3440:"feminine and demasculinized" and in FtM it was possible to find traits which are "masculine and defeminized" (Kreukels & Guillamon, 2016)....Due to conflicting results, it was, however, not possible to identify specific brain features which consistently differ between cisgender and transgender nor between heterosexual and homosexual groups. Very small brain changes, to date undetectable using the current neuroimaging tools, may affect behavior. The small number of studies, the small sample size of each study, the heterogeneity of investigations, the lack of negative results reported by some studies, and the fact that some studies did not report the sexual orientation of the individuals that composed their sample did not allow drawing general conclusions. Moreover, as the samples of the publications involved are not representative of the population analyzed, caution should be taken in the interpretation of the results of this review.
1850:, which is generally thicker in cisgender women's brains than in cisgender men's brains, may also be thicker in trans women's brains, but is present in a different location to cisgender women's brains. It also stated that for both trans women and trans men, "cross-sex hormone treatment affects the gross morphology as well as the white matter microstructure of the brain. Changes are to be expected when hormones reach the brain in pharmacological doses. Consequently, one cannot take hormone-treated transsexual brain patterns as evidence of the transsexual brain phenotype because the treatment alters brain morphology and obscures the pre-treatment brain pattern."
1829:(2006) studied gross brain volume in 8 trans men and in 6 trans women undergoing hormone therapy. They found that hormones altered the sizes of the hypothalamus in a gender-consistent manner: treatment with masculinizing hormones shifted the hypothalamus towards the male direction in the same way as in male controls, and treatment with feminizing hormones shifted the hypothalamus towards the female direction in the same way as female controls. They concluded: "The findings suggest that, throughout life, gonadal hormones remain essential for maintaining aspects of sex-specific differences in the human brain."
1902:, which is generally thicker in cisgender women's brains than in cisgender men's brains, may also be thicker in trans women's brains, but is present in a different location to cisgender women's brains. For trans men, research indicates that those with early-onset gender dysphoria and who are gynephilic have brains that generally correspond to their assigned sex, but that they have their own phenotype with respect to cortical thickness, subcortical structures, and white matter microstructure, especially in the right hemisphere.
1718:(and which is affected by prenatal androgens), cadavers of six trans women had female-normal BSTc size, similar to the study's cadavers of cisgender women. While the trans women had undergone hormone therapy, and all but one had undergone sex reassignment surgery, this was accounted for by including cadavers of cisgender men and cisgender women as controls who, for a variety of medical reasons, had experienced hormone reversal. The controls still had sizes typical for their sex. No relationship to sexual orientation was found.
2032:, and quality of adjustment. However, the theory has been criticized in papers from Veale, Nuttbrock, Moser, and others who argue that it is poorly representative of trans women and non-instructive, and that the experiments behind it are poorly controlled and/or contradicted by other data. A 2009 study by Charles Moser of 29 cisgender women in the healthcare field based on Blanchard's methods for identifying autogynephilia found that 93% of respondents qualified as autogynephiles based on their own responses.
1864:
women, and cisgender women all had decreased connectivity compared with cisgender men in superior parietal regions, as part of the salience (SN) and the executive control (ECN) networks. Trans men also had weaker connectivity compared with cisgender men between intra-SN regions and weaker inter-network connectivity between regions of the SN, the default mode network (DMN), the ECN and the sensorimotor network. Trans women had lower small-worldness, modularity and clustering coefficient than cisgender men.
1963:
gender dysphoria. This group is usually androphilic in adulthood. Late-onset gender dysphoria does not include visible signs in early childhood, but some report having had wishes to be the opposite sex in childhood that they did not report to others. Trans women who experience late-onset gender dysphoria are more likely be attracted to women and may identify as lesbians or bisexual. It is common for people assigned male at birth who have late-onset gender dysphoria to experience
1364:
5344:
1388:
5370:
5357:
1376:
24:
1629:
1839:
in adulthood, and seem thus to have arisen during development" and that "All observations that support the neurobiological theory about the origin of transsexuality, i.e. that it is the sizes, the neuron numbers, and the functions and connectivity of brain structures, not the sex of their sexual organs, birth certificates or passports, that match their gender identities".
2001:" (a taxonomic category referring to trans women attracted to men) are attracted to men and develop gender dysphoria typically during childhood, and characterizes them as displaying overt and obvious femininity since childhood; he characterizes "non-homosexual transsexuals" (trans women who are sexually attracted to women) as developing gender dysphoria primarily due to
1537:. Most notably, transmasculine subjects not only had the variant genotype more frequently, but had an allele distribution equivalent to cisgender male controls, unlike the cisgender female controls. The paper concluded that the loss of a female-specific CYP17 T -34C allele distribution pattern is associated with transmasculinity.
1838:
found that "Female INAH3 and BSTc have been found in MtF transsexual persons. The only female-to-male (FtM) transsexual person available to us for study so far had a BSTc and INAH3 with clear male characteristics. (...) These sex reversals were found not to be influenced by circulating hormone levels
1873:
found that "although the majority of neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neurometabolic features" in transgender people "resemble those of their natal sex rather than those of their experienced gender", for trans women they found feminine and demasculinized traits, and vice versa for trans men.
1863:
A 2020 paper tried to investigate and differentiate between the two competing hypotheses of a neurodevelopmental cortical hypothesis that suggests the existence of different brain phenotypes vs a functional-based hypothesis in relation to regions involved in the own body perception. Trans men, trans
1794:
compared to cisgender men. Like earlier studies, researchers concluded that transgender identity was associated with a distinct cerebral pattern. MRI scanning allows easier study of larger brain structures, but independent nuclei are not visible due to lack of contrast between different neurological
1744:
theorized that changes in fetal hormone levels produce changes in BSTc synaptic density, neuronal activity, or neurochemical content which later lead to size and neuron count changes in BSTc, or alternatively, that the size of BSTc is affected by the generation of a gender identity inconsistent with
1614:
is disrupted, decreasing the masculinization of genitalia. Individuals with this condition are typically assigned female and raised as girls due to their feminine appearance at a young age. However, more than half of males with this condition raised as females come to identify as male later in life.
1554:
and 8 of 35 (22.8%) pairs of assigned females. Among dizygotic or genetically non-identical twin pairs, there was only 1 of 38 (2.6%) pairs where both twins were trans. The significant percentage of identical twin pairs in which both twins are trans and the virtual absence of dizygotic twins (raised
1513:
male sex characteristics. The research weakly suggests reduced androgen and androgen signaling contributes to trans women's identity. The authors say that a decrease in testosterone levels in the brain during development might prevent complete masculinization of trans women's brains, thereby causing
2527:
Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during
2325:
Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during
1549:
combined a survey of pairs of twins where one or both had undergone, or had plans and medical approval to undergo, gender transition, with a literature review of published reports of transgender twins. The study found that one third of identical twin pairs in the sample were both transgender: 13 of
1859:
found that among transgender individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria, "cortical thickness, gray matter volume, white matter microstructure, structural connectivity, and corpus callosum shape have been found to be more similar to cisgender control subjects of the same preferred
3439:
Results suggest that, although the majority of neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neurometabolic features in transgenders resemble those of their natal sex rather than those of their experienced gender,...in the gender identity investigation, in MtF it was possible to find traits which are
1945:
A 2016 review reported that the brain structure of early-onset gynephilic trans men generally corresponds to their assigned sex, but that they have their own phenotype with respect to cortical thickness, subcortical structures, and white matter microstructure, especially in the right hemisphere.
1890:
A 2016 review reported that early-onset androphilic transgender women have a brain structure similar to cisgender women's and unlike cisgender men's, but that they have their own brain phenotype. It also reported that gynephilic trans women differ from both cisgender female and male controls in
1962:
tends to follow one of two broad trajectories: early-onset or late-onset. Early-onset gender dysphoria is behaviorally visible in childhood. Sometimes, gender dysphoria may stop for a while in this group, and they may identify as gay or homosexual for a period of time, followed by recurrence of
1563:
Sex hormones in the prenatal environment differentiate the male and female brain. One hypothesis proposes that transgender individuals may have been exposed to atypical levels of sex hormones during later stages of fetal development, leading to brain structures atypical of their sex assigned at
1874:
They stated that due to limitations and conflicting results in the studies that had been done, they could not draw general conclusions or identify-specific features that consistently differed between cisgender and transgender people. The review also found differences when comparing cisgender
2005:(sexual arousal by the thought or image of themselves as a woman), and as attracted to women, attracted to both women and men (Blanchard calls this "pseudo-bisexuality", believing attraction to males to be not genuine, but part of the performance of an autogynephilic sexual fantasy), or
2283:
female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same‐sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of
1779:(2000). The differences were even more pronounced than with BSTc; control males averaged 1.9 times the volume and 2.3 times the neurons as control females, yet regardless of hormone exposure, trans women were within the female range and the trans men within the male range.
1842:
A 2015 review reported that two studies found a pattern of white matter microstructure differences away from a transgender person's birth sex, and toward their desired sex. In one of these studies, sexual orientation had no effect on the diffusivity measured.
1748:
It has been suggested that the BSTc differences may be a result of hormone replacement therapy. It has also been suggested that because pedophilic offenders have also been found to have a reduced BSTc, a feminine BSTc may be a marker for
2592:
Clayton PE, Miller WL, Oberfield SE, Ritzén EM, Sippell WG, Speiser PW (2002). "Consensus statement on 21-hydroxylase deficiency from the
European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society".
1971:, early-onset gender dysphoria is the most common course. This group is usually sexually attracted to women. Trans men who experience late-onset gender dysphoria will usually be sexually attracted to men and may identify as gay.
1937:
males so that a conclusion of "male shift" could be made, the study did reveal that the gynephilic trans men showed significant decrease in blood flow in the left anterior cingulate cortex and a significant increase in the right
3070:
Rametti G, Carrillo B, Gómez-Gil E, Junque C, Segovia S, Gomez Á, Guillamon A (February 2011). "White matter microstructure in female to male transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A diffusion tensor imaging study".
2341:
Besser M, Carr S, Cohen-Kettenis P, Connolly P, de Sutter P, Diamond M, Di Ceglie D, Higashi Y, Jones L, Kruijver F, Martin J, Playdon Z, Ralph D, Reed T, Reid R, Reiner W, Swaab D, Terry T, Wilson P, Wylie K (2006).
1492:
male controls. Trans women were more likely than cisgender males to have a longer version of a receptor gene (longer repetitions of the gene) for the sex hormone androgen, which reduced its effectiveness at binding
1771:), part of the hypothalamic uncinate nucleus, had properties similar to the BSTc with respect to sexual dimorphism and gender incongruence. The same method of controlling for hormone usage was used as in Zhou
1555:
in the same family at the same time) in which both were trans would provide evidence that transgender identity is significantly influenced by genetics if both sets were raised in different families.
1756:
In a review of the evidence in 2006, Gooren considered the earlier research as supporting the concept of gender incongruence as a "sexual differentiation disorder" of the sexually dimorphic brain.
530:
1615:
Scientists speculate that the definition of masculine characteristics during puberty and the increased social status afforded to men are two possible motivations for a female-to-male transition.
2740:
1729:(1995), but with even more dramatic differences. One transfeminine subject who had never received hormone therapy was also included, and nonetheless matched up with the female neuron counts.
1822:". Compared to 24 cisgender males, they showed only lower FA values in the corticospinal tract. The white matter patterns in trans men were found to be shifted in the direction of cis men.
1599:. Research has shown that people with CAH and XX chromosomes will be more likely to experience same-sex attraction, and at least 5.2% of these individuals develop serious gender dysphoria.
1910:
can cause transgender women's brains to become closer to those of cisgender women, and morphological changes observed in the brains of trans men might be due to the anabolic effects of
1018:
1035:
2080:
1272:
1917:
While MRI taken on gynephilic trans women have likewise shown differences in the brain from non-trans people, no feminization of the brain's structure has been identified.
1925:
Fewer brain structure studies have been performed on transgender men than on transgender women. A team of neuroscientists, led by Nawata in Japan, used a technique called
3383:"Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Brain Differences as a Function of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation: A Systematic Review of the Human Neuroimaging Literature"
1898:
women than that of cisgender men. It also reports that gynephilic trans women differ from both cisgender female and male controls in non-dimorphic brain areas.
1137:
512:
1790:
concentrations were more similar to those of cisgender men than of cisgender women, but there was a significantly greater volume of gray matter in the right
1102:
524:
1571:(CAH) results in heightened exposure to prenatal androgens, resulting in masculinization of the genitalia. Individuals with CAH are typically subjected to
1107:
1077:
1181:
610:
4215:
4072:
2636:
1225:
605:
49:
38:
4040:
2937:
Swaab DF (December 2004). "Sexual differentiation of the human brain: relevance for gender identity, transsexualism and sexual orientation". Review.
793:
1846:
A 2016 review reported that, for androphilic trans women and gynephilic trans men, hormone treatment may have large effects on the brain, and that
1267:
1416:
2456:"A polymorphism of the CYP17 gene related to sex steroid metabolism is associated with female-to-male but not male-to-female transsexualism"
1894:
The available research indicates that the brain structure of androphilic trans women with early-onset gender dysphoria is closer to that of
1476:
suggest that there are likely genetic causes of gender incongruence, although the precise genes involved are not known or fully understood.
92:
835:
582:
64:
755:
705:
595:
2689:
Swaab DF, Castellanos-Cruz L, Bao AM (2016). "The Human Brain and Gender: Sexual
Differentiation of Our Brains.". In Schreiber G (ed.).
1926:
1252:
45:
3682:
Smith YL, van Goozen SH, Kuiper AJ, Cohen-Kettenis PT (December 2005). "Transsexual subtypes: clinical and theoretical significance".
4916:
2024:. Blanchard argued that there are significant differences between the two groups, including sexuality, age of transition, ethnicity,
1257:
1169:
475:
468:
71:
996:
5204:
4806:
2087:
1262:
1159:
1072:
934:
668:
577:
1575:
including prenatal hormone treatment and postnatal genital reconstructive surgeries. Such treatments are sometimes criticized by
1176:
600:
1213:
2343:
1990:
1980:
860:
803:
678:
564:
78:
4776:
4696:
4671:
4550:
4430:
4033:
3615:
3507:
2698:
1588:
4896:
4104:
3248:
Nguyen, Hillary B.; Loughead, James; Lipner, Emily; Hantsoo, Liisa; Kornfield, Sara L.; Epperson, C. Neill (January 2019).
3141:"Sexual differentiation of the human brain: relation to gender identity, sexual orientation and neuropsychiatric disorders"
949:
745:
60:
4676:
4601:
4528:
4504:
4452:
2439:
700:
1706:
Several studies have found a correlation between gender identity and brain structure. A first-of-its-kind study by Zhou
5336:
5288:
4921:
4307:
4060:
1933:(rCBF) of 11 gynephilic trans men with that of 9 androphilic cis women. Although the study did not include a sample of
1651:
1247:
919:
788:
783:
547:
4716:
3932:"A further assessment of Blanchard's typology of homosexual versus non-homosexual or autogynephilic gender dysphoria"
2723:
1669:
1409:
1144:
1114:
974:
111:
3314:
Uribe, Carme; Junque, Carme; Gómez-Gil, Esther; Abos, Alexandra; Mueller, Sven C.; Guillamon, Antonio (2020-05-01).
5432:
5412:
5349:
4956:
4741:
4533:
4026:
1946:
Morphological increments observed in the brains of trans men might be due to the anabolic effects of testosterone.
1220:
1208:
1191:
1062:
820:
432:
5402:
4951:
4931:
4644:
4389:
4097:
4092:
4065:
2058:
1834:
1129:
1122:
1003:
991:
986:
825:
175:
617:
5209:
5169:
5124:
4831:
4654:
4224:
4161:
1572:
1568:
1430:
1242:
1186:
1030:
865:
750:
491:
3108:"Changing your sex changes your brain: influences of testosterone and estrogen on adult human brain structure"
1997:, which argues that trans women have one of two primary causes of gender dysphoria. Blanchard theorized that "
5422:
5417:
5281:
4966:
4946:
4883:
4334:
4203:
4144:
3407:
2773:
2114:
Altinay, Murat; Anand, Amit (2020). "Neuroimaging gender dysphoria: a novel psychobiological model". Review.
2041:
1510:
1347:
1232:
1094:
1047:
443:
165:
128:
3106:
Pol HE, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Van Haren NE, Peper JS, Brans RG, Cahn W, Schnack HG, Gooren LJ, Kahn RS (2006).
2528:
childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.
2326:
childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.
1040:
5397:
5129:
4901:
4721:
4344:
4312:
4220:
1603:
1579:
organizations as non-consensual, invasive, and unnecessary interventions. Individuals with CAH are usually
1402:
1237:
1013:
1008:
830:
413:
85:
3187:
5375:
4941:
4176:
3725:
Blanchard R (August 1989). "The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias". Review.
1869:
1810:
discovered that the trans men's white matter, compared to 19 cisgender gynephilic females, showed higher
1277:
1164:
1025:
770:
572:
484:
2545:"Prenatal Dexamethasone for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: An Ethics Canary in the Modern Medical Mine"
4836:
4706:
4686:
4465:
4210:
3528:
Blanchard R (October 1989). "The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria".
2847:"Sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in humans may extend into adulthood"
1725:(2000) looked at the number of neurons in BSTc instead of volumes. They found the same results as Zhou
1337:
1089:
1057:
1052:
854:
808:
740:
590:
554:
438:
303:
5256:
5227:
5114:
5028:
4936:
4911:
4736:
4701:
4477:
1082:
813:
518:
5427:
5149:
5033:
4906:
4726:
4659:
4521:
4494:
4349:
4124:
4087:
2055: – How a person thinks of oneself with regard to romantic and sexual orientation and behaviour
1968:
1799:
1647:
673:
645:
461:
2501:(2013). "Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation".
2299:(2013). "Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation".
1786:
study by Luders et al. found that among 24 trans women not treated with hormone therapy, regional
5313:
5154:
5020:
4846:
4826:
4816:
4631:
4611:
4482:
4470:
4460:
4317:
4049:
1998:
1855:
390:
200:
34:
3499:
3493:
2434:
5271:
5266:
5241:
5189:
5184:
5024:
5016:
5007:
5002:
4971:
4863:
4649:
4586:
4339:
4258:
1959:
798:
695:
399:
5407:
5298:
5261:
5159:
5068:
5063:
5038:
4766:
4746:
4596:
4516:
4489:
4420:
4188:
3803:
Blanchard R (Winter 1991). "Clinical observations and systematic studies of autogynephilia".
2630:
1964:
1811:
1764:
1322:
717:
507:
2386:"Androgen receptor repeat length polymorphism associated with male-to-female transsexualism"
5251:
5058:
5043:
5011:
4998:
4859:
4771:
4639:
4606:
4581:
4435:
4399:
4293:
4263:
4082:
2752:
2250:
2061: – Characteristics of the brain that differentiate the male brain and the female brain
1795:
tissue types, hence other studies on e.g. BSTc were done by dissecting brains post-mortem.
1392:
690:
640:
630:
207:
3452:
Nawata H, Ogomori K, Tanaka M, Nishimura R, Urashima H, Yano R, et al. (April 2010).
8:
5318:
5083:
4868:
4786:
4327:
4271:
4198:
3930:
Nuttbrock L, Bockting W, Mason M, Hwahng S, Rosenblum A, Macri M, Becker J (April 2011).
3838:
Veale JF, Clarke DE, Lomax TC (August 2008). "Sexuality of male-to-female transsexuals".
2280:
1930:
1819:
1639:
1611:
1506:
1502:
1302:
1201:
939:
710:
170:
2982:"A sex difference in the hypothalamic uncinate nucleus: relationship to gender identity"
2756:
2384:
Hare L, Bernard P, Sánchez FJ, Baird PN, Vilain E, Kennedy T, Harley VR (January 2009).
5276:
5119:
5109:
5078:
4873:
4821:
4731:
4681:
4540:
4499:
4415:
4322:
4302:
4156:
4134:
4129:
4004:
3956:
3931:
3912:
3863:
3750:
3707:
3664:
3588:
3430:
3417:
3382:
3363:
3282:
3249:
3223:
3168:
3047:
3022:
2962:
2919:
2894:
Gooren L (November 2006). "The biology of human psychosexual differentiation". Review.
2871:
2862:
2846:
2786:
2670:
2618:
2569:
2544:
2518:
2410:
2385:
2316:
2222:
2197:
2147:
1899:
1847:
1798:
Rametti et al. (2011) studied 18 trans men who had not undergone hormone therapy using
1368:
1342:
223:
2691:
Transsexuality in
Theology and Neuroscience. Findings, Controversies, and Perspectives
1763:
In 2008, Garcia-Falgueras & Swaab discovered that the interstitial nucleus of the
5369:
5362:
5356:
5139:
5134:
5048:
4850:
4591:
4558:
4425:
4286:
4234:
4193:
4171:
4139:
3996:
3961:
3904:
3867:
3855:
3820:
3785:
3742:
3711:
3699:
3656:
3621:
3611:
3580:
3545:
3541:
3503:
3475:
3470:
3453:
3434:
3422:
3367:
3355:
3347:
3332:
3315:
3287:
3269:
3215:
3207:
3186:
Smith, Elke
Stefanie; Junger, Jessica; Derntl, Birgit; Habel, Ute (1 December 2015).
3160:
3088:
3084:
3052:
3038:
3003:
2954:
2911:
2876:
2827:
2778:
2719:
2694:
2674:
2610:
2574:
2522:
2477:
2472:
2455:
2415:
2363:
2320:
2270:
2266:
2227:
2151:
2139:
2131:
2046:
2013:
1737:
1498:
908:
902:
363:
228:
194:
4008:
3754:
3668:
3592:
3563:
Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (February 1982). "Two types of cross-gender identity".
3227:
3203:
3188:"The transsexual brain – A review of findings on the neural basis of transsexualism"
3021:
Luders E, Sánchez FJ, Gaser C, Toga AW, Narr KL, Hamilton LS, Vilain E (July 2009).
2923:
2653:
Erickson-Schroth L (2013). "Update on the
Biology of Transgender Identity". Review.
2622:
4568:
4509:
4298:
4241:
3988:
3951:
3943:
3916:
3894:
3847:
3812:
3777:
3734:
3695:
3691:
3648:
3572:
3537:
3465:
3412:
3402:
3394:
3337:
3327:
3277:
3261:
3199:
3172:
3152:
3119:
3080:
3042:
3034:
2993:
2966:
2946:
2903:
2866:
2858:
2817:
2790:
2768:
2760:
2662:
2602:
2564:
2556:
2510:
2467:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2355:
2308:
2262:
2217:
2209:
2123:
1715:
1711:
1446:
760:
406:
4440:
1583:
and tend to develop similar cognitive abilities to the typical females, including
5308:
5199:
5164:
5073:
4961:
4855:
4811:
4791:
4664:
4380:
4359:
4114:
3899:
3882:
3498:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp.
3454:"Regional cerebral blood flow changes in female to male gender identity disorder"
2666:
2514:
2312:
2052:
1903:
1879:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1282:
956:
924:
914:
451:
233:
187:
3316:"Brain network interactions in transgender individuals with gender incongruence"
3156:
2907:
4801:
4781:
4691:
4384:
4276:
4151:
3398:
3250:"What has sex got to do with it? The role of hormones in the transgender brain"
2498:
2296:
2246:
2127:
2002:
1939:
1312:
880:
875:
422:
3992:
3947:
3851:
3816:
3781:
3652:
3265:
2950:
2560:
2213:
2079:
Curtis R, Levy A, Martin J, Playdon ZJ, Wylie K, Reed R, Reed R (March 2009).
5391:
5303:
5246:
5236:
4796:
4616:
4576:
4572:
4563:
4406:
4375:
4364:
4354:
4281:
4183:
4077:
3639:
Blanchard R (August 2005). "Early history of the concept of autogynephilia".
3351:
3273:
3211:
2454:
Bentz EK, Hefler LA, Kaufmann U, Huber JC, Kolbus A, Tempfer CB (July 2008).
2367:
2135:
2017:
1986:
1875:
1815:
961:
944:
929:
890:
683:
625:
218:
3625:
3608:
The Man Who Would Be Queen: The
Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism
2806:"Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus"
262:
5093:
4394:
4371:
4000:
3965:
3908:
3859:
3789:
3703:
3660:
3479:
3426:
3359:
3291:
3219:
3164:
3140:
3092:
3056:
3007:
2998:
2981:
2958:
2915:
2880:
2831:
2822:
2805:
2614:
2578:
2481:
2419:
2274:
2251:"Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature"
2231:
2143:
2021:
1911:
1803:
1703:), are limited, as they include only a small number of tested individuals.
1607:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1494:
1473:
1472:), are limited, as they include only a small number of tested individuals.
1434:
1380:
896:
559:
501:
369:
252:
4018:
3824:
3746:
3584:
3549:
2804:
Kruijver FP, Zhou JN, Pool CW, Hofman MA, Gooren LJ, Swaab DF (May 2000).
2782:
2359:
337:
5232:
5144:
5088:
4926:
4711:
4410:
4229:
1994:
1787:
1750:
1700:
1688:
1534:
1485:
1469:
1457:
1442:
1438:
765:
663:
377:
358:
332:
288:
269:
136:
3124:
3107:
2741:"A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality"
5179:
5174:
4891:
4626:
4166:
3738:
3576:
3342:
2006:
1757:
1692:
1596:
1592:
1546:
1461:
885:
308:
293:
2606:
2198:"A Review of the Status of Brain Structure Research in Transsexualism"
1993:
of male-to-female transsexualism built upon the work of his colleague
4841:
3381:
Frigerio, Alberto; Ballerini, Lucia; Valdes-Hernandez, Maria (2021).
2764:
2029:
1934:
1895:
1696:
1530:
1489:
1465:
1363:
1152:
870:
327:
282:
247:
213:
2249:, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, et al. (March 2012).
23:
5293:
5053:
4758:
3681:
1907:
1317:
343:
320:
5194:
3380:
3023:"Regional gray matter variation in male-to-female transsexualism"
1791:
1518:
350:
276:
241:
2340:
2244:
2049: – Relationship between different sex and gender minorities
3105:
1768:
1488:
who were mostly already undergoing hormone treatment, with 258
1307:
314:
3768:
Blanchard R (January 1988). "Nonhomosexual gender dysphoria".
3069:
1955:
257:
3929:
3451:
2591:
1942:, two brain regions known to respond during sexual arousal.
3247:
1327:
298:
2739:
Zhou JN, Hofman MA, Gooren LJ, Swaab DF (November 1995).
1885:
1783:
1332:
3313:
2693:. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 23–42.
2688:
2453:
2195:
1806:, the structure of which is sexually dimorphic. Rametti
2542:
2383:
2078:
2025:
1501:(NR3C4) is activated by the binding of testosterone or
3185:
3020:
2803:
1906:
can also affect transgender people's brain structure;
3610:. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. p. 170.
3495:
2979:
2738:
2543:
Dreger A, Feder EK, Tamar-Mattis A (September 2012).
1514:
a more feminized brain and a female gender identity.
2810:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3718:
2648:
2646:
2196:Guillamon A, Junque C, Gómez-Gil E (October 2016).
2081:"Transgender experiences – Information and support"
1860:gender compared with those of the same natal sex."
1529:, has been found to be linked to transsexuality in
1505:, where it plays a critical role in the forming of
2844:
1540:
3562:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3408:20.500.11820/7258d49f-d222-4094-a40f-dc564d163ea7
2845:Chung WC, De Vries GJ, Swaab DF (February 2002).
2774:20.500.11755/9da6a0a1-f622-44f3-ac4f-fec297a7c6c2
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
1802:(DTI), an MRI technique which allows visualizing
1740:in BSTc did not establish until adulthood. Chung
5389:
3837:
2718:(7th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 418.
2652:
2643:
2493:
2491:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
1867:A 2021 review of brain studies published in the
1714:(BSTc), a region of the brain known for sex and
1558:
1437:. This is experienced by people who identify as
267:
3883:"Blanchard's Autogynephilia Theory: a critique"
1814:values in posterior part of the right SLF, the
1687:Transgender brain studies, especially those on
1456:Transgender brain studies, especially those on
3923:
3796:
3761:
3516:
3139:Bao, Ai-Min; Swaab, Dick (February 18, 2011).
2980:Garcia-Falgueras A, Swaab DF (December 2008).
2635:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
4034:
2538:
2536:
2488:
2158:
2012:Blanchard's theory has received support from
1429:Gender incongruence is the state of having a
1410:
3599:
3063:
2732:
2238:
2113:
1882:people, with the same limitations applying.
1710:(1995) found that in the bed nucleus of the
1650:. There might be a discussion about this on
4048:
3979:Moser C (2009). "Autogynephilia in women".
3556:
2289:
1550:39 (33%) monozygotic or identical pairs of
4041:
4027:
3972:
3874:
3831:
2655:Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health
2533:
1927:single-photon emission computed tomography
1417:
1403:
3955:
3898:
3802:
3767:
3724:
3675:
3638:
3632:
3530:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
3527:
3469:
3416:
3406:
3374:
3341:
3331:
3281:
3123:
3046:
2997:
2930:
2870:
2821:
2797:
2772:
2568:
2471:
2409:
2221:
1670:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
5205:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3192:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
3138:
2435:"Transsexual study reveals genetic link"
2344:"Atypical Gender Development – A Review"
48:. Please improve this article by adding
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2713:
2585:
2503:International Journal of Transgenderism
2497:
2379:
2377:
2348:International Journal of Transgenderism
2301:International Journal of Transgenderism
2295:
1974:
1920:
1484:A 2008 study compared the genes of 112
5390:
3605:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
2893:
2432:
1886:Androphilic vs. gynephilic trans women
4697:Psychological effects of Internet use
4022:
3978:
3880:
3458:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
3099:
2936:
2447:
1965:sexual excitement from cross-dressing
1521:gene, which acts on the sex hormones
3805:Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy
2374:
2336:
2334:
2109:
2107:
1732:In 2002, a follow-up study by Chung
1622:
17:
4677:Digital media use and mental health
3298:
2716:Psychology: The Science of Behavior
2440:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1985:In the 1980s and 1990s, sexologist
1981:Blanchard's transsexualism typology
452:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy
13:
4308:Automatic and controlled processes
2863:10.1523/jneurosci.22-03-01027.2002
1753:rather than transgender identity.
1618:
1433:that does not correspond to one's
14:
5444:
4717:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
3112:European Journal of Endocrinology
2433:Carter, Helen (27 October 2008).
2331:
2104:
2086:. NHS. p. 12. Archived from
5368:
5355:
5343:
5342:
4742:Mobile phones and driving safety
3542:10.1097/00005053-198910000-00004
3471:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.02059.x
3333:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116613
3085:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.006
3039:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.048
2473:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.056
2267:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x
1929:(SPECT) to compare the regional
1627:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1362:
513:Assisted reproductive technology
22:
4645:Computer-mediated communication
3486:
3445:
3241:
3204:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.008
3179:
3145:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
3132:
3073:Journal of Psychiatric Research
3014:
2973:
2887:
2838:
2707:
2681:
2059:Neuroscience of sex differences
1835:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
1721:In a follow-up study, Kruijver
1567:In people with XX chromosomes,
1541:Gender incongruence among twins
1453:have been studied for decades.
61:"Causes of gender incongruence"
4922:Empathising–systemising theory
4225:female intrasexual competition
4162:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3696:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008
2426:
2402:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.033
2255:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
2072:
1569:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
871:Cisgender / cissexual
866:Childhood gender nonconformity
492:Facial masculinization surgery
1:
5282:Standard social science model
4335:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2549:Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
2065:
2042:Genetic diagnosis of intersex
1559:Prenatal hormonal environment
1451:causes of gender incongruence
1348:Social construction of gender
50:secondary or tertiary sources
5130:Missing heritability problem
4722:Social aspects of television
4345:Evolution of nervous systems
4313:Computational theory of mind
3900:10.1080/00918369.2010.486241
2667:10.1080/19359705.2013.753393
2515:10.1080/15532739.2013.750222
2313:10.1080/15532739.2013.750222
1958:, gender dysphoria in those
1604:5-alpha-reductase deficiency
920:Gender-sexuality questioning
7:
5376:Evolutionary biology portal
3936:Archives of Sexual Behavior
3840:Archives of Sexual Behavior
3727:Archives of Sexual Behavior
3641:Archives of Sexual Behavior
3565:Archives of Sexual Behavior
3387:Archives of Sexual Behavior
3157:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.007
2939:Gynecological Endocrinology
2908:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.011
2851:The Journal of Neuroscience
2202:Archives of Sexual Behavior
2035:
1891:non-dimorphic brain areas.
1870:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1832:A 2011 review published in
1517:A variant genotype for the
1479:
485:Facial feminization surgery
10:
5449:
5337:Evolutionary psychologists
5210:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
5125:Human–animal communication
4837:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
4687:Imprinted brain hypothesis
4655:Human–computer interaction
3399:10.1007/s10508-021-02005-9
2128:10.1007/s11682-019-00121-8
2116:Brain Imaging and Behavior
1978:
1682:
1474:Studies conducted on twins
855:Androphilia and gynephilia
555:Gender self-identification
5331:
5257:Environmental determinism
5228:Cultural selection theory
5220:
5115:Evolutionary epistemology
5102:
5029:evolutionary neuroscience
4991:
4984:
4882:
4757:
4702:Rank theory of depression
4625:
4549:
4451:
4257:
4250:
4204:Parent–offspring conflict
4113:
4056:
3993:10.1080/00918360903005212
3948:10.1007/s10508-009-9579-2
3852:10.1007/s10508-007-9306-9
3817:10.1080/00926239108404348
3782:10.1080/00224498809551410
3653:10.1007/s10508-005-4343-8
3266:10.1038/s41386-018-0140-7
2951:10.1080/09513590400018231
2561:10.1007/s11673-012-9384-9
2245:Heylens G, De Cuypere G,
2214:10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5
229:Non-binary or genderqueer
5150:Cultural group selection
5034:Biocultural anthropology
4727:Societal impacts of cars
4660:Media naturalness theory
4350:Fight-or-flight response
3981:Journal of Homosexuality
3887:Journal of Homosexuality
1969:assigned female at birth
1949:
1800:diffusion tensor imaging
674:Parental rights movement
583:Political office-holders
462:Gender-affirming surgery
5433:Transgender health care
5413:Behavioral neuroscience
5350:Evolutionary psychology
5314:Sociocultural evolution
5155:Dual inheritance theory
4612:Personality development
4073:Theoretical foundations
4050:Evolutionary psychology
3770:Journal of Sex Research
3254:Neuropsychopharmacology
2609:(inactive 2024-08-24).
2460:Fertility and Sterility
1999:homosexual transsexuals
1856:Neuropsychopharmacology
1736:found that significant
1589:language lateralization
1445:, and often results in
268:
201:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
5403:Psychological theories
5272:Social constructionism
5267:Psychological nativism
5242:Biological determinism
5190:Recent human evolution
5185:Punctuated equilibrium
5008:Behavioral epigenetics
5003:evolutionary economics
4972:Variability hypothesis
4917:Emotional intelligence
4650:Engineering psychology
4340:Evolution of the brain
2823:10.1210/jcem.85.5.6564
1960:assigned male at birth
1369:Transgender portal
1338:Sex–gender distinction
897:Gender detransitioning
784:Anatomical terminology
33:relies excessively on
5299:Multilineal evolution
5262:Nature versus nurture
5221:Theoretical positions
5069:Functional psychology
5064:Evolutionary medicine
5039:Biological psychiatry
4747:Texting while driving
4737:Lead–crime hypothesis
4597:Cognitive development
4582:Caregiver deprivation
4093:Gene selection theory
2896:Hormones and Behavior
2390:Biological Psychiatry
2360:10.1300/J485v09n01_04
1979:Further information:
1812:fractional anisotropy
1765:anterior hypothalamus
1573:medical interventions
1435:sex assigned at birth
1323:Queer heterosexuality
935:Rapid-onset dysphoria
718:Yogyakarta Principles
5423:Behavioural genetics
5418:Causes of conditions
5252:Cultural determinism
5059:Evolutionary biology
5044:Cognitive psychology
4992:Academic disciplines
4640:Cognitive ergonomics
4607:Language acquisition
4587:Childhood attachment
4400:Wason selection task
4294:Behavioral modernity
4083:Cognitive revolution
4066:Evolutionary thought
2999:10.1093/brain/awn276
1975:Blanchard's typology
1921:Gynephilic trans men
1775:(1995) and Kruijver
1745:one's assigned sex.
1691:attracted to women (
1640:confusing or unclear
1460:attracted to women (
909:Gender transitioning
861:Blanchard's typology
789:Fictional characters
735:Events and awareness
641:Anti-gender movement
5398:Transgender studies
5319:Unilineal evolution
5084:Population genetics
4869:Sexy son hypothesis
4807:Hormonal motivation
4787:Concealed ovulation
4328:Dual process theory
4199:Parental investment
3684:Psychiatry Research
3125:10.1530/eje.1.02248
2757:1995Natur.378...68Z
2714:Carlson NR (2010).
1931:cerebral blood flow
1820:corticospinal tract
1648:clarify the section
1612:dihydrotestosterone
1503:dihydrotestosterone
1303:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
848:Theory and concepts
730:Society and culture
711:Trans panic defense
5277:Social determinism
5160:Fisher's principle
5120:Great ape language
5110:Cultural evolution
5079:Philosophy of mind
4912:Division of labour
4874:Westermarck effect
4822:Mating preferences
4732:Distracted driving
4466:Literary criticism
4323:Domain specificity
4303:modularity of mind
3739:10.1007/BF01541951
3606:Bailey JM (2003).
3577:10.1007/BF01541365
2992:(Pt 12): 3132–46.
2687:For a survey, see
1900:Cortical thickness
1848:cortical thickness
1760:(2004) concurred.
1699:attracted to men (
1587:, verbal ability,
1468:attracted to men (
1343:Sexual orientation
1182:Disenfranchisement
751:Day of Remembrance
652:trans-exclusionary
137:Transgender topics
5385:
5384:
5363:Psychology portal
5327:
5326:
5170:Hologenome theory
5140:Unit of selection
5135:Primate cognition
5049:Cognitive science
4980:
4979:
4851:Sexual attraction
4827:Mating strategies
4592:Cinderella effect
4522:Moral foundations
4426:Visual perception
4318:Domain generality
4287:Facial expression
4235:Sexual dimorphism
4194:Natural selection
4140:Hamiltonian spite
3617:978-0-309-08418-5
3509:978-0-89042-554-1
2700:978-3-11-044080-5
2607:10.1159/000065490
2093:on 6 January 2012
2047:Intersex and LGBT
2014:J. Michael Bailey
1954:According to the
1853:A 2019 review in
1738:sexual dimorphism
1716:anxiety responses
1680:
1679:
1672:
1499:androgen receptor
1427:
1426:
1273:elected officials
903:Gender expression
756:Day of Visibility
565:Non-binary gender
531:Standards of Care
188:Gender identities
122:
121:
114:
96:
5440:
5372:
5359:
5346:
5345:
4989:
4988:
4985:Related subjects
4772:Adult attachment
4299:Cognitive module
4255:
4254:
4242:Social selection
4216:Costly signaling
4211:Sexual selection
4098:Modern synthesis
4043:
4036:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3902:
3881:Moser C (2010).
3878:
3872:
3871:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3525:
3514:
3513:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3420:
3410:
3393:(8): 3329–3352.
3378:
3372:
3371:
3345:
3335:
3311:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2776:
2765:10.1038/378068a0
2736:
2730:
2729:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2595:Hormone Research
2589:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2193:
2156:
2155:
2122:(4): 1281–1297.
2111:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2076:
1712:stria terminalis
1695:), and those on
1675:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1606:, conversion of
1464:), and those on
1447:gender dysphoria
1419:
1412:
1405:
1390:
1389:
1381:LGBTQ portal
1379:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1217:
1044:
911:
899:
857:
804:Media portrayals
657:
656:
655:radical feminism
653:
649:
601:Military service
533:
521:
504:
494:
487:
478:
471:
464:
454:
435:
425:
416:
409:
407:Gender dysphoria
402:
273:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
124:
123:
117:
110:
106:
103:
97:
95:
54:
26:
18:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5428:Gender identity
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5323:
5309:Neoevolutionism
5216:
5200:Species complex
5165:Group selection
5103:Research topics
5098:
5074:Neuropsychology
4976:
4962:Substance abuse
4884:Sex differences
4878:
4792:Coolidge effect
4753:
4665:Neuroergonomics
4630:
4621:
4545:
4447:
4381:Folk psychology
4262:
4246:
4116:
4109:
4052:
4047:
4017:
4016:
3977:
3973:
3928:
3924:
3879:
3875:
3836:
3832:
3801:
3797:
3766:
3762:
3723:
3719:
3680:
3676:
3637:
3633:
3618:
3604:
3600:
3561:
3557:
3526:
3517:
3510:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3450:
3446:
3379:
3375:
3312:
3299:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3184:
3180:
3137:
3133:
3104:
3100:
3068:
3064:
3019:
3015:
2978:
2974:
2935:
2931:
2892:
2888:
2843:
2839:
2802:
2798:
2751:(6552): 68–70.
2737:
2733:
2726:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2686:
2682:
2651:
2644:
2628:
2627:
2590:
2586:
2541:
2534:
2496:
2489:
2452:
2448:
2431:
2427:
2382:
2375:
2339:
2332:
2294:
2290:
2243:
2239:
2194:
2159:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2053:Sexual identity
2038:
1983:
1977:
1952:
1923:
1904:Hormone therapy
1888:
1685:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1645:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:Brain structure
1585:spatial ability
1581:assigned female
1577:intersex rights
1561:
1543:
1482:
1431:gender identity
1423:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1038:
983:
977:
967:
966:
957:Transmedicalism
925:Gender variance
915:Gender identity
907:
895:
853:
849:
841:
840:
780:
775:
746:Beauty pageants
737:
731:
723:
722:
679:Transgender men
654:
651:
648:Gender-critical
647:
646:
637:
587:
573:Rights movement
569:
550:
539:
538:
529:
517:
500:
497:
490:
483:
474:
467:
460:
457:
450:
433:Hormone therapy
431:
428:
421:
412:
405:
398:
394:
383:
382:
234:Gender fluidity
190:
180:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
118:
107:
101:
98:
55:
53:
43:
39:primary sources
27:
12:
11:
5:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5366:
5353:
5340:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5014:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4853:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Mind-blindness
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4636:
4634:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4387:
4385:theory of mind
4378:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4268:
4266:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Baldwin effect
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4014:
3971:
3922:
3893:(6): 790–809.
3873:
3830:
3795:
3760:
3717:
3674:
3631:
3616:
3598:
3555:
3536:(10): 616–23.
3515:
3508:
3485:
3444:
3373:
3297:
3240:
3178:
3151:(2): 214–226.
3131:
3098:
3079:(2): 199–204.
3062:
3013:
2972:
2929:
2902:(4): 589–601.
2886:
2857:(3): 1027–33.
2837:
2816:(5): 2034–41.
2796:
2731:
2724:
2706:
2699:
2680:
2642:
2584:
2555:(3): 277–294.
2532:
2487:
2446:
2425:
2373:
2330:
2288:
2237:
2208:(7): 1615–48.
2157:
2103:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2003:autogynephilia
1976:
1973:
1951:
1948:
1922:
1919:
1887:
1884:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1635:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1602:In males with
1560:
1557:
1552:assigned males
1542:
1539:
1481:
1478:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1371:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Gender studies
1310:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1278:Cafeteria riot
1275:
1270:
1260:
1258:United Kingdom
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1160:United Kingdom
1157:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1045:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
979:
978:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
959:
954:
953:
952:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
905:
900:
893:
888:
883:
881:Cross-dressing
878:
876:Cisnormativity
873:
868:
863:
858:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
817:
816:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
776:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Awareness Week
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
714:
713:
708:
698:
693:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
664:Discrimination
661:
660:
659:
636:
635:
634:
633:
628:
626:Bathroom bills
620:
615:
614:
613:
608:
598:
593:
586:
585:
580:
575:
568:
567:
562:
557:
551:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
535:
534:
522:
515:
510:
505:
496:
495:
488:
481:
480:
479:
476:male-to-female
472:
469:female-to-male
456:
455:
448:
447:
446:
441:
427:
426:
423:Sex assignment
419:
418:
417:
403:
395:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
374:
373:
366:
356:
355:
354:
347:
340:
330:
325:
324:
323:
318:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
279:
274:
265:
260:
250:
245:
238:
237:
236:
226:
221:
216:
211:
204:
197:
191:
186:
185:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
158:
140:
139:
133:
132:
120:
119:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5445:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5378:
5377:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:Neo-Darwinism
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:Functionalism
5287:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5247:Connectionism
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5237:indeterminism
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Schizophrenia
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Mental health
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Mate guarding
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Age disparity
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:Schizophrenia
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4632:Mental health
4628:
4627:Human factors
4624:
4618:
4617:Socialization
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:paternal bond
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4441:Naïve physics
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:Motor control
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4365:Ophidiophobia
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Arachnophobia
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Display rules
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:Kin selection
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Adaptationism
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:(5): 539–47.
3986:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3942:(2): 247–57.
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:(4): 586–97.
3845:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3811:(4): 235–51.
3810:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3776:(1): 188–93.
3775:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3733:(4): 315–34.
3732:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3690:(3): 151–60.
3689:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:(4): 439–46.
3646:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3464:(2): 157–61.
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3126:
3121:
3118:: S107–S114.
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:(6): 301–12.
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2725:9780205547869
2721:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:(2): 150–74.
2660:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:(4): 188–95.
2600:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:Anne Lawrence
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:Ray Blanchard
1982:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1825:Hulshoff Pol
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:forceps minor
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1674:
1671:
1663:
1660:November 2022
1653:
1652:the talk page
1649:
1643:
1641:
1636:This section
1634:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:United States
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:United States
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:South Africa
1133:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
984:
982:
976:
971:
970:
963:
962:Transmisogyny
960:
958:
955:
951:
948:
947:
946:
945:Transfeminism
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Postgenderism
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
910:
906:
904:
901:
898:
894:
892:
891:Gender binary
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
856:
852:
851:
845:
844:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
815:
812:
811:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
736:
727:
726:
719:
716:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
685:
684:Transmisogyny
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
662:
658:
644:
643:
642:
639:
638:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
621:
619:
616:
612:
611:United States
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
579:
578:Organizations
576:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
549:
543:
542:
532:
528:
527:
526:
523:
520:
519:Voice therapy
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
493:
489:
486:
482:
477:
473:
470:
466:
465:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
444:masculinizing
442:
440:
437:
436:
434:
430:
429:
424:
420:
415:
411:
410:
408:
404:
401:
400:Gender clinic
397:
396:
392:
387:
386:
379:
376:
372:
371:
367:
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
353:
352:
348:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
329:
326:
322:
319:
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
272:
271:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
243:
239:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Gender bender
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:
205:
203:
202:
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:
184:
183:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
161:
160:
142:
141:
138:
135:
134:
130:
126:
125:
116:
113:
105:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63: –
62:
58:
57:Find sources:
51:
47:
41:
40:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
5408:Neuroscience
5374:
5361:
5348:
5335:
5094:Sociobiology
4952:Neuroscience
4932:Intelligence
4478:Anthropology
4431:Color vision
4416:Multitasking
4395:Flynn effect
4390:Intelligence
4372:Folk biology
4115:Evolutionary
3984:
3980:
3974:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3607:
3601:
3571:(1): 49–63.
3568:
3564:
3558:
3533:
3529:
3494:
3488:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3438:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3323:
3319:
3260:(1): 22–37.
3257:
3253:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3195:
3191:
3181:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3033:(4): 904–7.
3030:
3026:
3016:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2715:
2709:
2690:
2683:
2658:
2654:
2631:cite journal
2598:
2594:
2587:
2552:
2548:
2526:
2509:(1): 24–38.
2506:
2502:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2438:
2428:
2393:
2389:
2354:(1): 29–44.
2351:
2347:
2324:
2307:(1): 24–38.
2304:
2300:
2291:
2278:
2261:(3): 751–7.
2258:
2254:
2240:
2205:
2201:
2119:
2115:
2095:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2074:
2022:James Cantor
2011:
1984:
1953:
1944:
1924:
1916:
1912:testosterone
1893:
1889:
1880:heterosexual
1868:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1807:
1804:white matter
1797:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1707:
1705:
1686:
1666:
1657:
1646:Please help
1637:
1608:testosterone
1601:
1566:
1562:
1544:
1527:progesterone
1523:pregnenolone
1516:
1495:testosterone
1483:
1455:
1450:
1428:
1248:Nazi Germany
1200:
980:
821:Publications
777:
734:
560:Legal gender
548:legal status
502:Hair removal
368:
349:
342:
313:
281:
253:Third gender
240:
206:
199:
108:
99:
89:
82:
75:
68:
56:
32:
15:
5233:Determinism
5145:Coevolution
5089:Primatology
4927:Gender role
4832:Orientation
4712:Screen time
4569:Affectional
4551:Development
4230:Mate choice
4157:By-products
4125:Adaptations
4088:Cognitivism
3343:2445/183973
3198:: 251–266.
2466:(1): 56–9.
2396:(1): 93–6.
2281:monozygotic
1995:Kurt Freund
1967:. In those
1788:gray matter
1751:paraphilias
1701:androphilic
1689:trans women
1545:In 2013, a
1535:trans women
1533:but not in
1486:trans women
1470:androphilic
1458:trans women
1443:transsexual
1439:transgender
1212: [
1192:Transphobia
1145:South Korea
1115:New Zealand
1039: [
606:South Korea
546:Rights and
414:in children
391:Health care
378:Transsexual
359:Transgender
333:Trans woman
289:Mudoko dako
270:Femminiello
5392:Categories
5180:Population
5175:Lamarckism
5021:behavioral
4999:Behavioral
4947:Narcissism
4892:Aggression
4682:Hypophobia
4672:Depression
4559:Attachment
4541:Universals
4505:Psychology
4483:Biological
4471:Musicology
4461:Aesthetics
4360:Basophobia
4167:Exaptation
4145:Reciprocal
3326:: 116613.
3320:NeuroImage
3252:. Review.
3190:. Review.
3143:. Review.
3027:NeuroImage
2097:2012-07-01
2066:References
1991:a taxonomy
1989:developed
1876:homosexual
1758:Dick Swaab
1693:gynephilic
1642:to readers
1597:aggression
1593:handedness
1547:twin study
1462:gynephilic
1083:Tamil Nadu
975:By country
886:Deadnaming
836:Television
814:non-binary
799:Literature
696:Inequality
669:Non-binary
596:Healthcare
439:feminizing
309:Two-spirit
294:Mukhannath
263:Faʻafafine
72:newspapers
35:references
5025:cognitive
5017:Affective
4902:Cognition
4856:Sexuality
4842:Pair bond
4602:Education
4259:Cognition
4177:Inclusive
4117:processes
4105:Criticism
3868:207089236
3712:207445960
3435:233870640
3368:211068133
3352:1053-8119
3274:1740-634X
3233:4 October
3212:0149-7634
2675:216136930
2523:144330783
2499:Diamond M
2368:1553-2739
2321:144330783
2297:Diamond M
2247:Zucker KJ
2152:167207854
2136:1931-7565
2030:fetishism
1935:cisgender
1896:cisgender
1697:trans men
1531:trans men
1511:secondary
1490:cisgender
1466:trans men
1283:Stonewall
1253:Singapore
1221:Australia
1209:Argentina
1170:2022 bill
1130:Singapore
1103:2017 bill
1099:Pakistan
1073:2014 bill
1019:2016 bill
1004:Australia
987:Argentina
508:Pregnancy
393:practices
370:Akava'ine
338:Fakaleitī
328:Trans man
248:Koekchuch
214:Cisgender
208:Burrnesha
195:Androgyne
102:July 2022
46:talk page
5294:Memetics
5054:Ethology
5012:genetics
4847:Physical
4812:Jealousy
4767:Activity
4573:maternal
4529:Religion
4517:Morality
4495:Language
4376:taxonomy
4189:Mismatch
4135:Cheating
4130:Altruism
4009:14368724
4001:19591032
3966:20039113
3909:20582803
3860:18299976
3790:22375647
3755:43151898
3704:16298429
3669:15986011
3661:16010466
3626:52779246
3593:42131695
3480:20132527
3427:33956296
3360:32057995
3292:30082887
3228:23913935
3220:26429593
3165:21334362
3093:20562024
3057:19341803
3008:18980961
2959:15724806
2924:21060826
2916:16870186
2881:11826131
2832:10843193
2623:41346214
2615:12324718
2579:22904609
2482:17765230
2420:18962445
2275:22146048
2232:27255307
2144:31134582
2036:See also
1908:estrogen
1480:Genetics
1393:Category
1318:Intersex
1297:See also
1268:Legality
1226:Re Kevin
1187:Title IX
1165:2004 act
1153:2022 law
1138:2003 act
1123:2016 act
1108:2018 act
1078:2019 act
1063:2024 law
1058:2018 law
1053:1980 law
997:2021 law
992:2012 law
826:Religion
701:Violence
691:Genocide
622:Toilets
344:Mak nyah
321:X-gender
304:Travesti
176:Timeline
129:a series
127:Part of
5195:Species
4967:Suicide
4802:Fantasy
4782:Arousal
4564:Bonding
4453:Culture
4277:Display
4264:Emotion
4172:Fitness
4061:History
3957:2894986
3917:8765340
3825:1815090
3747:2673136
3585:7073469
3550:2794988
3500:451–460
3418:8604863
3283:6235900
3173:8735185
3048:2754583
2967:1410435
2872:6758506
2791:4344570
2783:7477289
2753:Bibcode
2570:3416978
2411:3402034
2223:4987404
2007:asexual
1792:putamen
1782:A 2009
1683:General
1638:may be
1564:birth.
1507:primary
1243:Finland
1202:History
1119:Norway
1095:Ireland
1048:Germany
1031:Finland
940:Studies
778:Culture
706:Murders
618:Prisons
351:Rae-rae
277:Khanith
242:Kathoey
171:History
166:Outline
86:scholar
5373:
5360:
5347:
4937:Memory
4897:Autism
4864:female
4797:Desire
4534:Origin
4510:Speech
4500:Origin
4272:Affect
4007:
3999:
3964:
3954:
3915:
3907:
3866:
3858:
3823:
3788:
3753:
3745:
3710:
3702:
3667:
3659:
3624:
3614:
3591:
3583:
3548:
3506:
3478:
3433:
3425:
3415:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3290:
3280:
3272:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3171:
3163:
3091:
3055:
3045:
3006:
2965:
2957:
2922:
2914:
2879:
2869:
2830:
2789:
2781:
2745:Nature
2722:
2697:
2673:
2621:
2613:
2577:
2567:
2521:
2480:
2418:
2408:
2366:
2319:
2279:Of 23
2273:
2230:
2220:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2020:, and
1940:insula
1827:et al.
1808:et al.
1777:et al.
1773:et al.
1769:INAH-3
1742:et al.
1734:et al.
1727:et al.
1723:et al.
1708:et al.
1497:. The
1449:. The
1391:
1308:Gender
1233:Brazil
1149:Spain
1069:India
1036:France
1014:Canada
1009:Brazil
981:Rights
831:Sports
809:People
631:Unisex
591:Asylum
315:Winkte
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
88:
81:
74:
67:
59:
4907:Crime
4490:Crime
4421:Sleep
4411:skill
4251:Areas
4005:S2CID
3913:S2CID
3864:S2CID
3751:S2CID
3708:S2CID
3665:S2CID
3589:S2CID
3431:S2CID
3364:S2CID
3224:S2CID
3169:S2CID
2986:Brain
2963:S2CID
2920:S2CID
2787:S2CID
2671:S2CID
2619:S2CID
2519:S2CID
2317:S2CID
2148:S2CID
2091:(PDF)
2084:(PDF)
1956:DSM-5
1950:Onset
1519:CYP17
1238:China
1216:]
1043:]
1026:China
950:views
766:March
525:WPATH
364:Youth
258:Bakla
224:Hijra
93:JSTOR
79:books
4860:male
4221:Male
3997:PMID
3962:PMID
3905:PMID
3856:PMID
3821:PMID
3786:PMID
3743:PMID
3700:PMID
3657:PMID
3622:OCLC
3612:ISBN
3581:PMID
3546:PMID
3504:ISBN
3476:PMID
3423:PMID
3356:PMID
3348:ISSN
3288:PMID
3270:ISSN
3235:2021
3216:PMID
3208:ISSN
3161:PMID
3089:PMID
3053:PMID
3004:PMID
2955:PMID
2912:PMID
2877:PMID
2828:PMID
2779:PMID
2720:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2637:link
2611:PMID
2575:PMID
2478:PMID
2416:PMID
2364:ISSN
2284:GID.
2271:PMID
2228:PMID
2140:PMID
2132:ISSN
1878:and
1818:and
1595:and
1525:and
1509:and
1328:LGBT
1090:Iran
794:Film
771:more
761:Flag
299:Muxe
283:Māhū
65:news
4759:Sex
4436:Eye
3989:doi
3952:PMC
3944:doi
3895:doi
3848:doi
3813:doi
3778:doi
3735:doi
3692:doi
3688:137
3649:doi
3573:doi
3538:doi
3534:177
3466:doi
3413:PMC
3403:hdl
3395:doi
3338:hdl
3328:doi
3324:211
3278:PMC
3262:doi
3200:doi
3153:doi
3120:doi
3116:155
3081:doi
3043:PMC
3035:doi
2994:doi
2990:131
2947:doi
2904:doi
2867:PMC
2859:doi
2818:doi
2769:hdl
2761:doi
2749:378
2663:doi
2603:doi
2565:PMC
2557:doi
2511:doi
2468:doi
2406:PMC
2398:doi
2356:doi
2309:doi
2263:doi
2218:PMC
2210:doi
2124:doi
1784:MRI
1610:to
1441:or
1333:Sex
650:or
37:to
5394::
4003:.
3995:.
3985:56
3983:.
3960:.
3950:.
3940:40
3938:.
3934:.
3911:.
3903:.
3891:57
3889:.
3885:.
3862:.
3854:.
3844:37
3842:.
3819:.
3809:17
3807:.
3784:.
3774:24
3772:.
3749:.
3741:.
3731:18
3729:.
3706:.
3698:.
3686:.
3663:.
3655:.
3645:34
3643:.
3620:.
3587:.
3579:.
3569:11
3567:.
3544:.
3532:.
3518:^
3502:.
3474:.
3462:64
3460:.
3456:.
3437:.
3429:.
3421:.
3411:.
3401:.
3391:50
3389:.
3385:.
3362:.
3354:.
3346:.
3336:.
3322:.
3318:.
3300:^
3286:.
3276:.
3268:.
3258:44
3256:.
3222:.
3214:.
3206:.
3196:59
3194:.
3167:.
3159:.
3149:32
3147:.
3114:.
3110:.
3087:.
3077:45
3075:.
3051:.
3041:.
3031:46
3029:.
3025:.
3002:.
2988:.
2984:.
2961:.
2953:.
2943:19
2941:.
2918:.
2910:.
2900:50
2898:.
2875:.
2865:.
2855:22
2853:.
2849:.
2826:.
2814:85
2812:.
2808:.
2785:.
2777:.
2767:.
2759:.
2747:.
2743:.
2669:.
2659:17
2657:.
2645:^
2633:}}
2629:{{
2617:.
2599:58
2597:.
2573:.
2563:.
2551:.
2547:.
2535:^
2525:.
2517:.
2507:14
2505:.
2490:^
2476:.
2464:90
2462:.
2458:.
2437:.
2414:.
2404:.
2394:65
2392:.
2388:.
2376:^
2362:.
2350:.
2346:.
2333:^
2323:.
2315:.
2305:14
2303:.
2277:.
2269:.
2257:.
2253:.
2226:.
2216:.
2206:45
2204:.
2200:.
2160:^
2146:.
2138:.
2130:.
2120:14
2118:.
2106:^
2028:,
2026:IQ
2016:,
2009:.
1914:.
1591:,
1214:es
1041:fr
131:on
52:.
5235:/
5027:/
5023:/
5019:/
5010:/
5001:/
4862:/
4858:/
4849:/
4629:/
4575:/
4571:/
4409:/
4383:/
4374:/
4301:/
4261:/
4223:/
4042:e
4035:t
4028:v
4011:.
3991::
3968:.
3946::
3919:.
3897::
3870:.
3850::
3827:.
3815::
3792:.
3780::
3757:.
3737::
3714:.
3694::
3671:.
3651::
3628:.
3595:.
3575::
3552:.
3540::
3512:.
3482:.
3468::
3405::
3397::
3370:.
3340::
3330::
3294:.
3264::
3237:.
3202::
3175:.
3155::
3128:.
3122::
3095:.
3083::
3059:.
3037::
3010:.
2996::
2969:.
2949::
2926:.
2906::
2883:.
2861::
2834:.
2820::
2793:.
2771::
2763::
2755::
2728:.
2703:.
2677:.
2665::
2639:)
2625:.
2605::
2581:.
2559::
2553:9
2513::
2484:.
2470::
2443:.
2422:.
2400::
2370:.
2358::
2352:9
2311::
2265::
2259:9
2234:.
2212::
2154:.
2126::
2100:.
1767:(
1673:)
1667:(
1662:)
1658:(
1654:.
1644:.
1418:e
1411:t
1404:v
115:)
109:(
104:)
100:(
90:·
83:·
76:·
69:·
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
