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and causing it to climb. Increasing collective (power) while maintaining a constant airspeed will induce a climb while decreasing collective will cause a descent. Coordinating these two inputs, down collective plus aft cyclic or up collective plus forward cyclic, will result in airspeed changes while maintaining a constant altitude. The pedals serve the same function in both a helicopter and a fixed-wing aircraft, to maintain balanced flight. This is done by applying a pedal input in whichever direction is necessary to center the ball in the
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2104:, rotor blades are designed to "flap" – lift and twist in such a way that the advancing blade flaps up and develops a smaller angle of attack. Conversely, the retreating blade flaps down, develops a higher angle of attack, and generates more lift. At high speeds, the force on the rotors is such that they "flap" excessively, and the retreating blade can reach too high an angle and stall. For this reason, the maximum safe forward airspeed of a helicopter is given a design rating called
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1736:) in April 1933, and attained an altitude of six meters (20 feet) and an endurance of eight minutes. Florine chose a co-rotating configuration because the gyroscopic stability of the rotors would not cancel. Therefore, the rotors had to be tilted slightly in opposite directions to counter torque. Using hingeless rotors and co-rotation also minimised the stress on the hull. At the time, it was one of the most stable helicopters in existence.
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1542:, while working in Europe, demonstrated one of the first successful applications of cyclic pitch. Coaxial, contra-rotating, biplane rotors could be warped to cyclically increase and decrease the lift they produced. The rotor hub could also be tilted forward a few degrees, allowing the aircraft to move forward without a separate propeller to push or pull it. Pateras-Pescara was also able to demonstrate the principle of
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1001:. Helibuckets, such as the Bambi bucket, are usually filled by submerging the bucket into lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. Tanks fitted onto helicopters are filled from a hose while the helicopter is on the ground or water is siphoned from lakes or reservoirs through a hanging snorkel as the helicopter hovers over the water source. Helitack helicopters are also used to deliver firefighters, who
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point in helicopter reliability. In-flight catastrophic gear failures often result in gearbox jamming and subsequent fatalities, whereas loss of lubrication can trigger onboard fire. Another weakness of mechanical gearboxes is their transient power limitation, due to structural fatigue limits. Recent EASA studies point to engines and transmissions as prime cause of crashes just after pilot errors.
1353:, a French inventor who demonstrated a small steam-powered model. While celebrated as an innovative use of a new metal, aluminum, the model never lifted off the ground. D'Amecourt's linguistic contribution would survive to eventually describe the vertical flight he had envisioned. Steam power was popular with other inventors as well. In 1877, the Italian engineer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer
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flight with a 500-meter (1,600-foot) diameter. The next year, on 26 September 1936, Claisse set a height record of 158 meters (518 feet). And, finally, on 24 November 1936, he set a flight duration record of one hour, two minutes and 50 seconds over a 44 kilometers (27 miles) closed circuit at 44.7 kilometres per hour (27.8 mph). The aircraft was destroyed in 1943 by an
1701:(TsAGI or the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute), constructed and flew the TsAGI 1-EA single lift-rotor helicopter, which used an open tubing framework, a four-blade main lift rotor, and twin sets of 1.8-meter (5.9-foot) diameter, two-bladed anti-torque rotors: one set of two at the nose and one set of two at the tail. Powered by two M-2 powerplants, up-rated copies of the
1315:, influenced by a childhood fascination with the Chinese flying top, developed a model of feathers, similar to that of Launoy and Bienvenu, but powered by rubber bands. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and springs for power. His writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers.
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765:. The throttle controls the power produced by the engine, which is connected to the rotor by a fixed ratio transmission. The purpose of the throttle is to maintain enough engine power to keep the rotor RPM within allowable limits so that the rotor produces enough lift for flight. In single-engine helicopters, the throttle control is a motorcycle-style
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outsized slung loads that would not fit inside ordinary cargo aircraft: artillery pieces, large machinery (field radars, communications gear, electrical generators), or pallets of bulk cargo. In military operations these payloads are often delivered to remote locations made inaccessible by mountainous or riverine terrain, or naval vessels at sea.
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1280:", that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built small flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became more accepted, people continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight.
1144:(along with a rover). It began service in February 2021 and was retired due to sustained rotor blade damage in January 2024 after 73 sorties. As the Martian atmosphere is 100 times thinner than Earth's, its two blades spin at close to 3,000 revolutions a minute, approximately 10 times faster than that of a terrestrial helicopter.
2161:(HUMS) provide vibration monitoring and rotor track and balance solutions to limit vibration. Gearbox vibration most often requires a gearbox overhaul or replacement. Gearbox or drive train vibrations can be extremely harmful to a pilot. The most severe effects are pain, numbness, and loss of tactile discrimination or dexterity.
623:. The single, most-limiting factor of helicopter development during the first half of the 20th century was that the amount of power produced by an engine was not able to overcome the engine's weight in vertical flight. This was overcome in early successful helicopters by using the smallest engines available. When the compact,
1053:. In naval service a prime function of rescue helicopters is to promptly retrieve downed aircrew involved in crashes occurring upon launch or recovery aboard aircraft carriers. In past years this function was performed by destroyers escorting the carrier, but since then helicopters have proved vastly more effective.
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943:. Aerial cranes are used to place heavy equipment, like radio transmission towers and large air conditioning units, on the tops of tall buildings, or when an item must be raised up in a remote area, such as a radio tower raised on the top of a hill or mountain. Helicopters are used as aerial cranes in the
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Kaman. Three small propellers mounted to the airframe were used for additional pitch, roll, and yaw control. The D'AT3 held modest FAI speed and altitude records for the time, including altitude (18 m or 59 ft), duration (8 minutes 45 seconds) and distance flown (1,078 m or 3,540 ft).
1611:, a Dutch aeronautical engineer, began studying rotorcraft design in 1923. His first prototype "flew" ("hopped" and hovered in reality) on 24 September 1925, with Dutch Army-Air arm Captain Floris Albert van Heijst at the controls. The controls that van Heijst used were von Baumhauer's inventions, the
1827:. The Fw 61 set a number of FAI records from 1937 to 1939, including: maximum altitude of 3,427 metres (11,243 ft), maximum distance of 230 kilometres (140 mi), and maximum speed of 124 kilometres per hour (77 mph). Autogiro development was now being bypassed by a focus on helicopters.
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in the early 1920s, becoming the first practical rotorcraft. In 1928, de la Cierva successfully flew an autogyro across the
English Channel, from London to Paris. In 1934, an autogyro became the first rotorcraft to successfully take off and land on the deck of a ship. That same year, the autogyro was
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in 1912. It consisted of a frame equipped with two counter-rotating discs, each of which was fitted with six vanes around its circumference. After indoor tests, the aircraft was demonstrated outdoors and made several free take-offs. Experiments with the helicopter continued until
September 1916, when
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is located on the left side of the pilot's seat with a settable friction control to prevent inadvertent movement. The collective changes the pitch angle of all the main rotor blades collectively (i.e. all at the same time) and independently of their position. Therefore, if a collective input is made,
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The number, size and type of engine(s) used on a helicopter determines the size, function and capability of that helicopter design. The earliest helicopter engines were simple mechanical devices, such as rubber bands or spindles, which relegated the size of helicopters to toys and small models. For a
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to counter the vibration. Adjustment can be difficult in part because measurement of the vibration is hard, usually requiring sophisticated accelerometers mounted throughout the airframe and gearboxes. The most common blade vibration adjustment measurement system is to use a stroboscopic flash lamp,
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At the same time, the advancing blade creates more lift traveling forward, the retreating blade produces less lift. If the aircraft were to accelerate to the air speed that the blade tips are spinning, the retreating blade passes through air moving at the same speed of the blade and produces no lift
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to power his helicopter model that reached a height of 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) in 1901. On 5 May 1905, his helicopter reached 4 meters (13 feet) in altitude and flew for over 1,500 meters (4,900 feet). In 1908, Edison patented his own design for a helicopter powered by a gasoline engine with box kites
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cannot easily or quickly reach the scene, or cannot transport the patient to a medical facility in time. Helicopters are also used when patients need to be transported between medical facilities and air transportation is the most practical method. An air ambulance helicopter is equipped to stabilize
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The use of two or more horizontal rotors turning in opposite directions is another configuration used to counteract the effects of torque on the aircraft without relying on an anti-torque tail rotor. This allows the power normally required to be diverted for the tail rotor to be applied fully to the
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There are several reasons a helicopter cannot fly as fast as a fixed-wing aircraft. When the helicopter is hovering, the outer tips of the rotor travel at a speed determined by the length of the blade and the rotational speed. In a moving helicopter, however, the speed of the blades relative to the
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engine. On 13 November 1907, it lifted its inventor to 0.3 metres (1 ft) and remained aloft for 20 seconds. Even though this flight did not surpass the flight of the
Gyroplane No. 1, it was reported to be the first truly free flight with a pilot. Cornu's helicopter completed a few more flights
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In forward flight a helicopter's flight controls behave more like those of a fixed-wing aircraft. Applying forward pressure on the cyclic will cause the nose to pitch down, with a resultant increase in airspeed and loss of altitude. Aft cyclic will cause the nose to pitch up, slowing the helicopter
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of the main blades. The result is to tilt the rotor disk in a particular direction, resulting in the helicopter moving in that direction. If the pilot pushes the cyclic forward, the rotor disk tilts forward, and the rotor produces a thrust in the forward direction. If the pilot pushes the cyclic to
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By contrast, electromagnetic transmissions do not use any parts in contact; hence lubrication can be drastically simplified, or eliminated. Their inherent redundancy offers good resilience to single point of failure. The absence of gears enables high power transient without impact on service life.
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Conventional rotary-wing aircraft use a set of complex mechanical gearboxes to convert the high rotation speed of gas turbines into the low speed required to drive main and tail rotors. Unlike powerplants, mechanical gearboxes cannot be duplicated (for redundancy) and have always been a major weak
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These issues are due to the exposed tail rotor cutting through open air around the rear of the vehicle. This issue disappears when the tail is instead ducted, using an internal impeller enclosed in the tail and a jet of high pressure air sideways out of the tail, as the main rotor vortices can not
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1 was tested but was found to be underpowered and could not lift its own weight. His 2F fared better and set a record. The
British government funded further research by Pescara which resulted in helicopter No. 3, powered by a 250-horsepower (190 kW) radial engine which could fly for up to ten
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and flight control surfaces. The result is constant control inputs and corrections by the pilot to keep the helicopter where it is required to be. Despite the complexity of the task, the control inputs in a hover are simple. The cyclic is used to eliminate drift in the horizontal plane, that is to
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Turbine engines revolutionized the aviation industry; and the turboshaft engine for helicopter use, pioneered in
December 1951 by the aforementioned Kaman K-225, finally gave helicopters an engine with a large amount of power and a low weight penalty. Turboshafts are also more reliable than piston
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The mast is a cylindrical metal shaft that extends upwards from the transmission. At the top of the mast is the attachment point for the rotor blades called the hub. Main rotor systems are classified according to how the rotor blades are attached and move relative to the hub. There are three basic
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state is a hazard induced by a combination of low airspeed, high power setting, and high descent rate. Rotor-tip vortices circulate from the high pressure air below the rotor disk to low pressure air above the disk, so that the helicopter settles into its own descending airflow. Adding more power
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was built in 1933. It was a coaxial helicopter, contra-rotating. After many ground tests and an accident, it first took flight on 26 June 1935. Within a short time, the aircraft was setting records with pilot
Maurice Claisse at the controls. On 14 December 1935, he set a record for closed-circuit
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For a standard helicopter with a single main rotor, maintaining steady flight with a crosswind presents an additional flight control problem, where strong crosswinds from certain angles will increase or decrease lift from the main rotors. This effect is also triggered in a no-wind condition when
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When the trailing vortices colliding with the tail rotor are rotating in the same direction, this causes a loss of thrust from the tail rotor. When the trailing vortices rotate in the opposite direction of the tail rotor, thrust is increased. Use of the foot pedals is required to adjust the tail
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built his D'AT3, a coaxial helicopter. His relatively large machine had two, two-bladed, counter-rotating rotors. Control was achieved by using auxiliary wings or servo-tabs on the trailing edges of the blades, a concept that was later adopted by other helicopter designers, including
Bleeker and
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To reduce vibration, all helicopters have rotor adjustments for height and weight. A maladjusted helicopter can easily vibrate so much that it will shake itself apart. Blade height is adjusted by changing the pitch of the blade. Weight is adjusted by adding or removing weights on the rotor head
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and patented it shortly after. A mutual friend introduced Young to
Lawrence Dale, who once seeing his work asked him to join the Bell Aircraft company. When Young arrived at Bell in 1941, he signed his patent over and began work on the helicopter. His budget was US$ 250,000 (equivalent to $ 5.2
1407:, with which he attempted to power an internal combustion engine. The helicopter was damaged by explosions and one of his workers was badly burned. Edison reported that it would take a motor with a ratio of three to four pounds per horsepower produced to be successful, based on his experiments.
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to lift trees out of terrain where vehicles cannot travel and where environmental concerns prohibit the building of roads. These operations are referred to as longline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load. In military service helicopters are often useful for delivery of
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have a free-spinning rotor for all or part of the flight envelope, relying on a separate thrust system to propel the craft forwards, so that the airflow sets the rotor spinning to provide lift. The compound helicopter also has a separate thrust system, but continues to supply power to the rotor
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pedals in a fixed-wing aircraft, and serve a similar purpose, namely to control the direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointed. Application of the pedal in a given direction changes the pitch of the tail rotor blades, increasing or reducing the thrust produced by the tail rotor and
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Reliable helicopters capable of stable hover flight were developed decades after fixed-wing aircraft. This is largely due to higher engine power density requirements than fixed-wing aircraft. Improvements in fuels and engines during the first half of the 20th century were a critical factor in
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and/or at the blade end caps. Most also have vibration dampers for height and pitch. Some also use mechanical feedback systems to sense and counter vibration. Usually the feedback system uses a mass as a "stable reference" and a linkage from the mass operates a flap to adjust the rotor's
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at all, resulting in very high torque stresses on the central shaft that can tip down the retreating-blade side of the vehicle, and cause a loss of control. Dual counter-rotating blades prevent this situation due to having two advancing and two retreating blades with balanced forces.
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engines, especially when producing the sustained high levels of power required by a helicopter. The turboshaft engine was able to be scaled to the size of the helicopter being designed, so that all but the lightest of helicopter models are powered by turbine engines today.
424:. A rotor system may be mounted horizontally, as main rotors are, providing lift vertically, or it may be mounted vertically, such as a tail rotor, to provide horizontal thrust to counteract torque from the main rotors. The rotor consists of a mast, hub and rotor blades.
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of World War I, the TsAGI 1-EA made several low altitude flights. By 14 August 1932, Cheremukhin managed to get the 1-EA up to an unofficial altitude of 605 meters (1,985 feet), shattering d'Ascanio's earlier achievement. As the Soviet Union was not yet a member of the
1438:, possibly as the earliest known example of a quadcopter. Although there is some uncertainty about the date, sometime between 14 August and 29 September 1907, the Gyroplane No. 1 lifted its pilot into the air about 0.6 metres (2 ft) for a minute. The Gyroplane No.
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engines in the second half of the 20th century led to the development of larger, faster, and higher-performance helicopters. While smaller and less expensive helicopters still use piston engines, turboshaft engines are the preferred powerplant for helicopters today.
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of 1939, which turned out to be the first practical single lifting-rotor helicopter design. After experimenting with configurations to counteract the torque produced by the single main rotor, Sikorsky settled on a single, smaller rotor mounted on the tail boom.
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is an abrupt change from a positive G-force state to a negative G-force state that results in loss of lift (unloaded disc) and subsequent roll over. If aft cyclic is applied while the disc is unloaded, the main rotor could strike the tail causing catastrophic
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For a standard helicopter with a single main rotor, the tips of the main rotor blades produce a vortex ring in the air, which is a spiraling and circularly rotating airflow. As the craft moves forward, these vortices trail off behind the craft.
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April 1924, Pescara beat
Oemichen's record, flying for a distance of 736 meters (2,415 ft) (nearly 0.80 kilometers or .5 miles) in 4 minutes and 11 seconds (about 13 km/h or 8 mph), maintaining a height of 1.8 meters (6 feet). On
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to pursue suspects and patrol the skies. Since helicopters can achieve a unique aerial view, they are often used in conjunction with police on the ground to report on suspects' locations and movements. They are often mounted with lighting and
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When hovering with a forward diagonal crosswind, or moving in a forward diagonal direction, the spinning vortices trailing off the main rotor blades will align with the rotation of the tail rotor and cause an instability in flight control.
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Oil companies charter helicopters to move workers and parts quickly to remote drilling sites located at sea or in remote locations. The speed advantage over boats makes the high operating cost of helicopters cost-effective in ensuring that
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By
October 2018, the in-service and stored helicopter fleet of 38,570 with civil or government operators was led Robinson Helicopter with 24.7% followed by Airbus Helicopters with 24.4%, then Bell with 20.5 and Leonardo with 8.4%,
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which provides extra lift without increasing power. This state, most typically, occurs when the airspeed reaches approximately 16–24 knots (30–44 km/h; 18–28 mph), and may be necessary for a helicopter to obtain flight.
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controls the collective and cyclic pitch of the main blades. The swashplate moves up and down, along the main shaft, to change the pitch of both blades. This causes the helicopter to push air downward or upward, depending on the
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half century before the first airplane flight, steam engines were used to forward the development of the understanding of helicopter aerodynamics, but the limited power did not allow for manned flight. The introduction of the
1808:, included "the fully controllable cyclic/collective pitch hub system". In return, Cierva Autogiro received a cross-license to build the Focke-Achgelis helicopters. Focke designed the world's first practical helicopter, the
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air depends on the speed of the helicopter as well as on their rotational speed. The airspeed of the advancing rotor blade is much higher than that of the helicopter itself. It is possible for this blade to exceed the
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K-225 became the first turbine-powered helicopter in the world. Two years later, on 26 March 1954, a modified Navy HTK-1, another Kaman helicopter, became the first twin-turbine helicopter to fly. However, it was the
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2127:. Urban communities have often expressed great dislike of noisy aviation or noisy aircraft, and police and passenger helicopters can be unpopular because of the sound. The redesigns followed the closure of some city
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64th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society International, on the aerodynamic capability of Cornu's design, arguing that the aircraft lacked the power and rotor loading to lift free of the ground in manned
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A helicopter has four flight control inputs. These are the cyclic, the collective, the anti-torque pedals, and the throttle. The cyclic control is usually located between the pilot's legs and is commonly called the
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Designs similar to the Chinese helicopter toy appeared in some Renaissance paintings and other works. In the 18th and early 19th centuries Western scientists developed flying machines based on the Chinese toy.
2115:. In addition, it is possible for the helicopter to fly at an airspeed where an excessive amount of the retreating blade stalls, which results in high vibration, pitch-up, and roll into the retreating blade.
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of 1945, which became the first helicopter certified for civilian use in the United States (March 1946). Produced in several countries, the Bell 47 was the most popular helicopter model for nearly 30 years.
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and observe painted markings or coloured reflectors on the underside of the rotor blades. The traditional low-tech system is to mount coloured chalk on the rotor tips, and see how they mark a linen sheet.
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flight to make a landing. Zaschka's aircraft, the first helicopter, which ever worked so successfully in miniature, not only rises and descends vertically, but is able to remain stationary at any height.
1369:, as well as the nearby park, the Parco Forlanini. Emmanuel Dieuaide's steam-powered design featured counter-rotating rotors powered through a hose from a boiler on the ground. In 1887 Parisian inventor,
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was an aircraft transportation ship and the first in the world from which an autogyro took off and landed." Naval Ship Systems Command, US: Naval Ship Systems Command technical news.1966, v. 15–16, p. 40
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conditions—it has proved advantageous to conduct tasks that were previously not possible with other aircraft, or were time- or work-intensive to accomplish on the ground. Today, helicopter uses include
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was a smaller tail rotor. The tail rotor pushes or pulls against the tail to counter the torque effect, and this has become the most common configuration for helicopter design, usually at the end of a
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Due to the operating characteristics of the helicopter—its ability to take off and land vertically, and to hover for extended periods of time, as well as the aircraft's handling properties under low
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are two counter-rotating rotors mounted close to each other at a sufficient angle to let the rotors intermesh over the top of the aircraft without colliding. An aircraft utilizing this is known as a
846:. It is the interaction of these controls that makes hovering so difficult, since an adjustment in any one control requires an adjustment of the other two, creating a cycle of constant correction.
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at the end of the 19th century became the watershed for helicopter development as engines began to be developed and produced that were powerful enough to allow for helicopters able to lift humans.
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This can lead to a loss of control and a crash or hard landing when operating at low altitudes, due to the sudden unexpected loss of lift, and insufficient time and distance available to recover.
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model on 10 September 2010 to the first testing at 30% power on 1 March 2011 – less than six months. The aircraft first flew on 12 August 2011. All development was conducted in Venelles, France.
638:. Tip jets powered by a remote compressor are referred to as cold tip jets, while those powered by combustion exhaust are referred to as hot tip jets. An example of a cold jet helicopter is the
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963:, helicopters have provided aerial views of some major news stories, and have been doing so, from the late 1960s. Helicopters have also been used in films, both in front and behind the camera.
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Tail rotor failures which occur from either a mechanical malfunction of the tail rotor control system or a loss of tail rotor thrust authority, called "loss of tail-rotor effectiveness" (LTE).
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As with any moving vehicle, unsafe operation could result in loss of control, structural damage, or loss of life. The following is a list of some of the potential hazards for helicopters:
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for delivering mail and newspapers prior to the invention of the helicopter. Though lacking true vertical flight capability, work on the autogyro forms the basis for helicopter analysis.
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of 1942 was the first large-scale mass-produced helicopter, with a production order for 100 aircraft. The R-4 was the only Allied helicopter to serve in World War II, used primarily for
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with 3,400. Most were in North America with 34.3% then in Europe with 28.0% followed by Asia-Pacific with 18.6%, Latin America with 11.6%, Africa with 5.3% and Middle East with 1.7%.
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main rotors, increasing the aircraft's power efficiency and lifting capacity. There are several common configurations that use the counter-rotating effect to benefit the rotorcraft:
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was developed, the helicopter industry found a lighter-weight powerplant easily adapted to small helicopters, although radial engines continued to be used for larger helicopters.
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a congratulations for a successful helicopter test flight. Edison wrote, "So far as I know, you have produced the first successful helicopter." The helicopter was tested at
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provided a large amount of power to Kaman's helicopter with a lower weight penalty than piston engines, with their heavy engine blocks and auxiliary components. On 11
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would later develop coaxial rotor model helicopter toys in 1870, also powered by rubber bands. One of these toys, given as a gift by their father, would inspire the
1245:(or Chinese top). This bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor. The spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The 4th-century AD
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1934:; in Alaska; and in other areas with harsh terrain. Total production reached 131 helicopters before the R-4 was replaced by other Sikorsky helicopters such as the
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Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron HS-12 "Wyverns" flying SH-3H Sea Kings in formation, 1985. Military helicopters are a significant part of the helicopter market
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would make transport via fixed-wing aircraft impossible. The use of transport helicopters to deliver troops as an attack force on an objective is referred to as "
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Hovering is the most challenging part of flying a helicopter. This is because a helicopter generates its own gusty air while in a hover, which acts against the
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746:. The swashplate can also change its angle to move the blades angle forwards or backwards, or left and right, to make the helicopter move in those directions.
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increases the rate of air circulation and aggravates the situation. It is sometimes confused with settling with power, but they are aerodynamically different.
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1 proved to be extremely unsteady and required a man at each corner of the airframe to hold it steady. For this reason, the flights of the Gyroplane No.
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became the first mass-produced helicopter in the early 1940s, and was capable of vertical takeoff. It performed the first medivacs flights during WW2.
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for three rotors, four rotors, six rotors and eight rotors respectively, of which quadcopter is the most common. Multirotors are primarily used on
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Rotor overspeed, which can over-stress the rotor hub pitch bearings (brinelling) and, if severe enough, cause blade separation from the aircraft.
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May, Oehmichen completed the first one-kilometer (0.62 mi) closed-circuit helicopter flight in 7 minutes 40 seconds with his No. 2 machine.
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have a unique teetering bar cyclic control system and a few helicopters have a cyclic control that descends into the cockpit from overhead.
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in the direction of the applied pedal. The pedals mechanically change the pitch of the tail rotor altering the amount of thrust produced.
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is when the aircraft has insufficient power to arrest its descent. This hazard can develop into vortex ring state if not corrected early.
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control forward and back, right and left. The collective is used to maintain altitude. The pedals are used to control nose direction or
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and provide limited medical treatment to a patient while in flight. The use of helicopters as air ambulances is often referred to as "
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constructed a helicopter prototype that took off and landed at least 182 times, with a maximum single flight duration of 53 minutes.
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who designed, built and flew world's first man-carrying, free-flying electric helicopter. The concept was taken from the conceptual
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For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.
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211:, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where
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3804:"Appendix A: Glossary: Fire Behavior Associated with the 1994 South Canyon Fire on Storm King Mountain, Colorado research paper"
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had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a wound-up spring device and demonstrated it to the
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1403:, to conduct experiments towards developing flight. Edison built a helicopter and used the paper for a stock ticker to create
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4689:
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2526:
in South Vietnam. Six US Marines and 50 Vietnamese Marines on board. Three US Marines and 43 Vietnamese Marines were killed.
1869:
1774:
million today) to build two working helicopters. In just six months they completed the first Bell Model 1, which spawned the
726:
the side, the rotor disk tilts to that side and produces thrust in that direction, causing the helicopter to hover sideways.
5432:
4104:
2387:
Shot down by Sandinistan rebels while carrying 88 people. All 84 passengers were killed and all four crew members survived.
1769:
started work on model helicopters in 1928 using converted electric hover motors to drive the rotor head. Young invented the
2278:
in which the helicopter pivots around one of the skids and 'pulls' itself onto its side (almost like a fixed-wing aircraft
3579:
6421:
4972:
4946:
4784:
3414:
3363:
2601:
2158:
1361:. It rose to a height of 13 meters (43 feet), where it remained for 20 seconds, after a vertical take-off from a park in
515:
are pair of counter-rotating rotors transversely mounted at the ends of fixed wings or outrigger structures. Now used on
109:
5658:
4310:
3307:
3273:
3265:
1615:. Patents were granted to von Baumhauer for his cyclic and collective controls by the British ministry of aviation on 31
7163:
6753:
3706:
3552:
2620:
1697:
81:
6602:
4905:
1350:
6573:
6331:
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6306:
6291:
6286:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration (Flight Standards Division), U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 2001.
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4141:
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1508:
353:, the word is often (erroneously, from an etymological point of view) perceived by English speakers as consisting of
128:
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1241:
The earliest references for vertical flight came from China. Since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with
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6124:
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types: hingeless, fully articulated, and teetering; although some modern rotor systems use a combination of these.
253:) has become the most common helicopter configuration. However, twin-main rotor helicopters (bicopters), in either
17:
1605:
for the United States Army Air Service but the Army cancelled the program in 1924, and the aircraft was scrapped.
1005:
down to inaccessible areas, and to resupply firefighters. Common firefighting helicopters include variants of the
966:
The largest single non-combat helicopter operation in history was the disaster management operation following the
88:
7076:
aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
4076:
3890:
5842:
4805:
4777:" Engelbert Zaschka – ein Universalgenie und Erfinder: Musik, Fahrzeuge & Flugzeuge [SWR-Doku 2016]"
541:
make use of three or more rotors. Specific terms are also used depending on the exact amount of rotors, such as
6578:
5198:
2973:
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is experienced during high speed flight and is the most common limiting factor of a helicopter's forward speed.
1531:
66:
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The concept of electric propulsion applied to helicopter and electromagnetic drive was brought to reality by
1478:
150:
4649:
369:. English language nicknames for "helicopter" include "chopper", "copter", "heli", and "whirlybird". In the
95:
6723:
4158:
1865:
1265:"Master who Embraces Simplicity") reportedly describes some of the ideas inherent to rotary wing aircraft.
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2228:
1695:
In the Soviet Union, Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin, two aeronautical engineers working at the
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and achieved a height of nearly 2.0 metres (6.5 ft), but it proved to be unstable and was abandoned.
261:
configurations, are sometimes in use due to their greater payload capacity than the monorotor design, and
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6556:
5843:"Incident Date 050126 HMH-361 CH-53D – BuNo unknown – incident not yet classified – near Ar Rutbah, Iraq"
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1958:
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helicopter of 1943 showed the design's simplicity and ease of use. The Model 30 was developed into the
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685:
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6391:
Silent (Russian-language intertitled) video about the Cheremukhin/Yuriev TsAGI 1-EA pioneer helicopter
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2320:
in which the aircraft is flown into the ground unintentionally due to a lack of situational awareness.
2191:
moving the craft diagonally in various directions, depending on the direction of main rotor rotation.
734:
all the blades change equally, and the result is the helicopter increasing or decreasing in altitude.
5507:
4244:
3599:
2366:
2262:
1988:
1724:, a Russian engineer, built the first twin tandem rotor machine to perform a free flight. It flew in
1466:
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1 are considered to be the first manned flight of a helicopter, but not a free or untethered flight.
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mounted on the collective control, while dual-engine helicopters have a power lever for each engine.
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2314:
Wire and tree strikes due to low altitude operations and take-offs and landings in remote locations.
1041:", and patients are referred to as being "airlifted", or "medevaced". This use was pioneered in the
7116:
6804:
6409:. Getting from idea to reality took far longer for the helicopter than for the fixed-wing aircraft.
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1805:
1433:
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in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more horizontally-spinning rotors. By contrast the
282:
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4764:"German Plane Promises New Stunts in Air, The Bee. Danville, Virginia, USA, June 25, 1927, p. 16".
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2430:
MANPADs, despite heavy escort. Three crew and 58 passengers, composed of mainly Russian refugees.
1465:
which used two 6.1-metre (20 ft) counter-rotating rotors driven by a 24 hp (18 kW)
1045:, when time to reach a medical facility was reduced to three hours from the eight hours needed in
7180:
6505:
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1801:
1101:
869:
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666:
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560:
290:
55:
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1432:, began experimenting with airfoils for helicopters. In 1907, those experiments resulted in the
1016:
669:. Some turbine engines commonly used in helicopters can also use biodiesel instead of jet fuel.
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6842:
6809:
6748:
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5347:
3440:
3118:
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Low rotor RPM, is when the engine cannot drive the blades at sufficient RPM to maintain flight.
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1602:
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762:
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In 1911, Slovenian philosopher and economist Ivan Slokar patented a helicopter configuration.
1477:
of Washington, D.C., flew a helicopter "on three occasions" at Berliner's lab in Washington's
1303:, Bienvenu, used a coaxial version of the Chinese top in a model consisting of contrarotating
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designed for airplanes, but these were soon replaced by more powerful automobile engines and
492:
2147:
NASA experiment for piezoelectric rotor blades to potentially reduce the noise and vibration
481:. NOTAR provides anti-torque similar to the way a wing develops lift through the use of the
7309:
7198:
5410:
4917:
Pulle, Matt (5 July 2007). "Blade Runner". Dallas Observer. 27 (27). Dallas, Tx. pp. 19–27.
2857:
2794:
2573:
2540:
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1113:
1062:
241:
Although most earlier designs used more than one main rotor, the configuration of a single
6239:. Fyshwick, Canberra, Act, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd., 2003, p. 155.
2261:
is a self-reinforcing vibration that occurs when the lead/lag spacing of the blades of an
2100:
Because the advancing blade has higher airspeed than the retreating blade and generates a
1834:
used helicopters in small numbers for observation, transport, and medical evacuation. The
1572:
167:
8:
7278:
7193:
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5714:
5052:
FAI Record ID #13062 – Duration in closed circuit. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston
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3640:
3358:
3082:
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2447:
Shot down when transporting 60 refugees from eastern Abkhazia; all on board were killed.
2298:
2239:
2101:
1868:, like the Fw 61, used two transverse rotors, and was the largest rotorcraft of the war.
1679:, becoming the first military deployment of a rotocraft. Autogyros were also employed in
1181:
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1089:
994:
843:
528:
453:
270:
212:
3159:
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Special jet engines developed to drive the rotor from the rotor tips are referred to as
102:
7088:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
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Some helicopters use other anti-torque controls instead of the tail rotor, such as the
208:
6312:
Watkinson, John. Art of the Helicopter. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.
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5240:"Focke-Achgelis Fa 330A-1 Bachstelze (Water Wagtail) | National Air and Space Museum"
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A compound helicopter has an additional system for thrust and, typically, small stub
512:
258:
6038:
6006:
4721:. Int. j. for the history of eng. & tech., Vol. 83 No. 1, January 2013, 119–40.
3803:
2231:, destroyed after its main rotor struck the side of a mountain while at low altitude
2092:
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1381:
1370:
7252:
7004:
6827:
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4017:
Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War
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200:
159:
6157:"Video: Canadians win long-unclaimed $ 250,000 prize for pedal-powered helicopter"
4719:
The Transmission of Helicopter Technology, 1920-1939: Exchanges with von Baumhauer
1104:(UAS) helicopter systems of varying sizes are developed by companies for military
482:
171:
Bell 412CF looking forward from the tail, showing its twin turbine engine exhausts
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4882:
Wayne Johnson, Rotorcraft Aeromechanics, Cambridge University Press, p. 19 (2013)
4866:
4813:
4656:
4632:
4626:
FAI Record ID #13093 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston
4602:
4542:
4536:
FAI Record ID #13094 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston
4501:
4403:
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2012:
1954:
1950:
1942:. In all, Sikorsky produced over 400 helicopters before the end of World War II.
1849:
1835:
1766:
1721:
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A helicopter used to carry loads connected to long cables or slings is called an
755:
743:
639:
579:
235:
179:
1956 Hiller YROE-1 one-man "Rotorcycle" being tested at NASA Ames Research Center
5845:. Marine Corps Combat Helicopter Association (via popasmoke). 20 November 2007.
5002:
FAI Record ID #13059 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston
4860:
FAI Record ID #13086 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston
2061:
1876:
prevented Germany from producing helicopters in large quantities during the war.
488:
7208:
7128:
6520:
6265:
4095:
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3002:
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2132:
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2028:
2008:
1931:
1845:
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1231:
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to conduct aerial attacks on ground targets. Such helicopters are mounted with
658:
620:
570:
designs let the rotor push itself through the air and avoid generating torque.
525:
are two counter-rotating rotors mounted one above the other with the same axis.
522:
312:
262:
4968:
4940:
4828:
4776:
3889:. General Aviation Manufacturers Association. 21 February 2018. Archived from
3418:
3353:
3333:
1899:
competed to produce the U.S. military's first helicopter. LePage received the
7303:
7283:
7268:
6784:
5167:
4472:"Ivan Slokar – letalski izumitelj, gospodarstvenik, jezikoslovec (1884–1970)"
3315:
3281:
3237:
2806:
2742:
2663:, then located in West Germany. All four crew and 33 passengers were killed.
2499:
2223:
2039:
that would become the first helicopter to be produced with a turbine-engine.
1997:
1946:
1892:
1816:
1775:
1710:
1429:
1396:
1384:
motor-driven flight carrying humans. A movie covering the event was taken by
1304:
1242:
1218:
1128:
continue to operate. Various companies specialize in this type of operation.
1025:
1010:
974:
and observation missions, making dozens of sorties a day for several months.
880:
690:
662:
616:
506:
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370:
254:
6366:
Complete site explaining different aspects of helicopters and how they work.
6192:
The God Machine: From Boomerangs to Black Hawks: The Story of the Helicopter
4505:
2143:
1907:
in 1941. Meanwhile, Sikorsky settled on a simpler, single-rotor design, the
854:
As a helicopter moves from hover to forward flight it enters a state called
6991:
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6485:
6475:
5603:
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2900:
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1939:
1935:
1916:
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and remained airborne for 2 minutes and 45 seconds at a height of 15 feet.
1565:
1543:
1380:'s helicopter took place in Berlin-Schöneberg; this was probably the first
1358:
1193:
1125:
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350:
231:
192:
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830:
381:
141:
7234:
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3652:. Quote: "The rotor is best served by rotating at a constant rotor speed"
2831:
2245:
2069:
2020:
2004:
2001:
1979:
1841:
1630:
was used to increase stability and serves as an energy accumulator for a
1500:
1097:
1050:
809:
There are three basic flight conditions for a helicopter: hover, forward
710:. On most helicopters, the cyclic is similar to a joystick. However, the
624:
311:, coined by Gustave Ponton d'Amécourt in 1861, which originates from the
286:
5175:
5151:
1152:
7100:
7014:
6670:
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6613:
6301:(Brassey's World Military Technology series). London: Brassey's, 2000.
5028:
FAI Record ID #13084 – Altitude. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston
3471:"Kawasaki successfully tests the Ninja H2R-powered unmanned helicopter"
2285:
2044:
2016:
1983:
1903:
rights to develop helicopters patterned after the Fw 61, and built the
1861:
1853:
1680:
1582:
1458:
1365:. Milan has dedicated its city airport to Enrico Forlanini, also named
1192:
with 3.4% and other with 2.2%. The most widespread model is the piston
1160:
In 2017, 926 civil helicopters were shipped for $ 3.68 billion, led by
1042:
924:
786:
781:
The NH-3A was experimental version of the Sea King with wings and jets.
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547:
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242:
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4072:
3508:"Eurosatory 2010: Industry celebrates first helicopter biofuel flight"
1996:
In 1951, at the urging of his contacts at the Department of the Navy,
1662:
A Cierva autogyro in the 1920s, one of the predecessors to helicopters
1626:
from Germany built a helicopter, equipped with two rotors, in which a
7108:
7073:
6822:
6789:
6372:. 1935 article about early development and research into helicopters.
5537:"Model for Vortex Ring State Influence on Rotorcraft Flight Dynamics"
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2544:
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flight feathers as rotor blades, and in 1784, demonstrated it to the
1033:
898:
789:. This offloads the rotor in cruise, which allows its rotation to be
516:
469:
444:
Most helicopters have a single main rotor, but torque created by its
274:
266:
4671:– Rainer K. L. Trummer, University of Salzburg, Austria, 2010, p. 21
2999:
Pedalling, lift 64 s endurance, 3.3 m height; diagonal width: 46.9 m
2288:
failures, especially those that occur within the shaded area of the
1945:
While LePage and Sikorsky built their helicopters for the military,
1291:. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift
436:
44:
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6947:
6923:
6921:
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6344:. Berlin-Charlottenburg: C. J. E. Volckmann Nachf. E. Wette, 1936.
5085:". Paragraph 10. Centennial of Flight. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
4722:
4498:
Sto slovenskih znanstvenikov, zdravnikov in tehnikov (Open Library)
2889:
2550:
2382:
2128:
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146:
5791:"31 U.S. troops, 7 Afghans killed as insurgents down NATO chopper"
4703:
A Historical Review of Two Helicopters Designed in the Netherlands
1336:
Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci
661:
or motorcycle engines. Radio-controlled helicopters may also have
509:
are two counter-rotating rotors with one mounted behind the other.
289:, have been developed mainly for specialized applications such as
7027:
4705:. 21st European Rotocraft Forum, 1995, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
2007:—a design for a twin-rotor helicopter concept first pioneered by
1966:
1962:
1631:
1511:, an experimental helicopter prototype, with two aircraft built.
1412:
1256:
1251:
1085:
1038:
971:
928:
906:
635:
567:
373:
military, the common slang is "helo" pronounced with a long "e".
6363:
5759:"Crash Death, 3rd in 8 Years, Not Expected to Halt Future Shows"
2178:
rotor's angle of attack, to compensate for these instabilities.
2015:
piston-engined design in Germany—with a new kind of engine, the
901:
of people and cargo, military uses, construction, firefighting,
777:
596:
175:
7124:
6927:
5121:
Wall, Berend G. van der; Harris, Franklin D. (September 2022).
3854:"Nasa will send helicopter to Mars to test otherworldly flight"
3014:
2984:
2840:
1908:
1900:
1824:
1246:
1002:
810:
761:
Helicopter rotors are designed to operate in a narrow range of
750:
749:
The anti-torque pedals are located in the same position as the
224:
196:
5737:"Incident Date 19720711 HMM-165 CH-53D 156658+ - Hostile Fire"
5215:"World War II German Helicopters – Flettner Fl 265 and Fl 282"
4659:. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
4073:"Helicopter Pioneers – Evolution of Rotary Wing Aircraft"
3210:
1276:
created a design for a machine that could be described as an "
7226:
5821:"2nd Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment honors 33 of their own"
5123:"Henrich Focke — Inventor of the First Successful Helicopter"
3308:
3274:
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attached to a mast by cables for a rotor, but it never flew.
1362:
1343:
1339:
1197:
495:
478:
344:
323:
220:
5739:. Marine Corps Combat Helicopter Association (via popasmoke)
4101:
Asia in the making of Europe. Volume II, A Century of Wonder
3746:. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
3158:
Leishman, J. Gordon, Technical Fellow of AHS International.
1530:
Silent film of a test flight of Pescara's helicopter, 1922.
1072:
The Mil-24 'Hind' is a well-known military attack helicopter
7141:
7009:
4942:
Cheryomukhin TsAGI 1-EA (ЦАГИ 1-ЭА) first Soviet helicopter
3707:"Helicopter Pilot Training Schools, Careers – Heliventures"
2691:
2123:
At the end of the 20th century, designers began working on
1141:
1131:
1092:
are used to ferry troops and supplies where the lack of an
216:
204:
5651:
3757:
The Wiley Dictionary of Civil Engineering and Construction
1961:
placed at a 90° angle to the rotor blades. The subsequent
1786:
849:
615:
Early helicopter designs utilized custom-built engines or
249:(i.e. unicopter, not to be confused with the single-blade
5430:
Helicopter pedal turns, LTE and the Critical Wind Azimuth
3222:
US and Russian Helicopter Development in the 20th Century
2105:
793:, thus increasing the maximum speed of the aircraft. The
6237:
The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003–2004
4891:"Channel Flight By Autogiro. Spanish Airman's Success".
2043:
helicopter development. The availability of lightweight
1815:, which first flew in June 1936. It was demonstrated by
1575:
set the first helicopter world record recognized by the
1449:
1272:
It was not until the early 1480s, when Italian polymath
1168:
with $ 806 million for 102 (first three-quarters only),
1140:, a 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) helicopter used to survey
1112:
duties. Naval forces also use helicopters equipped with
448:
must be countered by an opposed torque. The design that
5152:"A Perspective on the First Century of Vertical Flight"
4735:"Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Washington:
4650:"Helicopter Development in the Early Twentieth Century"
4311:"Moments in Helicopter History (9) – Hermann Ganswindt"
4020:. Oxford University Press. 8 May 2003. pp. 22–23.
1718:, however, Cheremukhin's record remained unrecognized.
1496:
it tipped over during take-off, destroying its rotors.
1473:
In 1909, J. Newton Williams of Derby, Connecticut, and
1373:, built and flew a tethered electric model helicopter.
6395:
4121:
4119:
4117:
1399:
was given US$ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 34,000 today) by
1056:
Police departments and other law enforcement agencies
1020:
Exercises with a helicopter to rescue someone in water
997:(water bombing) and may be fitted with tanks or carry
642:, and an example of the hot tip jet helicopter is the
420:, is the rotating part of a helicopter that generates
5689:"Georgia and Abkhazia, 1992–1993: the War of Datchas"
3260:
6443:
5637:"Chechen gets life for killing 127 Russian soldiers"
3035:
1992:
A turbine powered helicopter with its engine visible
721:
The control is called the cyclic because it changes
4114:
2164:
2131:and government action to constrain flight paths in
1953:to help build a helicopter using Young's two-blade
1760:
909:, medical transport, law enforcement, agriculture,
337:
316:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5193:. New York: Jason Aronson, Inc. pp. 253–254.
4774:
4680:Relly Victoria Petrescu and Florian Ioon Petrescu
3845:
335:(ἕλῐκος), "helix, spiral, whirl, convolution" and
163:Cabin view looking out from a helicopter in flight
6207:Dictionnaire des structures du vocabulaire savant
5508:"Vertiflite, March/April 2012 – AHS Online Store"
4895:(45002). London. 19 September 1928. col F, p. 14.
3105:, the top central big nut that holds the rotor on
7301:
6283:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: FAA Manual H-8083-21
6222:McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920: Volume II
4343:. New York: Garden City Publishers, 1926. p. 249
234:became the first helicopter to reach full-scale
6270:. Washington: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2007.
3908:
3665:, Blandford, revised edition 1973, pp.55,144-5.
2502:. All five crew and 41 passengers were killed.
2426:Shot down by Georgian forces in Abkhazia using
563:and use on aircraft with a human pilot is rare.
6400:
5659:"Accident Details (1982 Nicaragua Mi-8 crash)"
5439:, Helicopter Flight Inc, Accessed 11 May 2016.
4985:
4578:"Helicopter with Six Blades Succeeds in Tests"
4566:. Bonnier Corporation. March 1931. p. 70.
3497:, 2 November 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
2182:impact the operation of an internal impeller.
1357:developed an unmanned helicopter powered by a
215:and many forms of short take-off and landing (
7157:
6907:
6429:
6378:. 1918 article on helicopter design concepts.
5191:Legacy of Wings; The Harold F. Pitcairn Story
4469:
4401:Dowd, George L. "Flops of famous inventors".
4247:(in Italian). Mille anni di scienza in Italia
3951:. Cambridge aerospace series, 18. Cambridge:
3828:40 Years Retrospective: It's Been a Wild Ride
1653:
1349:In 1861, the word "helicopter" was coined by
1260:
519:, some early model helicopters had used them.
5682:
5680:
5531:
5529:
4982:, 24 March 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
4586:. Hearst Magazines. March 1931. p. 460.
4175:
3884:"GAMA General Aviation Shipment Report 2017"
3817:, September 1998. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
3663:Helicopters: And Other Rotorcraft since 1907
3398:
3209:Hirschberg, Michael J. and David K. Dailey,
1891:In the United States, Russian-born engineer
1690:
1675:employed by the Spanish military during the
955:Soldiers await pickup from CH-47 helicopters
797:diverted up to 90% of its engine power to a
665:that use fuels other than gasoline, such as
592:H-34 with a radial piston engine in the nose
306:
6364:"Helicopterpage.com – How Helicopters Work"
6342:Drehflügelflugzeuge. Trag- und Hubschrauber
6252:Helicopters and other Rotorcraft since 1907
5420:, Dynamic Flight Inc. Accessed 11 May 2016.
4443:Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti.
4153:
4151:
4149:
3514:, 17 June 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
3415:"FM 1-514 Chptr 3 – Rotor System Operation"
2333:Deadliest helicopter crashes by death toll
1800:at Focke-Wulf had purchased a license from
1698:Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut
1619:January 1927, under patent number 265,272.
1546:. By January 1924, Pescara's helicopter No.
1223:Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci
1120:, since they can operate from small ships.
7164:
7150:
6914:
6900:
6436:
6422:
5257:
5149:
5120:
4930:, p. 21. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
4845:
4843:
2096:The Lynx helicopter is noted for its speed
1428:In 1906, two French brothers, Jacques and
1049:, and further reduced to two hours by the
219:) or short take-off and vertical landing (
7107:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g.
5677:
5526:
5344:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
5337:
4560:"New Helicopter Rises in Vertical Flight"
4530:
4528:
3943:
3941:
3815:U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service
3203:
981:Chinook interior with passengers in seats
376:
285:in France, and along with other types of
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
6382:"Twin Windmill Blades Fly Wingless Ship"
5331:
4642:
4522:, p. 348. London: Studio Editions, 1989.
4369:
4269:(in Italian). Aeroporto di Milano Linate
4146:
3674:
3542:. Quote: "is constant in a helicopter".
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3051:
2327:
2222:
2185:
2142:
2091:
2060:
1987:
1878:
1785:
1666:Spanish aeronautical engineer and pilot
1657:
1518:
1448:
1325:
1230:
1164:with $ 1.87 billion for 369 rotorcraft,
1151:
1067:
1015:
976:
950:
923:
879:
820:
776:
689:
595:
587:
487:
435:
380:
174:
166:
158:
140:
7103:are not included in the table, nor are
6621:
6324:Helicopters at War: A Pictorial History
5382:"HUMS: Not Just for Heavy Iron Anymore"
5338:Connor, R.D; Lee, R.E. (27 July 2001).
4852:
4840:
4695:
4618:
4183:"Leonardo da Vinci's Helical Air Screw"
4065:
4034:
3545:
1844:—using the same basic configuration as
1781:
1457:That same year, fellow French inventor
850:Transition from hover to forward flight
14:
7302:
6254:. London: Blandford Publishing, 1968.
6098:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
6066:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
6034:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
6002:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
5970:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
5938:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
5906:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
5874:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
5686:
5482:"Challenges of Aircraft Hybridization"
5063:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
5039:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
5014:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
4994:
4871:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
4637:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
4547:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
4525:
3938:
3834:, August 2007. Accessed: 8 June 2014.
3668:
3621:
3517:
3451:from the original on 19 September 2015
2056:
1915:Developed from the VS-300, Sikorsky's
1578:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
989:" is the use of helicopters to combat
970:. Hundreds of pilots were involved in
772:
245:accompanied by a vertical anti-torque
199:are supplied by horizontally spinning
7145:
6895:
6417:
6209:. Paris: Les Usuels du Robert. 1980.
5549:from the original on 25 February 2014
5188:
5076:Jacques Bréguet—Gyroplane-Laboratoire
5044:
5020:
4830:The first Hungarian helicopter (1929)
4711:
4127:Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics
3949:Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics
3796:
3525:Professional helicopter pilot studies
3185:
3098:Helicopter Underwater Escape Training
1730:Laboratoire Aérotechnique de Belgique
1638:In 1928, Hungarian aviation engineer
1560:magazine reported Thomas Edison sent
6866:
6407:Aviation Week & Space Technology
5771:from the original on 6 December 2010
5661:. PlaneCrashInfo.com. Archived from
5386:Helicopter Association International
4787:from the original on 6 November 2016
4701:H.J.G.C. Vodegel and K.P. Jessurun.
4237:
4225:from the original on 18 October 2017
4136:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8.
3926:from the original on 18 October 2018
3644:, 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
3366:from the original on 31 October 2014
2135:and other places of natural beauty.
2081:, and thus produce vastly increased
1540:Raúl Pateras-Pescara de Castelluccio
1514:
813:and the transition between the two.
223:) aircraft cannot perform without a
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
6876:
6501:Number of helicopters and heliports
6376:"Flights — of the Imagination"
5284:
5102:from the original on 2 January 2010
4949:from the original on 29 August 2016
4321:from the original on 10 August 2016
3851:
3463:
2765:3,561.55 km (2,213.04 mi)
2159:Health and Usage Monitoring Systems
1376:In July 1901, the maiden flight of
24:
6795:Helicopter height–velocity diagram
6403:"How The Helicopter Has Developed"
6137:from the original on 17 April 2014
5801:from the original on 7 August 2011
5514:from the original on 24 March 2014
5488:from the original on 24 March 2014
5462:from the original on 24 March 2014
5305:, 2003. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
5182:
4775:Zaschka, Engelbert (18 May 2016),
4383:from the original on 13 April 2016
4377:"Patent US970616 – Flying-machine"
4172:, 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2010
4040:
3916:"Helicopter market report Q3 2018"
3780:. rotaryaction.com. Archived from
3687:from the original on 13 April 2015
3417:. 18 February 2014. Archived from
3331:
3088:Helicopter height–velocity diagram
2810:via Europe, Russia, Alaska, Canada
2739:400.87 km/h (249.09 mph)
1778:, later succeeded by the Bell 47.
1200:with 3,600 units, followed by the
679:
25:
7326:
6818:Mars Sample Retrieval Helicopters
6357:
6167:from the original on 7 March 2014
5695:from the original on 3 March 2008
5687:Cooper, Tom (29 September 2003).
4478:from the original on 4 March 2016
4451:from the original on 4 March 2016
4418:"Helicoptre Lifts Itself and Man"
4315:helikopterhysteriezwo.blogspot.jp
4043:"The Invention of the Helicopter"
3717:from the original on 2 April 2015
2569:British International Helicopters
2011:in 1939, with the aforementioned
1793:, the first successful helicopter
1585:360 meters (1,180 ft). On 18
1172:with $ 696 million for 132, then
862:
829:holding a hover while conducting
416:The rotor system, or more simply
7123:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g.
6875:
6865:
6855:
6739:Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness
6601:
6444:Helicopters and other rotorcraft
6194:. New York: Bantam Books, 2007.
6149:
6117:
6085:
6053:
6021:
5989:
5957:
5925:
5893:
5861:
5849:from the original on 2 July 2010
5835:
5813:
5783:
5751:
5729:
5715:"ASN Wikibase Occurrence #76027"
5707:
5639:. theguardian.com. 30 April 2004
5629:
5620:
5604:"Helicopter Accidents in Hawaii"
5597:
5561:
5500:
5474:
5450:"EASA-Annual-Safety-Review-2011"
5411:Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness
5098:. aerofiles.com. 20 April 2009.
3966:"A History of Helicopter Flight"
3864:from the original on 6 July 2018
3441:"Helicopter Yaw Control Methods"
3038:
2820:Highest altitude without payload
2702:
2323:Mast bumping in some helicopters
2165:Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness
1761:American single-rotor beginnings
1423:
729:The collective pitch control or
305:is adapted from the French word
203:. This allows the helicopter to
43:
6401:Graham Warwick (17 June 2016).
6183:
5442:
5423:
5404:
5374:
5362:
5308:
5303:Centennial of Flight Commission
5266:
5232:
5207:
5150:Hirschberg, Michael J. (1999).
5143:
5114:
5088:
5068:
5065:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014.
5041:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014.
5017:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014.
4961:
4933:
4920:
4911:
4898:
4885:
4876:
4873:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014.
4822:
4799:
4768:
4757:
4727:
4674:
4662:
4639:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014.
4590:
4570:
4552:
4549:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014.
4520:Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation
4512:
4490:
4463:
4436:
4410:
4395:
4346:
4333:
4303:
4281:
4259:
4207:"The Inventive Wright Brothers"
4199:
4170:Centennial of Flight Commission
4089:
3985:
3876:
3820:
3770:
3749:
3729:
3699:
3655:
3592:
3569:
3500:
3481:
3433:
3407:
3152:
2943:4,300.7 m (14,110 ft)
2791:136.7 km/h (84.9 mph)
2197:
2019:engine. This adaptation of the
1601:built the quadrotor helicopter
1323:to pursue the dream of flight.
1212:
993:. The helicopters are used for
968:1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster
405:
54:needs additional citations for
6724:Mast bumping and other hazards
5617:. Retrieved: 12 December 2010.
5578:. October 1982. Archived from
4817:The Evening Post (New Zealand)
4291:(in Italian). Comune di Milano
4267:"L'aeroporto di Milano Linate"
3675:Lombardi, Frank (April 2015).
3627:John M. Seddon, Simon Newman.
3589:. Retrieved: 16 February 2011.
3387:
3378:
3346:
3325:
3301:
3231:
2854:11,010 m (36,120 ft)
2823:12,442 m (40,820 ft)
2678:Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion
2318:Controlled flight into terrain
1973:
1957:design, which used a weighted
1645:In 1930, the Italian engineer
1538:In the early 1920s, Argentine
1532:EYE Film Institute Netherlands
1065:equipment for night pursuits.
935:providing aerial news coverage
431:
13:
1:
7269:Advancing Blade Concept (ABC)
6531:Wire strike protection system
5615:kauaihelicoptertoursafety.com
4159:"Early Helicopter Technology"
4086:. Retrieved: 28 November 2007
4005:. Retrieved: 12 December 2010
3629:Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics
3228:, International. 7 July 2000.
3140:
3129:Wire strike protection system
2914:8,848 m (29,029 ft)
2851:Highest level flight altitude
1453:Paul Cornu's helicopter, 1907
653:and smaller, helicopter-type
151:Los Angeles Police Department
7171:
6370:"Planes That Go Straight Up"
5315:"Twin Turborotor Helicopter"
4837:Retrieved: 12 December 2010.
4341:Edison: the Man and His Work
4289:"Scheda del Parco Forlanini"
4196:. Retrieved 12 December 2010
4125:Leishman, J. Gordon (2006).
3178:
3021:Igor I. Sikorsky Competition
2967:First manned electric flight
2886:2,255 m (7,398 ft)
2517:Sikorsky CH-53D Sea Stallion
2489:Sikorsky CH-53A Sea Stallion
2138:
2072:using a coaxial rotor system
1866:Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 Drache
1819:in February 1938 inside the
1571:On 14 April 1924, Frenchman
1351:Gustave de Ponton d'Amécourt
1176:with $ 161 million for 305.
1030:emergency medical assistance
651:radio-controlled helicopters
296:
205:take off and land vertically
7:
7001:Tethered (static or towed)
6833:Radio-controlled helicopter
6562:Russian helicopter airlines
6396:American Helicopter Society
6125:"First electric helicopter"
5576:Robinson Helicopter Company
3488:"Jay Leno's EcoJet Concept"
3339:Online Etymology Dictionary
3226:American Helicopter Society
3109:List of helicopter airlines
3031:
2402:Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion
1609:Albert Gillis von Baumhauer
1330:Experimental helicopter by
1289:Russian Academy of Sciences
385:Main and anti-torque rotors
338:
317:
273:are also all flying today.
149:helicopter operated by the
32:Helicopter (disambiguation)
10:
7331:
6959:Lift: Lighter than air gas
6267:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook
5369:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook
4606:. 3 March 1923. p. 23
4445:"Slokar, Ivan (1884–1970)"
3992:"Early Helicopter History"
3953:Cambridge University Press
3618:. Retrieved 2 January 2010
3602:permits 95–101% rotor RPM
3566:. Retrieved 2 January 2010
3309:
3275:
3267:
3241:
3056:RAF Merlin HC3A Helicopter
2996:Longest human-powered lift
2522:Shot down by missile near
2420:Russia (Russian Air Force)
2218:
2125:helicopter noise reduction
1977:
1654:First practical rotorcraft
1417:internal combustion engine
1309:French Academy of Sciences
1216:
1207:
1196:with 5,600, then the H125/
888:dropping water onto a fire
686:Helicopter flight controls
683:
610:internal combustion engine
577:
573:
409:
402:throughout normal flight.
389:A helicopter is a type of
349:) "wing". In a process of
345:
324:
29:
7261:
7243:
7225:
7207:
7179:
7062:
6951:
6943:
6938:
6851:
6777:
6716:
6679:
6610:
6599:
6539:
6458:
6449:
6326:. London: R. Hale, 1983.
5717:. Aviation Safety Network
5321:15 September 2015 at the
5096:"American airplanes:Bell"
4737:Zaschka Helicopter (1927)
4598:"A Successful Helicopter"
4189:24 September 2015 at the
4132:25 September 2015 at the
4107:15 September 2015 at the
3759:. New York: Wiley, 1997.
2911:Highest takeoff (turbine)
2894:Vasily Kolochenko, et al.
2747:John Trevor Egginton (UK)
2051:
1691:Single lift-rotor success
1401:James Gordon Bennett, Jr.
1261:
1236:Leonardo's "aerial screw"
1147:
961:electronic news gathering
804:
674:human-powered helicopters
6805:Human-powered helicopter
6692:Manufacturers by country
6584:U.S. Air Force squadrons
6224:. London: Putnam, 1997.
5298:20 February 2014 at the
5292:"Igor Sikorsky – VS 300"
5081:24 February 2014 at the
5007:22 December 2015 at the
4928:Rotorcraft Aeromechanics
4865:22 December 2015 at the
4812:25 November 2011 at the
4655:20 February 2014 at the
4165:20 February 2014 at the
3852:n/a, n/a (11 May 2018).
3558:16 February 2011 at the
3530:27 November 2015 at the
3216:18 December 2007 at the
3145:
2940:Highest takeoff (piston)
2762:Distance without landing
2614:Pakistan (Pakistan Army)
2549:Crash at an air show in
2263:articulated rotor system
2118:
1806:Frank Kingston Smith Sr.
1024:Helicopters are used as
816:
795:Lockheed AH-56A Cheyenne
655:unmanned aerial vehicles
361:, leading to words like
7315:Aircraft configurations
7181:Fairey Aviation Company
6552:Active Russian military
6547:Accidents and incidents
5610:10 January 2016 at the
5278:3 December 2013 at the
5033:7 February 2015 at the
4991:Watkinson 2004, p. 358.
4975:26 January 2009 at the
4795:– via Youtube.com
4366:. Retrieved: 3 May 2007
4364:Helicopter History Site
4084:Helicopter History Site
4079:7 November 2006 at the
3998:5 December 2004 at the
3802:Butler, Bret W. et al.
3742:4 February 2014 at the
3291:A Greek–English Lexicon
3093:Helicopter manufacturer
3019:Indoor soccer stadium;
2656:CH-47 Chinook, US Army
2367:Shot down over Chechnya
2301:in dusty conditions or
2290:height-velocity diagram
1802:Cierva Autogiro Company
1461:designed and built the
1334:(1877), exposed at the
1227:Leonardo's aerial screw
1102:Unmanned aerial systems
875:
870:turn and bank indicator
801:during forward flight.
7097:Ground-effect vehicles
6973:Unpowered free flight
6843:Transverse flow effect
6749:Retreating blade stall
5328:, August 1954, p. 139.
5273:Sikorsky R-4B Hoverfly
4781:The Zaschka Innovation
4669:The JAviator Quadrotor
4541:6 October 2014 at the
4518:Taylor, Michael J. H.
4353:"Pioneers – 1900/1930"
3826:Kay, Marcia Hillary. "
3810:2 October 2008 at the
3609:18 August 2016 at the
3276:ἕλιξ (as an adjective)
3166:1 October 2008 at the
3119:Transverse flow effect
3057:
2813:No in-flight refueling
2799:Scott Kasprowicz (USA)
2788:Around-the-world speed
2253:Retreating blade stall
2232:
2148:
2113:velocity, never exceed
2097:
2073:
1993:
1928:1st Air Commando Group
1888:
1794:
1663:
1603:de Bothezat helicopter
1535:
1454:
1415:inventor, adapted the
1346:
1295:instruments. In 1783,
1283:In July 1754, Russian
1238:
1157:
1118:anti-submarine warfare
1073:
1032:in situations when an
1021:
982:
956:
936:
889:
834:
782:
698:
604:
593:
498:
441:
440:Sikorsky's V-300, 1937
386:
377:Design characteristics
307:
180:
172:
164:
156:
7105:experimental aircraft
6965:Lift: Unpowered rotor
6130:Guinness World Record
6093:"Record File n°15629"
6061:"Record File n°11597"
5933:"Record File n°15171"
5869:"Record File n°11659"
5569:"Safety Notice SN-11"
5219:Defense Media Network
5189:Smith, Frank (1981).
4422:Youngstown Vindicator
3947:Leishman, J. Gordon.
3634:30 April 2016 at the
3404:Frawley 2003, p. 151.
3282:Liddell, Henry George
3055:
2970:Purely electric hover
2960:Pike's Peak, Colorado
2773:Robert G. Ferry (USA)
2408:Collision over Israel
2328:List of fatal crashes
2226:
2213:computer-aided design
2186:Critical wind azimuth
2146:
2095:
2064:
1991:
1882:
1830:During World War II,
1810:transverse twin-rotor
1804:, which according to
1789:
1742:Gyroplane Laboratoire
1661:
1613:cyclic and collective
1529:
1493:Ellehammer helicopter
1452:
1329:
1234:
1155:
1090:Transport helicopters
1071:
1019:
1013:Aircrane helitanker.
980:
954:
927:
883:
824:
780:
693:
599:
591:
491:
439:
384:
178:
170:
162:
144:
7019:(None – see note 2)
6996:(None – see note 2)
6968:Lift: Powered rotor
6702:Used in World War II
6569:NATO reporting names
6220:Francillon, René J.
6029:"Record File n°9917"
5997:"Record File n°9918"
5392:on 19 September 2020
5057:7 March 2016 at the
4957:– via YouTube.
4684:, p. 74. USA, 2013,
4682:The Aviation History
4631:5 March 2016 at the
3582:11 July 2011 at the
3384:Cottez 1980, p. 181.
2974:Solution F Prototype
2858:Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe
2574:Boeing 234LR Chinook
2541:Boeing CH-47 Chinook
2305:in snowy conditions.
1897:Wynn Laurence LePage
1782:Birth of an industry
1734:von Karman Institute
1583:quadrotor helicopter
1487:The Danish inventor
1166:Leonardo Helicopters
1076:Military forces use
754:causing the nose to
600:Turbine engine of a
271:compound helicopters
154:Air Support Division
63:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
7279:Compound helicopter
6299:Military Rotorcraft
5965:"Record File n°754"
5901:"Record File n°784"
5665:on 29 November 2017
5626:FAA RFH, page 11-10
5435:4 June 2016 at the
5416:4 June 2016 at the
4967:Savine, Alexandre.
4806:"Asboth Helicopter"
4470:Občina Ajdovščina.
4215:Library of Congress
3922:. 17 October 2018.
3838:8 June 2014 at the
3677:"Under the big top"
3641:John Wiley and Sons
3421:on 18 February 2014
3359:The Free Dictionary
3083:Helicopter dynamics
3068:Backpack helicopter
2496:Đông Hà Combat Base
2334:
2240:Settling with power
2102:dissymmetry of lift
2057:Maximum speed limit
2027:December 1951, the
1739:The Bréguet-Dorand
1647:Corradino D'Ascanio
1297:Christian de Launoy
1182:Russian Helicopters
1174:Robinson Helicopter
995:aerial firefighting
773:Compound helicopter
529:Intermeshing rotors
452:settled on for his
397:(or gyroplane) and
213:fixed-wing aircraft
7253:Heliplane (Type-1)
7086:balloon helicopter
6764:Servo transparency
6338:Zaschka, Engelbert
5977:on 3 December 2013
5881:on 3 December 2013
5244:airandspace.si.edu
5178:– via JSTOR.
4359:4 May 2007 at the
4245:"Enrico Forlanini"
3711:heliventuresnc.com
3587:Helicopter Vietnam
3477:. 29 October 2020.
3124:Utility helicopter
3114:List of rotorcraft
3058:
2795:Agusta A109S Grand
2553:, then located in
2347:Event and location
2332:
2265:becomes irregular.
2233:
2149:
2098:
2074:
1994:
1889:
1848:'s own pioneering
1795:
1765:American inventor
1726:Sint-Genesius-Rode
1664:
1599:George de Bothezat
1581:(FAI), flying his
1562:George de Bothezat
1536:
1455:
1347:
1243:bamboo flying toys
1239:
1162:Airbus Helicopters
1158:
1078:attack helicopters
1074:
1022:
983:
957:
937:
919:aerial observation
890:
856:translational lift
835:
783:
699:
605:
602:CH-53 Sea Stallion
594:
499:
485:on the tail boom.
442:
387:
181:
173:
165:
157:
27:Type of rotorcraft
7297:
7296:
7139:
7138:
7121:flettner airplane
7057:
7056:
6889:
6888:
6838:Search and rescue
6759:Vortex ring state
6712:
6711:
6649:Piasecki Aircraft
6639:Juan de la Cierva
6597:
6596:
6385:Popular Mechanics
6260:978-0-7137-0493-8
6250:Munson, Kenneth.
6235:Frawley, Gerard.
6190:Chiles, James R.
6133:. 4 August 2011.
6105:on 5 January 2015
6073:on 5 January 2015
6041:on 5 January 2015
6009:on 5 January 2015
5945:on 5 January 2015
5913:on 5 January 2015
5797:. 6 August 2011.
5795:Los Angeles Times
5764:Los Angeles Times
5585:on 11 August 2013
5350:on 1 January 2008
5326:Popular Mechanics
4945:. 30 April 2012.
4690:978-3-8482-6639-5
4583:Popular Mechanics
4339:Bryan, George S.
4027:978-0-19-516035-2
3961:978-0-521-85860-1
3784:on 7 October 2014
3778:"Rotary inaction"
3540:978-0-9780269-0-5
3332:Harper, Douglas.
3063:Attack helicopter
3029:
3028:
2877:Altitude with 40-
2827:Aerospatiale Lama
2700:
2699:
2534:11 September 1982
2067:Russian Air Force
1921:search and rescue
1870:Extensive bombing
1852:—was used in the
1668:Juan de la Cierva
1624:Engelbert Zaschka
1573:Étienne Oehmichen
1527:
1515:Early development
1388:, but it remains
1378:Hermann Ganswindt
1313:Sir George Cayley
1285:Mikhail Lomonosov
1274:Leonardo da Vinci
1186:Sikorsky Aircraft
1082:missile launchers
903:search and rescue
513:Transverse rotors
301:The English word
281:) were pioneered
259:transverse rotors
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
7322:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7143:
7142:
7132:
7089:
7077:
7005:Tethered balloon
6962:Lift: Fixed wing
6941:
6940:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6893:
6892:
6879:
6878:
6869:
6868:
6859:
6828:List of aircraft
6734:Ground resonance
6729:Dynamic rollover
6619:
6618:
6605:
6456:
6455:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6322:Wragg, David W.
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6163:. 22 July 2013.
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6101:. Archived from
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6069:. Archived from
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6037:. Archived from
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6005:. Archived from
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5973:. Archived from
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5941:. Archived from
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5909:. Archived from
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5877:. Archived from
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5618:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5573:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5541:
5533:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5440:
5427:
5421:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5388:. Archived from
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5346:. Archived from
5335:
5329:
5312:
5306:
5288:
5282:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5156:SAE Transactions
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5092:
5086:
5074:Day, Dwayne A. "
5072:
5066:
5048:
5042:
5024:
5018:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4983:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4937:
4931:
4926:Johnson, Wayne.
4924:
4918:
4915:
4909:
4902:
4896:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4819:, 27 April 1935.
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4741:. Archived from
4731:
4725:
4715:
4709:
4699:
4693:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4648:Rumerman, Judy.
4646:
4640:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4556:
4550:
4532:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4414:
4408:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4373:
4367:
4350:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4211:
4203:
4197:
4181:Pilotfriend.com
4179:
4173:
4157:Rumerman, Judy.
4155:
4144:
4123:
4112:
4093:
4087:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4049:. Archived from
4038:
4032:
4031:
4012:
4006:
4003:Aerospaceweb.org
3989:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3968:. Archived from
3945:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3849:
3843:
3832:Rotor & Wing
3824:
3818:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3753:
3747:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3681:Rotor & Wing
3672:
3666:
3661:Kenneth Munson;
3659:
3653:
3625:
3619:
3615:US Army Aviation
3596:
3590:
3573:
3567:
3549:
3543:
3523:Croucher, Phil.
3521:
3515:
3504:
3498:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3445:aerospaceweb.org
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3329:
3323:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3269:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3172:
3156:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
2918:Eurocopter AS350
2707:
2706:
2583:Shetland Islands
2417:14 December 1992
2335:
2331:
2276:Dynamic rollover
2259:Ground resonance
2229:Eurocopter AS350
2026:
1836:Flettner Fl 282
1821:Deutschlandhalle
1813:Focke-Wulf Fw 61
1791:Focke-Wulf Fw 61
1618:
1593:
1588:
1549:
1528:
1489:Jacob Ellehammer
1463:Cornu helicopter
1445:
1441:
1386:Max Skladanowsky
1382:heavier-than-air
1355:Enrico Forlanini
1332:Enrico Forlanini
1264:
1263:
945:logging industry
921:, among others.
799:pusher propeller
694:Controls from a
446:aerodynamic drag
412:Helicopter rotor
348:
347:
341:
327:
326:
320:
310:
283:as early as 1907
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
18:Cargo helicopter
7330:
7329:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7257:
7245:Kayaba Industry
7239:
7221:
7203:
7175:
7170:
7140:
7135:
7113:Flying Bedstead
7095:
7083:
7067:
7058:
6934:
6920:
6890:
6885:
6861:Aviation portal
6847:
6813:Mars helicopter
6773:
6744:Low-g condition
6708:
6675:
6656:Fairey Rotodyne
6644:Skyworks Global
6612:
6606:
6593:
6535:
6496:Flight controls
6445:
6442:
6360:
6355:
6297:Thicknesse, P.
6205:Cottez, Henri.
6186:
6181:
6180:
6170:
6168:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6108:
6106:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6012:
6010:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5948:
5946:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5685:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5642:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5612:Wayback Machine
5602:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5517:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5489:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5437:Wayback Machine
5428:
5424:
5418:Wayback Machine
5409:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5351:
5336:
5332:
5323:Wayback Machine
5313:
5309:
5300:Wayback Machine
5290:Day, Dwayne A.
5289:
5285:
5280:Wayback Machine
5271:
5267:
5263:Francillon 1997
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5187:
5183:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5083:Wayback Machine
5073:
5069:
5059:Wayback Machine
5049:
5045:
5035:Wayback Machine
5025:
5021:
5009:Wayback Machine
4999:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4977:Wayback Machine
4966:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4903:
4899:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4867:Wayback Machine
4857:
4853:
4848:
4841:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4814:Wayback Machine
4804:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4717:Alex de Voogt.
4716:
4712:
4700:
4696:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4657:Wayback Machine
4647:
4643:
4633:Wayback Machine
4623:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4564:Popular Science
4558:
4557:
4553:
4543:Wayback Machine
4533:
4526:
4517:
4513:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4481:
4479:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4407:, December 1930
4404:Popular Science
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4361:Wayback Machine
4351:
4347:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4194:Pilotfriend.com
4191:Wayback Machine
4180:
4176:
4167:Wayback Machine
4156:
4147:
4134:Wayback Machine
4124:
4115:
4109:Wayback Machine
4094:
4090:
4081:Wayback Machine
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4053:on 29 June 2011
4039:
4035:
4028:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4000:Wayback Machine
3990:
3986:
3975:
3973:
3972:on 13 July 2014
3964:
3946:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3896:on 4 March 2018
3893:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3850:
3846:
3840:Wayback Machine
3825:
3821:
3812:Wayback Machine
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3754:
3750:
3744:Wayback Machine
3735:Day, Dwayne A.
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3656:
3636:Wayback Machine
3626:
3622:
3611:Wayback Machine
3597:
3593:
3584:Wayback Machine
3574:
3570:
3560:Wayback Machine
3550:
3546:
3532:Wayback Machine
3522:
3518:
3506:Skinner, Tony.
3505:
3501:
3486:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3330:
3326:
3306:
3302:
3296:Perseus Project
3236:
3232:
3218:Wayback Machine
3208:
3204:
3199:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3168:Wayback Machine
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3046:Aviation portal
3044:
3039:
3037:
3034:
2978:Pascal Chretien
2954:12 October 2009
2922:Didier Delsalle
2865:4 November 1971
2862:James K. Church
2809:
2705:
2671:26 January 2005
2650:18 August 1971
2592:28 January 1992
2565:6 November 1986
2482:8 January 1968
2395:4 February 1997
2376:9 December 1982
2330:
2269:Low-G condition
2221:
2209:Pascal Chretien
2200:
2188:
2167:
2154:angle of attack
2141:
2121:
2109:
2085:and vibration.
2059:
2054:
2024:
1986:
1976:
1955:teetering rotor
1784:
1767:Arthur M. Young
1763:
1722:Nicolas Florine
1693:
1677:Asturias revolt
1656:
1616:
1591:
1586:
1547:
1519:
1517:
1505:Austria-Hungary
1443:
1439:
1426:
1321:Wright brothers
1317:Alphonse Pénaud
1229:
1215:
1210:
1170:Bell Helicopter
1150:
1058:use helicopters
878:
865:
852:
819:
807:
775:
744:angle of attack
688:
682:
680:Flight controls
672:There are also
659:electric motors
640:Sud-Ouest Djinn
586:
580:Aircraft engine
578:Main articles:
576:
434:
414:
408:
379:
299:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7328:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7265:
7263:
7262:Related topics
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7249:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7231:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7213:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7185:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7169:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7146:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7129:hybrid airship
7091:
7090:
7079:
7078:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7045:
7040:
7030:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6985:
6980:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6926:by methods of
6919:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6896:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6873:
6863:
6852:
6849:
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6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6807:
6802:
6797:
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6787:
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6756:
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6709:
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6704:
6699:
6694:
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6681:
6677:
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6674:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
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6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6625:
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6616:
6608:
6607:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6574:Prison escapes
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6554:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6521:Rotor solidity
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6441:
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6433:
6426:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6359:
6358:External links
6356:
6354:
6353:
6335:
6320:
6310:
6295:
6279:
6263:
6248:
6233:
6218:
6203:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6161:John Stevenson
6148:
6116:
6084:
6052:
6020:
5988:
5956:
5924:
5892:
5860:
5834:
5812:
5782:
5767:. 3 May 1993.
5750:
5728:
5706:
5676:
5650:
5628:
5619:
5596:
5560:
5525:
5499:
5473:
5441:
5422:
5403:
5373:
5371:2007, pp. 3–7.
5361:
5330:
5307:
5283:
5265:
5256:
5231:
5206:
5199:
5181:
5142:
5113:
5087:
5067:
5043:
5019:
4993:
4984:
4960:
4932:
4919:
4910:
4897:
4884:
4875:
4851:
4839:
4821:
4798:
4767:
4756:
4745:on 29 May 2016
4726:
4710:
4694:
4673:
4661:
4641:
4617:
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4524:
4511:
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4435:
4409:
4394:
4368:
4345:
4332:
4302:
4280:
4258:
4236:
4198:
4174:
4145:
4113:
4096:Donald F. Lach
4088:
4064:
4047:VectorSite.net
4041:Goebel, Greg.
4033:
4026:
4007:
3984:
3937:
3907:
3875:
3844:
3819:
3795:
3769:
3755:Webster, L.F.
3748:
3728:
3698:
3683:. p. 48.
3667:
3654:
3620:
3591:
3568:
3551:Johnson, Pam.
3544:
3516:
3512:shephard.co.uk
3499:
3480:
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3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:AeroVelo Atlas
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2981:12 August 2011
2979:
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2971:
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2803:
2802:18 August 2008
2800:
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2780:
2777:
2774:
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2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:11 August 1986
2748:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
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2698:
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2681:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2653:United States
2651:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2636:CH-47 Chinook
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
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2513:United States
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2492:
2486:
2485:United States
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:4 October 1993
2435:
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2355:19 August 2002
2352:
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2250:
2243:
2220:
2217:
2199:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2166:
2163:
2140:
2137:
2133:national parks
2120:
2117:
2107:
2079:speed of sound
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2021:turbine engine
2009:Anton Flettner
1975:
1972:
1959:stabilizer bar
1932:Burma campaign
1846:Anton Flettner
1798:Heinrich Focke
1783:
1780:
1771:stabilizer bar
1762:
1759:
1709:100 CV output
1692:
1689:
1655:
1652:
1566:McCook's Field
1554:In March 1923
1516:
1513:
1507:developed the
1481:neighborhood.
1475:Emile Berliner
1435:Gyroplane No.1
1425:
1422:
1371:Gustave Trouvé
1367:Linate Airport
1293:meteorological
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1190:MD Helicopters
1149:
1146:
1106:reconnaissance
1026:air ambulances
991:wildland fires
899:transportation
877:
874:
864:
863:Forward flight
861:
851:
848:
818:
815:
806:
803:
774:
771:
684:Main article:
681:
678:
663:piston engines
621:radial engines
617:rotary engines
575:
572:
565:
564:
536:
526:
523:Coaxial rotors
520:
510:
433:
430:
410:Main article:
407:
404:
378:
375:
298:
295:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7327:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7284:Convertiplane
7282:
7280:
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7275:
7272:
7270:
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7266:
7264:
7260:
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7228:
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7210:
7206:
7200:
7199:FB-1 Gyrodyne
7197:
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7182:
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6812:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6785:Bamboo-copter
6783:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6754:Dynamic stall
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6697:Most-produced
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
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6609:
6604:
6590:
6589:U.S. military
6587:
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6509:
6507:
6506:Manufacturers
6504:
6502:
6499:
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6374:
6371:
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6365:
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6361:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6332:0-7090-0858-9
6329:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6318:0-7506-5715-4
6315:
6311:
6308:
6307:1-85753-325-9
6304:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6292:1-56027-404-2
6289:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6276:1-60239-060-6
6273:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6245:1-875671-58-7
6242:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6230:0-85177-827-5
6227:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6215:0-85177-827-5
6212:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6200:0-553-80447-2
6197:
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6166:
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6056:
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6030:
6024:
6008:
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5998:
5992:
5976:
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5971:
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5960:
5944:
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5934:
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5912:
5908:
5907:
5902:
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5880:
5876:
5875:
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5844:
5838:
5822:
5816:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5738:
5732:
5716:
5710:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5681:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5638:
5632:
5623:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5564:
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5538:
5532:
5530:
5513:
5509:
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5487:
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5477:
5458:
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5438:
5434:
5431:
5426:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5407:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5370:
5365:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5340:"Kaman K-225"
5334:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5269:
5260:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5202:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5131:
5130:ntrs.nasa.gov
5124:
5117:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5071:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5047:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5023:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5003:
4997:
4988:
4981:
4980:ctrl-c.liu.se
4978:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4923:
4914:
4907:
4901:
4894:
4888:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4855:
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4844:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4760:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4424:. 1 July 1909
4423:
4419:
4413:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4290:
4284:
4268:
4262:
4246:
4240:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4142:0-521-85860-7
4139:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4078:
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4023:
4019:
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4001:
3997:
3993:
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3921:
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3911:
3892:
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3879:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3766:
3765:0-471-18115-3
3762:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3651:
3650:1-119-99410-1
3647:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:"Helicopters"
3572:
3565:
3564:Pacific Wings
3561:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3475:UASweekly.com
3472:
3466:
3450:
3446:
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3436:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3390:
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3341:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3286:Scott, Robert
3283:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3184:
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2703:World records
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2642:, Afghanistan
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2630:6 August 2011
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2510:11 July 1972
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2500:South Vietnam
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2030:
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2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:modified his
1999:
1998:Charles Kaman
1990:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:Bell Aircraft
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Igor Sikorsky
1886:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:Allied forces
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:Mediterranean
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
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1833:
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1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:Hanna Reitsch
1814:
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1777:
1776:Bell Model 30
1772:
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1712:
1711:rotary engine
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:invented the
1669:
1660:
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1643:
1641:
1640:Oszkár Asbóth
1636:
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1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:Louis Breguet
1424:First flights
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
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1398:
1397:Thomas Edison
1393:
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1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Bamboo-copter
1205:
1203:
1199:
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1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1126:oil platforms
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:dipping sonar
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
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1087:
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1031:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:Erickson S-64
1008:
1004:
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988:
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845:
840:
832:
828:
827:HH-65 Dolphin
823:
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518:
514:
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508:
507:Tandem rotors
505:
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497:
494:
490:
486:
484:
483:Coandă effect
480:
476:
472:
471:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:Igor Sikorsky
447:
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383:
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371:United States
368:
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314:
309:
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294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:helicopters (
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:coaxial-rotor
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
230:In 1942, the
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:is a type of
186:
177:
169:
161:
155:
152:
148:
143:
133:
130:
122:
119:December 2023
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7288:
7194:Jet Gyrodyne
7051:
6992:autorotation
6987:
6810:
6634:CarterCopter
6486:Disk loading
6476:Autorotation
6450:
6406:
6387:, April 1936
6384:
6341:
6323:
6298:
6282:
6266:
6251:
6236:
6221:
6206:
6191:
6184:Bibliography
6169:. Retrieved
6160:
6151:
6139:. Retrieved
6128:
6119:
6107:. Retrieved
6103:the original
6096:
6087:
6075:. Retrieved
6071:the original
6064:
6055:
6043:. Retrieved
6039:the original
6032:
6023:
6011:. Retrieved
6007:the original
6000:
5991:
5981:10 September
5979:. Retrieved
5975:the original
5968:
5959:
5947:. Retrieved
5943:the original
5936:
5927:
5915:. Retrieved
5911:the original
5904:
5895:
5883:. Retrieved
5879:the original
5872:
5863:
5851:. Retrieved
5837:
5825:. Retrieved
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5794:
5785:
5773:. Retrieved
5762:
5753:
5741:. Retrieved
5731:
5719:. Retrieved
5709:
5697:. Retrieved
5691:. acig.org.
5667:. Retrieved
5663:the original
5653:
5641:. Retrieved
5631:
5622:
5614:
5599:
5587:. Retrieved
5580:the original
5563:
5551:. Retrieved
5516:. Retrieved
5510:. Vtol.org.
5502:
5490:. Retrieved
5484:. IDTechEx.
5476:
5464:. Retrieved
5444:
5425:
5406:
5394:. Retrieved
5390:the original
5385:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5352:. Retrieved
5348:the original
5333:
5325:
5310:
5302:
5286:
5268:
5259:
5247:. Retrieved
5243:
5234:
5222:. Retrieved
5218:
5209:
5190:
5184:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5133:. Retrieved
5129:
5116:
5104:. Retrieved
5090:
5070:
5062:
5046:
5038:
5022:
5012:
4996:
4987:
4979:
4969:"TsAGI 1-EA"
4963:
4951:. Retrieved
4941:
4935:
4927:
4922:
4913:
4900:
4892:
4887:
4878:
4870:
4854:
4849:Spenser 1998
4824:
4816:
4801:
4789:, retrieved
4780:
4770:
4759:
4747:. Retrieved
4743:the original
4736:
4729:
4718:
4713:
4702:
4697:
4681:
4676:
4664:
4644:
4636:
4620:
4608:. Retrieved
4601:
4592:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4546:
4519:
4514:
4497:
4492:
4480:. Retrieved
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4421:
4412:
4402:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4371:
4363:
4348:
4340:
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4314:
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4213:
4201:
4193:
4177:
4169:
4100:
4091:
4083:
4067:
4055:. Retrieved
4051:the original
4046:
4036:
4016:
4010:
4002:
3987:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:the original
3948:
3928:. Retrieved
3920:Flightglobal
3919:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3891:the original
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3857:
3847:
3831:
3822:
3814:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:the original
3772:
3756:
3751:
3731:
3719:. Retrieved
3710:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3680:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3639:
3623:
3613:
3604:UH-60 limits
3594:
3586:
3571:
3563:
3547:
3519:
3511:
3502:
3493:businessweek
3491:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3444:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3419:the original
3409:
3400:
3389:
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3357:
3354:"helicopter"
3348:
3337:
3334:"helicopter"
3327:
3303:
3289:
3259:
3247:
3233:
3221:
3205:
3200:Munson 1968.
3154:
3078:Disk loading
3011:13 June 2013
2947:Robinson R44
2837:21 June 1972
2805:From and to
2776:6 April 1966
2684:Crash landed
2555:West Germany
2234:
2205:
2201:
2198:Transmission
2193:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2150:
2122:
2112:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2041:
2034:Sud Aviation
1995:
1951:Arthur Young
1944:
1914:
1890:
1885:Sikorsky R-4
1837:
1832:Nazi Germany
1829:
1796:
1764:
1755:Villacoublay
1740:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1685:Pennsylvania
1665:
1644:
1637:
1621:
1607:
1596:
1576:
1570:
1555:
1553:
1544:autorotation
1537:
1498:
1486:
1483:
1472:
1456:
1434:
1427:
1394:
1375:
1359:steam engine
1348:
1282:
1278:aerial screw
1271:
1267:
1250:
1240:
1213:Early design
1194:Robinson R44
1178:
1159:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1110:surveillance
1075:
1063:heat-sensing
1055:
1047:World War II
1023:
984:
965:
958:
941:aerial crane
938:
891:
866:
853:
836:
831:rescue hoist
808:
784:
760:
748:
736:
730:
728:
723:cyclic pitch
720:
716:Robinson R44
712:Robinson R22
707:
704:cyclic stick
703:
700:
671:
667:nitromethane
648:
644:YH-32 Hornet
633:
629:
614:
606:
566:
556:
552:
546:
542:
532:
500:
474:
468:
462:
457:
443:
426:
417:
415:
406:Rotor system
388:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:rebracketing
336:
332:
329:
315:
302:
300:
287:multicopters
240:
232:Sikorsky R-4
229:
184:
182:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:"Helicopter"
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
7310:Helicopters
7037:ornithopter
6881:WikiProject
6579:Ultralights
6451:Helicopters
5853:12 December
5827:10 February
5775:12 December
5699:12 December
5643:12 November
5589:22 February
5553:22 February
5106:23 December
4904:"The first
4791:11 November
4749:11 November
4723:web extract
4707:web extract
4428:23 November
4229:29 December
4071:Fay, John.
4057:11 November
3982:Web extract
3737:"Skycranes"
3534:page 2-11.
2925:14 May 2005
2832:Jean Boulet
2710:Record type
2659:Crash near
2611:3 July 2009
2494:Crash near
2455:10 May 1977
2350:Death toll
2280:ground loop
2246:Vortex ring
2070:Kamov Ka-50
2037:Alouette II
2005:synchropter
1980:Gas turbine
1974:Turbine age
1842:synchropter
1705:Monosoupape
1597:In the US,
1501:World War I
1188:with 7.2%,
1184:with 7.7%,
1098:air assault
1051:Vietnam War
999:helibuckets
791:slowed down
787:fixed wings
625:flat engine
539:Multirotors
533:synchropter
432:Anti-torque
308:hélicoptère
279:quadcopters
7304:Categories
7289:Helicopter
7101:hovercraft
7052:helicopter
7015:Rotor kite
6990:, etc. in
6988:Helicopter
6769:Tailstrike
6687:Rotorcraft
6671:Rotor kite
6666:Monocopter
6614:rotorcraft
6466:Amphibious
6171:6 February
5743:9 February
5396:3 December
5354:9 December
5200:0876684851
4098:. (1977).
3930:18 October
3788:27 October
3370:30 October
3211:"Sikorsky"
3141:References
3005:, 4 rotors
2951:Mark Young
2716:Helicopter
2595:Azerbaijan
2286:Powertrain
2045:turboshaft
2017:turboshaft
1984:turboshaft
1978:See also:
1864:Seas. The
1707:9 Type B-2
1681:New Jersey
1491:built the
1479:Brightwood
1467:Antoinette
1459:Paul Cornu
1299:, and his
1217:See also:
1134:developed
1043:Korean War
767:twist grip
739:swashplate
731:collective
584:Turboshaft
557:octocopter
553:hexacopter
548:quadcopter
517:tiltrotors
465:ducted fan
391:rotorcraft
367:quadcopter
303:helicopter
251:monocopter
247:tail rotor
243:main rotor
236:production
189:rotorcraft
185:helicopter
89:newspapers
7109:coleopter
7074:tiltrotor
6922:Types of
6823:Jesus nut
6811:Ingenuity
6790:Cyclogyro
6109:17 August
6077:17 August
5721:4 October
5168:0096-736X
4893:The Times
4506:19750086M
3314: in
3256:romanised
3179:Footnotes
3134:Tiltrotor
3103:Jesus nut
3073:Cyclogyro
2688:Ar Rutbah
2640:Shootdown
2617:Mil Mi-17
2602:Shootdown
2545:U.S. Army
2524:Quảng Trị
2444:Mil Mi-8
2423:Mil Mi-8
2379:Nicaragua
2362:Mil Mi-26
2139:Vibration
2129:heliports
1930:) in the
1757:airport.
1751:airstrike
1728:, at the
1628:gyroscope
1622:In 1927,
1551:minutes.
1409:Ján Bahýľ
1405:guncotton
1395:In 1885,
1137:Ingenuity
1034:ambulance
543:tricopter
470:Fenestron
458:tail boom
297:Etymology
275:Quadrotor
267:tiltrotor
191:in which
7274:Autogyro
7209:Flettner
7189:Rotodyne
7173:Gyrodyne
7094:Note 3:
7082:Note 2:
7070:tiltwing
7066:Note 1:
7048:Gyrodyne
7043:Autogyro
7033:Airplane
7024:Powered
6953:Aerodyne
6948:Aerostat
6924:aircraft
6800:Helitack
6661:Gyrodyne
6629:Autogyro
6622:Articles
6557:Airlines
6511:Military
6491:Dynamics
6481:Backpack
6459:Articles
6350:20483709
6165:Archived
6141:4 August
6135:Archived
5847:Archived
5805:6 August
5799:Archived
5769:Archived
5693:Archived
5669:13 April
5608:Archived
5544:Archived
5518:28 April
5512:Archived
5492:29 April
5486:Archived
5457:Archived
5433:Archived
5414:Archived
5319:Archived
5296:Archived
5276:Archived
5176:44729509
5162:: 1120.
5100:Archived
5079:Archived
5055:Archived
5031:Archived
5005:Archived
4973:Archived
4953:30 March
4947:Archived
4863:Archived
4810:Archived
4785:archived
4653:Archived
4629:Archived
4539:Archived
4482:30 March
4476:Archived
4455:30 March
4449:Archived
4387:30 March
4381:Archived
4357:Archived
4319:Archived
4295:13 March
4273:13 March
4251:13 March
4220:Archived
4187:Archived
4163:Archived
4130:Archived
4111:. p. 403
4105:Archived
4077:Archived
3996:Archived
3955:, 2006.
3924:Archived
3862:Archived
3836:Archived
3808:Archived
3740:Archived
3715:Archived
3691:12 April
3685:Archived
3632:Archived
3607:Archived
3580:Archived
3562:page 44
3556:Archived
3553:Delta D2
3528:Archived
3449:Archived
3394:NASA.gov
3364:Archived
3214:Archived
3164:Archived
3032:See also
2989:Venelles
2890:Mil V-12
2834:(France)
2725:Location
2719:Pilot(s)
2598:Mil Mi-8
2551:Mannheim
2383:Mil Mi-8
2344:Aircraft
2341:Operator
2303:whiteout
2299:Brownout
2272:failure.
1963:Model 30
1938:and the
1923:(by the
1672:autogyro
1301:mechanic
1202:Bell 206
1094:airstrip
1086:miniguns
1009:and the
1007:Bell 205
987:Helitack
933:Bell 206
894:airspeed
886:Bell 205
839:fuselage
833:training
706:or just
696:Bell 206
636:tip jets
467:(called
399:gyrodyne
395:autogyro
330:genitive
147:Bell 206
7117:Avrocar
7028:Airship
6978:balloon
6976:(Free)
6944:
6871:Commons
6778:Related
6717:Hazards
6526:Utility
5823:. dvids
4835:YouTube
4610:2 March
3976:15 July
3900:4 March
3721:1 April
3455:1 April
3316:Liddell
3294:at the
3264:); see
3248:helikos
3171:flight.
3160:"Paper"
2882:payload
2661:Pegnitz
2581:in the
2519:, USMC
2491:, USMC
2471:in the
2441:Georgia
2219:Hazards
1967:Bell 47
1872:by the
1838:Kolibri
1632:gliding
1499:During
1257:Ge Hong
1252:Baopuzi
1208:History
1039:MEDEVAC
972:airdrop
907:tourism
844:heading
574:Engines
568:Tip jet
493:MD 520N
475:FANTAIL
363:helipad
359:-copter
333:helikos
103:scholar
7217:FI 185
7125:kytoon
7039:, etc.
6983:Glider
6928:thrust
6471:Attack
6348:
6330:
6316:
6305:
6290:
6274:
6258:
6243:
6228:
6213:
6198:
6045:5 June
6013:5 June
5949:5 June
5917:5 June
5885:5 June
5466:18 May
5249:31 May
5224:31 May
5197:
5174:
5166:
5135:1 June
4906:Dedalo
4688:
4504:
4325:23 May
4140:
4024:
3959:
3868:11 May
3763:
3648:
3638:p216,
3538:
3310:πτερόν
3254:being
3243:ἕλικος
3023:winner
3015:Canada
2985:France
2841:France
2713:Record
2680:, USMC
2458:Israel
2398:Israel
2358:Russia
2052:Safety
2025:
2013:Fl 265
1949:hired
1909:VS-300
1901:patent
1862:Aegean
1860:, and
1854:Baltic
1850:Fl 265
1825:Berlin
1748:Allied
1703:Gnome
1617:
1592:
1587:
1548:
1444:
1440:
1413:Slovak
1305:turkey
1247:Daoist
1225:, and
1148:Market
1003:rappel
917:, and
811:flight
805:Flight
751:rudder
708:cyclic
657:, use
561:drones
477:) and
454:VS-300
346:πτερόν
339:pteron
291:drones
269:, and
255:tandem
225:runway
201:rotors
197:thrust
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
7235:Ka-22
7227:Kamov
6680:Lists
6611:Other
6540:Lists
6516:Rotor
5583:(PDF)
5572:(PDF)
5547:(PDF)
5540:(PDF)
5460:(PDF)
5453:(PDF)
5172:JSTOR
5126:(PDF)
4223:(PDF)
4210:(PDF)
3894:(PDF)
3887:(PDF)
3600:UH-60
3425:3 May
3320:Scott
3258:as a
3250:(the
3146:Notes
2929:Nepal
2879:tonne
2736:Speed
2731:Ref.
2686:near
2621:Crash
2579:Crash
2469:Yitav
2467:near
2465:Crash
2461:CH-53
2428:SA-14
2119:Noise
2029:Kaman
2002:K-225
1925:USAAF
1732:(now
1363:Milan
1344:Italy
1340:Milan
1249:book
1198:AS350
915:media
817:Hover
649:Some
496:NOTAR
479:NOTAR
418:rotor
355:heli-
318:helix
313:Greek
221:STOVL
209:hover
207:, to
110:JSTOR
96:books
7127:and
7119:and
7099:and
7010:Kite
6932:lift
6930:and
6346:OCLC
6328:ISBN
6314:ISBN
6303:ISBN
6288:ISBN
6272:ISBN
6256:ISBN
6241:ISBN
6226:ISBN
6211:ISBN
6196:ISBN
6173:2014
6143:2011
6111:2012
6079:2012
6047:2013
6015:2013
5983:2013
5951:2013
5919:2013
5887:2013
5855:2010
5829:2020
5807:2011
5777:2010
5745:2020
5723:2017
5701:2010
5671:2018
5645:2021
5591:2014
5555:2014
5520:2013
5494:2013
5468:2013
5398:2020
5356:2007
5251:2024
5226:2024
5195:ISBN
5164:ISSN
5137:2024
5108:2009
4955:2016
4793:2016
4751:2016
4686:ISBN
4612:2021
4603:Time
4484:2016
4457:2016
4430:2022
4389:2016
4327:2016
4297:2024
4275:2024
4253:2024
4231:2017
4138:ISBN
4059:2008
4022:ISBN
3978:2014
3957:ISBN
3932:2018
3902:2018
3870:2018
3790:2021
3761:ISBN
3723:2015
3693:2015
3646:ISBN
3598:The
3536:ISBN
3495:.com
3457:2015
3427:2024
3372:2014
3318:and
3272:and
3268:ἕλιξ
2901:USSR
2728:Note
2722:Date
2692:Iraq
2404:(x2)
2371:127
2338:Date
2083:drag
1982:and
1905:XR-1
1895:and
1883:The
1683:and
1557:Time
1411:, a
1390:lost
1142:Mars
1132:NASA
1116:for
1108:and
1084:and
1028:for
929:KPRC
913:and
911:news
876:Uses
714:and
582:and
555:and
422:lift
365:and
357:and
325:ἕλιξ
217:STOL
195:and
193:lift
82:news
7072:or
5160:108
4833:on
3858:BBC
3490:.
3238:GEN
2696:31
2666:37
2645:38
2625:41
2606:44
2587:45
2560:46
2529:46
2505:46
2498:in
2477:54
2450:60
2433:61
2412:73
2390:84
1940:R-6
1936:R-5
1917:R-4
1823:in
1753:at
1716:FAI
1509:PKZ
1338:of
1262:抱朴子
1255:by
1100:".
959:In
931:'s
825:An
763:RPM
756:yaw
473:or
328:),
257:or
65:by
7306::
7131:).
7115:,
7111:,
7068:A
7050:,
7035:,
6405:.
6340:.
6159:.
6127:.
6095:.
6063:.
6031:.
5999:.
5967:.
5935:.
5903:.
5871:.
5793:.
5761:.
5679:^
5606:.
5574:.
5542:.
5528:^
5455:.
5384:.
5342:.
5317:.
5294:.
5242:.
5217:.
5170:.
5158:.
5154:.
5128:.
5061:"
5037:"
5011:"
4971:.
4869:"
4842:^
4808:.
4783:,
4779:,
4635:"
4600:.
4580:.
4562:.
4545:"
4527:^
4502:OL
4500:.
4474:.
4447:.
4420:.
4379:.
4355:.
4317:.
4313:.
4218:.
4212:.
4185:.
4161:.
4148:^
4116:^
4075:.
4045:.
3994:.
3963:.
3940:^
3918:.
3860:.
3856:.
3830:"
3806:.
3713:.
3709:.
3679:.
3578:.
3510:.
3473:.
3447:.
3443:.
3362:.
3356:.
3336:.
3288:;
3284:;
3280:.
3224:,
3220:.
3187:^
3162:.
2753:UK
2690:,
2543:,
2282:).
2227:A
2111:,
2108:NE
2065:A
1856:,
1503:,
1392:.
1342:,
1311:.
1221:,
1088:.
905:,
884:A
872:.
737:A
676:.
646:.
551:,
545:,
460:.
293:.
265:,
238:.
227:.
183:A
145:A
7165:e
7158:t
7151:v
6915:e
6908:t
6901:v
6437:e
6430:t
6423:v
6352:.
6334:.
6309:.
6294:.
6278:.
6262:.
6247:.
6232:.
6217:.
6202:.
6175:.
6145:.
6113:.
6081:.
6049:.
6017:.
5985:.
5953:.
5921:.
5889:.
5857:.
5831:.
5809:.
5779:.
5747:.
5725:.
5703:.
5673:.
5647:.
5593:.
5557:.
5522:.
5496:.
5470:.
5400:.
5358:.
5253:.
5228:.
5203:.
5139:.
5110:.
5050:"
5026:"
5000:"
4858:"
4753:.
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4692:.
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4614:.
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4508:.
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4299:.
4277:.
4255:.
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3792:.
3767:.
3725:.
3695:.
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3429:.
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3322:.
3298:.
3261:c
3252:κ
2557:.
2292:.
2106:V
1590:4
1534:.
1259:(
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535:.
343:(
322:(
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
34:.
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