Thomas Wolsey - Knowledge

1186:. The countryside had been thrown into discord by the entrepreneurial actions of landlords enclosing areas of land and converting from arable farming to pastoral farming, requiring fewer workers. The Tudors valued stability, and the resulting mass urban migration represented a serious crisis. Wolsey conducted national enquiries into enclosures in 1517, 1518 and 1527. In the course of his administration, he used the Court of Chancery to prosecute 264 landowners, including peers, bishops, knights, religious heads, and Oxford colleges. Enclosures were seen as directly linked to rural unemployment and depopulation, vagrancy, food shortages and, accordingly, inflation. This pattern repeated in many of Wolsey's other initiatives, particularly his quest to abolish enclosure. Despite spending significant time and effort investigating the state of the countryside and prosecuting numerous offenders, Wolsey freely surrendered his policy during the parliament of 1523 to ensure that Parliament passed his proposed taxes for Henry's war in France. Enclosures remained a problem for many years. 841:. The treaty showed Wolsey as the arbiter of Europe, organising a massive peace summit involving 20 nations. This put England at the forefront of European diplomacy and drew her out of isolation, making her a desirable ally. This is well illustrated by the Anglo-French treaty signed two days afterwards. It was partly this peace treaty that caused conflict between France and Spain. In 1519, when Charles V ascended to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor, King Francis I of France was infuriated. He had invested enormous sums in bribing the electorate to elect him emperor, and thus used the Treaty of London as a justification for the Habsburg-Valois conflict. Wolsey appeared to act as mediator between the two powers, both of which were vying for England's support. 1304:

Renaissance ideas, classical embellishments, and architectural models into English architecture. Scholars generally cite Somerset House in London (1547–52) as the first classical building in England, built for Edward Seymour, the first Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector to King Edward VI. But Wolsey embraced Italian-inspired classicism nearly half a century before Seymour, though more theoretically than visually. Wolsey's subsequent disgrace over his failure to garner papal approval of an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon has clouded the fact that he was not only the first high-profile patron in England to seek out and promote Italian classicism in art, architecture, and magnificence, but also that his contributions endured.

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benefactor of arts, humanities and education. He projected numerous reforms, with some success in areas such as finance, taxation, educational provision and justice. From the king's perspective, his greatest failure was an inability to get a divorce when Henry wanted a new wife to give him a son who would be the undisputed heir to the throne. Historians agree that Wolsey was a man dogged by other men's failures and his own ambition. In the end, abandoned by the king, Wolsey was charged with treason, but died of natural causes before he could be beheaded.

424: 3731: 3717: 61: 1767: 1842: 861:, who has studied the causes of wars in that era, found that treaties of non-aggression such as this one could never be stronger than their sponsors' armies. When those forces were about equal, the treaties typically widened the conflict. That is, diplomacy could sometimes postpone war, but could not prevent wars based on irreconcilable interests and ambitions. What was lacking, Mattingly concludes, was a neutral power whose judgements were generally accepted either by impartial justice or by overwhelming force. 726: 1737: 1106:, says that in 1515–1529 Wolsey "would be the most powerful man in England except, possibly, for the king". As long as he was in the king's favour, Wolsey had great freedom in domestic matters, and had his hand in nearly every aspect of them. For much of the time, Henry VIII had complete confidence in him, and as Henry's interests inclined more towards foreign policy, he was willing to give Wolsey free rein in reforming the management of domestic affairs, for which Wolsey had grand plans. Historian 854:

lavish display of English wealth and power before the rest of Europe, through flamboyant celebrations and events such as jousting, with the two kings competing, though not against each other. With France and Spain vying for England's allegiance, Wolsey could choose the ally that better suited his policies. Wolsey chose Charles mainly because England's economy would suffer from the loss of the lucrative cloth trade industry between England and the Netherlands had France been chosen instead.

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architecture as a symbol of power, along with his introduction of Italian classical ornamentation, set a trend continued by Henry VIII and others. Wolsey oversaw tombs for Henry's VIII's parents at Westminster Abbey and negotiated contracts for Henry VIII's tomb as well as one for himself. If these works had been completed as planned, they would be among Europe's largest, most elaborate, and grandest tombs. The college originally founded and planned by Wolsey and refounded by Henry VIII (

968:. He believed God had cursed him for the sin of marrying the widow of his elder brother, and that the papal dispensation for that marriage was invalid because it was based upon the claim that Catherine was still a virgin after her first husband's death. Henry argued that Catherine's claim was not credible, and thus the dispensation must be withdrawn and the marriage annulled. His motivation has been attributed to his determination to have a son and heir, and to his desire for 6680: 1287:, Henry was quick to denounce the Amicable Grant, and began to lose faith in Wolsey. During the relatively peaceful period in England after the War of the Roses, its population increased. With more demand for food and no additional supply, prices increased. Landowners were forced to enclose land and convert to pastoral farming, which brought in more profit. Wolsey's quest against enclosure was fruitless in terms of restoring economic stability. 1005: 534:, Wolsey fell out of favour and was stripped of his government titles. He retreated to York to fulfil his ecclesiastical duties as archbishop, a position he nominally held but had neglected during his years in government. He was recalled to London to answer to charges of treason—charges Henry commonly used against ministers who fell out of his favour—but died from natural causes on the way. 886:, who represented the Pope at the Treaty of London, was kept waiting for many months in Calais before being allowed to cross the Channel and join the festivities in London in what may have been a display by Wolsey of his independence of Rome. An alternative hypothesis is that Campeggio was kept waiting until Wolsey received his legacy, thus asserting Wolsey's attachment to Rome. 694:, much to the king's displeasure. Wolsey advised the king not to execute the newlyweds but to embrace them; whether this was out of care for the couple or because of the threat they posed to his own safety remains unclear. The bride, both as sister to Henry and as Dowager Queen of France, had high royal status that could have threatened Wolsey had she so chosen. 412: 1138:

who earned very little had to pay almost as much as the wealthy. With the new income tax the poorer members of society paid much less. This more progressive form of taxation enabled Wolsey to raise enough money for the king's foreign expeditions, bringing in over £300,000. He also raised considerable capital through other means, such as "

1193:, which attempted to regulate the price of meat in London and other major cities. Those found to be charging too much were prosecuted by the Chamber. After the bad harvest of 1527, Wolsey bought up surplus grain and sold it off cheaply to the needy. This greatly eased disorder and became common practice after a disappointing harvest. 717:, a post with wide political powers, and thus became known as Prince-Bishop of Durham. In 1529 he moved on from the bishop position in Durham to become the Bishop of Winchester. With his roles in the church came great wealth and estates. With the accumulation of his different roles in the church he made upwards of £35,000 a year. 608:, who recognised Wolsey's ability, dedication, industry and willingness to take on tedious tasks. Wolsey's remarkable rise to power from humble origins attests to his intelligence, administrative ability, industriousness, ambition, and rapport with the king. In April 1508, Wolsey was sent to Scotland to discuss with 1272:

1486, by which Henry VII had resumed possession of all lands granted by the crown since 1455. These lands had passed onto his heir, Henry VIII. Many nobles resented the rise to power of a low-born man, whilst others simply disliked that he monopolised the court and concealed information from the Privy Council.

1171:(although this court was only given this name later on) for the poor, where no fees were required. Wolsey's legal reforms were popular, and overflow courts were required to attend to all the cases. Many powerful men who had felt invincible under the law found themselves convicted; for example, in 1515, the 1864:

The silver cross is derived from the arms of the Ufford Earls of Suffolk, and the four leopards' faces from the de la Pole Earls and Dukes of Suffolk, Wolsey being a Suffolk native. The Cornish choughs, or "beckets" as they are sometimes known, are a reference to Wolsey's namesake, Thomas Becket. The

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The same can be said for Wolsey's legal reforms. After he made justice accessible to all and encouraged more people to bring cases to court, the system was abused. The courts became overloaded with incoherent, tenuous cases, which would have been far too expensive to have rambled on in the Common Law

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One of Wolsey's greatest impediments was his lack of popularity amongst the nobles at court and in Parliament. Their dislikes and mistrusts partly stemmed from what they saw as Wolsey's excessive demands for money in the form of the Subsidy or benevolences. They also resented the Act of Resumption of

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in 1520. Wolsey organised much of this grandiose meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII, accompanied by 5,000 followers and involving court activities more than military discussion. Though it seemed to open the door to peaceful negotiations with France if the king wished, it was also a chance for a

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Catherine, however, maintained that she had been a virgin when she married Henry. Because she opposed annulment and a return to her previous status as Dowager Princess of Wales, the annulment request became a matter of international diplomacy, with Catherine's nephew Charles V pressuring Clement not

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and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between

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with Charles V, stating that England would join Spain in a war against France if France refused to sign the peace treaty and ignored the Anglo-French treaty of 1518. Wolsey's relationship with Rome was also ambivalent. Despite his links to the papacy, Wolsey was strictly Henry's servant. Though the

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Wolsey made changes to the taxation system, devising, with treasurer of the Chamber John Heron, the "Subsidy". This form of tax was based upon accurate valuations of the taxpayer's wealth, where one shilling was taken per pound from the income. The old fixed tax of 15ths and 10ths meant that those

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Only in the broadest respects was taking independent decisions. ... It was Wolsey who almost invariably calculated the available options and ranked them for royal consideration; who established the parameters of each successive debate; who controlled the flow of official information; who selected

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From 1515, when he became cardinal, until his death, Wolsey used art and architecture to underpin his positions. He initiated a building campaign on a scale not only unprecedented for an English churchman and Lord Chancellor, but also exceeded by few English kings. In so doing, he brought Italian

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1450–1532, Archbishop of Canterbury 1503–1532). They were cautious and conservative, advising the king to act as a careful administrator like his father. Henry soon appointed to his Privy Council men more sympathetic to his own views and inclinations. Until 1511, Wolsey was adamantly antiwar, but

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In spite of having many enemies, Wolsey retained Henry VIII's confidence until Henry decided to seek an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. Wolsey's failure to secure the annulment directly caused his downfall and arrest. It was rumoured that Anne

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Operating with the king's firm support, and with special powers over the church given by the Pope as legate, Wolsey dominated civic affairs, administration, the law, the church, and foreign policy. He was amazingly energetic and far-reaching. He built a great fortune for himself and was a major

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Queen Mary had allegedly secured a promise from Henry that if Louis died, she could marry whomever she pleased. Following Louis's death, she secretly married Suffolk, with Francis I's assistance, which prevented another marriage alliance. As Mary was the only princess Henry could use to secure

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Among Wolsey's projects were lavish, classically inspired additions to York Palace in London, the Archbishop of York's residence. He supervised the grandiose temporary buildings at the Field of Cloth of Gold and renovated Hampton Court, which he later relinquished to the king. Wolsey's use of

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Meanwhile, a turnover of rulers in Europe threatened to diminish England's influence. With Henry's sister, Mary, married to Louis XII on 9 October 1514, an alliance was formed, but Louis was not in good health. Less than three months later, he died and was succeeded by the young and ambitious

987:. Second, Wolsey objected to the dispensation on technical grounds, claiming it was incorrectly worded. (Shortly afterwards, a correctly worded version was found in Spain.) Third, Wolsey wanted Clement to let the final decision be made in England, which, as papal legate, he would supervise. 990:

In 1528 Clement decided to allow two papal legates to decide the outcome in England: Wolsey and Campeggio. Wolsey was confident of the decision, but Campeggio took a long time to arrive, and when he finally did, he delayed proceedings so much that the case had to be suspended in July 1529,

1778:. Wolsey is shown seated and facing south towards St Peter's Church (the former medieval Augustinian priory church, which he annexed as the chapel of his college), teaching from a book, and with a cat at his side. The statue was unveiled in June 2011, when it was dedicated by the 772:

The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully

1329:, who made it more difficult for Wolsey to follow through with his plans for reform. Despite making promises to reform the bishoprics of England and Ireland, and, in 1519, encouraging monasteries to embark on a programme of reform, he did nothing to bring about these changes. 1101:

During his 14 years as chancellor, Wolsey had more power than any other Crown servant in English history. This led to his being hated by much of the nobility, who believed that power should be theirs. The king protected him from being attacked. Sara Nair James, a professor at

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Treaty of London was an elaboration on Pope Leo's ambitions for European peace, it was seen in Rome as a vain attempt by England to assert her influence over Europe and steal some papal thunder. Furthermore, Wolsey's peace initiatives prevented a crusade to the

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Wolsey's rise coincided with the accession in April 1509 of Henry VIII, whose character, policies and attitude to diplomacy differed significantly from his father's. In 1509 Henry appointed Wolsey to the post of almoner, a position that gave him a seat on the

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As well as his State duties, Wolsey simultaneously attempted to exert his influence over the Church in England. As cardinal and, from 1524, lifetime papal legate, Wolsey continually vied for control over others in the Church. His principal rival was

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As a legal administrator, Wolsey reinvented the equity court, where the verdict was decided by the judge on the principle of "fairness". As an alternative to the Common Law courts, Wolsey re-established the position of the prerogative courts of the

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when the king expressed his enthusiasm for an invasion of France, Wolsey adapted his views to the king's and gave persuasive speeches to the Privy Council in favour of war. Warham and Foxe, who did not share the king's enthusiasm for the

713:. In 1518 he was appointed as abbot of St. Albans and bishop of Bath. Following the success of the English campaign in France and the peace negotiations that followed, Wolsey's ecclesiastical career advanced further: in 1523 he became 980:

to annul the marriage. Clement faced a dilemma: he would anger either Charles or Henry. He delayed his decision as long as possible, infuriating Henry and Anne Boleyn, who began to doubt Wolsey's loyalty to the Crown over the Church.

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Following his rapid promotion, Larke became a source of embarrassment to Wolsey, who arranged for her marriage to George Legh of Adlington, in Cheshire, circa 1519. He provided the dowry. Henry VIII had a mansion built for Legh at

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The Treaty of London is often regarded as Wolsey's finest moment, but it was abandoned within a year. Wolsey developed links with Charles in 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. At the Calais Conference Wolsey signed the Secret

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in 1526. Though England was not part of it, the League was organised in part by Wolsey with papal support. Wolsey's plan was that the League of Cognac, an alliance between France and some Italian states, would challenge Charles's

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and an opportunity to attain greater prominence and establish personal rapport with the king. A factor in Wolsey's rise was the young Henry VIII's relative lack of interest in the details of government during his early years.

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and his wife, Joan Daundy. Widespread traditions identify his father as a butcher; his modest origin became a topic of criticism later, when he amassed wealth and power that critics thought more befitting a member of the high

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television series. He is portrayed through Cromwell's eyes as a mentor and a ruthlessly loyal statesman. A desire to avenge Wolsey's downfall and ignominious death fuels many of Cromwell's actions through the latter half of

822:, who immediately proposed peace with France. After Maximilian I's death in 1519, Charles was elected in his stead; thus Charles ruled a substantial portion of Europe and English influence became limited on the continent. 1338:

Boleyn and her faction convinced Henry that Wolsey was deliberately slowing proceedings; as a result, he was arrested in 1529, and the Pope decided that the official decision should be made in Rome, not England.

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Steven Gunn, “Anglo-Florentine Contacts in the Age of Henry VIII,” in Cinzia Sicca and Louis Waldman, eds. The Anglo-Florentine Renaissance: Art for the Early Tudors (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012),

1252:—particularly after infiltrating one of his own men into the group. He attempted many times to disperse them from court, giving them jobs that took them to the Continent and far from Henry. After the 642:

Heraldic banner of Wolsey as Archbishop of York, showing the arms of the See of York impaling his personal arms, with a cardinal's hat above. The griffin supporter holds the Lord Chancellor's mace

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Wolsey appealed to Clement for an annulment on three fronts. First, he tried to convince the Pope that the dispensation was void as the marriage clearly disobeyed instructions in the book of

1142:", and enforced loans from the nobility, which yielded £200,000 in 1522. Ultimately, Wolsey's fiscal policy became increasingly disliked- his forced loans and benevolences culminated in the 600:

Wolsey benefited from Henry VII's introduction of measures to curb the power of the nobility; the king was willing to favour those from more humble backgrounds. Henry VII appointed Wolsey

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and tutored in his early years by Maurice Birchinshaw. He later married and had children of his own. Dorothy was adopted by John Clansey, and was in due course placed in the convent at

897:, which was met with even more hostility, and ultimately led to his downfall. In 1525, after Charles V had abandoned England as an ally, Wolsey began to negotiate with France, and the 499:. Wolsey's affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state. He also held important ecclesiastical appointments. These included the 4419: 1858:

Sable, on a cross engrailed argent a lion passant gules between four leopards' faces azure; on a chief Or a rose gules barbed vert and seeded or between two Cornish choughs proper

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gave Wolsey a significant opportunity to demonstrate his talents in foreign policy. A convenient justification for going to war came in 1511 in the form of a plea for help from

924:" with Scotland, stirring up hostility on England's border. With peace between France and the Emperor, there was no-one to free the Pope from Charles, who had effectively held 4765: 4770: 4586: 7291: 4966: 4809: 4258: 1434:, Norfolk. The edict that priests, regardless of their functions or the character of their work, should remain celibate had not been wholeheartedly accepted in England. 964:

were still within living memory, leading to the fear of a power struggle after Henry's death. Henry felt the people would accept only a male sovereign, not his daughter

570:, Wiltshire, and remained in Oxford, first as the Master of Magdalen College School, and soon the dean of divinity. From 1500 to 1509, Wolsey held a living as rector of 4785: 4760: 1774:

An appeal was launched in 2009 to erect a permanent memorial to Wolsey in Ipswich. This led to the commissioning of a more-than-life-sized bronze statue from sculptor

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Censura literaria: Containing titles, abstracts, and opinions of old English books, with original disquisitions, articles of biography, and other literary antiquities

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Though the English gain from the wars of 1522–23 was minimal, their contribution certainly aided Charles V in his defeat of the French, particularly in 1525 at the

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I see the matter against me how it is framed. But if I had served God as diligently as I have done the King, he would not have given me over in my grey hairs.

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In keeping with his practice of erecting magnificent buildings at Hampton Court, Westminster and Oxford, Wolsey had planned a magnificent tomb at Windsor by

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as his own main London residence. Wolsey was permitted to remain Archbishop of York. He travelled to Yorkshire for the first time in his career, but at

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Wolsey's power depended on maintaining good relations with Henry. He grew increasingly suspicious of the "minions"—young, influential members of the

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failed, the minions began to undermine him again. Consequently, Wolsey devised a grand plan of administrative reforms, incorporating the notorious

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plays Wolsey. This production interprets his death as suicide by cutthroat, covered up by the king and Cromwell out of residual affection for him.

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the king's secretaries, middle-ranked officials, and JPs; and who promulgated decisions himself had largely shaped, if not strictly taken.

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The final blow to this policy came in 1529, when the French made peace with Charles. Meanwhile, the French also continued to honour the "

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P. G. Lindley, “Introduction” and “Playing Check-mate with Royal Majesty? Wolsey's Patronage of Italian Renaissance Sculpture,” in

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in west and south-west London as the symbol of the Cardinal bus district, which was named after him and his residence at Hampton Court.

690:, Wolsey adopted a different strategy, attempting to win Suffolk's favour by his actions after the duke secretly married Henry's sister 7286: 4235: 4061: 737: 7186: 5678: 4805: 4034: 3099:

Harris, Barbara (1989). "Power, Profit, and Passion: Mary Tudor, Charles Brandon, and the Arranged Marriage in Early Tudor England".

2825: 5171: 3922: 667:, fell from power (1515/1516), and Wolsey took over as the king's most trusted advisor and administrator. When Warham resigned as 7181: 2075: 1369: 675: 1748:

a seat of learning. He built a substantial college, which for two years, 1528–1530, was parent of the Queen Elizabeth School or

7271: 3989: 3710: 1167:. The system in both courts concentrated on simple, inexpensive cases, and promised impartial justice. He also established the 586: 17: 6706: 4190: 3653: 3477: 3448: 3367: 3295: 3274: 3089: 3068: 3017: 2969: 2935: 2887: 2866: 683: 1069: 7266: 7176: 4173: 1779: 1284: 687: 6714: 5885: 3216: 1752:, which today flourishes on another site. All that remains of Wolsey's structure is the former waterside gate, figured by 1041: 6477: 6261: 5599: 2692: 1682: 1411: 917:. This was both a gesture of allegiance to Rome and an answer to growing concerns about Charles's dominance over Europe. 423: 7206: 7120: 7032: 7012: 5624: 2080: 1280: 5971: 1852:

Cardinal Wolsey's arms were granted to him by the College of Arms in 1525. They are now used by Christ Church, Oxford.

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In 1529, Wolsey was stripped of his government office and property, including his magnificently expanded residence of

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production of that play. Henry Irving's reading of Wolsey's Farewell survives on a rare wax cylinder recording.

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Wolsey's rise to a position of great secular power paralleled his increasing status in the church. He became a

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in Oxford (in 1532, after Wolsey's fall, the king renamed it King Henry VIII's College; it is now known as

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Wolsey made careful moves to destroy or neutralise other courtiers' influence. He helped cause the fall of

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of 1526. This reduced the members of the Privy Council from 12 to six, removing Henry's friends such as

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War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey, and the Amicable Grant of 1525

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on 29 November 1530, around the age of 57. Just before his death he reputedly spoke these words:

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Thomas Cocke, “'The Repository of Our English Kings': The Henry VII Chapel as Royal Mausoleum.”

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red lion symbolises Wolsey's patron, Pope Leo X, while the rose symbolises his king, Henry VIII.

1233:. He also attempted, as legate, to force reform on monastic orders like the Augustinian canons. 802:

marriage alliances, this was a bitter blow. Wolsey then proposed an alliance with Spain and the

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Under Wolsey's guidance, Europe's chief nations sought to outlaw war among Christian nations.

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Wolsey also used his courts to tackle national controversies, such as the pressing issue of

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From Princes to Pages: The Literary Lives of Cardinal Wolsey, Tudor England's 'Other King'.

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Gwyn, Peter. "Wolsey's foreign policy: the conferences at Calais and Bruges reconsidered."

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in 1528. The result of this venture was further resentment by the nobility and the gentry.

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Jonathan Foyle, “A Reconstruction of Thomas Wolsey’s Great Hall at Hampton Court Palace,”

8: 7130: 7085: 6933: 6350: 5852: 5688: 5668: 5658: 5564: 5441: 5426: 5316: 5301: 5117: 5021: 4575: 4298: 4288: 3852: 2829: 1692: 1489: 1353: 957: 949: 933: 929: 795: 766: 531: 488: 6637: 3730: 3716: 3666:, ed. S. J. Gunn and P. G. Lindley (Cambridge University Press, 1991), 76–102. 2909: 7140: 7065: 6872: 6818: 6794: 6104: 5446: 5266: 5195: 4986: 4795: 4618: 4399: 4318: 4308: 4293: 4268: 4154: 3945: 3835: 3815: 3437: 3344: 3336: 3126: 2619: 2524: 2032: 1710: 1396: 898: 218: 151: 144: 1418:. Henry often receives credit for artistic patronage that properly belongs to Wolsey. 6973: 6882: 6857: 6246: 6155: 6114: 5728: 5466: 5356: 4105: 3879: 3788: 3649: 3614: 3584: 3535: 3531: 3473: 3454: 3444: 3363: 3348: 3316: 3291: 3270: 3201: 3121: 3085: 3064: 3013: 2965: 2931: 2883: 2862: 2708: 2103: 1790: 1494: 1446: 1257: 1230: 1205:

30 decayed monasteries where monastic life had virtually ceased in practice, some in

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Statesman and Saint: Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More and the Politics of Henry VIII

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Wolsey lived in a "non-canonical" marriage for around a decade with a woman called

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in 1515, probably under pressure from Wolsey, Henry appointed Wolsey in his place.

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was not). In that position, he enjoyed great freedom and was often depicted as the

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In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition, and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII

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S. J. Gunn and P. G. Lindley eds., (Cambridge, 1991), 1–53 and 261–285.

3467: 3378: 3264: 3058: 3007: 2959: 2898: 2877: 2856: 1817: 1800:'s nickname The Cardinals commemorate the fact Wolsey was visiting Henry VIII at 1482: 1457: 1400: 973: 902: 890: 668: 523: 519: 355: 122: 87: 2924:"Early Tudor tombs and the rise and fall of Anglo-Italian relations; Quo Vadis?" 1841: 1410:

Henry VIII contemplated using the impressive black sarcophagus for himself, but

901:

was signed, during Francis I's captivity, with the Regent of France—his mother,

530:("other king"). After failing to negotiate an annulment of Henry's marriage to 7095: 7037: 6892: 6877: 6842: 6811: 6742: 6411: 6401: 6381: 6266: 6236: 6190: 6180: 6175: 6150: 6064: 6049: 5865: 5743: 5673: 5604: 5584: 5574: 5569: 5526: 5486: 5471: 5456: 5451: 5431: 5421: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5218: 5122: 5051: 5036: 4683: 4668: 4530: 4480: 4475: 4394: 4374: 4184: 4148: 4121: 4084: 4016: 3995: 3952: 3862: 3747: 3624: 3590: 3419: 3247: 3220: 3176: 3149: 3038: 2990: 1823: 1749: 1736: 1674: 1611: 1557: 1503: 1431: 1322: 1253: 1214: 1143: 894: 830: 754: 655: 552: 344: 279: 110: 7155: 7100: 7070: 6978: 6963: 6770: 6758: 6521: 6396: 6366: 6325: 6276: 6099: 6074: 6054: 5753: 5748: 5738: 5619: 5491: 5476: 5041: 4633: 4628: 4500: 4495: 4485: 4303: 3781: 3458: 2919: 2623: 2613: 1929: 1801: 1753: 1660: 1648: 1620: 1568: 1561: 1438: 1376: 1249: 921: 908:

The closeness between England and Rome can be seen in the formulation of the

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in England, enabling him to realise Leo's desire for peace by organising the

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Lambeth Palace: A History of the Archbishops of Canterbury and their Houses

1826:, a Spanish doctor practising in England, was the doctor to Thomas Wolsey. 1775: 1600: 1590: 1540: 1532: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1292: 1176: 1160: 834: 647: 605: 504: 2803: 1744:

Before Wolsey was removed from power, he planned to make his home town of

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In great distress, he set out for the capital with his personal chaplain,

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in 1521, and in 1527 he prosecuted, unsuccessfully, Henry's close friend

60: 6462: 2505:"A Reconstruction of Thomas Wolsey's Great Hall at Hampton Court Palace" 2008:(2nd ed.). Newark: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. p. 85. 825:

But Wolsey managed to assert English influence by other means. In 1517,

7007: 6925: 6627: 6421: 6305: 5594: 4006: 3680:, Antonia Fraser, ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). 3340: 3130: 2528: 2504: 2195: 2056: 1633: 1427: 1029: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 826: 706: 512: 492: 292: 6645: 2036: 2020: 7135: 6617: 6612: 6581: 5511: 4051: 3594: 1665: 1638: 1442: 1380: 1365: 1183: 984: 876: 779: 575: 340: 5792: 4715: 3662:

Simon Thurley, "The Domestic Building Works of Cardinal Wolsey," in

3112: 2520: 1004: 522:, the king's chief adviser (formally, as his successor and disciple 6732: 6622: 6602: 6576: 6526: 6515: 5870: 5361: 5336: 4213: 3332: 3306: 1696:, which was incorporated into the stage and television adaptations. 879:, which was the catalyst for the Pope's desire for European peace. 579: 548: 6531: 1793:, a major employer in the city and also named after the cardinal. 646:

The primary counsellors Henry VIII inherited from his father were

542:

Thomas Wolsey was born in about 1473, the son of Robert Wolsey of

503:—the second most important role in the English church—and that of 6727: 6607: 6556: 6509: 6034: 5306: 5223: 3469:

The Cardinal and the Secretary: Thomas Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell

2615:

Emotion in the Tudor Court: The Disgusting Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

1745: 1206: 787: 543: 319: 315: 1763:

In 1930 Wolsey was commemorated in Ipswich with a pageant play.

1437:

Wolsey had two children, both before he was made bishop: a son,

638: 37:"Cardinal Wolsey" redirects here. For the 1912 silent film, see 6597: 5976: 5951: 5311: 2979:

Davies, C. S. L. (23 September 2010). "Richard Fox".

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Wolsey was portrayed somewhat more sympathetically in the film

1361: 1210: 1179:

and in 1516 Lord Abergavenny was accused of illegal retaining.

965: 2412: 2400: 2388: 1714:, STARZ, Season 1, Episode 8 (2017), played by Mark Edel-Hunt. 1510:

were well known for their stage performances of the role, and

1291:

courts. Wolsey eventually ordered all minor cases out of the

2340: 2289: 1782:, and launched in a civic capacity by the Mayor of Ipswich. 786:. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of 6561: 2668:"Masterpiece Announces Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light" 2460: 1312:) remains the largest and grandest of all Oxford colleges. 1279:, which should have been under the control of the Dukes of 1201:

In 1524 and 1527 Wolsey used his powers as papal legate to

1189:

Wolsey used the Star Chamber to enforce his 1518 policy of

515:

in 1515 gave him precedence over all other English clergy.

464: 3673:(London: The Royal Institute of British Architects, 1998). 790:

and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.

487:– 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and Catholic 455: 3521:

Essays in Architectural History Presented to John Newman.

3408:

Scarisbrick, J. J. (28 May 2015). "William Warham".

2448: 2364: 2352: 2304: 2183: 2161: 2159: 2006:

Early Modern England 1485–1714 : A Narrative History

495:

became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the king's

1804:

when the news arrived that he had been made a cardinal.

1531:; he was played in the two film versions of the play by 709:

made him a cardinal in 1515, with the titular church of

3567:

Art in England: the Saxons through the Tudors: 600–1600

3165:

Jack, Sybil M. (5 January 2012). "Thomas Wolsey".

3081:

The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey

2571: 2569: 2554: 2316: 2219: 1812:

Cardinal Wolsey's bust was used in the 1980s above the

1789:

close to the site of his burial. It was donated by the

2858:

Henry VIII – Authority, Nation and Religion, 1509–1540

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Bronze statue of Wolsey in St Nicholas Street, Ipswich

1618:

William Griffis played Wolsey in the Broadway musical

3236:

Lock, Julian (23 September 2010). "Wynter , Thomas".

2685: 2436: 1368:, he was accused of treason and ordered to London by 829:

sought peace in Europe to form a crusade against the

473: 461: 452: 2914:. Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. 2581: 2566: 2542: 1936: 1593:

plays Wolsey in the 2003 two-part television serial

458: 5193: 3512:. (Cavendish was gentleman usher to Thomas Wolsey.) 2424: 2376: 2258:

Early Modern England 1485–1714: A Narrative History

2243:

Early Modern England 1485–1714: A Narrative History

2070: 518:The highest political position Wolsey attained was 449: 7292:People educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford 3528:Naked to Mine Enemies: The Life of Cardinal Wolsey 3495:Bernard, G. W. "The fall of Wolsey reconsidered." 3436: 3217:"Henry Irving and the Phonograph: Bennett Maxwell" 3194:"Cardinal Wolsey: The English Cardinal Italianate" 2782:"Woking Palace, Surrey, England genealogy project" 2762: 2484: 2171: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1498:, which depicts him as an arrogant power-grabber. 3605:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 779–780. 3305:Mackie, R. L.; Spillman, Anne, eds. (1953). 1477:Wolsey plays a major role in the early stages of 604:. In this position Wolsey served as secretary to 566:On 10 March 1498, he was ordained as a priest in 268:by Augustine Church, Titular Bishop of Lydda 7153: 3694:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1948). 3027:Gunn, S. J. (3 January 2008). "Henry VII". 2713:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2695:. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 2593: 2207: 2144: 849:Another of Wolsey's diplomatic triumphs was the 1948: 1785:Another statue of Wolsey stands in Leicester's 960:had produced no sons who survived infancy; the 654:1448–1528, Bishop of Winchester 1501–1528) and 3359:Wolsey: The Life of King Henry VIII's Cardinal 3304: 3138:Ives, E. W. (21 May 2009). "Henry VIII". 2736: 2201: 1740:Bust of Wolsey at St Stephen's Church, Ipswich 705:and then Archbishop of York in the same year. 6478: 5808: 5179: 4731: 4229: 3930: 3707:"Archival material relating to Thomas Wolsey" 3687:(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974). 3009:Cardinal Wolsey: A Life in Renaissance Europe 2957: 2818: 2466: 2050: 1760:, which can still be seen on College Street. 1521:Wolsey is a minor but important character in 844: 30:"Wolsey" redirects here. For other uses, see 7282:People associated with Christ Church, Oxford 3414:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3242:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3171:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3144:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3033:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2985:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2792: 2721: 2260:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 58. 2245:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 57. 7192:16th-century English Roman Catholic bishops 3569:. Oxford : Oxbow/Casemate Publishing, 2016. 3407: 3376: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2346: 2298: 2272:"Thomas Wolsey – National Portrait Gallery" 2225: 1315: 7277:Masters of Magdalen College School, Oxford 6485: 6471: 5815: 5801: 5186: 5172: 4738: 4724: 4236: 4222: 3937: 3923: 3729: 3715: 3262: 3214: 2643: 2189: 2064: 1840: 422: 410: 59: 27:English statesman and cardinal (1473–1530) 6492: 3574:Cardinal Wolsey: Religion, State and Art, 3547:Gunn, S. J. and P. G. Lindley. 3315: 3219:. Theirvingsociety.org.uk. Archived from 3120: 2854: 2370: 1942: 1089:Learn how and when to remove this message 7262:Founders of English schools and colleges 3664:Cardinal Wolsey: Religion, State and Art 3549:Cardinal Wolsey: Church, State & Art 3465: 3434: 3355: 3005: 2958:Fellows, Nicholas; Dicken, Mary (2015). 2587: 2575: 2560: 2165: 2101: 2031:(11). Oxford University Press: 458–477. 1765: 1735: 1659:Wolsey is one of the main characters in 1340: 994: 943: 724: 637: 6218:rulers of the County Palatine of Durham 6142:rulers of the County Palatine of Durham 3589: 3411:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3319:(1938). "An Early Nonaggression Pact". 3239:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3168:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3141:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3030:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2982:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2907: 2896: 2875: 2515:. SAHGB Publications Limited: 128–158. 2442: 2382: 2236: 2234: 2018: 2003: 1705:(2015), he is portrayed by Blai Llopis. 1581:when the series was made into the film 1471: 1370:Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland 676:Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham 14: 7154: 3678:The Tudors: A Royal History of England 3643: 3387: 3283: 3098: 2978: 2961:OCR A Level History: England 1485–1603 2944: 2918: 2768: 2548: 2490: 2454: 2358: 2322: 2310: 2177: 1236:Wolsey died five years before Henry's 864: 6466: 5822: 5796: 5167: 4745: 4719: 4217: 3918: 3508:The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey 3191: 2502: 2430: 1796:The Wolsey Place shopping centre and 1421: 1332: 684:Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon 633: 7227:British and English royal favourites 4243: 3388:Truman, C. N. (30 March 2007). 3235: 3164: 3137: 3077: 3026: 2947:"Cardinal Wolsey Statue (Leicester)" 2693:"Wolsey – Ipswich's most famous son" 2656:IBDB – Wolf Hall Parts One & Two 2599: 2334: 2231: 2213: 2150: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1961: 1780:Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich 1488:Wolsey is the primary antagonist of 1027:adding citations to reliable sources 998: 778:the two nations. Under this treaty, 688:Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk 3443:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 3053: 2800:"London Transport – Local Bus Maps" 2478: 2255: 2240: 1120: 991:effectively sealing Wolsey's fate. 729:Thomas Wolsey by an unknown artist 692:Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen of France 628: 24: 7197:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford 4202:Italics indicate service when the 3685:The Cardinal Protectors of England 3488: 2081:National Heritage List for England 1556:(1969), a performance that earned 1356:, which Henry took to replace the 782:would marry Henry's young sister, 744: 25: 7308: 7287:People educated at Ipswich School 3727:National Portrait Gallery, London 3699: 3638:Lives of the English Cardinals... 3383:. University of California Press. 2618:. Northwestern University Press. 2611: 2021:"The Early Life of Thomas Wolsey" 1992: 1717:Philip Cumbus portrays Wolsey in 1229:). In 1528 he began to limit the 1196: 720: 585:In 1502, he became a chaplain to 7187:16th-century English politicians 6685:Arms of the Bishop of Winchester 6678: 3390:"Henry VII and Ordinary Revenue" 3377:Scarisbrick, J. J. (1968). 2897:Bindoff, Stanley Thomas (1950). 2826:"The Christ Church Coat of Arms" 2111:Dictionary of National Biography 2076:"Church of Saint Mary (1056844)" 1654:Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant 1414:now lies in it, in the crypt of 1298: 1243: 1213:. He used the income to found a 1003: 763:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 445: 5986:High Medieval Bishops of Durham 5699:Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt 2928:The Evolution of the Grand Tour 2774: 2660: 2649: 2605: 2496: 2264: 2249: 2118: 2114:. Vol. 40. pp. 31–32. 2095: 1479:the Autobiography of Henry VIII 1014:needs additional citations for 809: 686:, for adultery. In the case of 88:Lord High Chancellor of England 7182:16th-century English cardinals 3196:. In Cobb, Christopher (ed.). 2802:. eplates.info. Archived from 2012: 1967: 1912: 1885: 1835:Coat of arms of Thomas Wolsey 1609:portrayed a comical Wolsey in 1454:dissolution of the monasteries 1238:dissolution of the monasteries 612:rumours of the renewal of the 13: 1: 7272:Male Shakespearean characters 3636:Williams, Robert Folkestone. 3321:The Journal of Modern History 3287:The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 2908:Brydges, Sir Egerton (1815). 2025:The English Historical Review 1873: 1673:in the RSC production and by 1275:When mass riots broke out in 730: 701:in 1511. In 1514 he was made 659: 651: 537: 481: 307: 71: 5930:Bishops of Chester-le-Street 3671:The Lost Palace of Whitehall 3428:UK public library membership 3284:Mackie, John Duncan (1952). 3256:UK public library membership 3185:UK public library membership 3158:UK public library membership 3078:Gwyn, Peter J. (2011). 3063:. Oxford: University Press. 3047:UK public library membership 2999:UK public library membership 2876:Bernard, G. W. (1986). 2855:Armstrong, Alastair (2008). 2019:Cameron, T. W. (1888). 1906: 1731: 1584:Henry VIII and His Six Wives 939: 559:before studying theology at 7: 7267:Lord chancellors of England 7177:15th-century English people 3692:Foundations of Tudor Policy 3311:. Scottish History Society. 3290:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3263:Macdougall, Norman (1989). 2951:Colin Crosby Heritage Tours 1651:'s 2009 documentary series 1574:The Six Wives of Henry VIII 1460:she was awarded a pension. 1132: 1110:explains Wolsey's methods: 775:capturing two French cities 10: 7313: 4062:1st Marquess of Winchester 4035:1st Baron Audley of Walden 3723:Portraits of Thomas Wolsey 3526:Ferguson, Charles W. 3497:Journal of British Studies 3466:Williams, Neville (1976). 3435:Williams, Neville (1971). 2847: 2202:Mackie & Spillman 1953 1516:BBC Television Shakespeare 1219:The King's School, Ipswich 1153: 956:Henry's marriage to Queen 851:Field of the Cloth of Gold 845:Field of the Cloth of Gold 833:. In 1518 Wolsey was made 751:Anglo-French War (1512–14) 338:29 November 1530 (aged 57) 67:Trinity College, Cambridge 36: 29: 7207:Bishops of Bath and Wells 7046: 6901: 6833: 6692: 6676: 6500: 6359: 6214: 6138: 6025:County Palatine of Durham 6019: 5985: 5929: 5830: 5555: 5247: 5202: 5065: 4919: 4828: 4753: 4606: 4468: 4357: 4251: 4200: 4131: 4104: 4083: 4050: 4005: 3960: 3903: 3894: 3886: 3876: 3867: 3859: 3849: 3840: 3832: 3822: 3813: 3805: 3795: 3786: 3778: 3771: 3761: 3752: 3744: 3739: 3683:William E. Willkie, 3591:Pollard, Albert Frederick 3192:James, Sara Nair (2009). 3122:2027/spo.0499697.0015.105 3006:Fletcher, Stella (2009). 2467:Fellows & Dicken 2015 2204:, pp. xlii, 107–111. 2126:"Thomas, Cardinal Wolsey" 1553:Anne of the Thousand Days 738:National Portrait Gallery 434: 430: 418: 406: 396: 388: 371: 361: 351: 327: 303: 298: 285: 272: 262: 257: 211: 197: 187: 177: 169: 161: 136: 132: 128: 116: 104: 93: 86: 82: 58: 51: 7297:Politicians from Ipswich 3843:Bishop of Bath and Wells 3690:W. Gordon Zeeveld, 3619:Schwartz-Leeper, Gavin. 3544:vol. 45 (2002), 128–158. 3439:Henry VIII and his court 2732:. Ipswich. 30 June 2011. 2503:Foyle, Jonathan (2002). 2004:Bucholz, Robert (2013). 1878: 1814:London Transport roundel 1807: 1327:Archbishop of Canterbury 1316:Failures with the Church 711:St Cecilia in Trastevere 682:and Henry's ex-mistress 561:Magdalen College, Oxford 401:Magdalen College, Oxford 7056:George Pretyman Tomline 4041:1st Earl of Southampton 3602:Encyclopædia Britannica 3356:Matusiak, John (2014). 3198:Renaissance Papers 2008 2130:Encyclopedia Britannica 2105:"Nanfan, Richard" 1829: 1631:In the Showtime series 1514:played him in the 1979 1399:, but he was buried in 872:Treaty of Bruges (1521) 557:Magdalen College School 507:. His appointment as a 32:Wolsey (disambiguation) 6989:Episcopacy abolished ( 6518:, Bishop of Dorchester 6512:, Bishop of Dorchester 6377:Henry Montagu Villiers 6297:Episcopacy abolished ( 6232:Christopher Bainbridge 6060:William of St. Barbara 5831:Bishops of Lindisfarne 5630:Episcopacy abolished ( 5542:Christopher Bainbridge 5382:Roger de Pont L'Évêque 4206:was held in Commission 3809:Christopher Bainbridge 3773:Catholic Church titles 3644:Wilson, Derek (2002). 3596:"Wolsey, Thomas" 3542:Architectural History, 3420:10.1093/ref:odnb/28741 3248:10.1093/ref:odnb/57073 3177:10.1093/ref:odnb/29854 3150:10.1093/ref:odnb/12955 3039:10.1093/ref:odnb/12954 2991:10.1093/ref:odnb/10051 2945:Crosby, Colin (n.d.). 2102:Archbold, WAJ (1894). 1899:, or other variations. 1791:Wolsey hosiery company 1771: 1741: 1645:Roger Ashton-Griffiths 1624:(1976), which starred 1407:) without a monument. 1393:Benedetto da Rovezzano 1389: 1349: 1173:Earl of Northumberland 1126: 953: 952:, by an unknown artist 816:Ferdinand II of Aragon 759:Ferdinand II of Aragon 741: 643: 378:Robert Wolsey (father) 182:Christopher Bainbridge 18:Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 7222:Bishops of Winchester 6494:Bishops of Winchester 6139:Late Medieval Bishops 6125:Robert of Holy Island 6020:High Medieval Bishops 4191:1st Viscount Brackley 3562:23.4 (1980): 755–772. 3517:Architectural History 3499:35.3 (1996): 277–310. 3394:History Learning Site 3215:Kilgarriff, Michael. 2861:. Pearson Education. 2509:Architectural History 1975:"Wolsey – Alter Rex?" 1925:CollinsDictionary.com 1769: 1739: 1702:Carlos, rey emperador 1567:Wolsey was played by 1528:A Man for All Seasons 1385: 1358:Palace of Westminster 1344: 1112: 995:Domestic achievements 947: 728: 641: 6748:Richard of Ilchester 6392:Brooke Foss Westcott 6387:J. B. Lightfoot 6215:Early modern Bishops 6040:William de St-Calais 5719:William Connor Magee 5664:Sir William Dawes Bt 5387:Geoffrey Plantagenet 4324:William of Lexington 4314:Richard of Gravesend 3897:Bishop of Winchester 3711:UK National Archives 3648:. St Martins Press. 3633:(London: SPCK, 2000) 3579:Pollard, A. F. 2964:. Hodder Education. 2930:. Psychology Press. 2750:on 28 September 2011 2256:Key, Newton (2019). 2241:Key, Newton (2019). 1720:The Spanish Princess 1472:Fictional portrayals 1466:Cheshunt Great House 1416:St. Paul's Cathedral 1346:Hampton Court Palace 1104:Mary Baldwin College 1023:improve this article 972:, one of his wife's 381:Joan Daundy (mother) 7242:Court of Henry VIII 7237:Clergy from Ipswich 7202:Archbishops of York 7131:Michael Scott-Joynt 6360:Late modern Bishops 6351:William Van Mildert 5689:Robert Hay Drummond 5669:Lancelot Blackburne 5442:Thomas of Corbridge 5427:William de Wickwane 5377:William FitzHerbert 5367:William FitzHerbert 5196:Archbishops of York 5118:Reginald Waterfield 4836:Stephen de Ledebury 4820:John de Aqua-Blanca 4365:Joceline Kirmington 4299:William de Thornaco 3308:Letters of James IV 2882:. Harvester Press. 2481:, pp. 102–103. 2457:, pp. 286–334. 2409:, pp. 149–159. 2397:, pp. 140–162. 2361:, pp. 310–312. 2313:, pp. 271–277. 1836: 1693:Bring Up the Bodies 1647:portrays Wolsey in 1490:William Shakespeare 1354:Palace of Whitehall 1262:Sir William Compton 958:Catherine of Aragon 950:Catherine of Aragon 934:Catherine of Aragon 930:Sack of Rome (1527) 865:Alliance with Spain 767:Louis XII of France 532:Catherine of Aragon 201:Cardinal-Priest of 7217:Bishops of Lincoln 7141:Philip Mounstephen 7066:Samuel Wilberforce 6873:William of Wykeham 6819:Richard de la More 6795:William de Taunton 6633:Beornstan/Byrnstan 6105:Thomas de Melsonby 5447:William Greenfield 4987:Silvanus Griffiths 4851:William Bermingham 4796:Ralph de Maidstone 4400:Thomas Bradwardine 4344:Nicholas de Hegham 4334:John de Maidenstan 4319:Robert de Mariscis 4309:Henry of Lexington 4294:Roger de Rolleston 4269:Philip of Harcourt 4174:1st Earl of Dorset 4162:1st Baron Burghley 4155:Christopher Hatton 3836:Adriano Castellesi 3816:Archbishop of York 3740:Political offices 3676:Neville Williams, 3629:Tim Tatton-Brown, 3560:Historical Journal 3317:Mattingly, Garrett 2832:on 18 October 2013 2337:, pp. 58–103. 1891:Sometimes spelled 1834: 1772: 1742: 1725:The White Princess 1711:The White Princess 1708:Wolsey appears in 1699:In the TVE series 1669:(2009), played by 1422:Mistress and issue 1397:Giovanni da Maiano 1350: 1333:Downfall and death 954: 928:captive since the 899:Treaty of the More 742: 644: 634:Rise to prominence 551:. Wolsey attended 501:Archbishop of York 392:Thomas and Dorothy 152:Primate of England 145:Archbishop of York 7247:Deans of Hereford 7232:Canons of Windsor 7212:Bishops of Durham 7149: 7148: 7013:Jonathan Trelawny 6974:Lancelot Andrewes 6883:William Waynflete 6858:John de Stratford 6460: 6459: 6442:N. T. Wright 6247:Cuthbert Tunstall 6156:Lewis de Beaumont 6115:Walter of Kirkham 5824:Bishops of Durham 5790: 5789: 5777:(acting diocesan) 5482:Richard le Scrope 5467:Alexander Neville 5161: 5160: 4937:Edmund Frowcester 4856:John de Middleton 4846:William de Feriby 4815:Giles de Avenbury 4791:Thomas de Bosebir 4747:Deans of Hereford 4713: 4712: 4587:Robert Richardson 4349:Philip Willoughby 4329:Richard de Mepham 4211: 4210: 4170:10th Baron Cobham 4166:1st Baron Hunsdon 3913: 3912: 3904:Succeeded by 3880:Cuthbert Tunstall 3877:Succeeded by 3850:Succeeded by 3823:Succeeded by 3796:Succeeded by 3789:Bishop of Lincoln 3762:Succeeded by 3655:978-0-312-28696-5 3565:Sara Nair James, 3530:. (2 vol 1958). 3503:Cavendish, George 3479:978-0-02-629070-8 3450:978-0-297-00369-4 3426:(Subscription or 3369:978-0-7509-5776-2 3362:. History Press. 3297:978-0-19-821706-0 3276:978-0-85976-200-7 3254:(Subscription or 3183:(Subscription or 3156:(Subscription or 3091:978-1-4464-7513-3 3070:978-0-19-873088-0 3055:Guy, John S. 3045:(Subscription or 3019:978-1-84725-245-6 2997:(Subscription or 2971:978-1-4718-3661-9 2937:978-0-7146-4577-3 2889:978-0-312-85611-3 2868:978-0-435-30810-0 2349:, pp. 74–80. 2325:, pp. 59–88. 2301:, pp. 31–36. 1871: 1870: 1447:Shaftesbury Abbey 1258:Eltham ordinances 1231:benefit of clergy 1169:Court of Requests 1165:Court of Chancery 1148:Cornish rebellion 1099: 1098: 1091: 1073: 962:Wars of the Roses 915:League of Cambrai 884:Lorenzo Campeggio 859:Garrett Mattingly 804:Holy Roman Empire 703:Bishop of Lincoln 485: March 1473 438: 437: 366:Roman Catholicism 311: March 1473 289:10 September 1515 244:Administrator of 235:Administrator of 226:Administrator of 219:Bishop of Lincoln 165:15 September 1514 16:(Redirected from 7304: 7252:Deans of Lincoln 7162:Lord chancellors 7081:Randall Davidson 7018:Charles Trimnell 6930:Stephen Gardiner 6921:Stephen Gardiner 6868:William Edington 6853:Rigaud of Assier 6825:John of Pontoise 6788:Andrew of London 6782:Aymer de Valence 6777:William de Raley 6765:Peter des Roches 6686: 6682: 6681: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6437:Michael Turnbull 6346:Shute Barrington 6282:George Montaigne 6252:James Pilkington 6227:William Senhouse 6219: 6143: 6120:Robert Stitchill 6110:Nicholas Farnham 6070:Philip of Poitou 6027: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5794: 5793: 5782:Stephen Cottrell 5724:William Maclagan 5610:George Montaigne 5556:Post-Reformation 5532:Thomas Rotherham 5462:John of Thoresby 5347:Thomas of Bayeux 5234:John of Beverley 5188: 5181: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5057:Nathan Wetherell 5027:Robert Clavering 4967:Charles Langford 4942:Gamaliel Clifton 4901:Thomas Chaundler 4740: 4733: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4697:Christine Wilson 4639:Joseph Blakesley 4598:Sir Richard Kaye 4526:Michael Honywood 4511:Laurence Stanton 4415:Richard Ravenser 4284:Richard FitzNeal 4245:Deans of Lincoln 4238: 4231: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4116:Stephen Gardiner 4109:(July 1553–1558) 3972:Thomas Rotherham 3949:Lord Chancellors 3939: 3932: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3907:Stephen Gardiner 3887:Preceded by 3870:Bishop of Durham 3860:Preceded by 3833:Preceded by 3806:Preceded by 3779:Preceded by 3745:Preceded by 3737: 3736: 3733: 3719: 3714: 3659: 3613:. Viking, 1983. 3609:Ridley, Jasper. 3606: 3598: 3483: 3462: 3442: 3431: 3423: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3384: 3373: 3352: 3312: 3301: 3280: 3259: 3251: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3211: 3200:. Camden House. 3188: 3180: 3161: 3153: 3134: 3124: 3101:Feminist Studies 3095: 3084:. Random House. 3074: 3050: 3042: 3023: 3002: 2994: 2975: 2954: 2941: 2915: 2904: 2893: 2872: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2828:. Archived from 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2806:on 17 March 2016 2796: 2790: 2789: 2786:geni_family_tree 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2746:. Archived from 2740: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2664: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2612:Irish, Bradley. 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2419:Scarisbrick 1968 2416: 2410: 2407:Scarisbrick 1968 2404: 2398: 2395:Scarisbrick 1968 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2373:, pp. 1–30. 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2347:Scarisbrick 1968 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2299:Scarisbrick 1968 2296: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2238: 2229: 2226:Scarisbrick 2015 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2072:Historic England 2068: 2062: 2057:Plaque #2710 on 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2001: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1916: 1900: 1889: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1626:Nicol Williamson 1547:), respectively. 1223:Cardinal College 1124: 1094: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1031: 1007: 999: 926:Pope Clement VII 910:League of Cognac 839:Treaty of London 806:against France. 735: 732: 715:Bishop of Durham 699:canon of Windsor 661: 653: 629:Political career 572:St Mary's church 486: 483: 476: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 426: 414: 337: 335: 312: 309: 299:Personal details 286:Created cardinal 212:Previous post(s) 173:29 November 1530 119: 107: 98: 76: 73: 63: 49: 48: 21: 7312: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7116:Falkner Allison 7076:Anthony Thorold 7048: 7042: 7028:Benjamin Hoadly 6954:William Wickham 6903: 6897: 6888:Peter Courtenay 6835: 6829: 6806:Nicholas of Ely 6753:Godfrey de Luci 6738:William Giffard 6694: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6502: 6496: 6491: 6461: 6456: 6417:Maurice Harland 6372:Charles Longley 6355: 6321:Edward Chandler 6220: 6217: 6216: 6210: 6166:Thomas Hatfield 6161:Richard de Bury 6144: 6141: 6140: 6134: 6045:Ranulf Flambard 6028: 6022: 6021: 6015: 5981: 5925: 5826: 5821: 5791: 5786: 5714:William Thomson 5709:Charles Longley 5704:Thomas Musgrave 5694:William Markham 5654:Thomas Lamplugh 5639:Accepted Frewen 5615:Samuel Harsnett 5557: 5551: 5507:Richard Fleming 5437:Henry of Newark 5412:William Langton 5249: 5248:Pre-Reformation 5243: 5198: 5192: 5162: 5157: 5148:Michael Tavinor 5133:Norman Rathbone 5113:Wentworth Leigh 5098:John Merewether 5061: 5002:Jonathan Browne 4997:John Richardson 4977:Richard Montagu 4972:Edward Doughtie 4915: 4841:Thomas Trilleck 4824: 4781:Hugh de Mapenor 4749: 4744: 4714: 4709: 4674:Brandon Jackson 4659:Robert Mitchell 4602: 4541:Abraham Campion 4491:William Wickham 4464: 4440:Geoffrey Simeon 4435:George Fitzhugh 4430:Robert Flemming 4390:William Bateman 4380:Henry Mansfield 4353: 4247: 4242: 4212: 4207: 4196: 4135: 4127: 4108: 4100: 4095:Thomas Goodrich 4087: 4079: 4074:Thomas Goodrich 4054: 4046: 4009: 4001: 3964: 3956: 3943: 3909: 3900: 3892: 3882: 3873: 3865: 3855: 3846: 3838: 3828: 3819: 3811: 3801: 3799:William Atwater 3792: 3784: 3767: 3765:Sir Thomas More 3758: 3755:Lord Chancellor 3750: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3669:Simon Thurley, 3656: 3523:(2001), 212–220 3491: 3489:Further reading 3486: 3480: 3451: 3425: 3398: 3396: 3370: 3298: 3277: 3269:. John Donald. 3253: 3226: 3224: 3223:on 8 March 2012 3208: 3182: 3155: 3113:10.2307/3177818 3092: 3071: 3044: 3020: 2996: 2972: 2938: 2890: 2869: 2850: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2744:"Wolsey's Gate" 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2567: 2563:, pp. 74–. 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2521:10.2307/1568780 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2254: 2250: 2239: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2190:Macdougall 1989 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2132:. 16 April 2024 2124: 2123: 2119: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2069: 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6524: 6519: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6501:Early Medieval 6498: 6497: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6412:Michael Ramsey 6409: 6407:Alwyn Williams 6404: 6402:Hensley Henson 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6382:Charles Baring 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6341:Thomas Thurlow 6338: 6333: 6331:Richard Trevor 6328: 6323: 6318: 6316:William Talbot 6313: 6311:Nathaniel Crew 6308: 6303: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6267:Tobias Matthew 6264: 6262:Matthew Hutton 6259: 6257:Richard Barnes 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6237:Thomas Ruthall 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6196:William Dudley 6193: 6191:Lawrence Booth 6188: 6186:Robert Neville 6183: 6181:Thomas Langley 6178: 6176:Walter Skirlaw 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:Richard Kellaw 6147: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6065:Hugh de Puiset 6062: 6057: 6052: 6050:Geoffrey Rufus 6047: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6023:rulers of the 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5744:Michael Ramsey 5741: 5736: 5734:William Temple 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5679:Matthew Hutton 5676: 5674:Thomas Herring 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5644:Richard Sterne 5641: 5636: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5605:Tobias Matthew 5602: 5600:Matthew Hutton 5597: 5592: 5587: 5585:Edmund Grindal 5582: 5577: 5575:Nicholas Heath 5572: 5570:Robert Holgate 5567: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5527:Lawrence Booth 5524: 5522:George Neville 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5487:Thomas Langley 5484: 5479: 5474: 5472:Thomas Arundel 5469: 5464: 5459: 5457:William Zouche 5454: 5452:William Melton 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5432:John le Romeyn 5429: 5424: 5422:Walter Giffard 5419: 5414: 5409: 5407:Godfrey Ludham 5404: 5402:Sewal de Bovil 5399: 5397:Walter de Gray 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5123:Hedley Burrows 5120: 5115: 5110: 5108:George Herbert 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5088:Edward Mellish 5085: 5080: 5078:George Gretton 5075: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5052:Francis Webber 5049: 5044: 5039: 5037:Edward Cresset 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 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4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4425:John Mackworth 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405:Simon Briselee 4402: 4397: 4395:John de Ufford 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4375:Roger Martival 4372: 4370:Raymond de Got 4367: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4188: 4185:John Puckering 4182: 4178:Gilbert Gerard 4158: 4152: 4149:Thomas Bromley 4146: 4143:Nicholas Bacon 4139: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4122:Nicholas Heath 4119: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4085:Lady Jane Grey 4081: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4071: 4068:1st Baron Rich 4065: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4017:William Warham 4013: 4011: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3996:William Warham 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3957: 3953:House of Tudor 3942: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3866: 3863:Thomas Ruthall 3861: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3751: 3748:William Warham 3746: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3720: 3701: 3700:External links 3698: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3617: 3607: 3587: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3524: 3513: 3500: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3449: 3432: 3405: 3385: 3374: 3368: 3353: 3333:10.1086/243493 3313: 3302: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3260: 3233: 3212: 3206: 3189: 3162: 3135: 3096: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3051: 3024: 3018: 3012:. Bloomsbury. 3003: 2976: 2970: 2955: 2942: 2936: 2920:Chaney, Edward 2916: 2905: 2894: 2888: 2873: 2867: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2817: 2791: 2773: 2761: 2735: 2720: 2684: 2659: 2648: 2644:Kilgarriff n.d 2636: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2435: 2433:, pp. 1–. 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2371:Mattingly 1938 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2288: 2276:www.npg.org.uk 2263: 2248: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2192:, p. 254. 2182: 2170: 2155: 2143: 2117: 2094: 2063: 2049: 2011: 1991: 1966: 1947: 1943:Armstrong 2008 1935: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1831: 1828: 1824:Carlos Logario 1818:London's buses 1809: 1806: 1750:Ipswich School 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1723:, a sequel to 1715: 1706: 1697: 1675:Jonathan Pryce 1657: 1642: 1629: 1616: 1612:Carry On Henry 1604: 1588: 1577:(1970) and by 1565: 1558:Anthony Quayle 1548: 1519: 1504:Walter Hampden 1486: 1473: 1470: 1452:Following the 1423: 1420: 1334: 1331: 1323:William Warham 1317: 1314: 1300: 1297: 1266:Nicholas Carew 1254:Amicable Grant 1245: 1242: 1215:grammar school 1198: 1197:Church reforms 1195: 1155: 1152: 1144:Amicable Grant 1134: 1131: 1117: 1097: 1096: 1079:September 2017 1011: 1009: 1002: 996: 993: 941: 938: 895:Amicable Grant 866: 863: 846: 843: 831:Ottoman Empire 811: 808: 755:Pope Julius II 746: 743: 722: 721:Foreign policy 719: 656:William Warham 635: 632: 630: 627: 602:royal chaplain 591:Richard Nanfan 553:Ipswich School 539: 536: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 420: 416: 415: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 393: 390: 386: 385: 383: 382: 379: 375: 373: 369: 368: 363: 359: 358: 353: 349: 348: 345:Leicestershire 329: 325: 324: 314: 305: 301: 300: 296: 295: 287: 283: 282: 280:William Warham 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 259: 255: 254: 252: 251: 242: 233: 228:Bath and Wells 224: 215: 213: 209: 208: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 156: 155: 148: 137: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 120: 114: 113: 111:William Warham 108: 102: 101: 91: 90: 84: 83: 80: 79: 64: 56: 55: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7309: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7257:Deans of York 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7101:Cyril Garbett 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091:Edward Talbot 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7071:Harold Browne 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003:George Morley 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6979:Richard Neile 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6964:Thomas Bilson 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:Thomas Cooper 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916:Thomas Wolsey 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834:Late Medieval 6832: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6771:Ralph Neville 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6759:Richard Poore 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6693:High Medieval 6691: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6432:David Jenkins 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6397:Handley Moule 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367:Edward Maltby 6365: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:Joseph Butler 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6292:Thomas Morton 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6277:Richard Neile 6275: 6273: 6272:William James 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6242:Thomas Wolsey 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6201:John Sherwood 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100:Richard Poore 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6090:Richard Marsh 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6075:Richard Poore 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6055:William Cumin 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5775:Paul Ferguson 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Stuart Blanch 5752: 5750: 5749:Donald Coggan 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5739:Cyril Garbett 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5625:John Williams 5623: 5621: 5620:Richard Neile 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5547:Thomas Wolsey 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5537:Thomas Savage 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:William Booth 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502:Philip Morgan 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Robert Hallam 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477:Robert Waldby 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5392:Simon Langton 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5332:Ælfric Puttoc 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Robert Willis 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Richard Dawes 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5073:William Leigh 5071: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5042:Edmund Castle 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:George Benson 5015: 5013: 5012:Thomas Hodges 5010: 5008: 5007:Herbert Croft 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4952:Edmund Daniel 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4932:Thomas Wolsey 4930: 4928: 4927:Reginald West 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829:Late Medieval 4827: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754:High Medieval 4752: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634:James Jeremie 4632: 4630: 4629:Francis Jeune 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614:George Gordon 4612: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4566:Thomas Cheney 4564: 4562: 4561:Edward Willes 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4551:Robert Cannon 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536:Samuel Fuller 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4501:John Rainolds 4499: 4497: 4496:Ralph Griffin 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4486:John Whitgift 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4445:Thomas Wolsey 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410:John Stretley 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358:Late Medieval 4356: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4339:Oliver Sutton 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4304:Roger Weseham 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252:High Medieval 4250: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4205: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4023:Thomas Wolsey 4021: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3782:William Smyth 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3623:Brill, 2016. 3622: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3551:(1991) 329pp. 3550: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3481: 3475: 3472:. Macmillan. 3471: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3207:9781571133977 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3060:Tudor England 3056: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2900:Tudor England 2895: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2731: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2694: 2688: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2625: 2624:j.ctv3znz47.6 2621: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2589: 2588:Williams 1976 2584: 2577: 2576:Fletcher 2009 2572: 2570: 2562: 2561:Matusiak 2014 2557: 2551:, p. 41. 2550: 2545: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2469:, p. 63. 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2445:, p. 78. 2444: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2259: 2252: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2168:, p. 26. 2167: 2166:Williams 1971 2162: 2160: 2152: 2147: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2098: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1939: 1931: 1930:HarperCollins 1927: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1802:Woking Palace 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1754:Francis Grose 1751: 1747: 1738: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1661:Hilary Mantel 1658: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1649:David Starkey 1646: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1569:John Baskcomb 1566: 1563: 1562:Academy Award 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:Thomas Wynter 1435: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1377:Edmund Bonner 1373: 1371: 1367: 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