254:
Maryland, which was acquired early in the 19th century by Lewis and Eliza
Wootton Beall, as part of Eliza's dowry from her father Richard Wootton. It is during their ownership of Rose Hill that grapes were first cultivated on their property. The remnants of these grapes are still evident in the sole surviving grapevine that runs eastward from the side of the barn towards the Rose Hill Mansion. According to J. Thomas Scharf, the presence of Catawba grapevines at Rose Hill can be traced back to the early decades of the 19th century. Cuttings of the Catawba grape, first discovered in western North Carolina around 1801, are believed to have been transported to Montgomery County before 1816, when they were left by a traveler with Jacob Scholl, an innkeeper in Clarksburg. They appeared at Rose Hill shortly thereafter when Eliza Beall obtained some cuttings from her brother Singleton Wootton, who had, in turn, gotten them from Scholl.
329:
492:
214:
783:
2047:
605:
45:
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The year 1859 was
Catawba's peak in the Ohio wine industry, with the state being the largest producer in the United States, producing more than 568,000 US gallons (21,500 hL) of wine from 2,000 acres (800 ha) acres of mostly Catawba vines. But the 1860s brought an end to the enthusiasm when
431:
Longworth was a fervent champion of
Catawba, particularly grown in the Ohio River Valley, as a grape that he believed would lead the American wine industry for years to come. Prior to his sparkling Catawba, no other American wine had received the level of critical acclaim in Europe that his wines
758:
Catawba is also known under the synonyms
Arkansas, Captraube Rot, Catawba Rosa, Catawampus, Catowba Tokay, Cher Kee, Cherokee, Fancher, Francher Kello White, Francher Kells White, Keller's White, Lebanon, Lebanon Seedling, Lichigan, Lincoln, Lincolun, Mammoth Catawba, Meads Seedling, Mecleron,
253:
whose late husband grew the grape. Again, the story goes that Mrs. Scholl told Adlum that while her husband always called the grape "Catawba", she could not recall where the vines came from. It is possible that the source of the
Catawba grapes came from the Rose Hill property, in Rockville,
484:(wooly hairs). The vine produces moderate size clusters that are nearly cylindrical and fairly compact. The large berries have an oval shape with what Bern Ramey describes as'"a dull purplish-red with a lilac-colored bloom". The Catawba has the characteristic
248:
who wrote to Adlum and said while her late husband always called the grapes "Catawba", she did not know where he got the original vines from. Historian Thomas Pinney describes a similar story with Adlum receiving the cuttings in 1819 from a Mrs. Scholl of
948:
Huber, Franziska; Röckel, Franco; Schwander, Florian; Maul, Erika; Eibach, Rudolf; Cousins, Peter; Töpfer, Reinhard (2016). "A view into
American grapevine history: Vitis vinifera cv. 'SĂ©millon' is an ancestor of 'Catawba' and 'Concord'".
436:, Longworth wrote in 1847, "The day is not distant, when the Ohio River will rival the Rhine, in the quantity and quality of its wine. I give the Catawba preference over all other grapes, for a general crop, for wine."
759:
Merceron, Michigan, Muncy, Muncy Pale Red, Municipale Red, Omega, R'd Muncy, Red Muncy, Rose Of
Tennessee, Rote Captraube, Sarato A, Saratoga, Singleton, Tekomah, Tokay, Virginia Amber, and White Catawba.
1307:
3075:
746:, often describe the level of foxiness as "distinctive", American writers such as Ramey note that Catawba wines usually fall somewhere in the middle between Concord and
2034:
1831:
1768:
3017:
1516:
3012:
1586:
428:. So influential was Longworth's Catawba wine that newspapers began referring to him as "the founder of wine culture in America, author of sparkling Catawba."
1600:
3090:
1789:
1782:
1740:
1670:
339:
From its obscure origins, the
Catawba grape began appearing on nursery inventory lists across the United States and soon became a major grape in the growing
1950:
1992:
1845:
1726:
724:
476:
varieties, the
Catawba grapevine has large leaves that can be mono-lobed or moderately three-lobed with the slightly smaller leaves that are closer to the
3128:
2020:
1922:
1859:
1747:
1593:
1964:
1894:
1852:
1705:
1544:
1572:
1458:
720:
3085:
727:, with heat breaking down some of the coloring compounds from the skin, but that can have an effect on the overall flavor profile of the wine.
1412:
148:" flavor. Grown predominantly on the East Coast of the United States, this purplish-red grape is a likely a hybrid of the native American
480:
of the vine shoot. The upper surface of the leaves have a medium green color with a leathery texture while the underside has dense white
1206:
782:
2476:
1328:
296:
The possible
Carolina origins do correspond with circumstantial details about the name "Catawba". In the Carolinas there is the
1272:
1214:
264:
175:. During the early to mid-19th century, it was the most widely planted grape variety in the country and was the grape behind
107:
1451:
3116:
344:
176:
160:
cultivar Semillon. Its exact origins are unclear but it seems to have originated somewhere on the East coast from the
3159:
2046:
1377:
1357:
1337:
1260:
1235:
1123:
992:
532:
3007:
1297:, pg 25-28, Technical Report, No. 07-02, Texas Wine Marketing Research Institute, Texas Tech University, June 2007
3164:
3050:
1444:
238:
704:
3080:
343:
industry. From 1825 to 1850, it was the most widely planted grape in the United States. One early adopter was
230:
226:
312:, the Catawba people have historically populated the entire area that extended from the western Piedmont of
3123:
3095:
3070:
3060:
2469:
699:
styles of wine. Though the grape is technically considered a "red wine" grape, Catawba actually produces
380:
3111:
3065:
3002:
567:
of Catawba in his Finger Lake vineyards that had less pigmentation in skin and could produce a lighter
504:
401:
623:
and Eastern United States, though its numbers are not very large due to the prevalence of more recent
370:
From the 1830s through the 1850s, Longworth's still and sparkling Catawba were being distributed from
351:, Ohio who founded America's first commercially successful winery. After difficulties cultivating the
221:
The exact origins and parentage of the Catawba grape are unclear. While most sources agree that Major
3055:
2544:
360:
1431:
New York, 1930, McGraw-Hill, Page 123; Color Sample of Catawba: Page 135, Plate 56, Color Sample J10
631:
in area suitable for its cultivation. The areas with the largest concentration of plantings are the
2994:
712:
613:
281:
263:
grapes used in wine production, but can also be eaten or made into grape juice, jam, or jelly. The
172:
1409:
293:
also places the vine's origins in North Carolina but claims that it was first identified in 1801.
1165:, Catawaba entry (no page numbers in book), University of California-Davis, 1977, ASIN B0006CZP4S
364:
245:
3154:
2462:
1873:
624:
564:
488:"slip-skin" which is thick but slides easily off between the fingers, leaving the pulp intact.
457:
389:
1293:
267:
gives credit to the Scholls and describes Catawba as a crossing of the North American species
3034:
2780:
2093:
683:
In favorable locations that can accommodate the grape's late ripening, Catawba can produce a
593:
508:
413:
305:
286:
1761:
2418:
1929:
1017:
250:
1621:
464:
soon eclipsed Catawba in plantings and ended its dominance of the American wine industry.
289:
even earlier, in 1802, but does not state who discovered the variety. British wine expert
8:
2865:
2694:
2659:
894:
491:
355:, Longworth purchased Catawba cuttings from Major Adlum and planted a vineyard along the
333:
1663:
1203:
1021:
363:
in his winery, Longworth began producing a sparkling Catawba modeled after the wines of
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2734:
2639:
2599:
2363:
2143:
2013:
1817:
1796:
1677:
1628:
1607:
1040:
1005:
966:
672:
461:
445:
838:
2959:
2954:
2937:
2875:
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2830:
2825:
2760:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2664:
2403:
2293:
2288:
2248:
2243:
2198:
2183:
2068:
2027:
1943:
1915:
1824:
1803:
1614:
1565:
1558:
1373:
1353:
1333:
1256:
1231:
1119:
1045:
988:
708:
696:
660:
352:
113:
970:
2979:
2860:
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2820:
2614:
2529:
2433:
2253:
2213:
2006:
1957:
1936:
1775:
1733:
1649:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1189:
Addendum to Inventory No. M: 26/8, Rose Hill Farm/Bullard Mansion Historic District
1080:
1035:
1025:
958:
792:
578:
560:
524:
481:
421:
1099:
237:
Maryland women given attribution by different writers. Wine writer Bern Ramey and
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2810:
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2729:
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2519:
2398:
2383:
2373:
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2313:
2283:
2208:
2158:
2123:
2118:
2113:
1908:
1810:
1684:
1530:
1523:
1509:
1416:
1210:
1030:
743:
582:
573:
wine than the usual Catawba variety. Fournier decided to use this variety, named
520:
477:
141:
1178:, pg 722, Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968 (reprint of 1882 edition)
1085:
1064:
962:
412:. The popularity of Longworth's wine encouraged a flurry of plantings along the
2927:
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2765:
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2704:
2609:
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2438:
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2298:
2203:
2108:
2073:
2063:
1999:
1978:
1880:
1866:
1754:
1712:
1698:
1691:
716:
692:
668:
664:
540:
528:
441:
317:
313:
309:
301:
275:
269:
259:
202:
198:
183:
156:
150:
73:
67:
2268:
3148:
2974:
2942:
2922:
2912:
2800:
2775:
2724:
2674:
2654:
2629:
2619:
2604:
2594:
2579:
2559:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2485:
2423:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2338:
2333:
2278:
2238:
2188:
2163:
2098:
1985:
1887:
1838:
1656:
1642:
1635:
1579:
1551:
1537:
688:
652:
648:
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640:
539:
parentage also means that the Catawba has a higher susceptibility to various
512:
453:
425:
417:
340:
297:
125:
100:
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where it received numerous press accolades. In the 1850s, a journalist from
328:
3022:
2880:
2790:
2770:
2744:
2719:
2624:
2564:
2539:
2509:
2499:
2443:
2388:
2173:
2133:
2088:
2055:
1049:
868:
636:
586:
544:
511:
which includes hot, humid summers and cold winters. However, the vine is a
189:
Catawba is a late-ripening variety, ripening often weeks after many other
2984:
2949:
2900:
2679:
2634:
2574:
2549:
2504:
2428:
2393:
2353:
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2138:
1971:
1436:
1116:
A History of Wine in America from the Beginnings to Prohibition, Volume 1
830:
731:
684:
589:
397:
241:
145:
734:", which refers to the earthy and musky aromas commonly associated with
400:". The wines were also well received at home in the United States where
213:
78:
2964:
2815:
2709:
2589:
2554:
2413:
2193:
2178:
2168:
2103:
2078:
1004:
Sawler J, Reisch B, Aradhya MK, Prins B, Zhong GY, et al. (2013).
842:
703:
of varying shades of pink and white wines because the concentration of
371:
356:
348:
222:
1329:
The Wild Vine: A Forgotten Grape and the Untold Story of American Wine
925:
is a representation of the color of the outer skin of catawba grapes.
2850:
2845:
2805:
2714:
2669:
2569:
2273:
2228:
2223:
2148:
2083:
1901:
1719:
1410:
Image of Catawba grapes from Sedimentality.com wine connoisseur site:
864:
739:
656:
632:
393:
385:
290:
161:
1388:
The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called
44:
3133:
3027:
2969:
2855:
2408:
2303:
2233:
857:
499:
varieties, Catawba is susceptible to both downy and powdery mildew.
165:
707:
in the grapes is very low and they contribute little color during
2348:
2153:
1187:
Inventory of Historic Properties From Maryland Historical Trust,
1102:, Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet, accessed 2011-01-14
620:
2454:
604:
569:
2895:
2840:
2318:
2218:
375:
1473:
811:
715:
from the skins also means that Catawba wines are very low in
384:
noted that the still white Catawba compared favorably to the
234:
133:
28:
448:
led to many vineyards being pulled up or abandoned. Another
444:
decimated Catawba plantings and the economic turmoil of the
186:
that were distributed as far away as California and Europe.
1352:, pg 629, Oxford University Press, USA, 1st Edition, 2007,
815:
803:
405:
180:
129:
941:
1230:, Third Edition, pg 144, Oxford University Press, 2006,
1069:
cv. 'SĂ©millon' is an ancestor of 'Catawba' and 'Concord'"
872:
834:
807:
723:. Winemakers wishing to produce a darker Catawba can use
581:. In 1950, this sparkling pink Catawba was the first non-
137:
1003:
947:
535:
before incremental winter weather sets in. The possible
503:
The Catawba is a hardy vine that can handle the severe
1400:
is displayed on page 123, Plate 56, Color Sample J10.
619:
The Catawba grape can still be found throughout the
244:
professor Lloyd A. Lider credit Mrs. J. Johnston of
3129:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
1273:
Vintage America: A Brief History of Wine in America
1006:"Genomics Assisted Ancestry Deconvolution in Grape"
730:
The flavor of Catawba can have varying degrees of "
515:variety, usually one to two weeks later than other
1181:
608:Photographic plate of Catawba grape from the book
3146:
1118:, pg 142, University of California Press, 1989,
1350:The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
639:wine region, but Catawba can also be found in
559:In the 1940s, French-American viticulturalist
531:hazards that can come in locations with short
467:
279:and list 1819 as its likely introduction. The
171:Catawba played an important role in the early
2470:
1452:
678:
434:Culture of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine
144:. The grape can have a pronounced musky or "
1362:
1128:
738:varieties. While European tasters, such as
300:, which flows through the territory of the
197:varieties, it can be susceptible to fungal
2477:
2463:
1466:
1459:
1445:
392:and the sparkling Catawba "transcends the
225:was growing the variety at his nursery in
43:
1322:
1320:
1287:
1285:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1100:Growing Grapes in the Home Fruit Planting
1084:
1065:"A view into American grapevine history:
1039:
1029:
257:The Catawba grape is one of the earliest
1372:, pg 45, Oxford University Press, 1996,
1110:
1108:
932:as a color name in English was in 1916.
603:
490:
327:
212:
1294:A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN WINE INDUSTRY
1199:
1197:
1191:, pg 4, Maryland Historical Trust, 2003
977:
408:dedicated to Nicholas Longworth titled
3147:
1396:New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color
1370:Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes
1317:
1282:
1240:
1220:
577:, in his New York sparkling wine from
527:which means that it is susceptible to
2458:
1440:
1215:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1168:
1105:
1062:
951:Vitis - Journal of Grapevine Research
627:varieties and increased plantings of
265:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1194:
359:. After accidentally stumbling upon
1392:in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul
229:by at least 1823, where he got the
13:
987:, pg 228, Mitchell Beazley, 1986,
762:
432:received. In the American journal
332:Nicholas Longworth as depicted by
285:states the vine was identified in
14:
3176:
2484:
1332:, pg 102, Clarkson Potter, 2010,
1291:N. Barber, L. Hutchins, T. Dodd,
2045:
914:At right is displayed the color
781:
233:of the vine is unknown with two
1421:
1403:
1382:
1342:
1300:
1265:
1255:, pg 59, Harcourt Books, 2001,
787: Color coordinates
711:. Similarly, the low amount of
599:
554:
239:University of California, Davis
1093:
1056:
997:
750:when it comes to foxy aromas.
1:
1063:Huber F, et al. (2016).
935:
90:
49:A bottle of Ohio Catawba wine
3124:American Vineyard Foundation
1228:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1031:10.1371/journal.pone.0080791
7:
1176:History of Western Maryland
1086:10.5073/vitis.2016.55.53-56
963:10.5073/vitis.2016.55.53-56
753:
585:to win a gold medal at the
468:Description and viticulture
381:The Illustrated London News
227:Georgetown, Washington, D.C
10:
3181:
3112:American Viticultural Area
2036:V. zhejiang-adstricta
928:The first recorded use of
679:Winemaking and wine styles
402:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
323:
273:with the European species
208:
3104:
3043:
2993:
2753:
2492:
2054:
2043:
1770:V. lanceolatifoliosa
1472:
985:Vines, Grapes & Wines
903:
893:
885:
855:
828:
801:
791:
779:
774:
769:
361:sparkling wine production
308:is currently centered in
193:varieties and, like many
106:
96:
85:
62:
54:
42:
26:
21:
3160:Red wine grape varieties
1875:V. pseudoreticulata
614:Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick
282:Oxford Companion to Wine
173:history of American wine
1833:V. Ă— novae-angliae
907:: Normalized to (byte)
246:Fredericktown, Maryland
3165:Hybrid grape varieties
3018:Twenty-first Amendment
1931:V. shuttleworthii
1588:V. bloodworthiana
1467:Hybrid grape varieties
1253:Encyclopedia of Grapes
625:French-American hybrid
616:
610:The Grapes of New York
500:
458:Concord, Massachusetts
456:developed in 1849 in
336:
218:
3035:Vine and Olive Colony
1791:V. luochengensis
1784:V. longquanensis
1742:V. jinggangensis
1672:V. erythrophylla
1429:A Dictionary of Color
1394:A Dictionary of Color
1279:magazine, Jan 3, 2011
1217:, accessed 2011-01-14
1163:The Great Wine Grapes
607:
594:California State Fair
509:Eastern United States
494:
331:
306:Catawba Indian Nation
216:
3013:Eighteenth Amendment
2015:V. xunyangensis
1994:V. wenchouensis
1903:V. rotundifolia
1847:V. peninsularis
1819:V. mustangensis
1798:V. menghaiensis
1728:V. jacquemontii
1679:V. fengqinensis
1630:V. chunganensis
1609:V. bryoniifolia
1518:V. Ă— andersonii
1312:The Pittsburgh Press
1308:Red White and Bubbly
251:Clarksburg, Maryland
2029:V. yunnanensis
1945:V. sinocinerea
1924:V. shenxiensis
1917:V. ruyuanensis
1861:V. pilosonerva
1826:V. nesbittiana
1805:V. mengziensis
1623:V. Ă— champinii
1616:V. californica
1602:V. Ă— bourquina
1567:V. betulifolia
1560:V. berlandieri
1226:J. Robinson (ed.),
1174:Scharf. J. Thomas,
1022:2013PLoSO...880791S
895:ISCC–NBS descriptor
687:wine with moderate
579:Gold Seal Vineyards
543:, like powdery and
505:continental climate
410:Ode to Catawba Wine
334:Robert S. Duncanson
55:Color of berry skin
2008:V. wuhanensis
1959:V. tiliifolia
1952:V. Ă— slavinii
1938:V. silvestrii
1777:V. lincecumii
1735:V. jaegeriana
1665:V. Ă— doaniana
1651:V. coignetiae
1595:V. bourgaeana
1504:V. aestivalis
1497:V. adenoclada
1490:V. acerifolia
1415:2013-12-18 at the
1209:2012-05-13 at the
725:thermovinification
617:
549:labrusca varieties
501:
462:Ephraim Wales Bull
446:American Civil War
345:Nicholas Longworth
337:
219:
177:Nicholas Longworth
124:is a red American
3142:
3141:
2955:St. Vincent grape
2452:
2451:
2419:Triomphe d'Alsace
2254:Lakemont seedless
1966:V. treleasei
1910:V. rupestris
1896:V. romanetii
1854:V. piasezkii
1812:V. monticola
1707:V. hancockii
1686:V. ficifolia
1546:V. bashanica
1532:V. balansana
1525:V. arizonica
1511:V. amurensis
912:
911:
414:Ohio River Valley
119:
118:
3172:
2836:Gamay Beaujolais
2479:
2472:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2049:
2001:V. wilsonae
1980:V. vinifera
1882:V. retordii
1868:V. popenoei
1756:V. labrusca
1714:V. heyneana
1700:V. girdiana
1693:V. flexuosa
1574:V. biformis
1461:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:Maerz and Paul,
1425:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1366:
1360:
1346:
1340:
1324:
1315:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1269:
1263:
1249:
1238:
1224:
1218:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1159:
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1112:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1001:
995:
981:
975:
974:
945:
881:
876:
851:
850:(348°, 52%, 44%)
846:
824:
819:
786:
785:
767:
766:
561:Charles Fournier
416:and up north to
91:list of synonyms
47:
36:
31:
19:
18:
16:Variety of grape
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3100:
3039:
2989:
2918:Rogers' Hybrids
2754:Grape cultivars
2749:
2488:
2483:
2453:
2448:
2364:Rogers' Hybrids
2284:Marechal Joffre
2219:Himrod seedless
2114:Cabernet Cortis
2056:Notable hybrids
2050:
2041:
1987:V. vulpina
1889:V. riparia
1840:V. palmata
1763:V. Ă— labruscana
1658:V. davidii
1644:V. cinerea
1637:V. chungii
1581:V. blancoi
1553:V. bellula
1539:V. barbata
1468:
1465:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1417:Wayback Machine
1408:
1404:
1387:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1347:
1343:
1325:
1318:
1314:, Dec. 15, 1991
1305:
1301:
1290:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1250:
1241:
1225:
1221:
1211:Wayback Machine
1202:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1129:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1061:
1057:
1002:
998:
982:
978:
946:
942:
938:
908:
879:
861:
856:
849:
829:
822:
802:
780:
765:
763:Catawba (color)
756:
744:Jancis Robinson
681:
602:
583:California wine
565:clonal mutation
557:
547:, than typical
533:growing seasons
519:varieties like
478:apical meristem
470:
326:
211:
184:sparkling wines
50:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:South Carolina
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:North Carolina
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:Villard grapes
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:L'Acadie blanc
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Cabernet blanc
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2022:V. Yeshanensis
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1749:V. Kelungensis
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1402:
1381:
1361:
1341:
1316:
1306:K. Brewster, "
1299:
1281:
1271:T. Baiocchi, "
1264:
1239:
1219:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1127:
1104:
1092:
1067:Vitis vinifera
1055:
1016:(11): e80791.
996:
976:
939:
937:
934:
910:
909:
901:
900:
897:
891:
890:
889:Maerz and Paul
887:
883:
882:
877:
859:
853:
852:
847:
826:
825:
820:
799:
798:
795:
789:
788:
777:
776:
772:
771:
764:
761:
755:
752:
736:Vitis labrusca
697:off-dry to dry
680:
677:
669:South Carolina
665:North Carolina
629:Vitis vinifera
601:
598:
556:
553:
541:grape diseases
474:Vitis labrusca
469:
466:
442:powdery mildew
325:
322:
318:South Carolina
314:North Carolina
310:South Carolina
302:Catawba people
287:North Carolina
276:Vitis vinifera
270:Vitis labrusca
260:Vitis labrusca
210:
207:
203:powdery mildew
199:grape diseases
157:Vitis vinifera
151:Vitis labrusca
117:
116:
111:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
87:
83:
82:
74:Vitis vinifera
68:Vitis labrusca
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3177:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:American wine
3153:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Valvin muscat
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Black Spanish
2779:
2777:
2776:Blanc du Bois
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:West Virginia
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:New Hampshire
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Massachusetts
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:Wine by state
2491:
2487:
2486:American wine
2480:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Valvin muscat
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Seibel grapes
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Marechal Foch
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Blanc du Bois
2097:
2095:
2094:Black Spanish
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1973:V. tsoii
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1378:0-19-860098-4
1375:
1371:
1368:J. Robinson,
1365:
1359:
1358:0-19-530796-8
1355:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1338:0-307-40936-8
1335:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1261:0-15-100714-4
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1236:0-19-860990-6
1233:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1124:0-520-06224-8
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1082:
1079:(11): 53–56.
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
994:
993:1-85732-999-6
990:
986:
983:J. Robinson,
980:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
944:
940:
933:
931:
926:
924:
919:
917:
906:
902:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
823:(112, 54, 66)
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
796:
794:
790:
784:
778:
773:
768:
760:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:medium bodied
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
611:
606:
597:
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
566:
563:discovered a
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:late ripening
510:
506:
498:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
465:
463:
459:
455:
452:variety, the
451:
447:
443:
437:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:American wine
335:
330:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Catawba River
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
271:
266:
262:
261:
255:
252:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
182:
179:'s acclaimed
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:grape variety
123:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
101:United States
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:
70:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3105:Other topics
3086:South Dakota
3023:Volstead Act
2881:Minnesota 78
2791:Cayuga White
2785:
2700:South Dakota
2690:Rhode Island
2685:Pennsylvania
2665:North Dakota
2444:Zarya severa
2389:Seyval blanc
2174:Couderc noir
2134:Cayuga White
2128:
2035:
2028:
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2014:
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957:(2): 53–56.
954:
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920:
915:
913:
904:
880:(31, 37, 1°)
757:
747:
735:
729:
705:anthocyanins
700:
682:
661:Pennsylvania
637:Finger Lakes
628:
618:
609:
600:Wine regions
587:wine tasting
575:Pink Catawba
574:
568:
558:
555:Pink Catawba
548:
545:downy mildew
536:
529:harvest time
516:
502:
496:
485:
473:
471:
449:
438:
433:
430:
422:Finger Lakes
409:
404:published a
379:
369:
338:
304:. While the
295:
280:
274:
268:
258:
256:
220:
194:
190:
188:
170:
155:
149:
121:
120:
72:
66:
33:
3051:New England
3008:Prohibition
2985:Vidal blanc
2950:Scuppernong
2901:Olmo grapes
2866:La Crescent
2615:Mississippi
2530:Connecticut
2429:Vidal blanc
2394:Seyval noir
2354:Ravat blanc
2329:Olmo grapes
2309:Muscat bleu
2269:LĂ©on Millot
2264:Landot noir
2259:Landal noir
2139:Chambourcin
1721:V. hui
1326:T. Kilman,
1251:Oz Clarke,
1114:T. Pinney,
797:#703642
793:Hex triplet
695:to produce
691:and enough
590:competition
316:across the
242:viticulture
132:as well as
86:Also called
3149:Categories
3081:New Mexico
3076:New Jersey
3003:California
2965:Traminette
2816:Corot noir
2730:Washington
2650:New Mexico
2645:New Jersey
2520:California
2414:Traminette
2194:Flot rouge
2179:De Chaunac
2169:Corot noir
2144:Chancellor
2104:Breidecker
2079:Baco blanc
1348:A. Smith,
1161:B. Ramey,
936:References
921:The color
709:maceration
673:Washington
612:, 1908 by
495:Like many
472:Like many
424:region of
394:Champagnes
386:hock wines
372:California
357:Ohio River
349:Cincinnati
223:John Adlum
217:John Adlum
2960:St. Pepin
2938:Massasoit
2876:Marquette
2871:La Crosse
2851:Jaeger 70
2846:Ives noir
2831:Frontenac
2826:Edelweiss
2806:Chardonel
2761:Alexander
2740:Wisconsin
2705:Tennessee
2610:Minnesota
2585:Louisiana
2404:St. Pepin
2294:Massasoit
2289:Marquette
2274:Malverina
2249:La Crosse
2229:Jaeger 70
2224:Ives noir
2199:Frontenac
2184:Edelweiss
2149:Chardonel
2084:Baco noir
2069:Alexander
740:Oz Clarke
633:Lake Erie
418:Lake Erie
365:Champagne
353:Alexander
291:Oz Clarke
162:Carolinas
128:used for
3134:Meritage
3096:Virginia
3071:Missouri
3061:Illinois
3044:Wineries
3028:Vine-Glo
2980:Vignoles
2970:Thomcord
2861:Lakemont
2856:Kay Gray
2821:Delaware
2725:Virginia
2675:Oklahoma
2655:New York
2630:Nebraska
2620:Missouri
2605:Michigan
2595:Maryland
2580:Kentucky
2560:Illinois
2535:Delaware
2525:Colorado
2515:Arkansas
2434:Vignoles
2409:Thomcord
2304:Merzling
2234:Kay Gray
2214:Hibernal
1413:Archived
1207:Archived
1050:24244717
1010:PLOS ONE
971:87513053
899:Dark red
754:Synonyms
748:vinifera
732:foxiness
653:Missouri
649:Michigan
641:Arkansas
537:vinifera
525:Delaware
517:labrusca
497:vinifera
486:labrusca
482:tomentum
450:labrusca
426:New York
320:border.
231:cuttings
201:such as
195:vinifera
191:labrusca
166:Maryland
154:and the
79:SĂ©millon
2995:History
2933:Herbert
2906:Royalty
2886:Niagara
2811:Clinton
2801:Concord
2796:Cassady
2786:Catawba
2745:Wyoming
2720:Vermont
2625:Montana
2565:Indiana
2545:Georgia
2540:Florida
2510:Arizona
2500:Alabama
2399:Solaris
2384:Severny
2374:Royalty
2349:Plantet
2344:Phoenix
2314:Niagara
2209:Herbert
2164:Concord
2159:Clinton
2154:Chelois
2129:Catawba
2124:Cassady
2119:Cascade
1480:species
1474:Grape (
1398:catawba
1390:catawba
1204:Catawba
1041:3823699
1018:Bibcode
930:catawba
923:catawba
916:catawba
770:Catawba
721:extract
717:tannins
713:phenols
689:acidity
645:Georgia
621:Midwest
592:of the
521:Concord
507:of the
454:Concord
388:of the
324:History
235:widowed
209:Origins
142:jellies
122:Catawba
63:Species
22:Catawba
3066:Kansas
2928:Goethe
2896:Noiret
2891:Norton
2841:Himrod
2766:Agawam
2680:Oregon
2635:Nevada
2575:Kansas
2550:Hawaii
2505:Alaska
2324:Norton
2319:Noiret
2299:Melody
2204:Goethe
2074:Aurore
2064:Agawam
1376:
1356:
1336:
1259:
1234:
1122:
1048:
1038:
991:
969:
886:Source
858:CIELCh
775:
693:sugars
398:France
376:Europe
110:number
97:Origin
3056:Idaho
2943:Requa
2923:Flora
2913:Onaka
2710:Texas
2590:Maine
2555:Idaho
2369:Rondo
2359:Requa
2339:Orion
2334:Onaka
2239:Kyoho
2189:Flora
1476:Vitis
1277:Eater
1073:Vitis
967:S2CID
701:rosés
390:Rhine
134:juice
58:Rouge
35:Vitis
29:Grape
3117:list
3091:Utah
2771:Beta
2715:Utah
2670:Ohio
2570:Iowa
2089:Beta
1374:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1046:PMID
989:ISBN
804:sRGB
742:and
719:and
671:and
657:Ohio
635:and
570:rosé
523:and
420:and
406:poem
181:Ohio
146:foxy
140:and
138:jams
130:wine
114:2346
108:VIVC
89:See
1310:",
1275:",
1081:doi
1036:PMC
1026:doi
959:doi
831:HSV
460:by
396:of
374:to
347:of
164:to
3151::
1478:)
1319:^
1284:^
1242:^
1213:,
1196:^
1130:^
1107:^
1077:55
1075:.
1071:.
1044:.
1034:.
1024:.
1012:.
1008:.
965:.
955:55
953:.
918:.
871:,
867:,
860:uv
841:,
837:,
814:,
810:,
675:.
667:,
663:,
659:,
655:,
651:,
647:,
643:,
596:.
551:.
367:.
205:.
168:.
136:,
71:Ă—
2478:e
2471:t
2464:v
1460:e
1453:t
1446:v
1089:.
1083::
1052:.
1028::
1020::
1014:8
973:.
961::
905:B
875:)
873:h
869:C
865:L
863:(
845:)
843:v
839:s
835:h
833:(
818:)
816:b
812:g
808:r
806:(
81:"
77:"
38:)
32:(
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