294:. Not only does this allow for the ease of manipulating the environment of the cells, but having an open channel wall allows for a better understanding of biological interactions at this interface. Creating designs of microfluidic platforms with different compartments that are isolated and have different dimensions allows for co-culturing of several types of cells. These devices often incorporate droplet formation to encapsulate cells and act as transport and reaction vehicles in two or more immiscible phases, making it possible to carry out numerous parallel analyses using different conditions. Open microfluidics has also been coupled with fluorescence-activated
269:(SCF), and exposes cells to the surrounding environment. The miniaturization of this process allows for improved sensitivity, high throughput, and ease of manipulation and integration, as well as dimensions that can be more physiologically relevant. The benefits of both open and closed microfluidic platforms have allowed the option for the combination of the two, where the device is open for the introduction and culturing of cells, and can be sealed prior to analysis.
63:
22:
165:
298:(FACS) to allow for cells to be contained in individually sorted compartments in an open microfluidic network for culturing in an exposed environment. The exposure of one of the channel walls introduces the issue of evaporation and therefore cell loss, however this issue can be minimized by using droplet microfluidics where the cell-containing droplets are submerged in a
289:
conditioned medium to simulate the desired cell populations in traditional close-channel microfluidic devices. The challenge to support the cell growth and simultaneously study multiple cell types in a single device with an exposed channel is that the interactions between cells in this medium needs
326:
into the culture medium have both been posed as issues of using PDMS for biological studies, however these can be reduced by adopting pretreatment procedures to create optimal environments. Advantages of using PDMS include the ease of surface modification, low cost, biocompatibility, and optical
358:
and the cell culture medium is passively transported to the culture areas. A major advantage of this type of open-microfluidics includes the low cost, the variety of dimensions of porous papers that are commercially available, improved cell viability, adhesion, and migration over tissue culture
302:
oil. Although evaporation is a major disadvantage of using an open microfluidic system for cell culturing, the advantages over a closed system include ease of manipulation and access to the cells. For certain applications, such as the study of drug transport and lung function using
343:. Devices created with polystyrene by these methods include microfluidic platforms that integrate several microfluidic systems, creating arrays to study several cell cultures simultaneously. Another type of material that is used for open-microfluidic cell culturing is
327:
transparency. In addition, PDMS is an attractive material to use for generating oxygen gradients for cell culturing in studies that involve monitoring ROS governed cellular pathways due to its oxygen permeability. Plastics such as
688:
Nalayanda, Divya D.; Puleo, Christopher; Fulton, William B.; Sharpe, Leilani M.; Wang, Tza-Huei; Abdullah, Fizan (2009-05-30). "An open-access microfluidic model for lung-specific functional studies at an air-liquid interface".
387:
Lin, Dongguo; Li, Peiwen; Lin, Jinqiong; Shu, Bowen; Wang, Weixin; Zhang, Qiong; Yang, Na; Liu, Dayu; Xu, Banglao (2017-10-31). "Orthogonal
Screening of Anticancer Drugs Using an Open-Access Microfluidic Tissue Array System".
1300:
YAN, Wei; ZHANG, Qiong; CHEN, Bin; LIANG, Guang-Tie; LI, Wei-Xuan; ZHOU, Xiao-Mian; LIU, Da-Yu (June 2013). "Study on
Microenvironment Acidification by Microfluidic Chip with Multilayer-paper Supported Breast Cancer Tissue".
359:
plates. In addition, it is an attractive substrate for 3D cell culture devices due to its ability to incorporate essential characteristics such as oxygen and nutrient gradients, fluid flow that can control
290:
to be controlled since the timing and location of the interactions is critical. This issue can be addressed in several ways including the modification of the device design, using droplet microfluidics, and
967:
Regehr, Keil J.; Domenech, Maribella; Koepsel, Justin T.; Carver, Kristopher C.; Ellison-Zelski, Stephanie J.; Murphy, William L.; Schuler, Linda A.; Alarid, Elaine T.; Beebe, David J. (2009).
491:
Lovchik, Robert D.; Bianco, Fabio; Tonna, Noemi; Ruiz, Ana; Matteoli, Michela; Delamarche, Emmanuel (May 2010). "Overflow
Microfluidic Networks for Open and Closed Cell Cultures on Chip".
281:
can be patterned in microfluidic devices with one of the channel walls exposed in different geometries and designs depending on the behaviors and interactions to be studied, such as
829:
Birchler, Axel; Berger, Mischa; Jäggin, Verena; Lopes, Telma; Etzrodt, Martin; Misun, Patrick Mark; Pena-Francesch, Maria; Schroeder, Timm; Hierlemann, Andreas (2016-01-06).
1023:
Halldorsson, S., Lucumi, E., Gómez-Sjöberg, R., & Fleming, R. M. T. (2015). Advantages and challenges of microfluidic cell culture in polydimethylsiloxane devices.
831:"Seamless Combination of Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting and Hanging-Drop Networks for Individual Handling and Culturing of Stem Cells and Microtissue Spheroids"
1075:
Young, Edmond W. K.; Berthier, Erwin; Guckenberger, David J.; Sackmann, Eric; Lamers, Casey; Meyvantsson, Ivar; Huttenlocher, Anna; Beebe, David J. (2011-02-15).
742:"Microfluidic Confinement of Single Cells of Bacteria in Small Volumes Initiates High-Density Behavior of Quorum Sensing and Growth and Reveals Its Variability"
186:
35:
801:
Kaigala, G. V., Lovchik, R. D., & Delamarche, E. (2012). Microfluidics in the “open Space” for performing localized chemistry on biological interfaces.
84:
77:
1218:
Ng, K., Gao, B., Yong, K. W., Li, Y., Shi, M., Zhao, X., … Xu, F. (2017). Paper-based cell culture platform and its emerging biomedical applications.
639:
885:
Casavant, B. P., Berthier, E., Theberge, A. B., Berthier, J., Montanez-Sauri, S. I., Bischel, L. L., … Beebe, D. J. (2013). Suspended microfluidics.
546:
Lee, J. J., Berthier, J., Brakke, K. A., Dostie, A. M., Theberge, A. B., & Berthier, E. (2018). Droplet
Behavior in Open Biphasic Microfluidics.
127:
1243:
Mosadegh, Bobak; Dabiri, Borna E.; Lockett, Matthew R.; Derda, Ratmir; Campbell, Patrick; Parker, Kevin Kit; Whitesides, George M. (2014-02-12).
99:
638:
Lee, Sung Hoon; Heinz, Austen James; Shin, Sunghwan; Jung, Yong-Gyun; Choi, Sung-Eun; Park, Wook; Roe, Jung-Hye; Kwon, Sunghoon (April 2010).
433:"An open access microfluidic device for the study of the physical limits of cancer cell deformation during migration in confined environments"
106:
173:
113:
1047:
Lo, J. F., Sinkala, E., & Eddington, D. T. (2010). Oxygen gradients for open well cellular cultures via microfluidic substrates.
41:
95:
910:
Li, Chao; Yu, Jiaquan; Schehr, Jennifer; Berry, Scott M.; Leal, Ticiana A.; Lang, Joshua M.; Beebe, David J. (2018-05-08).
285:
or co-culturing of several types of cells. A majority of cell culturing has been carried out by introducing the cells in a
318:(PDMS) is a common material for open microfluidic devices that introduces additional advantages and disadvantages. The
912:"Exclusive Liquid Repellency: An Open Multi-Liquid-Phase Technology for Rare Cell Culture and Single-Cell Processing"
211:
146:
49:
120:
1132:
Guckenberger, David J.; de Groot, Theodorus E.; Wan, Alwin M. D.; Beebe, David J.; Young, Edmond W. K. (2015).
1191:
Tao, F. F., Xiao, X., Lei, K. F., & Lee, I. C. (2015). Paper-based cell culture microfluidic system.
347:. Cell culturing on paper-based microfluidic devices is accomplished either by encapsulating cells in a
254:
344:
257:
and sample volume requirement, however using open microfluidic channels adds the benefit of removing
178:
73:
1342:
1347:
253:
The use of conventional microfluidic devices for cell studies has already improved upon the
315:
8:
1077:"Rapid Prototyping of Arrayed Microfluidic Systems in Polystyrene for Cell-Based Assays"
1277:
1244:
1166:
1133:
1109:
1076:
1001:
968:
944:
911:
863:
830:
774:
741:
722:
610:
577:
465:
432:
336:
304:
225:
1314:
1318:
1282:
1264:
1171:
1153:
1114:
1096:
1006:
988:
949:
931:
868:
850:
779:
761:
714:
706:
667:
659:
615:
597:
526:
518:
470:
452:
413:
405:
340:
332:
238:
1134:"Micromilling: a method for ultra-rapid prototyping of plastic microfluidic devices"
726:
322:
of small biological molecules from cell culturing samples as well as the release of
1310:
1272:
1256:
1227:
1200:
1161:
1145:
1104:
1088:
1056:
1032:
996:
980:
939:
923:
894:
858:
842:
810:
769:
753:
698:
651:
605:
589:
555:
508:
500:
460:
444:
397:
266:
1231:
969:"Biological implications of polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic cell culture"
846:
559:
401:
262:
234:
431:
Malboubi, Majid; Jayo, Asier; Parsons, Maddy; Charras, Guillaume (August 2015).
1036:
640:"Capillary Based Patterning of Cellular Communities in Laterally Open Channels"
360:
282:
258:
242:
1204:
702:
448:
1336:
1322:
1268:
1157:
1100:
992:
935:
854:
765:
710:
663:
601:
522:
456:
409:
331:
can be used to create microfluidic devices by embossing and bonding methods,
898:
740:
Boedicker, James Q.; Vincent, Meghan E.; Ismagilov, Rustem F. (2009-07-27).
1286:
1260:
1175:
1118:
1010:
953:
927:
872:
814:
783:
757:
718:
671:
619:
530:
474:
417:
355:
299:
295:
291:
328:
1149:
513:
319:
1092:
655:
593:
504:
1060:
984:
352:
323:
286:
62:
364:
348:
1074:
278:
576:
Schneider, Thomas; Kreutz, Jason; Chiu, Daniel T. (2013-03-15).
164:
363:, and stacking filter papers with different cells suspended in
307:
cells, air exposure to is essential for developing the lungs.
1131:
966:
1245:"Three-Dimensional Paper-Based Model for Cardiac Ischemia"
1242:
687:
578:"The Potential Impact of Droplet Microfluidics in Biology"
430:
828:
739:
367:
to monitor cellular interactions or complex populations.
490:
575:
1299:
1334:
637:
909:
887:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
386:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1276:
1165:
1108:
1000:
943:
862:
803:Angewandte Chemie - International Edition
773:
609:
512:
464:
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
229:can be employed in the multidimensional
189:of all important aspects of the article.
1303:Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry
746:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1335:
1070:
1068:
916:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
185:Please consider expanding the lead to
96:"Cell culturing in open microfluidics"
83:Please improve this article by adding
1214:
1212:
1187:
1185:
824:
822:
248:
797:
795:
793:
683:
681:
633:
631:
629:
571:
569:
567:
542:
540:
486:
484:
382:
380:
351:or directly seeding them in stacked
158:
56:
15:
1065:
233:for various applications including
13:
1209:
1182:
819:
237:studies, oxygen-driven reactions,
14:
1359:
790:
678:
626:
564:
537:
481:
377:
31:This article has multiple issues.
245:, and other cellular pathways.
163:
61:
20:
1293:
1236:
1125:
1041:
1017:
960:
903:
879:
261:to drive flow, now governed by
177:may be too short to adequately
39:or discuss these issues on the
733:
424:
187:provide an accessible overview
1:
1315:10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60661-1
1249:Advanced Healthcare Materials
1025:Biosensors and Bioelectronics
370:
85:secondary or tertiary sources
1232:10.1016/j.mattod.2016.07.001
847:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03513
560:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00380
402:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02021
7:
437:Microelectronic Engineering
10:
1364:
1037:10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.029
1205:10.1007/s13206-015-9202-7
703:10.1007/s10544-009-9325-5
449:10.1016/j.mee.2015.02.022
345:paper-based microfluidics
272:
899:10.1073/pnas.1302566110
691:Biomedical Microdevices
310:
265:that drive spontaneous
231:culturing of cell types
1261:10.1002/adhm.201300575
928:10.1021/acsami.8b03627
815:10.1002/anie.201201798
758:10.1002/anie.200901550
72:relies excessively on
1081:Analytical Chemistry
835:Analytical Chemistry
644:Analytical Chemistry
582:Analytical Chemistry
493:Analytical Chemistry
390:Analytical Chemistry
316:Polydimethylsiloxane
922:(20): 17065–17070.
893:(25), 10111–10116.
809:(45), 11224–11240.
396:(22): 11976–11984.
305:alveolar epithelium
1150:10.1039/C5LC00234F
255:cost effectiveness
249:Usage and benefits
226:Open microfluidics
1144:(11): 2364–2378.
1093:10.1021/ac102897h
1055:(18), 2394–2401.
979:(15): 2132–2139.
752:(32): 5908–5911.
656:10.1021/ac902903q
594:10.1021/ac400257c
554:(18), 5358–5366.
505:10.1021/ac100771r
341:stereolithography
337:injection molding
239:neurodegeneration
222:
221:
214:
204:
203:
157:
156:
149:
131:
54:
1355:
1327:
1326:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1255:(7): 1036–1043.
1240:
1234:
1216:
1207:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1087:(4): 1408–1417.
1072:
1063:
1061:10.1039/c004660d
1045:
1039:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1004:
985:10.1039/b903043c
964:
958:
957:
947:
907:
901:
883:
877:
876:
866:
841:(2): 1222–1229.
826:
817:
799:
788:
787:
777:
737:
731:
730:
697:(5): 1081–1089.
685:
676:
675:
650:(7): 2900–2906.
635:
624:
623:
613:
588:(7): 3476–3482.
573:
562:
544:
535:
534:
516:
499:(9): 3936–3942.
488:
479:
478:
468:
428:
422:
421:
384:
263:surface tensions
217:
210:
199:
196:
190:
167:
159:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
130:
89:
65:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1298:
1294:
1241:
1237:
1220:Materials Today
1217:
1210:
1193:Biochip Journal
1190:
1183:
1130:
1126:
1073:
1066:
1046:
1042:
1022:
1018:
965:
961:
908:
904:
884:
880:
827:
820:
800:
791:
738:
734:
686:
679:
636:
627:
574:
565:
545:
538:
489:
482:
429:
425:
385:
378:
373:
313:
275:
251:
235:organ-on-a-chip
218:
207:
206:
205:
200:
194:
191:
184:
172:This article's
168:
153:
142:
136:
133:
90:
88:
82:
78:primary sources
66:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1329:
1328:
1309:(6): 822–827.
1292:
1235:
1208:
1181:
1124:
1064:
1040:
1016:
959:
902:
878:
818:
789:
732:
677:
625:
563:
536:
480:
423:
375:
374:
372:
369:
361:cell migration
312:
309:
283:quorum sensing
274:
271:
267:capillary flow
250:
247:
243:cell migration
220:
219:
202:
201:
181:the key points
171:
169:
162:
155:
154:
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:Microfluidics
1341:
1340:
1338:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1199:(2), 97–104.
1198:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:Lab on a Chip
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Lab on a Chip
1044:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:Lab on a Chip
970:
963:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
900:
896:
892:
888:
882:
874:
870:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
823:
816:
812:
808:
804:
798:
796:
794:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
682:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
632:
630:
621:
617:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
570:
568:
561:
557:
553:
549:
543:
541:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
485:
476:
472:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
427:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
376:
368:
366:
362:
357:
356:filter papers
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
321:
317:
308:
306:
301:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
270:
268:
264:
260:
259:syringe pumps
256:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
216:
213:
198:
188:
182:
180:
175:
170:
166:
161:
160:
151:
148:
140:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98: –
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
80:
79:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1348:Cell culture
1306:
1302:
1295:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1226:(1), 32–44.
1223:
1219:
1196:
1192:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1084:
1080:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1028:
1024:
1019:
976:
972:
962:
919:
915:
905:
890:
886:
881:
838:
834:
806:
802:
749:
745:
735:
694:
690:
647:
643:
585:
581:
551:
547:
496:
492:
440:
436:
426:
393:
389:
314:
296:cell sorting
292:cell sorting
276:
252:
230:
224:
223:
208:
192:
176:
174:lead section
143:
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
1031:, 218–231.
514:2434/141404
333:CNC milling
329:polystyrene
300:fluorinated
1337:Categories
371:References
320:adsorption
277:Cells and
107:newspapers
74:references
36:improve it
1323:1872-2040
1269:2192-2640
1158:1473-0197
1101:0003-2700
993:1473-0197
936:1944-8244
855:0003-2700
766:1433-7851
711:1387-2176
664:0003-2700
602:0003-2700
523:0003-2700
457:0167-9317
443:: 42–45.
410:0003-2700
353:cellulose
324:oligomers
195:July 2019
179:summarize
137:July 2019
42:talk page
1287:24574054
1176:25906246
1119:21261280
1011:19606288
954:29738227
873:26694967
784:19565587
727:33091691
719:19484389
672:20210331
620:23495853
548:Langmuir
531:20392062
475:26412914
418:29053257
365:hydrogel
349:hydrogel
287:perfused
279:proteins
1278:4107065
1167:4439323
1110:3052265
1002:2792742
945:9703972
864:7610554
775:2748941
611:3631535
466:4567073
121:scholar
1321:
1285:
1275:
1267:
1174:
1164:
1156:
1117:
1107:
1099:
1009:
999:
991:
952:
942:
934:
871:
861:
853:
782:
772:
764:
725:
717:
709:
670:
662:
618:
608:
600:
529:
521:
473:
463:
455:
416:
408:
273:Design
123:
116:
109:
102:
94:
723:S2CID
339:, or
128:JSTOR
114:books
1319:ISSN
1283:PMID
1265:ISSN
1172:PMID
1154:ISSN
1115:PMID
1097:ISSN
1007:PMID
989:ISSN
950:PMID
932:ISSN
869:PMID
851:ISSN
780:PMID
762:ISSN
715:PMID
707:ISSN
668:PMID
660:ISSN
616:PMID
598:ISSN
527:PMID
519:ISSN
471:PMID
453:ISSN
414:PMID
406:ISSN
311:PDMS
100:news
1311:doi
1273:PMC
1257:doi
1228:doi
1201:doi
1162:PMC
1146:doi
1105:PMC
1089:doi
1057:doi
1033:doi
997:PMC
981:doi
940:PMC
924:doi
895:doi
891:110
859:PMC
843:doi
811:doi
770:PMC
754:doi
699:doi
652:doi
606:PMC
590:doi
556:doi
509:hdl
501:doi
461:PMC
445:doi
441:144
398:doi
76:to
1339::
1317:.
1307:41
1305:.
1281:.
1271:.
1263:.
1251:.
1247:.
1224:20
1222:,
1211:^
1195:,
1184:^
1170:.
1160:.
1152:.
1142:15
1140:.
1136:.
1113:.
1103:.
1095:.
1085:83
1083:.
1079:.
1067:^
1053:10
1051:,
1029:63
1027:,
1005:.
995:.
987:.
975:.
971:.
948:.
938:.
930:.
920:10
918:.
914:.
889:,
867:.
857:.
849:.
839:88
837:.
833:.
821:^
807:51
805:,
792:^
778:.
768:.
760:.
750:48
748:.
744:.
721:.
713:.
705:.
695:11
693:.
680:^
666:.
658:.
648:82
646:.
642:.
628:^
614:.
604:.
596:.
586:85
584:.
580:.
566:^
552:34
550:,
539:^
525:.
517:.
507:.
497:82
495:.
483:^
469:.
459:.
451:.
439:.
435:.
412:.
404:.
394:89
392:.
379:^
335:,
241:,
87:.
45:.
1325:.
1313::
1289:.
1259::
1253:3
1230::
1203::
1197:9
1178:.
1148::
1121:.
1091::
1059::
1035::
1013:.
983::
977:9
956:.
926::
897::
875:.
845::
813::
786:.
756::
729:.
701::
674:.
654::
622:.
592::
558::
533:.
511::
503::
477:.
447::
420:.
400::
215:)
209:(
197:)
193:(
183:.
150:)
144:(
139:)
135:(
125:·
118:·
111:·
104:·
81:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
