
177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1889:Slender-tailed squirrel
1858:Vincent's bush squirrel
1767:(African bush squirrels)
1725:(Heliosciurus undulatus)
1707:Red-legged sun squirrel
1701:(Heliosciurus punctatus)
1693:(Heliosciurus mutabilis)
1685:(Heliosciurus gambianus)
1638:(Funisciurus leucogenys)
1589:(Funisciurus anerythrus)
1478:Striped ground squirrel
1417:Barbary ground squirrel
856:Smithers R. H. N. 1971.
40:Krugersdorp Game Reserve
2227:Mammals of South Africa
1852:(Paraxerus vexillarius)
1811:(Paraxerus flavovittis)
1746:African pygmy squirrel
1715:Ruwenzori sun squirrel
1652:Kintampo rope squirrel
1628:Ribboned rope squirrel
1587:Thomas's rope squirrel
858:The mammals of Botswana
646:www.mammaldiversity.org
531:Tswalu Kalahari Reserve
316:The Fan-tailed Squirrel
1897:Forest giant squirrel
1809:Striped bush squirrel
1793:Smith's bush squirrel
1785:Boehm's bush squirrel
1646:(Funisciurus pyrropus)
1622:(Funisciurus isabella)
1556:Ebian's palm squirrel
1419:(Atlantoxerus getulus)
1163:10.1006/anbe.1998.0780
642:"Explore the Database"
606:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
422:
324:
2169:Paleobiology Database
1899:(Protoxerus stangeri)
1891:(Protoxerus aubinnii)
1841:Green bush squirrel (
1835:(Paraxerus palliatus)
1827:(Paraxerus ochraceus)
1779:(Paraxerus alexandri)
1691:Mutable sun squirrel
1683:Gambian sun squirrel
1613:(Funisciurus congicus
1597:(Funisciurus bayonii)
1495:Cape ground squirrel
561:Cassola, F. (2017) .
517:Cape ground squirrels
420:
364:Behaviour and ecology
314:
282:eastern grey squirrel
24:Cape ground squirrel
1860:(Paraxerus vincenti)
1825:Ochre bush squirrel
1748:(Myosciurus pumilio)
1611:Congo rope squirrel
1595:Lunda rope squirrel
1311:at Wikimedia Commons
1240:Waterman JM (2010).
1205:Journal of Mammalogy
579:: e.T23145A115167437
267:Etosha National Park
237:Cape ground squirrel
2212:Mammals of Botswana
1819:(Paraxerus lucifer)
1803:(Paraxerus cooperi)
1699:Small sun squirrel
1258:2010PLoSO...513060W
1066:, 61(11):1675-1683.
1019:2016NatSR...632570S
958:2012PLoSO...736053S
801:"On the biology of
301:fan-tailed squirrel
49:Conservation status
2222:Mammals of Namibia
2217:Mammals of Lesotho
1920:(ground squirrels)
1833:Red bush squirrel
1795:(Paraxerus cepapi)
1787:(Paraxerus boehmi)
1723:Zanj sun squirrel
1480:(Xerus erythropus)
1115:Journal of Zoology
1006:Scientific Reports
673:Notes and Comments
600:"Family Sciuridae"
423:
325:
246:Geosciurus inauris
188:Geosciurus inauris
2232:Rodents of Africa
2184:
2183:
2156:Open Tree of Life
1966:Taxon identifiers
1957:
1956:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1882:
1843:Paraxerus poensis
1770:
1676:
1580:
1531:
1530:
1464:
1307:Media related to
1083:, 42(1): 135-138.
1027:10.1038/srep32570
768:African Wild Life
713:Mammalian Species
619:978-0-8018-8221-0
453:sperm competition
407:mobbing behaviour
294:Cecil John Rhodes
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232:
72:
16:Species of mammal
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1505:(Xerus princeps)
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375:thermoregulation
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1673:(sun squirrels)
1672:
1671:
1669:
1659:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1563:
1558:(Epixerus ebii)
1527:
1522:(Xerus rutilus)
1497:(Xerus inauris)
1460:
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1457:
1447:
1431:Spermophilopsis
1424:
1392:
1354:
1343:
1299:
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1238:
1234:
1218:10.2307/1382715
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1081:African Zoology
1074:
1070:
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840:Folia Zoologica
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379:thermal comfort
366:
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284:) found around
251:southern Africa
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170:G. inauris
81:
73:
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51:
42:, South Africa
17:
12:
11:
5:
2250:
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678:– via
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649:. Retrieved
645:
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604:Wilson, D.E.
593:
581:. Retrieved
576:
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441:
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355:Distribution
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255:South Africa
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156:
18:
2065:iNaturalist
1998:Wikispecies
1570:Funisciurus
1537:Protoxerini
1349:(subfamily
1099:53:809–817.
842:28:119-124.
770:24:115-121.
583:19 February
341:glans penis
307:Description
261:, and into
2202:Geosciurus
2191:Categories
1872:Protoxerus
1737:Myosciurus
1490:Geosciurus
1386:Suborder:
815:: 262–278.
680:Wikisource
539:References
457:masturbate
157:Geosciurus
1914:Marmotini
1760:Paraxerus
1513:Subgenus
1488:Subgenus
1471:Subgenus
1362:Kingdom:
1347:Sciuridae
1013:: 32570.
746:18:58-60.
651:17 August
465:altricial
432:agonistic
403:commensal
286:Cape Town
272:The name
196:Zimmerman
164:Species:
146:Sciuridae
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
2122:12400716
2083:10457081
1983:Wikidata
1950:Category
1547:Epixerus
1382:Rodentia
1376:Mammalia
1370:Chordata
1368:Phylum:
1364:Animalia
1286:20927404
1246:PLOS ONE
1179:38692812
1045:27580797
986:22558324
946:PLOS ONE
927:19041951
890:Ethology
715:781:1-4.
628:62265494
391:meerkats
349:Moulting
259:Botswana
219:Synonyms
142:Family:
136:Rodentia
126:Mammalia
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
2057:2437454
2044:1178595
1989:Q609173
1473:Euxerus
1380:Order:
1374:Class:
1351:Xerinae
1277:2946931
1254:Bibcode
1227:1382715
1171:9787037
1036:5007651
1015:Bibcode
977:3338621
954:Bibcode
480:Gallery
426:are in
345:baculum
335:1.1.3.3
332:1.1.0.0
263:Namibia
198:, 1780)
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
2174:233996
2161:373581
2135:234690
2096:632484
2026:ARKive
1398:Xerini
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1274:
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471:Status
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399:mutual
290:Europe
2148:85773
2109:23145
2078:IRMNG
2070:46207
1515:Xerus
1454:Xerus
1223:JSTOR
1175:S2CID
602:. In
280:(the
253:from
2130:NCBI
2104:IUCN
2091:ITIS
2052:GBIF
1282:PMID
1167:PMID
1113:)".
1041:PMID
982:PMID
923:PMID
653:2021
624:OCLC
614:ISBN
585:2020
577:2016
393:and
370:veld
274:Cape
235:The
2117:MSW
2039:EoL
2013:ADW
1272:PMC
1262:doi
1213:doi
1159:doi
1123:doi
1119:256
1031:PMC
1023:doi
972:PMC
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915:doi
911:152
292:by
239:or
38:At
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243:(
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71:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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