Capital punishment in China

3498: 3666:, which is the most cited source of reports regarding rates of execution statistics. In 2009, Amnesty International counted 1718 executions as having taken place during 2008 (which equates to 0.0001%, or 1 in 1,000,000 of the Chinese population), based on all information available. Amnesty International believed that the total figure was likely to be much higher. According to "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future", "it also represents the most conservative estimate of death sentences and executions in China due to the following accounting rules: 1) when there is doubt of accuracy, figures were excluded; 2) where two conflicting reports existed, the lower figure was used; 3) when a combined figure of death sentences and prison sentences was given, only one death sentence was recorded; and 4) when a group was sentenced to death, only one sentence was entered." 1779: 136: 4186:

policy to not sentence any executions. The last wave of international death penalty abolition has been influenced by the process of democratization and has inspired constitutions that protect the right to live. China has ratified more than 200 international covenants in recent decades and has taken on international responsibilities like respecting the right to life and thus limiting the use of capital punishment. When a draft of the Amendment was published in 2010, a foreign reporter commented, "it is believed that the proposed amendment is one of several moves by the Chinese government to soften its image as the world's biggest executioner."

3385: 1789: 3625:(1644–1911), which describes the legal proceedings and punishments for family members who seek revenge and kill the murderer of their relatives. The fourth type of punishment system was structured according to booty, loot, and spoil. Following conviction of these crimes, the punishment ranged from fifty blows or death by hanging. Finally, the fifth classical punishment was a system advocating amnesty, probation, and parole. However, this system of punishment was not practiced often because the Chinese legal system asserted a retributive theory of punishment. 1762: 4006:

precious animals or their products; smuggling of ordinary freight and goods; fraud connected with negotiable instruments; fraud connected with financial instruments; fraud connected with letters of credit; false invoicing for tax purposes; forging and selling value-added tax invoices; larceny; instructing in criminal methods; excavating and robbing ancient cultural sites or ancient tombs, and excavating and robbing fossil hominids and fossil vertebrate animals".

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years old or older who have committed crimes may be given lighter sentences. For those seniors who have committed crimes of negligence, their sentences can be lighter or mitigated. In addition, Article 19 dictates that criminals less than 18 years old at the time of a crime who are sentenced to prison terms of less than five years do not have to report to jail in situations of army recruitment and employment. Later the same year, the

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of some of the most sensitive cases. Each case is then assigned to a panel of three judges, one of whom is designated as the principal case manager. Since 2012, judges are also required to interview defendants before deciding whether or not to confirm a death sentence. The judges write reports summarizing the case, discuss the case, and then report the decision to the division head, SPC vice president, and finally the SPC president.

3975:. In 2010, Chinese authorities moved to have lethal injection become the dominant form of execution; in some provinces and municipalities, it is now the only legal form of capital punishment. The Dui Hua foundation notes that it is impossible to ascertain whether these guidelines are closely followed, as the method of execution is rarely specified in published reports. 4179:

without always being well informed about the historical and cultural conditions in China. A foreign reporter stated, "China's enthusiasm for capital punishment has long been a target for international criticism of its human rights record." Most of the international criticism stems from the wide scope of capital offenses and the amnesty system.

3489:, which is a form of lenient sentencing that is handed down by Chinese courts as frequently as, or more often than, actual death sentences. Death sentence with reprieve is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and is sometimes inaccurately added to the number of actual death sentences. 4190:

application for non-violent offenses, allegations of the use of torture to extract confessions, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the government's refusal to publish statistics on the death penalty. However, the vast majority of death sentences, as acknowledged by both the

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1) According to our investigation in China, the alleged concentration camp that locks up as many as 6,000 people does not exist in Sujiatun District; 2) over the past two decades, the Chinese government did harvest organs from death row prisoners, but neither in theory or in practice to conduct the

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assumed the power to review every death sentence handed down by a lower court. Since this reform, it has been rumored that the number of executions has at least halved. In February 2011, capital punishment in China was abolished for 13 non-violent crimes and it was also banned for offenders over the

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concept. Xiao's policy includes improving the quality of appeals by mandating that the SPC, rather than simply the high people's court, review capital crime cases; increasing use of the "death sentence with two years' probation"; and requiring "clear facts" and "abundant evidence" for capital cases.

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If the lower court death sentence is upheld, the execution is carried out shortly thereafter. As a result of its reforms, the PRC's government claims, the Supreme People's Court overturned about 15 percent of the death sentences handed down by high courts in the first half of 2008. In a brief report

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When a case involving the death penalty is sent to the SPC for mandatory review, the case is delivered to one of the court's five divisions according to the geographic origin of the case or, in some cases, the type of crime involved. The SPC's second criminal division is dedicated to handling review

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reports that until 2010 among 197 nations worldwide, 96 nations had completely abolished the death penalty, 9 had abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes, and 34 were abolitionist in practice, meaning that they have not executed anyone for at least 10 years and have generally settled on the

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Because of the wide application of capital offenses in Chinese criminal law, substantial use of capital punishment, and the hidden numbers of the execution rate, the Chinese death penalty system has been criticized by many international organizations which make an appeal to ethics and human rights,

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In addition to decreasing the number of capital offenses, in Article 3 of Amendment VIII, the article states that seniors aged 75 years old and older should only be sentenced to death when they have caused the death of another person by cruel and unusual means. Article 1 states that seniors aged 75

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ordered lower courts to suspend death sentences for two years and to "ensure that it only applies to a very small minority of criminals committing extremely serious crimes. This series of actions is thought of as marking the beginning of China's tenuous start toward completely abolishing the death

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In most parts of China, there is no specific execution ground. A scout team chooses a place in advance to serve as the execution ground. In such case, the execution ground normally will have three perimeters: the innermost 50 meters is the responsibility of the execution team; the 200 meter radius

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Thirteen crimes were removed from the list of capital offenses in 2011, including smuggling of cultural relics, wildlife products, and precious metals. This brought the total number of capital offenses down from 68 to 55, though many of the crimes dropped from the list were rarely if ever punished

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adopted an amendment to reduce the number of capital crimes from 68 to 55. According to "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future", the 13 crimes (19% of the total number of crimes punishable through death) were: "smuggling of cultural relics; smuggling of precious metals; smuggling of

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The judicial personnel directing the execution shall verify the identity of the criminal offender, ask him if he has any last words or letters, and then deliver him to the executioner for the death sentence. If, before the execution, it is found that there may be an error, the execution shall be

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During China's early dynasties, capital punishment and amputation were predominant among the five punishments. Later, amputation became less common, but capital punishment and corporal punishment remained. There was wide variability in the number of types of capital offenses over time. Under the

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in organs and cadavers from China has developed. In December 2005, China's deputy health minister Huang Jiefu admitted that the country harvested organs from executed prisoners. In 2009, Chinese authorities acknowledged that two-thirds of organ transplants in the country could be traced back to

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in 1995, for instance, found that 95% of the Chinese population supported the death penalty, and these results were mirrored in other studies. A poll conducted in 2002, showed that 88% of the population are in favour of the death penalty. In 2005, a survey of 2000 respondents showed that 82.1%

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is comparable to Vietnam and Singapore, and lower than several other countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq. The number of executions has dropped steadily in the 2000s, and significantly since 2007, when the Supreme People's Court regained the power to review all death sentences; for

3613:; under that system, when a criminal is sentenced to death, all other family members were also sentenced to death. This included the wife's family or siblings' families. At some point, even the families of a man's concubines were also killed. Thirdly, there was a system of revenge based on the 4189:

According to an Amnesty International report, “available information indicates that thousands of people are executed and sentenced to death in China each year.” Human rights groups and foreign governments have criticized China's use of the death penalty for a variety of reasons, including its

4205:-led campaign against the death penalty in China since the mid-2000s, there has been an increased exchange of anti-death penalty knowledge and ideologies, dissemination of original information, and legislation geared towards scaling down the wide application of the death penalty. 4082:

In March 2007, China's representative in the UN Human Rights council, Mr. LA Yifan stated that "the death penalty's scope of application was to be reviewed shortly, and it was expected that this scope would be reduced, with the final aim to abolish it." During the same year, the

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In Beijing, the execution ground is located on a hillside next to Jingyuan Road, near Yingshangzui Park in Mentougou. It's a compound with a sign on the gate reading "Beijing Supreme People's Court Project 86". It has become redundant since lethal injection was introduced.

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Since 2006, under global pressures, China has embarked on significant reforms on the death penalty system. In 2011, China abolished the death penalty for 13 crimes in Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of PRC, which was the most important amendment passed since 1997. The

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to a death sentence with two years of probation. However, the public opinion was that the sentence was too light. Under public pressure, the Supreme People's Court took the case and retried the leader, resulting in a death sentence which was carried out immediately.

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estimates that China executed 12,000 people in 2002, 6,500 people in 2007, and roughly 2,400 in 2013 and 2014. Given conservative and variable estimates of executions in China, executions in China account for more than 58% in 2009 and 65% in 2010 of those worldwide.

3734:) as frequently as, or more often than, they do actual death sentences. This unique sentence is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and has a centuries-old history in Chinese jurisprudence. It is almost always reduced to 3771:) campaigns against specific types of crime. Critics have noted that the campaigns lead to the streamlining of capital cases, where cases are investigated, appeals heard, and sentences carried out at rates much more rapidly than normal. Since 2006, 3568:

Historically, poorer and lower-status Chinese were most often subject to capital punishment; however, officials and others of high-rank were put to death as a means of social control in times of war, internal disarray, or strife. For example,

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China is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number. Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands – more than the rest of the world's nations put

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The investigators also tried to contact Falun Gong spokespeople and witnesses, but were either ignored or not provided with any evidence, causing the investigators to conclude that the witnesses "most probably had fabricated the story".

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The attending court clerk shall, after the execution of a death sentence, make a written record thereon. The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall submit a report on the execution to the Supreme People's

315: 4165:, and Guangdong supported capital punishment. In the past, however, the public has expressed few dissenting opinions. Reducing or abolishing the use of capital punishment has become a topic of open discussion during recent years. 4132:

Capital punishment has widespread support in China, especially for violent crimes, and no group in government or civil society has vocally advocated for its abolition except some that are based in Europe. Surveys conducted by the

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Article 49 in the Chinese criminal code explicitly forbids the death penalty for offenders who are under the age of 18 at the time of the crime. The SPC also issued a policy in 2007 which required lower courts to arrange for the

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The exact numbers of people executed in China is classified as a state secret; occasionally death penalty cases are posted publicly by the judiciary, as in certain high-profile cases. One such example was the execution of former

4489: 2428: 3470:, China executes more people than all other countries combined. The exact numbers of executions and death sentences are not publicly available, being considered a state secret by China. According to the U.S.-based 5772: 3174: 1740: 3577:

ordered officials who violated royal regulations, failed to carry out their duties, or "promulgated innovations" to be put to death; 39 military officials were executed following a peasant uprising during the

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operation to crop organs alive from as many as 4,500 people; 3) the report that "the CCP crops organs from the Falun Gong practitioners and exports them to Thailand and other countries" is totally unreliable.

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with death penalty. The Draft 9th Amendment to the PRC Criminal Law was passed on 29 August 2015, which removed a further nine crimes from the list of capital offenses. The crimes that were removed were:

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by sending undercover investigators to Chinese hospitals, prisons, and military camps. However, they were unable to find any evidence that organs were extracted against people's will, and concluded that:

3497: 6261: 1694: 1057: 1720: 1681: 494: 3930:; and the 2 km alert line is the responsibility of the local police. The public is generally not allowed to view the execution. The role of the executioner was fulfilled in the past by the 4514: 1707: 1178: 1074: 288: 4201:

International death penalty abolitionist norms and trends have shaped Chinese death penalty practices significantly in recent years. Through international interventions and policies, like the

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penalty. While many critics are skeptical of Amendment VIII bringing long-term change, the reforms represent a gradual transition towards greater state respect and protection of human rights.

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Because of the inaccessibility to official statistics of the number of executions that occur within the death penalty system, academic researchers must use data compiled by NGOs such as

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found a more moderate 58% in favor of the death penalty, and further found that a majority (63.8%) believed that the government should release execution statistics to the public.

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Capital punishment is used in most East Asian countries and territories, including Japan, North Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Singapore, and Taiwan. According to

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Provisions on Some Issues Concerning the Court Trial Procedures for the Second Instance of Cases Involving the Death Penalty (for Trial Implementation) (21 September 2006)

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did not oppose capital punishment absolutely, but did take the view that in a well-ordered society based on moral persuasion, capital punishment would become unnecessary.

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of condemned criminals by relatives; forbade the practice by local authorities of parading prisoners on death row; and required that executions be publicly announced.

2897: 2473: 1371: 2099: 4290:, an alternative of the capital punishment which potentially changes the penalty from death to life or limited term of imprisonment after 2 years of the conviction. 3824:

The list of capital crimes includes counter-revolutionary crimes, such as organizing an "armed mass rebellion"; endangerment of public security, such as committing

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A majority of Chinese people support capital punishment, often citing the traditional saying "to repay a tooth with a tooth and to pay back blood with blood."

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Before a people's court executes a death sentence, it shall notify the people's procuratorate at the same level to send personnel to supervise the execution.

3313: 2248: 2152: 1946: 1357: 1110: 774: 764: 279: 6358: 5720: 8250: 5343: 4139: 3639: 3471: 2767: 907: 477: 149: 7387: 3557:, the "number of separate capital provisions" precipitously dropped, reaching a low of 125 crimes. The number of capital offenses spiked again under the 3230: 3018: 2523: 1533: 841: 4457: 7257: 3633:

By both confirmed and estimated data, the number of executions from capital punishment in China is far higher than any other country, while the number

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if the condemned appealed to it, and since 2007, another appeal is conducted automatically (even if the condemned waived the first appeal) by the

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Opinion on Strengthening Handling Cases in Strict Accordance with Law and Guaranteeing the Quality of Handling Death Penalty Cases (9 March 2007)

3983: 3234: 3194: 2538: 1745: 829: 522: 249: 5620: 5477: 7633: 7026: 6666: 6000: 3848:. Executions under the pretense of political crimes are extremely rare and confined to persons involved in violence or the threat of violence. 2949: 2331: 1735: 1273: 4078:

Exclusion of illegal evidence – Evidence that is not acquired through legal means, like confessions obtained through torture must be excluded.

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has taken effective measures to limit use of the death penalty, proclaiming that it is doing this with the aim of completely abolishing it.

3474:, the estimated number of executions has declined steadily in the twenty-first century, from 12,000 each year to 2,400. However, in 2022 the 2299: 1494: 983: 805: 195: 3986:

have recently been pursuing measures to reduce the number of crimes punishable by death, and limit how often the death penalty is utilized.

7420: 6390: 3583: 3220: 2569: 1460: 1043: 41: 4225:. Under Chinese law, condemned prisoners must give written consent to become organ donors, but Wang Guoqi, a Chinese dissident and former 88: 7907: 7573: 5855: 3422: 2433: 1506: 1115: 751: 638: 502: 3917:

The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall, after the execution, notify the family of the criminal offender.

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Exercise of the death penalty in general – After changes, the reform officially stated the principle of killing fewer and cautiously.

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Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.

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However, capital punishment in China can be politically or socially influenced. In 2003, a local court sentenced the leader of a

3262: 2810: 2564: 1259: 642: 8271: 8245: 8235: 7917: 7811: 7661: 7529: 7107: 3828:; and crimes against the person, such as the rape of a person under the age of 14. During the 1980s, "economic crimes" such as 3290: 3226: 1489: 1448: 657: 651: 623: 430: 6102: 3395: 7722: 7677: 7176: 7066: 6971: 6713: 2709: 2658: 1954: 785: 630: 261: 74: 8380: 8266: 8185: 8119: 7727: 7651: 7277: 6776: 6743: 6005: 3702:

quoted anonymous sources as saying Chinese courts handed down 30 percent fewer death sentences in 2007 compared with 2006.

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Decisions on a wrongful conviction/sentence – SPC can order a lower court to retry a case except in a few scenarios.

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has worked to blunt the "strike hard" policy with his own policy of "balancing leniency and severity" (Chinese:

7169: 7031: 7006: 6921: 6901: 6851: 6821: 6811: 6383: 6125: 5095: 4245:, an NGO specialising in gathering information on human rights in Chinese prisons, investigated the claims made by 4075:

Open trial in second instance court – In cases that may result in immediate execution, there must be an open trial.

2548: 2370: 2284: 2089: 6218: 3709:(2012) are two examples in which the Supreme People's Court reversed a death sentence pronounced by lower courts. 7937: 7841: 7457: 7302: 7117: 6996: 6991: 6871: 6718: 6321: 5716: 4308: 4138:

supported the death penalty while 13.7% supported the abolishment of the death penalty. Polling conducted by the

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Death Penalty (immediate execution) cases review body – SPC reassumes power to review immediate execution cases.

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were added to the legal code. Capital punishment in China can be imposed on crimes against national symbols and

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Questioning of convicted person during review – In principle, SPC judges should question the convicted person.

7492: 7036: 6951: 6931: 6816: 6806: 6661: 6355: 4393: 3518: 2077: 1475: 1145: 232: 4388:"中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法（英文版） [the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (English Version)]" 8192: 7942: 7761: 7712: 7707: 7543: 7514: 7445: 7407: 7339: 7250: 7081: 7016: 6981: 6916: 6896: 6886: 6846: 6831: 6826: 4303: 4287: 3713: 3486: 3285: 3122: 2956: 2846: 2825: 2690: 2677: 2210: 2121: 2111: 2045: 599: 445: 440: 161: 6238: 6193: 5225: 4399: 3678:

concludes with a death sentence, a double appeals process must follow. The first appeal is conducted by a

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Regulation on Issues Concerning Exclusion of Illegal Evidence in Handling Criminal Cases (13 June 2010)

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Provisions Concerning Issues in Examination of Evidence in Handling Death Penalty Cases (13 June 2010)

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Provision of the SPC on Several Issues Concerning the Review of Death Penalty Cases (27 February 2007)

8359: 8312: 8114: 7969: 7851: 7846: 7754: 7615: 6425: 5769:"China reduces the number of crimes punishable by death to 46, but keep drug trafficking in the list" 5617: 4084: 3990: 3952: 3602: 2596: 2543: 1972: 1470: 594: 484: 180: 168: 5469: 4260:

Harry Wu, RRT Research Response (CHN31249), Refugee Review Tribunal & Laogai Research Foundation

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are unique to China, however. Lethal injection is more commonly used for "economic crimes", such as

8329: 8319: 8180: 7974: 7771: 7479: 7370: 7358: 7196: 6793: 6769: 5286:

Trevaskes, Susan (May–June 2008). "The Death Penalty in China Today: Kill Fewer, Kill Cautiously".

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Trevaskes, Susan (May–June 2008). "The Death Penalty in China Today: Kill Fewer, Kill Cautiously".

4198:, are given for violent, nonpolitical crimes which would be considered serious in other countries. 4035:

Notice Improving Work on Open Trial for Second Instance Case with Death Sentences (7 December 2005)

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agreement with that city. Since April 2019, a proposed extradition bill has sparked massive

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announced that since 2007 at least 8,000 people per year were executed in China. Since 2006, the

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China is estimated to have carried out 30 times the number of executions the United States did

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or 10 to 15 years imprisonment if no new crime is intentionally committed during the two year

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as its sole method of execution, though execution by firing squad can still be administered.

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China commonly employs two methods of execution. Since 1949, the most common method has been

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Since 1980, the state's security apparatus has initiated various "strike hard" (Chinese:

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Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

6686: 6526: 4423: 4375:死刑采用枪决或者注射等方法执行 (A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection) 4158: 3968: 3899:

Death sentences may be executed at the execution ground or in designated places of custody.

3614: 3248: 3240: 3159: 3112: 3076: 3060: 2798: 2591: 2253: 2145: 2094: 1635: 1585: 1009: 678: 668: 538: 6172: 6150: 5498:

Lo, Sonny Shiu-Hing (July–August 2011). "The Influence of Hong Kong's Policing on China".

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physician, has claimed that because of this and other legal restrictions an international

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used in the process of examining a criminal. Examining a criminal by torture began in the

8: 8084: 7697: 7091: 6762: 6563: 6551: 6480: 6350: 6061: 5170: 4619: 4585: 3686:(SPC) in Beijing, to prevent the circumstances in which the defendant is proved innocent 3479: 3308: 3108: 3011: 2976: 2885: 2820: 2648: 2466: 1931: 1661: 1347: 726: 557: 204: 6194:"International Anti-Death Penalty Advocacy and China's Recent Capital Punishment Reform" 5586:"Criminal justice system improved for human rights|Politics|chinadaily.com.cn" 5445:"Selected Legal Provisions of the People's Republic of China Affecting Criminal Justice" 5029:

Johnson; Miao (December 2015). "Chinese Capital Punishment in Comparative Perspective".

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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suspended and the matter shall be reported to the Supreme People's Court for decision.

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to force the offender to admit to committing the crime. Second, there was a system of

8044: 7375: 7146: 6083: 5430: 5042: 4829: 4679:"The Status Quo of China's Death Penalty and the Civil Society Abolitionist Movement" 3841: 3776: 3735: 3272: 2922: 2892: 2685: 2623: 2574: 2289: 1792: 126: 5940:"The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism" 5874:"The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism" 4891:

Understanding the Analects of Confucius: A New Translation of Lunyu with Annotations

4698:"The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism" 3889:

The execution protocol is defined on the criminal procedure law, under article 252:

8149: 8139: 7836: 7603: 7236: 6516: 6511: 6501: 6432: 6073: 5953: 5887: 5509: 5418: 5305: 5297: 5034: 4876:

Børge Bakken, "The Norms of Death: On Attitudes to Capital Punishment in China" in

4817: 4786: 4778: 4707: 4511:"EU condemns Taiwan's use of death penalty after man's execution for double murder" 4344: 4023: 3956: 3907: 3833: 3717: 3510: 3447: 3212: 2829: 1821: 1413: 1353: 695: 510: 239: 6078: 8207: 8170: 8109: 8104: 8069: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8009: 7231: 6698: 6615: 6362: 6265: 6245: 6225: 6179: 5983: 5859: 5836: 5815: 5624: 5409: 4808: 4022:

as its standard method of execution. However, in recent years, China has adopted

3935: 3814: 3690:

the death penalty – an obviously irrevocable punishment – has been administered.

3606: 3570: 3267: 2871: 1799: 186: 3906:

Execution of death sentences shall be announced to the public, but shall not be

3463:

in 2014 found the death penalty retained widespread support in Chinese society.

8349: 8175: 8134: 8094: 8079: 8064: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8014: 8004: 7826: 7801: 7585: 7487: 7294: 6640: 6536: 6506: 6442: 6283: 4293: 4202: 3989:

In 1996, the government made lethal injection a legal method of execution. The

3597:

when judges, after a preliminary hearing and investigation, used bambooing and

3142: 2731: 2695: 2665: 2609: 2258: 1713: 1631: 1599: 1080: 584: 5422: 5366:"China's Supreme Court Overturns Death Sentence of Domestic Violence Survivor" 4821: 4561:"Singapore executes six men over drug trafficking despite international pleas" 8374: 8124: 8099: 8024: 8019: 7999: 7994: 7959: 7645: 7140: 6754: 6691: 6541: 6087: 6024: 5647: 5513: 5301: 4782: 4363:"中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法 (the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China)" 3964: 3754: 3747: 2773: 2357: 2190: 1619: 1422: 1395: 1381: 721: 465: 327: 6151:"China is the world's top executioner, but it doesn't want you to know that" 5743:"It's a crime, I tell ya: Major Changes in China's Criminal Law Amendment 9" 4482:"EXPLAINER-Japan death row executions: hangings secretive, backed by public" 8089: 7964: 7717: 7621: 6452: 5500: 5288: 5250: 5001:"Overview: We know that, together, we can end the death penalty everywhere" 4769: 4298: 4230: 4019: 3837: 3652: 3622: 3618: 3579: 3574: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3389: 3361: 2700: 2630: 2339: 1560: 1452: 1429: 1402: 1194: 857: 5618:

Chinese Government Considers Reducing Number of Crimes Punishable by Death

4411:

A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection.

4348: 8287: 8144: 7687: 7150: 6681: 6521: 6496: 6486: 6447: 5957: 5891: 5473: 5447:. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 1997-03-14. Archived from 5407:

Scobell, Andrew (September 1990). "The Death Penalty in Post-Mao China".

4806:

Scobell, Andrew (September 1990). "The Death Penalty in Post-Mao China".

4711: 3845: 3610: 3594: 2998: 2880: 2786: 2639: 2554: 2216: 2179: 2167: 1674: 1129: 944: 930: 455: 301: 253: 1857:

State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense

7682: 7597: 6645: 6609: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6583: 5310: 4791: 4333:

Miao, Michelle (June 2019). "Defining Death-Eligible Murder in China".

4246: 3634: 3522: 3048: 2992: 2492: 2392: 2279: 1921: 1893: 1700: 1567: 1543: 1436: 1297: 1075:

Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission

959: 914: 875: 861: 845: 792: 310: 274: 265: 243: 199: 190: 4878:

Capital Punishment: A Hazard to a Sustainable Criminal Justice System?

3997:

Pharmaceutical Institute, and the first experiments occurred in 1997.

3621:. The right to seek retribution was codified in the Legal Code of the 3586:, who advocated social reform in the late Qing dynasty were executed. 8354: 7831: 6703: 6676: 6578: 6368: 5365: 4752:

Zhou, Zhenjie. "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future".

4151: 3806: 3790: 3739: 3598: 3546: 3526: 2927: 2752: 2530: 2515: 2488: 2005: 1388: 1323: 1182: 1034: 975: 888: 663: 292: 5336:"Deciding Death: How Chinese Judges Review Capital Punishment Cases" 5140: 4041:

Amendment to the Organic Law of the People's Court (31 October 2006)

3896:

Death sentences shall be executed by means of shooting or injection.

3844:, such as theft of cultural relics and (before 1997) the killing of 3553:(960–1279) retained these and added sixty more over time. Under the 23: 7862: 6708: 6620: 5853:'Reducing Death Penalty Crimes in China More Symbol Than Substance' 3054: 1843: 1825: 1648: 1592: 1361: 967: 924: 884: 283: 208: 7191: 3525:, who preferred rehabilitation and mercy over capital punishment. 7416:

Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR

6630: 6625: 6573: 6568: 6457: 6415: 6239:'The beauty products from the skin of executed Chinese prisoners' 5794:"Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China – 1996" 4143: 3829: 3590: 2415: 3655:, which was confirmed by both state television and the official 8324: 7786: 6031: 3972: 3725: 3699: 2716: 2507: 2480: 1309: 1002: 989: 936: 899: 892: 673: 4907:

China's Death Penalty: History, Law and Contemporary Practices

4234:

executed prisoners and announced a crackdown on the practice.

2501:

Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization

1502:

State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission

6671: 5061: 4162: 4147: 3825: 3810: 3439: 3154: 2757: 6259:'China admits organs removed from prisoners for transplants' 5913:"In Shift, Chinese Carry Out Executions by Lethal Injection" 4586:"Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says" 3971:, while firing squads are used for more common crimes like 6734:

Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations

2474:

Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture

5200: 3684:

Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China

3485:

Capital punishment in China should not be confused with

4215:

Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong

3880:

Spreading rumors and undermining morale during wartime

3442:. It is applicable to offenses ranging from murder to 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 1947:

Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

6062:"The Debate Over the Death Penalty in Today's China" 5717:"China Reduces Number of Crimes Punishable by Death" 4057: 3545:(475–221 BCE), there were 200 capital offenses. The 2768:

Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs

316:

Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members

5691:"China: Death Penalty Crimes to Be Further Reduced" 3019:

Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits

1255:

Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation

48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5318: 4536:"South Korea has 61 people currently on death row" 4161:showed that 60% of survey respondents in Beijing, 4113:. The reason given is: Any researches after 2008?. 3959:, using the same three-drug cocktail pioneered by 3565:(1644–1911), with more than 800 capital offenses. 8345:Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location 7822:Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location 6001:"The Death Penalty in China – The Road to Reform" 4620:"China ends death penalty for 13 economic crimes" 4416: 4276:List of miscarriage of justice cases § China 3993:distributed the execution kits, developed by the 8372: 7212:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 5164:Fan, Maureen; Cha, Ariana Eunjung (2008-12-24). 4208: 3934:soldiers. In recent times, the People's Courts’ 3561:(1368–1644), with 282 capital offenses, and the 5166:"China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary" 5113: 5064:"China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary" 4650:"Beijing calls for an international "fox" hunt" 4647: 4424:"Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide" 3195:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs 7657:Information operations and information warfare 7634:Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism 6784: 5333: 5130: 5062:Maureen Fan; Ariana Eunjung Cha (2008-12-24). 3549:(653 CE) listed 233 capital offenses, and the 2422:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police 420:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1) 7928:Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau 7913:Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons 7878: 7177: 6770: 6384: 6219:China 'using prisoner organs for transplants' 5828:Congressional-Executive Commission on China, 5771:. World Coalition against the Death Penalty. 5616:Congressional-Executive Commission on China, 4003:National People's Congress Standing Committee 3926:from the center is the responsibility of the 3589:The first type of classical punishment was a 3416: 2539:National Press and Publication Administration 1240:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health 5812:"CHINA'S EXECUTIONERS: A PUNISHING SCHEDULE" 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 3509:Capital punishment was one of the classical 3118:International Development Cooperation Agency 2570:National Radio and Television Administration 1736:Reform & Organizational Structure Office 1466:National Development & Reform Commission 1044:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 908:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission 7908:Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons 7574:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 6117: 5612: 5610: 5028: 4901: 4899: 4880:(ed. Lill Scherdin: Ashgate, 2013), p. 199. 4706:. 53, Issue 3, Pages 500–519 (3): 500–519. 1343:State Council (Central People's Government) 953:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission 7885: 7871: 7184: 7170: 6777: 6763: 6391: 6377: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5096:"INFOGRAPHIC: Capital punishment in China" 4474: 4173: 4018:In practice, China traditionally uses the 3712:Chinese courts hand down the sentence of " 3521:, but its application was tempered by the 3517:, capital punishment was supported by the 3423: 3409: 431:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27) 7733:List of Hong Kong national security cases 7431:Independent Commission Against Corruption 6148: 6077: 5998: 5977:news.xinhuanet.com Capital crimes dropped 5847: 5845: 5659: 5641:'China suspends executions for two years' 5309: 5285: 5272: 4790: 4766: 4683:World Coalition Against the Death Penalty 4029: 3584:six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform 3476:World Coalition Against the Death Penalty 3175:International Military Cooperation Office 2443:Office for Safeguarding National Security 1088:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work 446:Highest state organ of power (Article 57) 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 7923:Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration 7273:National Defense Mobilization Commission 5607: 5133:"Criminal Justice: Death Penalty Reform" 5098:. South China Morning Post. 2014-11-04. 4896: 4513:. South China Morning Post. 2018-09-01. 3714:death sentence with two years' probation 3496: 3492: 2987:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs 2967:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement 1815:National Defense Mobilization Commission 1022:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission 7990:Beijing Office for Criminal Deportation 7364:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police 6739:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 5766: 5406: 5387: 5197:"China Executes Ex-Food and Drug Chief" 5039:10.7312/columbia/9780231170079.003.0011 4805: 4503: 4336:The American Journal of Comparative Law 4269: 3955:, which has been largely superseded by 3884: 3868:Investment fraud/fraudulent fundraising 3263:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 2332:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission 2012:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police 436:Protection of human rights (Article 33) 8373: 8272:Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment 7918:Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau 7812:Picking quarrels and provoking trouble 7610:1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign 7318:provincial Public Security Departments 6398: 5842: 5635: 5633: 5163: 4747: 4219:using the organs of executed prisoners 3291:China and the World Trade Organization 3227:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens 2364:Public Security Organs People's Police 658:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 8201: 7866: 7165: 6758: 6372: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6213: 6211: 6123: 6055: 6053: 5994: 5992: 5910: 5159: 5157: 4944: 4842: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4447: 4369:(in Simplified Chinese). 2012-03-17. 3789:), which is supposedly influenced by 3628: 3505:depicting imprisonment and execution. 2710:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission 2659:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues 2399:State Security Organs People's Police 1955:Commission Against Corruption (Macau) 1888:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform 1721:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission 8267:Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment 7892: 6744:Capital punishment for homosexuality 6059: 5999:Hood, Roger; Hoyle, Carolyn (2015). 5937: 5871: 5740: 5714: 5470:"Gang leader executed after retrial" 5437: 4947:"The Chinese Theory of Criminal Law" 4845:"The Chinese Theory of Criminal Law" 4695: 4617: 4332: 4095: 3674:After a first trial conducted by an 3150:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 2972:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 7323:city/county Public Security Bureaus 6173:Death Sentences and Executions 2010 6103:"Why China Executes So Many People" 6100: 5693:. Library of Congress. 2015-09-22. 5630: 4274:For a more comprehensive list, see 3255:National Immigration Administration 2300:Federation of Industry and Commerce 1937:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 1695:National Defense Mobilization Dept. 496:General Principles of the Civil Law 13: 7767:Inciting subversion of state power 7580:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 6284:"RRT Research Response (CHN31249)" 6271: 6248:, The Guardian, 12 September 2005. 6208: 6094: 6050: 5989: 5945:The British Journal of Criminology 5879:The British Journal of Criminology 5497: 5363: 5154: 4982:. Death Penalty Information Center 4724: 4703:The British Journal of Criminology 4426:. Cornell Law School. 2018-06-20. 4157:A survey conducted in 2008 by the 4135:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 3669: 3649:State Food and Drug Administration 3043:Central Foreign Affairs Commission 2725:Cyberspace Administration of China 732:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards 14: 8392: 6667:Most recent executions by country 6315: 4905:Hong Lu & Terance D. Miethe, 4373:from the original on 2018-01-03. 4217:has accused Chinese hospitals of 4196:United States Department of State 4058:Key changes since reforms in 2006 3809:since 1993 is a major reason why 3296:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 2153:Political Consultative Conference 1741:Int'l Military Cooperation Office 1726:Science and Technology Commission 1682:Training and Administration Dept. 1529:Central Military Commission (CMC) 702:Scientific Outlook on Development 426:Democratic centralism (Article 3) 7145: 7136: 7135: 6268:, The Telegraph, 26 August 2009. 6204:from the original on 2017-03-04. 6191: 6161:from the original on 2017-03-04. 6113:from the original on 2017-03-04. 6035:(in Chinese). 青年周末. 2008-04-03. 6013:from the original on 2016-06-09. 5862:, Dialogue, Issue 40, Fall 2010. 4751: 4100: 3995:China Academy of Medical Science 3446:. Executions are carried out by 3383: 2549:State Council Information Office 2371:State Immigration Administration 1787: 1777: 1760: 1708:Discipline Inspection Commission 1230:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs 441:Freedom of religion (Article 36) 134: 22: 7938:Hong Kong Correctional Services 7842:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 7728:Hong Kong national security law 7359:People's Courts Judicial Police 6719:Religion and capital punishment 6300:from the original on 2020-11-12 6251: 6231: 6185: 6165: 6149:Griffiths, James (2016-04-07). 6142: 6039:from the original on 2013-10-01 6017: 5970: 5931: 5904: 5865: 5822: 5804: 5786: 5775:from the original on 2019-06-23 5767:Plaçais, Aurélie (2015-10-06). 5760: 5749:from the original on 2019-06-23 5734: 5723:from the original on 2019-06-23 5708: 5697:from the original on 2017-07-11 5683: 5672:from the original on 2015-03-20 5653: 5596:from the original on 2013-08-22 5578: 5553: 5520: 5491: 5480:from the original on 2011-01-01 5462: 5376:from the original on 2015-04-14 5357: 5346:from the original on 2015-03-19 5261:from the original on 2010-08-30 5243: 5232:from the original on 2011-07-05 5218: 5207:from the original on 2015-05-05 5189: 5124: 5102:from the original on 2017-07-05 5088: 5074:from the original on 2011-01-25 5055: 5022: 5011:from the original on 2016-08-22 4993: 4972: 4961:from the original on 2017-03-04 4938: 4925: 4912: 4883: 4870: 4859:from the original on 2017-03-04 4836: 4799: 4760: 4689: 4671: 4660:from the original on 2015-03-10 4641: 4630:from the original on 2015-01-18 4611: 4596:from the original on 2019-01-15 4578: 4567:from the original on 2018-12-09 4542:from the original on 2019-01-16 4517:from the original on 2019-01-16 4492:from the original on 2019-01-17 4460:from the original on 2016-04-14 4430:from the original on 2019-01-17 4309:Capital punishment in Hong Kong 3856:Smuggling weapons or ammunition 3705:The cases of Li Yan (2014) and 3513:of China's dynastic period. In 3200:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office 2585:China Global Television Network 2565:Ministry of Culture and Tourism 2429:Bureau of Prison Administration 1989:People's Courts Judicial Police 1916:National Supervisory Commission 997:Office of the General Secretary 33:needs additional citations for 8075:Jiucheng Administration Branch 7703:Central Case Examination Group 7436:Hong Kong Disciplined Services 7103:British Indian Ocean Territory 6356:China: Death Penalty Worldwide 6228:, The Guardian, 19 April 2006. 6126:"China's Death-Penalty Debate" 5911:Smith, Craig S. (2001-12-28). 5639:International Business Times, 4893:(SUNY Press, 2017) pp. 293–94. 4553: 4528: 4450:"China's Death-Penalty Debate" 4441: 4380: 4355: 4326: 3944: 3803:abolition of the death penalty 3785: 3780: 3767: 3762: 3730: 3503:Water and Land Ritual painting 3319:China–European Union relations 2811:Special administrative regions 1996:Supreme People's Procuratorate 1235:Financial and Economic Affairs 1: 7493:Commission Against Corruption 6662:Enforcement or use by country 6079:10.4000/chinaperspectives.545 6006:Oxford University Law Faculty 4980:"Executions Around the World" 4951:J. Crim. L. & Criminology 4909:(Routledge: 2007), pp. 32–33. 4849:J. Crim. L. & Criminology 4319: 4209:Allegation made by Falun Gong 3339:China–United States relations 3324:China–Latin America relations 3185:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee 2781:HK & Macau Affairs Office 2524:Central Propaganda Department 2376:Local public security bureaus 1751:Offices Administration Agency 1260:Agriculture and Rural Affairs 57:"Capital punishment in China" 7943:Correctional Services Bureau 7723:Grid-style social management 7713:Death sentence with reprieve 7708:Civil Servant-Family Pair Up 7544:Correctional Services Bureau 7446:National Security Department 7278:Ministry of National Defense 7251:United Front Work Department 7217:National Security Commission 6351:The Chinese Human Rights Web 6341:Resources in other libraries 5340:Dui Hua Human Rights Journal 4398:. 2011-08-23. Archived from 4304:Capital punishment in Taiwan 4288:Death sentence with reprieve 4168: 3877:Obstructing military affairs 3487:death sentence with reprieve 3286:China and the United Nations 3190:CCP International Department 3170:Ministry of National Defense 3097:Diplomatic missions of China 2957:Taiwan independence movement 2678:Publishing industry in China 2211:United Front Work Department 2056:Regular Disciplined Services 2046:Law enforcement in Hong Kong 1852:Ministry of Veterans Affairs 1834:Ministry of National Defense 869:National Security Commission 709:Harmonious Socialist Society 600:Death sentence with reprieve 574:Administrative Procedure Law 7: 8381:Capital punishment in China 7268:Ministry of Public Security 7222:Central Military Commission 6786:Capital punishment in Asia 6589:Hanged, drawn and quartered 6327:Capital punishment in China 6198:International Affairs Forum 6182:, 28 March 2011, pp 19 -20. 6124:Zhang, Lijia (2014-12-29). 6101:Lim, Zi Heng (2013-05-09). 5741:Daum, Jeremy (2015-09-28). 5251:"Abolish the death penalty" 4448:Zhang, Lijia (2014-12-29). 4314:Capital punishment in Macau 4281: 3862:Smuggling counterfeit money 3859:Smuggling nuclear materials 3676:intermediate people's court 3541:), written sometime in the 3278:Community of Common Destiny 3068:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2938:Republic of China on Taiwan 2348:Ministry of Public Security 1669:Equipment Development Dept. 836:Central Military Commission 10: 8397: 8120:Sichuan Provincial Women's 7817:Re-education through labor 7354:Judicial Administrative PP 7263:Ministry of State Security 6060:Ning, Zhang (2005-12-01). 5536:World Wide Fund for Nature 5031:The Death Penalty in China 4618:Hogg, Chris (2011-02-25). 4394:National People's Congress 4273: 4243:Laogai Research Foundation 4223:commercial transplantation 4091: 2933:Political status of Taiwan 2383:Ministry of State Security 2083:Public Prosecutions Office 1883:Military reform since 2015 1495:Deputy Secretaries-General 1265:Social Development Affairs 1146:National People's Congress 684:Primary stage of socialism 652:Admission Oath (Article 6) 219:Current provincial leaders 8360:Xinjiang internment camps 8280: 8259: 8220: 8115:Shanghai Detention Center 7952: 7900: 7852:Holistic security concept 7847:Xinjiang internment camps 7670: 7616:Persecution of Falun Gong 7566: 7478: 7406: 7293: 7204: 7131: 7090: 7050: 6792: 6654: 6466: 6406: 6336:Resources in your library 6244:18 September 2019 at the 5839:, 10 October 2010, p. 98. 5423:10.1017/S0305741000018890 4822:10.1017/S0305741000018890 4538:. HANKYOREH. 2018-10-16. 4109:This section needs to be 3978: 3953:execution by firing squad 3939: 3721: 3603:collective responsibility 3314:China–Caribbean relations 2898:Mainland & Macau CEPA 2597:China Radio International 2544:China Film Administration 1731:Strategic Planning Office 1461:Cabinet-level departments 553:Intellectual property law 7628:Anti-corruption campaign 7388:State Secrets Protection 7227:People's Liberation Army 6852:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6408:Current judicial methods 6361:27 November 2019 at the 6264:27 February 2019 at the 6224:27 February 2019 at the 6178:22 November 2018 at the 6025: 5986:- Retrieved 6 April 2012 5982:28 February 2011 at the 5590:europe.chinadaily.com.cn 5561:"Capital crimes removed" 5514:10.1525/as.2011.51.4.770 5302:10.1525/as.2008.48.3.393 4783:10.1525/as.2008.48.3.393 3454:. A survey conducted by 3357:Administrative divisions 3138:Belt and Road Initiative 2835:Hong Kong SAR Government 2806:One country, two systems 2794:Hong Kong Liaison Office 2580:China Central Television 2090:Secretariat for Security 1766:People's Liberation Army 1507:most Central Enterprises 1250:Overseas Chinese Affairs 689:Four Cardinal Principles 7985:Beijing Municipal No. 2 7980:Beijing Municipal No. 1 7303:Supervisory Commissions 7113:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6291:Refugee Review Tribunal 6171:Amnesty International, 5938:Miao, Michelle (2013). 5872:Miao, Michelle (2013). 5858:17 October 2015 at the 5835:5 December 2010 at the 5745:. China Law Translate. 4696:Miao, Michelle (2013). 4239:Refugee Review Tribunal 4174:International criticism 3938:officers (Chinese: 3871:Organizing prostitution 3329:China–Pacific relations 3208:Chinese nationality law 2100:Unitary Police Services 1757:National armed forces: 1173:Council of Chairpersons 1029:Organization Department 761:National Party Congress 466:Socialist law tradition 343:Organization Department 7777:Judiciary of Hong Kong 7592:Anti-Rightist Campaign 7515:Public Security Police 7503:Unitary Police Service 7426:PLA Hong Kong Garrison 5372:. Dui Hua Foundation. 5342:. Dui Hua Foundation. 4945:Cheng, Chi-Yu (1949). 4843:Cheng, Chi-Yu (1949). 4456:. The New York Times. 4263: 4085:Supreme People's Court 4030:Key reforms since 2006 4012:Supreme People's Court 3991:Supreme People's Court 3963:, introduced in 1996. 3506: 3438:is a legal penalty in 3334:China–Russia relations 3304:China–Africa relations 3133:China Development Bank 3109:Foreign aid from China 2950:"Taiwan Province", PRC 2918:Cross-Strait relations 2911:Cross-Strait relations 2864:Mainland & HK CEPA 2305:People's organizations 2112:Public Security Police 2061:Hong Kong Police Force 2022:Judiciary of Hong Kong 1973:Supreme People's Court 1878:Military modernization 1656:Logistic Support Dept. 389:Previous constitutions 262:Communist Party leader 157:Leadership generations 7549:Macau Customs Service 7371:People's Armed Police 7283:Taiwan Affairs Office 5662:"刑法修正案（九）草案拟取消9个死刑罪名" 5255:Amnesty International 5005:Amnesty International 4933:China's Death Penalty 4920:China's Death Penalty 4648:Nikkei Asian Review. 4252: 4192:Chinese Supreme Court 4183:Amnesty International 3948:) assumed this role. 3932:People's Armed Police 3928:People's Armed Police 3773:Chinese Supreme Court 3664:Amnesty International 3543:Warring States period 3500: 3493:Historical background 3468:Amnesty International 3006:Taiwan Affairs Office 2857:Independence movement 2842:Politics of Hong Kong 2078:Court of Final Appeal 2039:Prosecutions Division 2034:Department of Justice 2027:Court of Final Appeal 1783:People's Armed Police 1476:National Audit Office 1107:Provincial committee 338:Collective leadership 333:Democratic centralism 214:Current state leaders 169:Hu–Wen Administration 7539:Fire Services Bureau 7498:Macau Security Force 7027:United Arab Emirates 6026:学者称死刑未必公正政治家应引导民意废除 5851:Dui Hua Foundation, 5798:Lehman, Lee & Xu 5719:. Voice of America. 5623:6 April 2012 at the 5334:Dui Hua Foundation. 5131:Dui Hua Foundation. 5033:. pp. 300–326. 4270:Wrongful convictions 4159:Max Planck Institute 3885:Executions procedure 3874:Forcing prostitution 3615:Confucian philosophy 3309:China–Arab relations 3241:Visa policy of China 3160:New Development Bank 3123:Ministry of Commerce 2886:Macau SAR Government 2799:Macau Liaison Office 2592:China National Radio 2275:Historical parties: 2095:Macau Security Force 1643:Political Work Dept. 1281:State representative 1225:Constitution and Law 1010:Central Guard Bureau 679:Deng Xiaoping Theory 456:Chinese legal system 271:State representative 233:Orders of precedence 196:20th Party Politburo 175:Xi–Li Administration 42:improve this article 8260:Juvenile facilities 7762:Internet censorship 7054:limited recognition 6552:Republican marriage 6481:Damnatio ad bestias 5715:Van Sant, Shannon. 5627:, 23 February 2011. 5171:The Washington Post 4654:Nikkei Asian Review 4563:. ABC. 2018-10-28. 4349:10.1093/ajcl/avz017 3984:Chinese authorities 3680:high people's court 3087:Diplomatic missions 3059:Secretary-General: 2977:Chinese unification 2821:Hong Kong Basic Law 2691:Internet censorship 2649:Censorship in China 2406:Ministry of Justice 1932:Corruption in China 1304:Presidential Office 943:Secretary-General: 826:Central Secretariat 727:Four Comprehensives 531:Labour Contract Law 461:Civil law tradition 298:Conference Chairman 187:4th Leadership Core 162:Succession of power 8293:Capital punishment 7807:Political offences 7782:Judiciary of Macau 7693:Capital punishment 7640:Operation Fox Hunt 7488:PLA Macau Garrison 7313:Public Security PP 6724:Wrongful execution 6636:Suffocation in ash 6492:Blowing from a gun 6400:Capital punishment 6130:the New York Times 6066:China Perspectives 5958:10.1093/bjc/azt004 5918:The New York Times 5892:10.1093/bjc/azt004 5830:2010 Annual Report 5226:"China population" 5137:Dui Hua Foundation 4712:10.1093/bjc/azt004 4454:The New York Times 4140:Dui Hua Foundation 3795:harmonious society 3657:Xinhua News Agency 3640:Dui Hua Foundation 3629:Rates of execution 3515:Chinese philosophy 3507: 3480:Chinese government 3472:Dui Hua Foundation 3436:Capital punishment 3128:Exim Bank of China 2962:Anti-Secession Law 2852:Pro-democracy camp 2618:China News Service 2604:Xinhua News Agency 2158:National Committee 2073:Judiciary of Macau 2002:Procurator-General 1215:Special Committees 1163:Standing Committee 1121:Deputy secretaries 1111:Standing committee 1054:Standing Committee 1015:Central Guard Unit 813:Standing Committee 717:Xi Jinping Thought 674:Mao Zedong Thought 590:Capital punishment 568:Administrative law 307:Commander-in-chief 280:Head of government 205:14th State Council 8368: 8367: 8340:National security 8335:Life imprisonment 8251:Shibalihe women's 8216: 8215: 8181:Tai Lam for Women 7975:Beijing Municipal 7860: 7859: 7792:Life imprisonment 7519:Migration Service 7349:State Security PP 7193:National security 7159: 7158: 7096:other territories 6752: 6751: 6729:Botched execution 6322:Library resources 4931:Lu & Miethe, 4918:Lu & Miethe, 4130: 4129: 3961:the United States 3591:system of torture 3535:Punishments of Lu 3433: 3432: 3372:Ethnic minorities 3273:Beijing Consensus 3213:Chinese passports 3053:Deputy Director: 3036:Foreign relations 2923:Chinese Civil War 2893:Politics of Macau 2686:Internet in China 2575:China Media Group 2514:Deputy Director: 2451:Urban Management 2200:Political parties 2187:Secretary-General 2174:Vice-Chairpersons 1908:Supervisory organ 1793:China Coast Guard 1627:Joint Staff Dept. 1538:supreme commander 1490:Secretary-General 1449:Secretary-General 1203:Secretary-General 1189:Vice-Chairpersons 966:Deputy Director: 921:Deputy Directors: 802:Central Politburo 782:General Secretary 771:Central Committee 631:Principal leaders 289:Congress Chairman 181:Xi Administration 177:(2012–2017) 171:(2002–2012) 127:Politics of China 118: 117: 110: 92: 8388: 8199: 8198: 8130:Shanghai Women's 7894:Prisons in China 7887: 7880: 7873: 7864: 7863: 7837:Two-faced person 7604:Shadian incident 7557: 7533: 7511: 7393:Cyberspace Admin 7237:Maritime Militia 7186: 7179: 7172: 7163: 7162: 7149: 7139: 7138: 7108:Christmas Island 6794:Sovereign states 6779: 6772: 6765: 6756: 6755: 6438:Nitrogen hypoxia 6433:Lethal injection 6393: 6386: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6299: 6288: 6280: 6269: 6255: 6249: 6235: 6229: 6217:David Fickling, 6215: 6206: 6205: 6192:Miao, Michelle. 6189: 6183: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6081: 6057: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5996: 5987: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5869: 5863: 5849: 5840: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5657: 5651: 5646:15 July 2012 at 5637: 5628: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5563:. Archived from 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5538:. Archived from 5524: 5518: 5517: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5417:(123): 503–520. 5404: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5331: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5283: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5174:. Archived from 5161: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5139:. Archived from 5128: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4942: 4936: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4903: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4816:(123): 503–520. 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4407: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4330: 4261: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4104: 4103: 4096: 4024:lethal injection 3957:lethal injection 3946: 3941: 3834:drug trafficking 3813:does not have a 3787: 3782: 3769: 3764: 3732: 3723: 3617:centered around 3511:Five Punishments 3448:lethal injection 3444:drug trafficking 3425: 3418: 3411: 3390:China portal 3388: 3387: 3386: 2847:Pro-Beijing camp 2830:John Lee Ka-chiu 2487:Deputy Leaders: 2437: 2125: 2117:Judiciary Police 2108: 1866:Military history 1791: 1781: 1771:Theater commands 1764: 1602: 1595: 1588: 1570: 1563: 1439: 1432: 1425: 1414:State Councilors 1405: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1348:Li Qiang Cabinet 1209: 939: 933: 927: 789: 696:Three Represents 669:Marxism–Leninism 595:Capital offences 485:List of statutes 240:Paramount leader 228:National leaders 138: 122: 121: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8330:Law enforcement 8320:Judicial system 8276: 8255: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8212: 8197: 8152: 7970:Beijing Women's 7948: 7896: 7891: 7861: 7856: 7772:Judicial system 7666: 7562: 7551: 7527: 7525:Judicial Police 7505: 7474: 7402: 7330:Internet police 7308:People's Police 7289: 7200: 7197:law enforcement 7190: 7160: 7155: 7127: 7095: 7086: 7067:Northern Cyprus 7053: 7046: 6788: 6783: 6753: 6748: 6714:List of methods 6699:Final statement 6650: 6471: 6469: 6462: 6402: 6397: 6363:Wayback Machine 6347: 6346: 6345: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6272: 6266:Wayback Machine 6256: 6252: 6246:Wayback Machine 6236: 6232: 6226:Wayback Machine 6216: 6209: 6190: 6186: 6180:Wayback Machine 6170: 6166: 6147: 6143: 6134: 6132: 6122: 6118: 6099: 6095: 6058: 6051: 6042: 6040: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6018: 5997: 5990: 5984:Wayback Machine 5975: 5971: 5962: 5960: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5921: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5894: 5870: 5866: 5860:Wayback Machine 5850: 5843: 5837:Wayback Machine 5827: 5823: 5816:Washington Post 5810: 5809: 5805: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5778: 5776: 5765: 5761: 5752: 5750: 5739: 5735: 5726: 5724: 5713: 5709: 5700: 5698: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5675: 5673: 5660:Chinanews.com. 5658: 5654: 5638: 5631: 5625:Wayback Machine 5615: 5608: 5599: 5597: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5545: 5543: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5481: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5454: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5410:China Quarterly 5405: 5388: 5379: 5377: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5347: 5332: 5319: 5284: 5273: 5264: 5262: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5210: 5208: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5181: 5179: 5162: 5155: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5125: 5120:zh:中华人民共和国死刑犯列表 5118: 5114: 5105: 5103: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5077: 5075: 5068:Washington Post 5060: 5056: 5049: 5027: 5023: 5014: 5012: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4962: 4943: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4913: 4904: 4897: 4888: 4884: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4841: 4837: 4809:China Quarterly 4804: 4800: 4765: 4761: 4750: 4725: 4716: 4714: 4694: 4690: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4663: 4661: 4646: 4642: 4633: 4631: 4616: 4612: 4599: 4597: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4495: 4493: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4463: 4461: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4405: 4403: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4262: 4259: 4237:The Australian 4211: 4176: 4171: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4060: 4032: 3981: 3936:judicial police 3887: 3786:Kuānyán Xiāngjì 3672: 3670:Legal procedure 3631: 3495: 3429: 3400: 3396:Other countries 3384: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3367:Family planning 3352: 3344: 3343: 3300: 3282: 3268:Panda diplomacy 3259: 3204: 3181: 3166: 3105: 3093: 3038: 3028: 3027: 2997:Deputy Leader: 2983: 2913: 2903: 2902: 2877:Chief Executive 2872:Macao Basic Law 2868: 2826:Chief Executive 2817: 2763: 2762: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2719: 2682: 2645: 2533: 2518: 2510: 2495: 2483: 2469: 2459: 2458: 2447: 2431: 2418: 2395: 2360: 2342: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2321:Law enforcement 2310: 2309: 2294: 2268: 2170: 2148: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2119: 2102: 2069: 2051:Security Bureau 2018: 2008: 1985: 1967: 1966: 1965:Judicial organs 1961: 1951: 1943: 1928: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1873:Armed conflicts 1846: 1828: 1817: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1584: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1455: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1421: 1408: 1401: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1364: 1337: 1336: 1335:Executive organ 1331: 1326: 1300: 1283: 1282: 1245:Foreign Affairs 1201: 1185: 1153: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1104: 978: 970: 962: 947: 935: 929: 923: 922: 917: 902: 883: 878: 856: 848: 820: 780: 755: 754: 747: 711: 704: 660: 646: 645: 619: 617:Communist Party 609: 608: 581: 564: 491: 479:Legislation Law 452: 422: 411: 379: 378: 358: 357: 322:Related systems 256: 152: 129: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 8394: 8384: 8383: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8350:Soft detention 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8295: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8154: 8153: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7890: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7827:Soft detention 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7802:PLA Unit 61398 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7678:2011 crackdown 7674: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7586:Sufan movement 7583: 7577: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7522: 7495: 7490: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7342: 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6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6544: 6539: 6537:Disembowelment 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6507:Breaking wheel 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6476: 6474: 6470:post-classical 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6412: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6396: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6353: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316:External links 6314: 6311: 6310: 6293:. 2007-01-17. 6270: 6257:Peter Foster, 6250: 6230: 6207: 6184: 6164: 6141: 6116: 6093: 6049: 6016: 5988: 5969: 5952:(3): 500–519. 5930: 5903: 5886:(3): 500–519. 5864: 5841: 5821: 5803: 5785: 5759: 5733: 5707: 5682: 5652: 5650:, 25 May 2011. 5629: 5606: 5577: 5552: 5519: 5508:(4): 770–784. 5490: 5476:. 2003-12-23. 5461: 5436: 5386: 5356: 5317: 5296:(3): 393–413. 5271: 5242: 5217: 5203:. 2007-07-10. 5188: 5153: 5123: 5112: 5087: 5054: 5047: 5021: 4992: 4971: 4937: 4924: 4911: 4895: 4882: 4869: 4835: 4798: 4777:(3): 393–413. 4759: 4723: 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Nikkei Inc. 4640: 4610: 4592:. 2019-01-15. 4577: 4552: 4527: 4502: 4488:. 2018-07-06. 4473: 4440: 4415: 4379: 4354: 4343:(2): 327–382. 4324: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4294:Crime in China 4291: 4283: 4280: 4271: 4268: 4257: 4210: 4207: 4203:European Union 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4128: 4127: 4108: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4028: 3980: 3977: 3965:Execution vans 3942:; pinyin: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908:held in public 3904: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3865:Counterfeiting 3863: 3860: 3857: 3783:; pinyin: 3765:; pinyin: 3671: 3668: 3638:instance, the 3630: 3627: 3494: 3491: 3460:New York Times 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3351:Related topics 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3238: 3224: 3210: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3143:Silk Road Fund 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3104: 3103: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2930: 2925: 2914: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2874: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2823: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2777: 2776: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2732:Zhuang Rongwen 2729: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2696:Great Firewall 2681: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2671:Internal media 2666:Media of China 2663: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2624:People's Daily 2620: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2610:Reference News 2601: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2410: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2387: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2171: 2162: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2114: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2000: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1977: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1880: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1838: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1714:Zhang Shengmin 1705: 1704: 1703: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1614:General Office 1608: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1600:Zhang Shengmin 1596: 1589: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1556: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1521:Military organ 1520: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1485:General Office 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1457: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1426: 1418: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1377: 1365: 1352: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1320:Vice President 1318: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1220:Ethnic Affairs 1212: 1211: 1210: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1186: 1177: 1160: 1154: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1081:Zhang Shengmin 1072: 1071: 1070: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1007: 1006: 1005: 993: 992: 984:General Office 981: 980: 979: 974:Office Chief: 973: 971: 965: 963: 957: 950: 949: 948: 942: 940: 920: 918: 912: 905: 904: 903: 898:Office Chief: 897: 895: 882:Vice-Chairman: 881: 879: 873: 866: 865: 864: 851: 849: 840: 833: 823: 822: 821: 811: 798: 797: 796: 795: 750: 749: 748: 746: 745: 744: 743: 742: 741: 736: 735: 734: 729: 724: 714: 713: 712: 707: 700: 698: 693: 692: 691: 686: 676: 671: 666: 656: 654: 637: 636: 635: 634: 633: 627: 626: 620: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 605: 604: 603: 602: 597: 580: 579: 578: 577: 563: 562: 561: 560: 550: 549: 548: 536: 535: 534: 527: 515: 508: 500: 490: 489: 488: 487: 482: 470: 469: 468: 463: 451: 450: 449: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 415: 414: 413: 412: 410: 409: 404: 399: 393: 380: 377: 376: 371: 365: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 324: 323: 319: 318: 313: 304: 295: 286: 277: 268: 259: 258: 257: 248: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 222: 221: 216: 211: 202: 193: 178: 172: 165: 164: 159: 153: 148: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 131: 130: 125: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8393: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8219: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901:Organizations 7899: 7895: 7888: 7883: 7881: 7876: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7662:United States 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7646:709 crackdown 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7531: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7258:State Council 7256: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7182: 7180: 7175: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7077:South Ossetia 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6775: 6773: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6692:Scharfrichter 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6542:Dismemberment 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6443:Electrocution 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6382: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6254: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6234: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6214: 6212: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5973: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5934: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5825: 5818:. 1994-03-26. 5817: 5813: 5807: 5800:. 1996-03-17. 5799: 5795: 5789: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5671: 5668:. chinanews. 5667: 5666:chinanews.com 5663: 5656: 5649: 5648:archive.today 5645: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5567:on 2011-05-04 5566: 5562: 5556: 5542:on 2010-05-29 5541: 5537: 5533: 5532:Panda Central 5529: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5451:on 2010-08-03 5450: 5446: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5178:on 2011-01-25 5177: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5160: 5158: 5143:on 2014-09-15 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5116: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5048:9780231170079 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4928: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4802: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4763: 4755: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4692: 4685:. 2022-02-22. 4684: 4680: 4674: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4470: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4412: 4402:on 2018-01-03 4401: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4267: 4256: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4107: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4086: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3759: 3756: 3755:triad society 3751: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3698:in May 2008, 3695: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605:initiated by 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3501:Ming dynasty 3499: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3082:Spokespersons 3080: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2944: 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