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560:, as their overlords did. Traveling Arabs proved to be instrumental in this, and after they left, they relinquished the new Muslim states of Lezghia (centered in the Islamic learning center of Derbent), Lakia (centered in another, rival city of Islamic learning, Kumukh) and their less important neighbors. In these areas (Southern and Southeast Dagestan), where interethnic conflict was often present, Islam served a unifying role, and it was often the clerical establishment which mediated disputes.
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The highlanders' only real chance lay in foreign intervention. They could fight on for years, but they could never drive the
Russians back. Only Turkish or British help could force that. There was reason to hope. Shamil in particular believed that help would come from Britain, then Russia's greatest
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to Shamil and Ghazi. Shamil returned a year later, but Hamzat Bek was assassinated by the same Avar
Khanates he had defeated. With no one else to take the position, Shamil became the third leader of the Imamate. Shamil would turn out to be the greatest of the Imams by far and would rule for 25 years
817:
in 1812, the
Russian people saw little concern in the petty "Asiatic" resistance occurring on their southern borders. However, the North Caucasians did reach a point where they pushed the Russians back hard enough to warrant a full-scale Russian counter-attack. In 1832 Shamil and Ghazi launched a
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at this time. However, Naqshbandiism, which was highly mystical in nature, had internal divisions over whether it should be political or whether, indeed, political Sufism tainted the religion's purity. The drive to establish sharia law, in particular, was opposed on many fronts. First of all, the
1169:
There were popular support groups in
England, and the newspapers were full of the highlanders' exploits. Shamil had other backers. Russia and Britain were then playing what was called the 'great game,' a spy struggle for influence in Central Asia Some feared Russia, using the Caucasus as the
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gateway to Asia, would try to invade India and for that reason Shamil must be helped to block the
Russians' advance. But these cold warriors of the day never quite won the debate and although Shamil wrote polite appeals for help in letters to Queen Victoria, the answers he wanted never came.
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power, but was soon defeated by the
Soviets. Hotso only had support in Dagestan, and there he carried on his fight (in Chechnya, meanwhile, North Caucasian nationalists of various creeds similarly went into guerrilla war against the Russians). Both rebellions were finally quelled in 1925.
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592:, the indigenous law system that many, especially peoples such as the Chechens, viewed as superior to sharia. For these reasons, and other more subtle ones, in most areas the Imamate claimed as its domain, it was, in fact, simply viewed as the lesser evil to Russia.
568:
still holding strong. It was only at the point of the threat of
Russian conquest that people began to turn en masse, to Islam as a way to mobilize a coordinated resistance to Russian encroachment. Islam was spread to the Chechens this way mainly through the work of
576:
However, although Islam was indeed extremely important in parts of the
Caucasus, and was also a unifying force for resistance to Russia, political Islam was challenged by many different groups. Islam in Central and Northern Dagestan and Chechnya was overwhelmingly
781:
The
Imamate was a highly militaristic country, having been at war since its establishment. Its politics were always concerned with the furthering of Islam or the Caucasian War. As such, the only people that ever sat on its council were Muslim scholars or military
950:
In 1859, Shamil wrote to one of his sons: "By the will of the
Almighty, the Absolute Governor, I have fallen into the hands of unbelievers... the Great Emperor... has settled me here... in a tall, spacious house with carpets and all the necessities."
910:" context, but no official British assistance arrived. Shamil conquered the Western Muslim tribes, and transformed a group of small bickering villages into a united country. However, he also saw great casualties to his people, particularly in the
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of Pakkou-Bekkhe in 1827. The attack failed and so, disheartened, the imams bided their time, waiting for the various Muslim tribes to agree with one another. In 1828, the two attacked again, this time in Northern Dagestan, and with success.
746:, would fall under the control of the Imamate during Shamil's rule as well, but a problem arose in the form of the Kabardins and Ossetians that sat in between Shamil's east and west tribes, so these tribes were run mainly by Shamil's
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In Chechnya, Islam was considerably less ingrained than in the Imamate's other claims. Islam only began to make inroads in Chechnya during the 16th century, and even then was not highly important, with the indigenous
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During the war, the Imamate would see support from other Muslim tribes, eventually amalgamating with Chechnya, parts of Ingushetia and the rest of Dagestan during the Imamship of Imam Shamil. The western tribes, the
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The Russians, who at the time ruled over Northern Dagestan, were used to fighting on the open battlefields of Europe in lined formation instead of the thick woods of the Caucasus and so were very unprepared for the
813:
The North Caucasians gained several great victories early in their war with Russia, but at the time Russia hadn't really committed to the war seriously. With their great victory over Napoleon's
573:. Nonetheless, as Shamil and his predecessors discovered, the actual commitment of the Chechens to Islam was disappointingly small. Paganism remained in practice until the early 19th century.
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with the help of Turkey, during March–April 1918, was made by the son of one of Shamil's naibs, Najmuddin Hotso. This name stems from the Dagestani settlement of Gotso (when he was awarded
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offered Shamil a peaceful surrender - he would even be a guest of the imperial palace. Shamil agreed, and the Caucasian Imamate was no more. However, fighting did not immediately cease.
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Whereas previous enemies of the empire had been imprisoned, killed or exiled, Shamil became a national celebrity . After his surrender, he settled into a comfortable retirement in
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Pokrovsky N. I. Caucasian Wars and the Imamate of Shamil / Foreword. N. N. Pokrovsky, introduction. and approx. V. G. Gadzhiev. — M.: ROSSPEN, 2000. — 511 p. — ISBN 5-8243-0078-X.
885:(October 1832) and the death of Ghazi Muhammad. Shamil himself, the only man to escape the battle, went into hiding to evade the Russians. Everyone assumed that he had died.
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Here the Imamate was formed, with Ghazi self-appointed as its first leader. The supreme government body of the Imamate, the State Council (
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indigenous Caucasian states run by Avars, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks and others (particularly the widow ruler Pakhu Bike, Queen of the
511:, where Russia sought to conquer the Caucasus in order to secure communications with its new territories south of the mountains.
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ruled (1832-1834). Hamzat Bek, an imam who had played a vital role in securing the Avar Khans for the Imamate, had since been a
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Parts of the Muslim population started to radicalize due to rapacious Russian activity and taxation and were calling for a
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in Dagestan in 1839, where he lost around 4500 of his own people. But he continued to rule until 1859, when Emperor
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The Imamate's first leader was Imam Ghazi Muhammad, who ruled from 1828 until 1832 when he was succeeded by
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tactics of the two imams, resulting in a victory for Ghazi and Shamil. However, this action would start the
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Previously in the Northeast Caucasus, there had, since recordable history, been a large array of states.
682:, attempted to initiate the Gazawat they called for by trying to seize the capital of Khunzakh from the
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586:) opposed it as it seemed to take legitimacy away from their own positions. Sharia also clashed with
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https://web.archive.org/web/20091229135530/http://www.yale.edu/agrarianstudies/papers/11noxchi.pdf
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1147:(revised ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing (published 2005). pp. 49–50.
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Imam Shamil. "Molodaya Gvardiya" publishers. Moscow, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2010
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four years later. When he was murdered in 1834, by a band which included
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The historical novel. "Epoch", Publishing house. Makhachkala, 2008.
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Derluguian, G (2005). "Chapter Three: Historical Formation"
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Chamil’s prayer before the battle (On horseback murid), by
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begins, the Imamate is established to combat the Russians
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Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict
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Cahoon, B (2002) "South and the Caucasus: Daghestan"
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58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
906:popular support for his anti-Russian struggle in "
1033:Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
888:In the absence of Shamil, an imam by the name of
404:official, administrative, and religious language.
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1186:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus.
877:capital of the Imamate, the small settlement of
1129:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
1113:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
1100:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
1343:States and territories disestablished in 1859
1297:http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia_war.html
1141:Smith, Sebastian (1998). "Fires of Liberty".
1070:Zelkina, Anna (2000). Owens, Jonathan (ed.).
1027:Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1009:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
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750:who had traveled to the west instead of the
499:during the early-to-mid 19th century in the
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634:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1338:States and territories established in 1828
1144:Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya
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999:Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan
654:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
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790:The war and the surrender of the Imamate
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16:1828–1859 state in the North Caucasus
1240:The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus
1200:, November 24, 1859, in Omarov, ed.
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632:adding citations to reliable sources
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1328:Former Islamic monarchies in Europe
883:seizure of the town by the Russians
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862:. The Russians countered: General
809:by Giorgio Corradini, 19th century
670:(Holy War) and the enforcement of
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930:Map of the Caucasian Imamate, by
864:Aleksei Aleksandrovich Velyaminov
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291:• March – April 1918
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43:needs additional citations for
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1333:History of the North Caucasus
1282:A World History of The Noxchi
1265:Caucasian War of 19th century
1072:Arabic As a Minority Language
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194:Northeast Caucasian languages
1198:Pis'mo Shamilia Mukhammadanu
932:Edward Weller (cartographer)
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558:Muslim conquest of Persia
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938:As Charles King notes,
922:The fate of Imam Shamil
881:. This resulted in the
798:Map of Imamate in 1856.
503:, to fight against the
484:Imāmat Shamal al Qawqāz
279:• 1834–1859
267:• 1832–1834
255:• 1828–1832
152:Imāmat Shamal al Qawqāz
134:North Caucasian Imamate
1004:Galashkinskoe Naibstvo
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1323:History of Ingushetia
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190:Common languages
807:Naibs of Imam Shamil
628:improve this section
460:, also known as the
52:improve this article
1318:History of Chechnya
1313:History of Dagestan
1078:. pp. 98–100.
676:Imam Ghazi Muhammad
67:"Caucasian Imamate"
1202:100 pisem Shamilia
1167:superpower rival.
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473:إمامة شمال القوقاز
139:إمامة شمال القوقاز
1276:978-5-98390-047-9
1235:Baddeley, John F.
1076:Walter de Gruyter
912:Siege of Akhoulgo
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50:Please help
45:verification
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1041:(2007–2016)
1035:(1989–2000)
1029:(1921–1924)
1023:(1919–1920)
1011:(1917–1922)
867: [
820:Vladikavkaz
768:Hadji Murad
680:Imam Shamil
530:, 1858–1861
507:during the
319:• The
284:Imam Shamil
216:Sunni Islam
1307:Categories
1046:References
959:After the
890:Hamzat Bek
815:Grand Army
764:Hamzat Bek
579:Naqshbandi
515:Background
272:Hamzat Bek
232:Government
223:Demonym(s)
108:April 2017
78:newspapers
1115:. Page 69
853:romanized
833:romanized
725:Expansion
719:Murid War
693:guerrilla
615:does not
550:Parthians
478:romanized
439:Tabasaran
212:Religion
159:1828–1859
1261:Akhoulgo
1237:(1908).
1213:Dunlop.
1188:Page 91.
988:See also
969:nobility
875:de facto
758:Politics
754:itself.
542:Dagestan
497:Chechnya
493:Dagestan
1160:17 June
904:British
855::
844:Russian
835::
824:Russian
744:Adyghes
668:Gazawat
636:removed
621:sources
480::
427:Tsakhur
411:Chechen
321:Gazawat
236:Imamate
184:Imamate
92:scholar
1274:
1151:
1082:
1017:(1918)
981:Soviet
944:Kaluga
859:Kavkaz
848:Кавказ
772:Shamil
672:Sharia
546:vassal
469:Arabic
423:Lezgin
419:Dargin
409:Incl.
394:Russia
245:
202:Arabic
180:Status
146:Arabic
142:
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1102:. p69
934:1884.
879:Gimry
871:]
839:vlad-
828:влад-
784:naibs
752:Dīvān
748:naibs
737:1896.
712:Naibs
708:Dīvān
489:imams
462:North
447:Aghul
443:Rutul
431:Kumyk
99:JSTOR
85:books
1272:ISBN
1162:2021
1149:ISBN
1080:ISBN
973:Tsar
895:naib
776:imam
684:khan
678:and
619:any
617:cite
589:adat
495:and
456:The
415:Avar
340:1859
327:1828
242:Imam
174:Flag
71:news
971:by
630:by
526:by
491:in
435:Lak
406:2.
401:1.
54:by
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1263:.
1259:.
1250:.
1177:^
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1120:^
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869:ru
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830:,
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417:,
413:,
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1088:.
657:)
651:(
646:)
642:(
638:.
624:.
467:(
148:)
144:(
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
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