1081:
377:
137:
20:
199:
This new script was significantly more legible than the scripts used by Romans or that of the script earlier in the Middle Ages, and offered new features such as word spacing, more punctuation, an introduction of lower-case letters, and conventions such as usage of upper-case for titles, a mix of
362:), and ascenders, after thickening at the top, were finished with a three-cornered wedge. The script began to evolve slowly after the 9th century. In the 10th and 11th centuries, ligatures were rare and ascenders began to slant to the right and were finished with a fork. The letter
93:. Alcuin himself still wrote in a script which was a precursor to the Carolingian minuscule, which slowly developed over three centuries. He was most likely responsible for copying and preserving the manuscripts and upkeep of the script. It was used in the
194:
He also tried to write, and used to keep tablets and blanks in bed under his pillow, that at leisure hours he might accustom his hand to form the letters; however, as he did not begin his efforts in due season, but late in life, they met with ill
200:
upper and lower case for subtitles, and lower case for the body of a text. Although
Charlemagne was never fully literate, he understood the value of literacy and a uniform script in running his empire. Charlemagne sent for the English scholar
240:, disciplined and above all, legible. Clear capital letters and spaces between words became standard in Carolingian minuscule, which was one result of a campaign to achieve a culturally unifying standardization across the
188:
Temptábat et scríbere, tabulásque et códicellós ad hoc in lectó sub cervícálibus circumferre solébat, ut, cum vacuum tempus esset, manum litterís effigiendís adsuésceret, sed parum successit labor praeposterus ac séró
216:
and
Germanic scripts had been under way before Alcuin arrived at Aachen, where he was master from 782 to 796, with a two-year break. The new minuscule was disseminated first from Aachen, of which the
477:, all of which were major centers of the script. German minuscule tends to be oval-shaped, very slender, and slanted to the right. It has uncial features as well, such as the ascender of the letter
531:
sought out and copied in the new legible standardized hand many Roman texts that had been wholly forgotten. Most of contemporary knowledge of classical literature derives from copies made in the
366:
also began to appear. By the 12th century, Carolingian letters had become more angular and were written closer together, less legibly than in previous centuries; at the same time, the modern
315:
The early period of the script, during
Charlemagne's reign in the late 8th century and early 9th, still has widely varying letter forms in different regions. The uncial form of the letter
28:
496:
used
Carolingian minuscule beginning in the 9th century. Outside the sphere of influence of Charlemagne and his successors, however, the new legible hand was resisted by the
335:
of the same period. The script flourished during the 9th century, when regional hands developed into an international standard, with less variation of letter forms. Modern
445:, used for a short time in the early 9th century, is usually larger, broader, and very vertical in comparison to the slanting Rhaetian type. It was developed by the monk
504:
after the 10th century. The script was not taken up in
England and Ireland until ecclesiastic reforms in the middle of the 10th century; in Spain a traditionalist
1793:
1277:
251:
long after manuscripts of
Scripture and classical literature were being produced in the minuscule hand. Documents written in a local language, like
2223:
2213:
1788:
2203:
2193:
1783:
1778:
1773:
933:
405:
that now began to be produced for princely patronage of abbots and bishops, legibility was essential. It reached far afield: the 10th century
163:
that were being used in Irish and
English monasteries. The strong influence of Irish literati on the script can be seen in the distinctively
3919:
2208:
1352:
3951:
597:
727:
673:
700:
3141:
5021:
1270:
811:
737:
710:
683:
3590:
401:
The new script spread through
Western Europe most widely where Carolingian influence was strongest. In luxuriously produced
566:
of Venice. In this way it forms the basis of our modern lowercase typefaces. Indeed, 'Carolingian minuscule' is a style of
659:
3027:
1339:
124:
script was also developed from it. By this latter line the
Carolingian minuscule is a direct ancestor of most modern-day
1563:
926:
5138:
4789:
4775:
4745:
3884:
765:
639:
570:, which approximates this historical hand, eliminating the nuances of size of capitals, long descenders, and so on.
5007:
3724:
3121:
1263:
1568:
5128:
3447:
2708:
5148:
5014:
3580:
3219:
267:
3689:
3214:
2272:
1197:
919:
2551:
608:
5153:
5000:
4979:
2267:
2042:
1558:
1334:
1237:
4880:
4859:
3539:
3534:
3229:
3131:
1653:
1344:
771:
4947:
3544:
3111:
2524:
1585:
2277:
1595:
5143:
3197:
2919:
2472:
2059:
539:. Over 7000 manuscripts written in Carolingian script survive from the 8th and 9th centuries alone.
5133:
4697:
4683:
3988:
2571:
2374:
1590:
221:
4302:
1718:
4986:
4014:
2971:
2648:
2627:
2507:
2487:
2319:
1990:
1894:
1371:
1329:
1286:
1028:
528:
308:
is essentially the same as the modern minuscule letter, rather than the previously common uncial
90:
866:
3704:
2643:
2633:
2566:
2076:
1509:
389:
327:), is still used in manuscripts from this period. There is also use of punctuation such as the
176:(hence Carolingian). Charlemagne had a keen interest in learning, according to his biographer
5088:
4993:
4782:
4731:
4191:
4113:
3877:
3816:
3801:
3370:
3249:
2991:
2951:
2359:
1543:
1531:
1504:
1489:
894:
631:
425:, Carolingian was used in the Rhaetian and Alemannic minuscule types. Manuscripts written in
301:
263:
73:
class from one region to another. It is thought to have originated before 778 CE at the
3796:
3001:
4852:
4603:
4280:
3776:
3431:
3395:
2800:
2723:
2556:
2304:
2294:
2133:
2116:
1432:
1018:
547:
406:
381:
256:
8:
3679:
3575:
3297:
2820:
1526:
1244:
1135:
1058:
562:". From there the script passed to the 15th- and 16th-century printers of books, such as
519:
through the 13th century, although
Romanesca eventually also appeared in southern Italy.
450:
117:
1842:
911:
835:
4838:
4815:
4449:
4338:
4328:
4220:
4163:
4149:
4106:
3811:
3694:
3529:
3421:
3380:
3334:
3329:
3224:
3206:
2874:
2805:
2770:
2718:
2531:
2519:
1930:
1852:
1753:
1308:
1207:
1173:
1140:
1110:
1070:
983:
947:
943:
859:
817:
559:
516:
248:
241:
213:
121:
116:
developed out of it, the Carolingian minuscule became obsolete, until the 14th century
50:
4071:
3729:
4961:
4954:
4690:
4676:
4588:
4477:
4387:
4366:
4345:
4273:
4205:
4064:
4022:
3974:
3709:
3699:
3344:
3339:
3244:
3239:
3146:
3101:
2924:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2879:
2815:
2810:
2738:
2673:
2658:
2608:
2603:
2546:
2482:
2440:
2282:
2168:
2091:
1607:
1602:
1479:
1145:
1053:
998:
978:
888:
807:
761:
733:
706:
679:
635:
509:
505:
454:
332:
94:
821:
795:
2014 6th International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition (SoCPaR)
5095:
5033:
4926:
4887:
4873:
4831:
4706:
4652:
4633:
4567:
4559:
4545:
4538:
4463:
4259:
4234:
4170:
4142:
4057:
4043:
3960:
3933:
3870:
3781:
3684:
3506:
3349:
2976:
2956:
2946:
2941:
2825:
2581:
2514:
2502:
2467:
2462:
2445:
2384:
2349:
2309:
2111:
2106:
2054:
2005:
1889:
1823:
1763:
1713:
1658:
1575:
1553:
1538:
1484:
1474:
1408:
1105:
1080:
1046:
1041:
1008:
885:(A comprehensive PDF file containing 82 pages profusely illustrated, January 2024).
799:
410:
385:
181:
4933:
4128:
3754:
3405:
2775:
897:, a Carolingian minuscule typeface which also includes Gothic and Runic characters
882:
4919:
4611:
4552:
4498:
4491:
4470:
4456:
4440:
4418:
4373:
4266:
4241:
4213:
4198:
4121:
4099:
4092:
4050:
4010:
3981:
3669:
3639:
3462:
3385:
3151:
3081:
2986:
2934:
2914:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2795:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2663:
2618:
2613:
2497:
2492:
2339:
2329:
2183:
2148:
2143:
2123:
2017:
1975:
1915:
1798:
1768:
1678:
1638:
1580:
1514:
1494:
1442:
1425:
1413:
1189:
1164:
1023:
968:
755:
418:
252:
236:
Carolingian minuscule was uniform with rounded shapes in clearly distinguishable
141:
3116:
2299:
803:
609:"Caroline Minuscule Predates Charlemagne", Heidelberg University, 9 January 2013
5056:
4940:
4824:
4804:
4713:
4581:
4512:
4411:
4359:
4352:
4184:
4177:
4156:
4135:
4036:
4029:
3836:
3791:
3719:
3714:
3565:
3549:
3524:
3467:
3457:
3452:
3292:
3166:
3126:
3096:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3006:
2981:
2929:
2869:
2835:
2785:
2733:
2698:
2653:
2623:
2576:
2536:
2435:
2389:
2344:
2262:
2198:
2153:
2138:
2101:
2081:
2049:
2037:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1872:
1857:
1847:
1813:
1803:
1748:
1733:
1698:
1548:
1452:
1400:
1290:
1125:
993:
789:
563:
414:
201:
160:
148:
86:
58:
35:
3266:
5122:
5063:
4912:
4845:
4768:
4738:
4596:
4574:
4505:
4401:
4380:
4227:
4085:
4003:
3996:
3967:
3926:
3841:
3831:
3826:
3613:
3307:
2966:
2909:
2561:
2334:
2218:
2173:
2128:
2096:
1945:
1862:
1835:
1808:
1738:
1723:
1708:
1663:
1420:
1221:
1115:
1100:
973:
963:
623:
328:
156:
66:
1882:
790:"GMM-based handwriting style identification system for historical documents"
172:
Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of the Emperor
4519:
4484:
4425:
3912:
3674:
3570:
3483:
3375:
3276:
3086:
2899:
2864:
2845:
2780:
2668:
2430:
2354:
2163:
2158:
2069:
2064:
2000:
1940:
1920:
1877:
1867:
1818:
1703:
1683:
1673:
1521:
1499:
1457:
1255:
1214:
1202:
1150:
1130:
793:
555:
125:
106:
82:
2728:
1228:
429:
tend to have slender letters, resembling Insular script, with the letters
5102:
4866:
4797:
4078:
3769:
3629:
3390:
3234:
3091:
2996:
2765:
2693:
2678:
2586:
2379:
2289:
2188:
2178:
2032:
1995:
1950:
1935:
1910:
1830:
1758:
1743:
1447:
1003:
579:
551:
543:
536:
532:
497:
422:
217:
205:
173:
113:
78:
74:
54:
474:
85:, about 150 kilometres (95 miles) north of Paris, and then developed by
3759:
3734:
3302:
2745:
2235:
2230:
2086:
2027:
1668:
1120:
1065:
906:
402:
259:
rather than Latin, tended to be expressed in traditional local script.
220:
provided classic models, and later from the influential scriptorium at
109:
texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule.
27:
729:
Selected Essays On the History of Letter-forms in Manuscript and Print
376:
312:. Ascenders are usually "clubbed" – they become thicker near the top.
5070:
5049:
5042:
3821:
3658:
3354:
3321:
3156:
3047:
2596:
2324:
2240:
1965:
1179:
446:
271:
169:(Irish style) forms of the letters, especially a, e, d, g, s, and t.
136:
3764:
900:
628:
Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400–1400
3786:
3749:
3744:
3624:
3585:
3426:
3185:
3070:
2961:
2703:
2591:
2541:
2412:
1925:
1728:
1688:
1469:
1462:
1313:
1169:
1013:
567:
558:
originals, and used them as bases for their Renaissance hand, the "
513:
458:
102:
70:
19:
3806:
598:
Knox, E.L. Skip. "Carolingian Handwriting", Boise State University
3893:
3400:
3271:
3161:
3136:
3022:
2859:
2713:
2688:
2457:
2364:
2012:
1626:
1437:
1157:
1095:
788:
Slimane, Fouad; Schaban, Torsten; Margner, Volker (August 2014).
462:
177:
145:
32:
752:
The production of the scriptorium at Tours was reconstructed by
4894:
2638:
2450:
2369:
2314:
2022:
1693:
546:
hands, in retrospect, it seemed so thoroughly 'classic' to the
493:
367:
348:
209:
62:
3261:
3256:
3106:
2889:
2790:
2477:
1388:
903:, an international forum dedicated to the study of the script
891:
at Dr. Dianne Tillotson's website devoted to medieval writing
470:
466:
336:
237:
225:
98:
247:
Traditional charters, however, continued to be written in a
3739:
3634:
501:
144:, Add MS 11848), written in Carolingian minuscule. Text is
140:
Page of text (folio 160v) from a Carolingian Gospel Book (
941:
554:
that they took these old Carolingian manuscripts to be
481:
slanting to the left, and vertical initial strokes of
787:
656:
The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987
542:Though the Carolingian minuscule was superseded by
500:; nevertheless the Romanesca type was developed in
858:
53:which developed as a calligraphic standard in the
224:, where Alcuin withdrew from court service as an
5120:
522:
441:, showing similar to Visigothic and Beneventan.
861:The Origin and Development of Humanistic Script
3878:
1271:
927:
907:More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
865:. Rome: Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. p.
838:(in German). Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz
630:. The Yale Intellectual History of the West.
1285:
1235:
1226:
1212:
1155:
901:Network for the Study of Caroline Minuscule
421:, are written in Carolingian minuscule. In
164:
3885:
3871:
1278:
1264:
934:
920:
850:
228:in 796 and restructured the scriptorium.
618:
616:
375:
300:often appears in an uncial form with an
135:
26:
18:
746:
725:
388:text written in Carolingian minuscule.
262:Carolingian script generally has fewer
5121:
856:
622:
347:, began to appear (as opposed to the "
31:Example from 10th-century manuscript,
5022:American Printing House for the Blind
4798:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
4450:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
3866:
3656:
3611:
3504:
3183:
3068:
2410:
1624:
1386:
1369:
1259:
915:
798:. Tunis, Tunisia: IEEE. p. 389.
698:
671:
613:
304:slanting to the left, but the letter
3505:
783:
781:
757:A Survey of the Manuscripts of Tours
753:
492:In northern Italy, the monastery at
97:between approximately 800 and 1200.
3892:
828:
508:survived; and in southern Italy a '
457:, Carolingian script flourished in
13:
3612:
231:
69:could be easily recognized by the
14:
5165:
876:
778:
296:ligatures are common. The letter
1079:
3657:
857:Ullman, Berthold Louis (1960).
675:Alcuin II: Theology and Thought
512:' survived in the lands of the
186:
1351:Languages by writing system /
883:'Manual of Latin Palaeography'
732:. Cambridge University Press.
719:
702:Hist West Educ:Civil Europe V2
692:
665:
648:
602:
591:
23:Carolingian minuscule alphabet
1:
4790:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4746:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
3184:
3069:
2411:
1198:Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
754:Rand, Edward Kennard (1929).
585:
523:Role in cultural transmission
204:to run his palace school and
5001:National Braille Association
4980:Braille Institute of America
4698:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
1625:
1238:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
760:. Harvard University Press.
7:
4881:Refreshable braille display
4860:Optical braille recognition
4457:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
3989:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
3132:New Epoch Notation Painting
804:10.1109/SOCPAR.2014.7008038
772:Medieval Academy of America
573:
409:, which contain the oldest
249:Merovingian "chancery hand"
155:The script is derived from
131:
10:
5170:
4948:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
1387:
5080:
5031:
4971:
4904:
4814:
4760:
4723:
4684:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
4663:
4644:
4625:
4530:
4436:
4397:
4324:
4251:
3950:
3943:
3904:
3862:
3665:
3652:
3620:
3607:
3558:
3517:
3513:
3500:
3476:
3440:
3414:
3363:
3320:
3285:
3205:
3198:Chinese family of scripts
3196:
3192:
3179:
3077:
3064:
3015:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2268:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
2255:
1903:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1395:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1353:by first written accounts
1322:
1301:
1297:
1188:
1088:
1077:
954:
726:Morison, Stanley (2009).
396:
5139:Latin-script calligraphy
4671:Chinese semi-syllabaries
3934:Unicode braille patterns
3920:International uniformity
2375:Thomas Natural Shorthand
437:, and ligatures such as
266:than other contemporary
222:Marmoutier Abbey (Tours)
5008:Blindness organizations
4987:Braille Without Borders
4776:Canadian currency marks
4398:Egyptian lineage family
3581:Southwest Paleohispanic
672:Dales, Douglas (2013).
654:Rosamond, McKitterick.
529:Carolingian Renaissance
384:, showing 10th-century
128:scripts and typefaces.
91:Carolingian Renaissance
5129:8th century in Francia
4325:Russian lineage family
3725:Great Lakes Algonquian
2634:Greco-Iberian alphabet
2567:Gabelsberger shorthand
1510:Inscriptional Parthian
1236:
1227:
1213:
1156:
393:
390:Bavarian State Library
319:, similar to a double
212:. Efforts to supplant
197:
191:
165:
152:
39:
24:
5149:Palaeographic letters
5089:Accessible publishing
5015:Schools for the blind
4994:Japan Braille Library
4783:Computer Braille Code
4437:Indian lineage family
3817:Old Persian cuneiform
2684:Carolingian minuscule
1490:Ancient North Arabian
889:Carolingian minuscule
699:Bowen, James (2018).
632:Yale University Press
379:
192:
139:
43:Carolingian minuscule
30:
22:
4853:Mountbatten Brailler
4208:(largely reassigned)
3991:(largely reassigned)
3540:Southeastern Iberian
3535:Northeastern Iberian
1433:Egyptian hieroglyphs
869:. GGKEY:SC91X3J9KAG.
527:Scholars during the
510:Beneventan minuscule
407:Freising manuscripts
382:Freising manuscripts
89:for wide use in the
5154:Western calligraphy
4805:Nemeth braille code
4591:(reassigned vowels)
4116:(extended to 8-dot)
3690:Canadian Aboriginal
3576:Khitan small script
3298:Khitan large script
2488:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
1136:Technical lettering
658:. Routledge, 2018,
451:Abbey of Saint Gall
443:Alemannic minuscule
118:Italian Renaissance
57:period so that the
4839:Braille translator
4816:Braille technology
4792:(science; GS8/GS6)
4761:Symbols in braille
4691:Taiwanese Mandarin
4206:Taiwanese Mandarin
3812:Nwagu Aneke script
3364:Other logosyllabic
3286:Chinese-influenced
3225:Oracle bone script
3207:Chinese characters
3142:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
2532:Eclectic shorthand
2520:Duployan shorthand
2473:Caucasian Albanian
2273:Canadian syllabics
1309:History of writing
1208:Getty-Dubay Italic
1174:Ukrainian skoropys
560:humanist minuscule
544:Gothic blackletter
517:duchy of Benevento
439:⟨ri⟩
427:Rhaetian minuscule
394:
242:Carolingian Empire
153:
122:humanist minuscule
47:Caroline minuscule
40:
25:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5034:tactile alphabets
4962:William Bell Wait
4955:Sabriye Tenberken
4756:
4755:
4621:
4620:
4606:(Japanese vowels)
4404:-mediated scripts
4331:-mediated scripts
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3710:Ditema tsa Dinoko
3648:
3647:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3316:
3315:
3175:
3174:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2251:
2250:
1616:
1615:
1603:Teeline Shorthand
1361:
1360:
1253:
1252:
813:978-1-4799-5934-1
739:978-0-521-18316-1
712:978-1-136-50096-1
685:978-0-227-90087-1
624:Colish, Marcia L.
487:⟨n⟩
483:⟨m⟩
479:⟨d⟩
455:Holy Roman Empire
435:⟨t⟩
431:⟨a⟩
333:Beneventan script
157:Roman half uncial
95:Holy Roman Empire
55:medieval European
5161:
5144:Medieval scripts
5105:
5098:
5096:Braille literacy
5091:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4897:
4890:
4888:Slate and stylus
4883:
4876:
4874:Perkins Brailler
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4832:Braille embosser
4827:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4749:
4741:
4734:
4716:
4709:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4656:
4653:American Braille
4637:
4634:Algerian Braille
4614:
4607:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4523:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4429:
4421:
4414:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3948:
3947:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3898:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3654:
3653:
3609:
3608:
3515:
3514:
3507:Semi-syllabaries
3502:
3501:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3180:
3066:
3065:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2310:Japanese Braille
1895:Zanabazar square
1764:Nepalese scripts
1654:Bengali–Assamese
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1622:
1621:
1539:Pitman shorthand
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1299:
1298:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1241:
1232:
1218:
1190:Teaching scripts
1161:
1083:
1042:Serbian Cyrillic
936:
929:
922:
913:
912:
895:Pfeffer Mediæval
871:
870:
864:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
832:
826:
825:
785:
776:
775:
750:
744:
743:
723:
717:
716:
696:
690:
689:
669:
663:
652:
646:
645:
620:
611:
606:
600:
595:
488:
484:
480:
465:, as well as in
440:
436:
432:
411:Slovene language
208:at his capital,
168:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5134:Carolingian art
5119:
5118:
5117:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4920:Charles Barbier
4918:
4911:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4752:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4670:
4659:
4651:
4645:Frequency-based
4640:
4632:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4526:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:Bharati Braille
4438:
4432:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4399:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4326:
4320:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4015:Unified English
4009:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3944:Braille scripts
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3846:
3661:
3644:
3640:Stokoe notation
3616:
3595:
3554:
3509:
3488:
3472:
3436:
3415:Logoconsonantal
3410:
3359:
3312:
3281:
3188:
3171:
3152:Siglas poveiras
3073:
3052:
3011:
2915:Younger Futhark
2619:Gregg shorthand
2415:
2394:
2247:
1899:
1629:
1612:
1391:
1374:
1357:
1330:Writing systems
1318:
1293:
1291:writing systems
1284:
1254:
1249:
1184:
1165:Russian cursive
1084:
1075:
956:
950:
940:
879:
874:
855:
851:
841:
839:
834:
833:
829:
814:
786:
779:
768:
751:
747:
740:
724:
720:
713:
697:
693:
686:
670:
666:
653:
649:
642:
621:
614:
607:
603:
596:
592:
588:
576:
525:
506:Visigothic hand
486:
482:
478:
438:
434:
430:
419:Slavic language
399:
270:, although the
234:
232:Characteristics
161:insular scripts
142:British Library
134:
17:
16:Form of writing
12:
11:
5:
5167:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5084:
5082:
5081:Related topics
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5057:New York Point
5053:
5046:
5038:
5036:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4941:Harris Mowbray
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4825:Braille e-book
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4600:
4593:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4405:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4255:
4253:
4246:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3954:
3952:French-ordered
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Linear Elamite
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:Sign languages
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3591:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Espanca script
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3525:Linear Elamite
3521:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3406:Yi (Classical)
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3230:Bronze scripts
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3043:Flag semaphore
3040:
3038:New York Point
3035:
3033:Telegraph code
3030:
3028:Maritime flags
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Visible Speech
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Sorang Sompeng
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Galik alphabet
2833:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2734:Tironian notes
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2577:Garay alphabet
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Sorang Sompeng
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2283:Déné syllabics
2280:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1544:Proto-Sinaitic
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1029:Early Cyrillic
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:Insular script
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
958:
952:
951:
939:
938:
931:
924:
916:
910:
909:
904:
898:
892:
886:
878:
877:External links
875:
873:
872:
849:
827:
812:
777:
766:
745:
738:
718:
711:
691:
684:
664:
647:
640:
634:. p. 67.
612:
601:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
575:
572:
564:Aldus Manutius
524:
521:
417:record of any
398:
395:
380:A page of the
233:
230:
202:Alcuin of York
133:
130:
87:Alcuin of York
59:Latin alphabet
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5166:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:Night writing
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:Organisations
4970:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:Valentin Haüy
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:Louis Braille
4910:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:Braille watch
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:Braille music
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:Luxembourgish
4729:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:Other scripts
4529:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4323:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4303:Northern Sámi
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:Nordic family
4250:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:South African
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4114:Luxembourgish
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:ASCII braille
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:Attic (Greek)
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Proto-Elamite
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Elder Futhark
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Old Hungarian
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Masaram Gondi
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Gunjala Gondi
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:Old Sundanese
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:Old Maldivian
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:Bilang-bilang
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Sylheti Nagri
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Brahmi script
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:South Arabian
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Inscriptional
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
953:
949:
945:
937:
932:
930:
925:
923:
918:
917:
914:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
868:
863:
862:
853:
837:
831:
823:
819:
815:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:
791:
784:
782:
773:
769:
767:9780910956024
763:
759:
758:
749:
741:
735:
731:
730:
722:
714:
708:
705:. Routledge.
704:
703:
695:
687:
681:
677:
676:
668:
661:
657:
651:
643:
641:9780300078527
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
617:
610:
605:
599:
594:
590:
581:
578:
577:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:ancient Roman
553:
550:of the early
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
520:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
391:
387:
383:
378:
374:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:question mark
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
196:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
162:
158:
150:
147:
143:
138:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:Vulgate Bible
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
34:
29:
21:
4604:Thai and Lao
4281:Scandinavian
3913:1829 braille
3905:Braille cell
3705:Cypro-Minoan
3571:Pahawh Hmong
3484:Sitelen Pona
3448:Hindu-Arabic
2781:Mundari Bani
2683:
2355:Pahawh Hmong
2164:Tamil-Brahmi
2070:Eveyla Akuru
2065:Dhives Akuru
1532:Paleo-Hebrew
1399:
1335:undeciphered
1245:Zaner-Bloser
1215:Grundschrift
988:
957:and medieval
860:
852:
840:. Retrieved
830:
794:
770:– via
756:
748:
728:
721:
701:
694:
674:
667:
655:
650:
627:
604:
593:
541:
526:
491:
442:
426:
415:Roman-script
413:, the first
403:lectionaries
400:
370:
363:
359:
355:
350:
344:
340:
324:
320:
316:
314:
309:
305:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
261:
246:
235:
198:
193:
187:
171:
154:
126:Latin letter
111:
83:Corbie Abbey
46:
42:
41:
5103:RoboBraille
4927:Róża Czacka
4867:Perforation
4664:Independent
4562:(Bhutanese)
4297:Greenlandic
3968:Azerbaijani
3770:Jindai moji
3659:Syllabaries
3630:SignWriting
3530:Celtiberian
3432:Hieroglyphs
3235:Seal script
3220:Traditional
3092:Blissymbols
2997:Warang Citi
2972:Tolong Siki
2925:Marcomannic
2905:Dalecarlian
2895:Anglo-Saxon
2875:Pau Cin Hau
2766:Medefaidrin
2719:Merovingian
2679:Blackletter
2587:Asomtavruli
2380:Warang Citi
2189:Ulu scripts
2134:New Tai Lue
2077:Mon–Burmese
1931:Bhattiprolu
1759:Nandinagari
1586:ʾEsṭrangēlā
1345:constructed
1141:Copperplate
1004:Blackletter
989:Carolingian
984:Merovingian
944:handwritten
842:20 December
836:"Wolfcoz I"
678:. ISD LLC.
580:Ada Gospels
552:Renaissance
537:Charlemagne
498:Roman Curia
423:Switzerland
373:appeared.
257:Anglo-Saxon
218:Ada Gospels
214:Gallo-Roman
206:scriptorium
180:(here with
174:Charlemagne
166:cló-Gaelach
120:, when the
114:blackletter
79:Benedictine
75:scriptorium
5123:Categories
4655:(obsolete)
4636:(obsolete)
4428:(Pakistan)
4339:Belarusian
4221:Vietnamese
4164:Portuguese
4150:Philippine
4107:Lithuanian
3760:Hentaigana
3755:Man'yōgana
3215:Simplified
3102:Ersu Shaba
3016:Non-linear
2821:Old Uyghur
2811:Old Permic
2806:Old Italic
2739:Visigothic
2674:Beneventan
2609:Glagolitic
2572:Gadabuursi
2236:Kolezhuthu
2231:Vatteluttu
2169:Tanchangya
2092:Saurashtra
1669:Devanagari
1527:Phoenician
1480:Manichaean
1146:Spencerian
1066:Court hand
1054:Glagolitic
999:Beneventan
979:Visigothic
586:References
533:scriptoria
339:, such as
189:incohátus.
5071:Vibratese
5050:Moon type
5043:Decapoint
4724:Eight-dot
4677:Cantonese
4626:Reordered
4589:Inuktitut
4478:Malayalam
4388:Ukrainian
4367:Mongolian
4346:Bulgarian
4309:Norwegian
4274:Icelandic
4065:Hungarian
4023:Esperanto
3975:Cantonese
3559:Redundant
3371:Anatolian
3322:Cuneiform
3250:bird-worm
3186:Logograms
3157:Testerian
3071:Ideograms
3048:Moon type
2935:Staveless
2826:Mongolian
2771:Molodtsov
2729:Sütterlin
2597:Mkhedruli
2463:Bassa Vah
2413:Alphabets
2385:Mwangwego
2350:Mwangwego
2325:Kharosthi
2278:Blackfoot
2241:Malayanma
2112:Sundanese
2107:Sukhothai
2055:Malayalam
2006:Khom Thai
1966:Goykanadi
1890:Tocharian
1843:ʼPhags-pa
1714:Khudabadi
1659:Bhaiksuki
1554:Samaritan
1485:Nabataean
1340:inventors
1229:Sütterlin
1203:D'Nealian
1180:Shorthand
1126:Secretary
1106:Johannine
1071:Lombardic
1047:Bosančica
1036:Poluustav
946:European
942:Types of
548:humanists
453:. In the
447:Wolfcoz I
392:, Munich.
264:ligatures
151:23:15–26.
107:Christian
81:monks of
4707:Japanese
4568:Georgian
4560:Dzongkha
4546:Armenian
4464:Gujarati
4329:Cyrillic
4260:Estonian
4235:Yugoslav
4171:Romanian
4143:Nigerian
4058:Hawaiian
4044:Ghanaian
3961:Albanian
3822:Sumerian
3787:Linear B
3750:Katakana
3745:Hiragana
3695:Cherokee
3625:ASLwrite
3586:Bopomofo
3441:Numerals
3427:Hieratic
3386:Isthmian
3355:Sumerian
3335:Assyrian
3330:Akkadian
2987:Vithkuqi
2962:Tifinagh
2930:Medieval
2885:Pisidian
2880:Phrygian
2851:Vagindra
2796:Ol Chiki
2704:Interlac
2659:Kayah Li
2649:Jenticha
2604:Veso Bey
2592:Nuskhuri
2582:Georgian
2552:Formosan
2547:Etruscan
2542:Enochian
2498:Cyrillic
2483:Coelbren
2441:Armenian
2340:Meroitic
2330:Mandombe
2320:Jenticha
2184:Tigalari
2149:Tai Viet
2144:Tai Tham
2124:Tagbanwa
1976:Javanese
1926:Baybayin
1916:Balinese
1904:Southern
1799:Pracalit
1794:Pachumol
1769:Bhujimol
1729:Mahajani
1689:Gurmukhi
1679:Gujarati
1647:Northern
1627:Abugidas
1608:Ugaritic
1596:Maḏnḥāyā
1470:Tifinagh
1463:Solitreo
1401:Numerals
1314:Grapheme
1302:Overview
1170:Skoropis
1111:Humanist
1101:Chancery
1019:Georgian
1014:Bastarda
822:14350674
626:(1999).
574:See also
568:typeface
475:Würzburg
459:Salzburg
331:, as in
302:ascender
195:success.
159:and the
132:Creation
71:literate
4612:Tibetan
4553:Burmese
4539:Amharic
4522:(India)
4499:Sinhala
4492:Punjabi
4471:Kannada
4419:Persian
4374:Russian
4314:Swedish
4292:Finnish
4267:Faroese
4242:Zambian
4214:Turkish
4199:Spanish
4122:Maltese
4100:Latvian
4093:Italian
4072:Iñupiaq
4051:Guarani
4011:English
3982:Catalan
3899:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
3894:Braille
3777:Kikakui
3715:Eskayan
3700:Cypriot
3550:Dunging
3422:Demotic
3401:Tenevil
3345:Hittite
3340:Elamite
3293:Jurchen
3272:Sawndip
3267:Chữ Nôm
3167:Zapotec
3162:Yerkish
3137:Nsibidi
3122:Miꞌkmaw
3112:Isotype
3082:Adinkra
3023:Braille
3007:Zaghawa
2977:Vellara
2957:Sunuwar
2947:Sidetic
2942:Shavian
2870:Osmanya
2860:Ol Onal
2714:Kurrent
2699:Insular
2689:Fraktur
2664:Klingon
2654:Kaddare
2628:Archaic
2537:Elbasan
2525:Chinook
2515:Deseret
2503:Bosnian
2458:Avoiuli
2446:Avestan
2436:Ariyaka
2365:Tengwar
2263:Bharati
2224:Serawai
2214:Pasemah
2199:Lampung
2154:Lai Tay
2139:Tai Noi
2102:Sinhala
2082:Pallava
2050:Makasar
2038:Lontara
2013:Kulitan
1986:Kannada
1981:Kadamba
1971:Hanunoo
1961:Grantha
1956:Fakkham
1873:Tibetan
1858:Soyombo
1853:Siddhaṃ
1848:Sharada
1824:Litumol
1814:Tirhuta
1804:Ranjana
1789:Kvemmol
1749:Multani
1734:Marchen
1699:Kalinga
1639:Brahmic
1576:Sogdian
1515:Psalter
1495:Pahlavi
1475:Mandaic
1453:Cursive
1438:Elymaic
1409:Aramaic
1158:Kurrent
1131:Library
1096:Cursive
1059:Angular
1009:Rotunda
955:Ancient
948:scripts
660:150-157
514:Lombard
463:Austria
449:at the
386:Slovene
268:scripts
178:Einhard
146:Vulgate
99:Codices
77:of the
33:Vulgate
5032:Other
4905:People
4895:Braigo
4714:Korean
4582:Hebrew
4513:Telugu
4412:Arabic
4402:Arabic
4360:Kyrgyz
4353:Kazakh
4287:Danish
4185:Slovak
4178:Samoan
4157:Polish
4136:Navajo
4037:German
4030:French
3897:
3842:Yugtun
3832:Woleai
3782:Kpelle
3765:Sōgana
3685:Byblos
3463:Muisca
3381:Cretan
3350:Luwian
3308:Tangut
3127:Mixtec
3097:Dongba
3002:Yezidi
2992:Wancho
2967:Todhri
2920:Gothic
2900:Cipher
2841:Manchu
2831:Evenki
2816:Orkhon
2761:Manchu
2756:Lydian
2751:Lycian
2694:Gaelic
2644:Hanifi
2639:Hangul
2614:Gothic
2562:Fraser
2557:Fox II
2493:Coptic
2468:Carian
2451:Pazend
2424:Linear
2370:Thaana
2315:Sarati
2256:Others
2219:Rejang
2204:Lembak
2194:Incung
2174:Telugu
2129:Tai Le
2023:Langdi
1946:Chakma
1836:Karani
1809:Tamyig
1784:Kummol
1779:Himmol
1774:Golmol
1754:Nagari
1739:Meitei
1724:Lepcha
1709:Khojki
1694:Kaithi
1581:Syriac
1569:Musnad
1448:Ashuri
1443:Hebrew
1426:Elifba
1421:Arabic
1414:Hatran
1389:Abjads
1222:Palmer
1116:Italic
1089:Modern
974:Uncial
969:Rustic
820:
810:
764:
736:
709:
682:
638:
494:Bobbio
473:, and
397:Spread
368:dotted
337:glyphs
292:, and
253:Gothic
238:glyphs
210:Aachen
182:apices
112:After
63:Jerome
51:script
38:1:5–8.
4748:(GS8)
4739:Kanji
4597:Khmer
4575:Greek
4506:Tamil
4439:i.e.
4400:i.e.
4381:Tatar
4327:i.e.
4228:Welsh
4129:Māori
4086:Irish
4004:Dutch
3997:Czech
3807:Nüshu
3675:Bamum
3670:Afaka
3477:Other
3468:Roman
3453:Abjad
3376:Bagam
3277:Bowen
3262:Kanji
3257:Hanja
3245:small
3240:large
3147:Olmec
3117:Kaidā
3107:Emoji
3087:Aztec
2890:Runic
2865:Osage
2846:Oirat
2791:Ogham
2724:Sigla
2669:Latin
2624:Greek
2508:Early
2478:Cirth
2431:Adlam
2300:Geʽez
2295:Fox I
2159:Tamil
2018:Lanna
2001:Khmer
1991:Karen
1941:Buhid
1921:Batak
1878:Uchen
1868:Takri
1819:Limbu
1719:Laṇḍā
1704:Khema
1684:Gupta
1674:Dogri
1591:Serṭā
1564:Zabur
1549:Punic
1522:Pegon
1458:Rashi
1372:Types
1323:Lists
1287:Types
1151:Ronde
1121:Round
1033:Ustav
1024:Greek
964:Roman
818:S2CID
471:Mainz
467:Fulda
349:long
278:&
226:abbot
103:pagan
49:is a
4520:Urdu
4485:Odia
4426:Urdu
3802:Loma
3797:Lisu
3740:Kana
3730:Iban
3720:Geba
3680:Bété
3635:si5s
3545:Khom
3518:Full
3391:Maya
2786:N'Ko
2345:Miao
2290:Dham
2209:Ogan
2179:Thai
2097:Shan
2033:Leke
1996:Kawi
1951:Cham
1936:Buda
1911:Ahom
1831:Odia
1744:Modi
1500:Book
844:2020
808:ISBN
762:ISBN
734:ISBN
707:ISBN
680:ISBN
636:ISBN
502:Rome
485:and
433:and
358:and
343:and
149:Luke
105:and
36:Luke
4079:IPA
3827:Vai
3735:Idu
3303:Sui
2776:Mru
2746:Luo
2709:IPA
2390:Rma
2087:Pyu
2028:Lao
1883:Umê
1289:of
800:doi
535:of
280:),
255:or
184:):
65:'s
61:of
45:or
5125::
3837:Yi
867:12
816:.
806:.
792:.
780:^
615:^
489:.
469:,
461:,
354:"
325:cc
294:ct
290:st
288:,
286:rt
284:,
273:et
244:.
101:,
4017:)
4013:(
3886:e
3879:t
3872:v
2630:)
2626:(
1279:e
1272:t
1265:v
1176:)
1172:(
935:e
928:t
921:v
846:.
824:.
802::
774:.
742:.
715:.
688:.
662:.
644:.
371:i
364:w
360:u
356:ſ
351:s
345:v
341:s
323:(
321:c
317:a
310:ᵹ
306:g
298:d
282:æ
276:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
