4747:
3376:
6151:
3535:
4972:
5096:, despite being worth substantially more, as while there were around 100 mines in Southern Britain and Central France, silver was more rarely mined. This was due partly to the relative sparsity of mines and the amount of effort needed for extraction compared to the profit gained. As the Roman civilisation grew in importance and expanded its trade with the Celtic world, silver and bronze coinage became more common. This coincided with a major increase in gold production in Celtic areas to meet the Roman demand, due to the high value Romans put on the metal. The large number of gold mines in France is thought to be a major reason why Caesar invaded.
2177:
5458:
15081:
6329:. "Celt, also spelled Kelt, Latin Celta, plural Celtae, a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium bce to the 1st century bce spread over much of Europe. Their tribes and groups eventually ranged from the British Isles and northern Spain to as far east as Transylvania, the Black Sea coasts, and Galatia in Anatolia and were in part absorbed into the Roman Empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, and Celtiberians. Linguistically they survive in the modern Celtic speakers of Ireland, Highland Scotland, the Isle of Man, Wales, and Brittany.
15846:
4963:
5681:
4807:
5105:
3846:. Its high degree of continuity, from the Late Bronze Age, makes it difficult to support that the introduction of Celtic elements was due to the same process of Celticisation of the western Iberia, from the nucleus area of Celtiberia. Two typical elements are the sauna baths with monumental entrances, and the "Gallaecian Warriors", stone sculptures built in the 1st century AD. A large group of Latin inscriptions contain linguistic features that are clearly Celtic, while others are similar to those found in the non-Celtic
3935:
5568:
4651:
3431:. Whether this means that the whole of La Tène culture can be attributed to a unified Celtic people is difficult to assess; archaeologists have repeatedly concluded that language and material culture do not necessarily run parallel. Frey notes that in the 5th century, "burial customs in the Celtic world were not uniform; rather, localised groups had their own beliefs, which, in consequence, also gave rise to distinct artistic expressions". Thus, while the La Tène culture is certainly associated with the
5248:
4815:
4395:
3444:
128:
3819:
3129:
5716:
3951:
15746:
13326:
3923:
9499:
3657:
4181:
2819:. Earlier theories held that these similarities suggest a common "racial" ("race" is contemporarily an invalid epistemolical and genetic concept) origin for the various Celtic peoples, but more recent theories hold that they reflect a common cultural and linguistic heritage more than a genetic one. Celtic cultures seem to have been diverse, with the use of a Celtic language being the main thing they had in common.
2083:
3358:
2964:
1927:
5182:. When the empress was jesting with her, after the treaty, about the free intercourse of her sex with men in Britain, she replied: "We fulfill the demands of nature in a much better way than do you Roman women; for we consort openly with the best men, whereas you let yourselves be debauched in secret by the vilest". Such was the retort of the British woman.
5746:. Celtic religion varied by region and over time, but had "broad structural similarities", and there was "a basic religious homogeneity" among the Celtic peoples. Because the ancient Celts did not have writing, evidence about their religion is gleaned from archaeology, Greco-Roman accounts, and literature from the early Christian period.
3411:
enough evidence for a culture like that of
Central Europe. It is equally difficult to maintain that the origin of the Iberian Celts can be linked to the preceding Urnfield culture. This has resulted in a newer theory that introduces a 'proto-Celtic' substratum and a process of Celticisation, having its initial roots in the Bronze Age
6050:
class, especially religiously; the druids were to eventually disappear altogether. Romano-Celtic deities also began to appear: these deities often had both Roman and Celtic attributes, combined the names of Roman and Celtic deities, or included couples with one Roman and one Celtic deity. Other changes included the adaptation of the
6305:, p. 295. "Celts, a name applied by ancient writers to a population group occupying lands mainly north of the Mediterranean region from Galicia in the west to Galatia in the east. (Its application to the Welsh, the Scots, and the Irish is modern.) Their unity is recognizable by common speech and common artistic traditions.
4520:"plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain". There was much less immigration during the Iron Age, so it is likely that Celtic reached Britain before then. Cunliffe suggests that a branch of Celtic was already spoken in Britain, and the Bronze Age migration introduced the Brittonic branch.
8498:
3418:
The La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age (from 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC) in eastern France, Switzerland, Austria, southwest
Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. It developed out of the Hallstatt culture without any definite cultural
3410:
the Celts were considered a
Central European Iron Age phenomenon, through the cultures of Hallstatt and La Tène. However, archaeological finds from the Halstatt and La Tène culture were rare in Iberia, southwestern France, northern and western Britain, southern Ireland and Galatia and did not provide
6222:
has been detected among
Celtiberians. There appears to have been significant gene flow among Celtic peoples of Western Europe during the Iron Age. While the Gauls of southern France display genetic links with the Celtiberians, the Gauls of northern France display links with Great Britain and Sweden.
6049:
The Roman invasion of Gaul brought a great deal of Celtic peoples into the Roman Empire. Roman culture had a profound effect on the Celtic tribes which came under the empire's control. Roman influence led to many changes in Celtic religion, the most noticeable of which was the weakening of the druid
5413:
tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that originally was 1.48 metres (4 feet 10 inches) wide and 0.9 metres (2 feet 11 inches) high (Lambert p. 111). Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying objects, it probably dates to the end of the 2nd century. It is written in
5277:
in art history. Both styles absorbed considerable influences from non-Celtic sources, but retained a preference for geometrical decoration over figurative subjects, which are often extremely stylised when they do appear; narrative scenes only appear under outside influence. Energetic circular forms,
5186:
Barry
Cunliffe writes that such references are "likely to be ill-observed" and meant to portray the Celts as outlandish "barbarians". Historian Lisa Bitel argues the descriptions of Celtic women warriors are not credible. She says some Roman and Greek writers wanted to show that the barbarian Celts
5071:
is a common one, but is in part false. The monetary system was complex and is still not understood (much like the late Roman coinages), and due to the absence of large numbers of coin items, it is assumed that "proto-money" was used. This included bronze items made from the early La Tène period and
4486:
Linguists have debated whether a Celtic language came to the
British Isles and then split, or whether the two branches arrived separately. The older view was that Celtic influence in the Isles was the result of successive migrations or invasions from the European mainland by diverse Celtic-speaking
3728:
in the 19th century Celtic populations were supposedly rare in Iberia and did not provide a cultural scenario that could easily be linked to that of
Central Europe, the presence of Celtic culture in that region was generally not fully recognised. Modern scholarship, however, has clearly proven that
3394:
The concept that the
Hallstatt and La Tène cultures could be seen not just as chronological periods but as "Culture Groups", entities composed of people of the same ethnicity and language, had started to grow by the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century the belief that these
3214:
Celticist
Patrick Sims-Williams (2020) notes that in current scholarship, 'Celt' is primarily a linguistic label. In his 'Celtic from the Centre' theory, he argues that the proto-Celtic language did not originate in central Europe nor the Atlantic, but in-between these two regions. He suggests that
2707:
was not used at all, and nobody called themselves Celts or Celtic, until from about 1700, after the word 'Celtic' was rediscovered in classical texts, it was applied for the first time to the distinctive culture, history, traditions, language of the modern Celtic nations – Ireland, Scotland, Wales,
5364:
In contrast the less well known but often spectacular art of the richest earlier
Continental Celts, before they were conquered by the Romans, often adopted elements of Roman, Greek and other "foreign" styles (and possibly used imported craftsmen) to decorate objects that were distinctively Celtic.
5051:
that spanned Eurasia. Archaeologists have discovered large prehistoric trackways crossing bogs in Ireland and Germany. Due to their substantial nature, these are believed to have been created for wheeled transport as part of an extensive roadway system that facilitated trade. The territory held by
3136:
In the late 20th century, the Urnfield-Hallstatt theory began to fall out of favour with some scholars, which was influenced by new archaeological finds. 'Celtic' began to refer primarily to 'speakers of Celtic languages' rather than to a single culture or ethnic group. A new theory suggested that
6380:
This Encyclopedia is designed for the use of everyone interested in Celtic studies and also for those interested in many related and subsidiary fields, including the individual CELTIC COUNTRIES and their languages, literatures, archaeology, folklore, and mythology. In its chronological scope, the
4285:
are among traditional tribal names reported into the Roman era. They were gradually Thracianized over the centuries but retained their Celtic character in material culture up to a late date. According to other sources they may have been simply of Thracian origin, according to others they may have
3565:
Eastern Gaul became the centre of the western La Tène culture. In later Iron Age Gaul, the social organisation resembled that of the Romans, with large towns. From the 3rd century BC the Gauls adopted coinage. Texts with Greek characters from southern Gaul have survived from the 2nd century BC.
3073:
was discovered in Switzerland. The huge collection of artifacts had a distinctive style. Artifacts of this 'La Tène style' were found elsewhere in Europe, "particularly in places where people called Celts were known to have lived and early Celtic languages are attested. As a result, these items
5214:
that although Gaulish women were beautiful, the men had "little to do with them" and it was a custom for men to sleep on animal skins with two younger males. He further claimed that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". His claim was later
4519:
study uncovered a migration into southern Britain in the Bronze Age from 1300 to 800 BC. The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from Gaul. From 1000 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain, but not northern Britain. The authors see this as a
3876:
The origins of the Celtiberians might provide a key to understanding the Celticisation process in the rest of the Peninsula. The process of Celticisation of the southwestern area of the peninsula by the Keltoi and of the northwestern area is, however, not a simple Celtiberian question. Recent
44:
5476:
appears to have been a regular feature of Celtic societies. While epic literature depicts this as more of a sport focused on raids and hunting rather than organised territorial conquest, the historical record is more of tribes using warfare to exert political control and harass rivals, for
3512:. The former says that the Gauls were to the north of the Celts, but that the Romans referred to both as Gauls (linguistically the Gauls were certainly Celts). Before the discoveries at Hallstatt and La Tène, it was generally considered that the Celtic heartland was southern Gaul, see
4934:
The Gauls are tall of body with rippling muscles and white of skin and their hair is blond, and not only naturally so for they also make it their practice by artificial means to increase the distinguishing colour which nature has given it. For they are always washing their hair in
5516:, throwing the whole weight of their bodies into the blow like hewers of wood or men digging with mattocks, and again they would deliver crosswise blows aimed at no target, as if they intended to cut to pieces the entire bodies of their adversaries, protective armour and all".
3116:, which would place the Ancient Celts in a region which is more in agreement with later classical writers and historians (i.e. in Gaul and Iberia). The theory was also partly based on the abundance of inscriptions bearing Celtic personal names in the Eastern Hallstatt region (
5294:, even with decorative carving, is very rare; possibly it was originally common in wood. Celts were also able to create developed musical instruments such as the carnyces, these famous war trumpets used before the battle to frighten the enemy, as the best preserved found in
3197:
cultural network, later spreading inland and eastward. More recently, Cunliffe proposes that proto-Celtic had arisen in the Atlantic zone even earlier, by 3000 BC, and spread eastwards with the Bell Beaker culture over the following millennium. His theory is partly based on
2802:
and, more generally, means "of the Celts" or "in the style of the Celts". Several archaeological cultures are considered Celtic, based on unique sets of artefacts. The link between language and artefact is aided by the presence of inscriptions. The modern idea of a Celtic
3074:
quickly became associated with the Celts, so much so that by the 1870s scholars began to regard finds of the La Tène as 'the archaeological expression of the Celts'". This cultural network was overrun by the Roman Empire, though traces of La Tène style were still seen in
3338:) to western Europe. Modern autosomal genetic clustering is testament to this fact, as both modern and Iron Age British and Irish samples cluster genetically very closely with other North Europeans, and less so with Galicians, Basques or those from the south of France.
4778:
based formally on class and kingship, although this may only have been a particular late phase of organisation in Celtic societies. Patron-client relationships similar to those of Roman society are also described by Caesar and others in the Gaul of the 1st century BC.
4947:
since the treatment of their hair makes it so heavy and coarse that it differs in no respect from the mane of horses. Some of them shave the beard but others let it grow a little; and the nobles shave their cheeks but they let the moustache grow until it covers the
5551:(1993) argues that "the metallographic evidence shows that Polybius was right up to a point", as around one third of surviving swords from the period might well have behaved as he describes. In addition to these long bladed slashing swords, spears and specialized
5530:
which was used for hacking edgewise rather than stabbing. Celtic warriors are described by Polybius and Plutarch as frequently having to cease fighting in order to straighten their sword blades. This claim has been questioned by some archaeologists, who note that
5088:, a bronze alloy with high tin content, were minted in most Celtic areas of the continent and in South-East Britain prior to the Roman conquest of these lands. Higher-value coinages, suitable for use in trade, were minted in gold, silver, and high-quality bronze.
4366:
As there is no archaeological evidence for large-scale invasions in some of the other areas, one current school of thought holds that Celtic language and culture spread to those areas by contact rather than invasion. However, the Celtic invasions of Italy and the
9574:, 1992, p. 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin"
4699:
The native peoples under Roman rule became Romanised and keen to adopt Roman ways. Celtic art had already incorporated classical influences, and surviving Gallo-Roman pieces interpret classical subjects or keep faith with old traditions despite a Roman overlay.
5558:
Polybius also asserts that certain of the Celts fought naked, "The appearance of these naked warriors was a terrifying spectacle, for they were all men of splendid physique and in the prime of life." According to Livy, this was also true of the Celts of Asia
4904:, was mostly used in early Christian times in Ireland and Scotland (but also in Wales and England), and was only used for ceremonial purposes such as inscriptions on gravestones. The available evidence is of a strong oral tradition, such as that preserved by
2286:. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the Celtic-speaking communities in these Atlantic regions emerged as a reasonably cohesive cultural entity. They had a common linguistic, religious and artistic heritage that distinguished them from surrounding cultures.
6054:, a sacred column set up in many Celtic regions of the empire, primarily in northern and eastern Gaul. Another major change in religious practice was the use of stone monuments to represent gods and goddesses. The Celts had probably only created wooden
8270:
5227:, suggests some of these claims refer to bonding rituals in warrior groups, which required abstinence from women at certain times, and says it probably reflects "the warlike character of early contacts between the Celts and the Greeks".
3227:". Sims-Williams says this avoids the problematic idea "that Celtic was spoken over a vast area for a very long time yet somehow avoided major dialectal splits", and "it keeps Celtic fairly close to Italy, which suits the view that
5594:
was venerated above all else, since the head was to the Celt the soul, centre of the emotions as well as of life itself, a symbol of divinity and of the powers of the other-world." Writing in the first century BC, Greek historians
5238:
after conversion to Christianity, a woman had the right to divorce her husband and gain his property if he was unable to perform his marital duties due to impotence, obesity, homosexual inclination or preference for other women.
4790:
eventually emerging in areas which had close contact with Rome. Most descriptions of Celtic societies portray them as being divided into three groups: a warrior aristocracy; an intellectual class including professions such as
3403:. As the 20th century progressed, the ethnic interpretation of La Tène culture became more strongly rooted, and any findings of La Tène culture and flat inhumation cemeteries were linked to the Celts and the Celtic language.
4281:, which reflects their ethnonym. They would have established themselves in this area during the Celtic migrations at the end of the 4th century BC, though there is no evidence for their existence before the 1st century BC.
6738:
Celtic from the West Chapter 9: Paradigm Shift? Interpreting Tartessian as Celtic – see map 9.2 Celtic expansion from Hallstatt/La Tene central Europe – see second map in PDF at URL provided which is essentially the same
4746:
7756:
2001 p 95. La lengua de los Celtas y otros pueblos indoeuropeos de la península ibérica. In Almagro-Gorbea, M., Mariné, M. and Álvarez-Sanchís, J.R. (eds) Celtas y Vettones, pp. 115–21. Ávila: Diputación Provincial de
3169:, suggesting that the spread of the Bell Beaker culture explained the wide dispersion of the Celts throughout western Europe, as well as the variability of the Celtic peoples. Using a multidisciplinary approach,
3093:
from the 2nd century BC. These were found in northern Italy and Iberia, neither of which were part of the 'Hallstatt' nor 'La Tène' cultures at the time. The Urnfield-Hallstatt theory was partly based on ancient
9269:" The Golasecca civilization is therefore the expression of the oldest Celts of Italy and included several groups that had the name of Insubres, Laevi, Lepontii, Oromobii (o Orumbovii)". (Raffaele C. De Marinis)
6092:, the forms of Christianity that took hold in Britain and Ireland at this time, had for some centuries only limited and intermittent contact with Rome and continental Christianity, as well as some contacts with
4695:
onward the Roman empire absorbed parts of Britain. Roman local government of these regions closely mirrored pre-Roman tribal boundaries, and archaeological finds suggest native involvement in local government.
11792:
5757:), although it is likely that many of these were alternative names, regional names or titles for the same deity. Some deities were venerated only in one region, but others were more widely known. According to
6700:
Celtic from the West Chapter 9: Paradigm Shift? Interpreting Tartessian as Celtic – see map 9.3 The Ancient Celtic Languages c. 440/430 BC – see third map in PDF at URL provided which is essentially the same
5623:, covered his skull in gold, and used it as a ritual cup. Archaeologists have found evidence that heads were embalmed and displayed by the southern Gauls. In another example, at the southern Gaulish site of
8987:
6274:. "The Celts, an ancient Indo-European people, reached the apogee of their influence and territorial expansion during the 4th century BC, extending across the length of Europe from Britain to Asia Minor.";
2912:
are the Celtic-speaking people of the British and Irish islands, and their descendants. The Celts of Brittany derive their language from migrating Insular Celts from Britain and so are grouped accordingly.
11443:
5138:
in northeastern Gaul, and there are questions about the gender of some individuals buried with weaponry. However, it has been suggested that the weapons indicate high social rank rather than masculinity.
2366:
2874:, a Brittonic language of northern Britain. Celtic regions of mainland Europe are those whose residents claim a Celtic heritage, but where no Celtic language survives; these include western Iberia, i.e.
4502:
dialect group. In the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars often dated the "arrival" of Celtic culture in Britain (via an invasion model) to the 6th century BC, corresponding to archaeological evidence of
2161:
coastal zone, and spread eastward. Another newer theory, "Celtic from the Centre", suggests proto-Celtic arose between these two zones, in Bronze Age Gaul, then spread in various directions. After the
5859:. It appears some were offered wholly to the gods (by burying or burning), while some were shared between gods and humans (part eaten and part offered). There is also some evidence that ancient Celts
3629:. This territory of the Celtic tribes was bounded on the south by the Garonne and on the north by the Seine and the Marne. The Romans attached large swathes of this region to neighbouring provinces
11103:
2779:, a Celtic tribe who lived first in southern Germany and central Europe, then migrated to Gaul. This means that English Gaul, despite its superficial similarity, is not actually derived from Latin
4172:
sounded the beginning of the end of the Celtic domination in mainland Europe, but it was not until 192 BC that the Roman armies conquered the last remaining independent Celtic kingdoms in Italy.
6096:. Some elements of Celtic Christianity developed, or retained, features that made them distinct from the rest of Western Christianity, most famously their conservative method of calculating the
3776:
group in the Upper-Douro Upper-Tagus Upper-Jalón area. Archaeological data suggest a continuity at least from the 6th century BC. In this early period, the Celtiberians inhabited in hill-forts (
4014:
The people who had adopted these cultural characteristics in central and southern Germany are regarded as Celts. Celtic cultural centres developed in central Europe during the late Bronze Age (
5847:, who also served as judges, teachers, and lore-keepers. Other classes of druids performed sacrifices for the perceived benefit of the community. There is evidence that ancient Celtic peoples
3788:
the only Hispano-Celtic language classified as Celtic with unanimous agreement. In the late period, before the Roman Conquest, both archaeological evidence and Roman sources suggest that the
3581:
arrived in the Rhone valley in the 2nd century BC and encountered a mostly Celtic-speaking Gaul. Rome wanted land communications with its Iberian provinces and fought a major battle with the
2712:, whose work, along with that of other late 17th-century scholars, brought academic attention to the languages and history of the early Celtic inhabitants of Great Britain. The English words
6004:
is a parallel realm where the gods dwell. Some mythical heroes visit it by entering ancient burial mounds or caves, by going under water or across the western sea, or after being offered a
4512:
3315:
Arnaiz-Villena et al. (2017) demonstrated that Celtic-related populations of the European Atlantic (Orkney Islands, Scottish, Irish, British, Bretons, Basques, Galicians) shared a common
9592:
3069:, Ramsauer concluded that the graves were Celtic". Similar sites and artifacts were found over a wide area, which were named the 'Hallstatt culture'. In 1857, the archaeological site of
4626:), leading some scholars to question the use of the term 'Celt' for the Iron Age inhabitants of those islands. The first historical account of the islands was by the Greek geographer
6290:. "Celt, also spelled Kelt, Latin Celta, plural Celtae, a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium bce to the 1st century bce spread over much of Europe.";
8007:
International Journal of Modern Anthropology Int. J. Mod. Anthrop. (2017) 10: 50–72 HLA Genes in Atlantic Celtic populations: Are Celts Iberians? Available online at: www.ata.org.tn
2939:. By the time Celts are first mentioned in written records around 400 BC, they were already split into several language groups, and spread over much of western mainland Europe, the
11940:
2691:, some scholars prefer not to use the term for the Iron Age inhabitants of those islands. However, they spoke Celtic languages, shared other cultural traits, and Roman historian
14532:
12562:
3608:
planned to migrate westward but Julius Caesar forced them back. He then became involved in fighting the various tribes in Gaul, and by 55 BC had overrun most of Gaul. In 52 BC
9914:
3900:
inscriptions of the 8th century BC might be classified as Celtic. This would mean that Tartessian is the earliest attested trace of Celtic by a margin of more than a century.
3177:
reviewed and built on Almagro Gorbea's work to present a model for the origin of Celtic archaeological groups in Iberia and proposing a rethinking of the meaning of "Celtic".
2079:
people of Britain and Ireland should be called Celts. In current scholarship, 'Celt' primarily refers to 'speakers of Celtic languages' rather than to a single ethnic group.
4822:
Little is known of family structure among the Celts. Patterns of settlement varied from decentralised to urban. The popular stereotype of non-urbanised societies settled in
16502:
12633:
8159:
10780:
8232:
11958:"The multiple maternal legacy of the Late Iron Age group of Urville-Nacqueville (France, Normandy) documents a long-standing genetic contact zone in northwestern France"
13286:
8327:
4893:
There are only very limited records from pre-Christian times written in Celtic languages. These are mostly inscriptions in the Roman and sometimes Greek alphabets. The
16922:
3085:
The Urnfield-Hallstatt theory began to be challenged in the latter 20th century, when it was accepted that the oldest known Celtic-language inscriptions were those of
7168:: "All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae live, another in which the Aquitani live, and the third are those who in their own tongue are called
6783:
5039:, which long set the standard for modern images of Celtic warriors, is in fact a unique survival, and may have been a piece for ceremonial rather than military wear.
7329:
16402:
8983:
3810:
group in the central Douro valley. They were mentioned by Roman sources already in the 220 BC. Some of their funerary rituals suggest strong influences from their
3780:). Around the end of the 3rd century BC, Celtiberians adopted more urban ways of life. From the 2nd century BC, they minted coins and wrote inscriptions using the
11435:
8709:
4795:, poet, and jurist; and everyone else. In historical times, the offices of high and low kings in Ireland and Scotland were filled by election under the system of
16892:
9564:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC
4003:, which had developed from the Urnfield culture, was the predominant Western and Central European culture from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and during the early
3174:
9401:
8610:
17271:
8581:
5631:
nearby has similar carved heads and skull niches. Many lone carved heads have been found in Celtic regions, some with two or three faces. Examples include the
4630:, who sailed around what he called the "Pretannikai nesoi" (the "Pretannic isles") around 310–306 BC. In general, classical writers referred to the Britons as
3120:). However, Patrick Sims-Williams notes that these date to the later Roman era, and says they suggest "relatively late settlement by a Celtic-speaking elite".
8292:
6072:
While the regions under Roman rule adopted Christianity along with the rest of the Roman empire, unconquered areas of Ireland and Scotland began to move from
3322:
Other genetic research does not support the notion of a significant genetic link between these populations, beyond the fact that they are all West Europeans.
17262:
3022:
around 1000 BC, spreading westward and southward over the following few hundred years. The Urnfield culture was preeminent in central Europe during the late
8633:
6429:"If, as is the first criterion of this Encyclopedia, one bases the concept of 'Celticity' on language, one can apply the term 'Celtic' to ancient Galicia",
4726:
There was also considerable cultural influence exerted by Gaul on Rome, particularly in military matters and horsemanship, as the Gauls often served in the
11093:
8732:
7768:
5282:
and spirals are characteristic. Much of the surviving material is in precious metal, which no doubt gives a very unrepresentative picture, but apart from
12405:
9307:
3170:
8846:
5642:
Severed heads are a common motif in Insular Celtic myths, and there are many tales in which 'living heads' preside over feasts or speak prophecies. The
16975:
4912:. Celtic art also produced a great deal of intricate and beautiful metalwork, examples of which have been preserved by their distinctive burial rites.
8908:
8767:
5603:
said Celtic warriors cut off the heads of enemies slain in battle, hung them from the necks of their horses, then nailed them up outside their homes.
4025:, the oldest city north of the Alps, grew to become important cultural centres of the Iron Age in Central Europe, that maintained trade routes to the
17000:
8668:
12820:
8352:
6988:
6162:
Genetic studies on the limited amount of material available suggest continuity between Iron Age people from areas considered Celtic and the earlier
3478:
in the 2nd century AD says that the Gauls "originally called Celts", "live on the remotest region of Europe on the coast of an enormous tidal sea".
2113:
of central Europe, named after grave sites in southern Germany, which flourished from around 1200 BC. This theory links the Celts with the Iron Age
16437:
12142:
7259:: D(IS) M(ANIBUS) S(ACRUM) / C(AIUS) PORCIUS SEVE/RUS MIROBRIGEN(SIS) / CELT(ICUS) ANN(ORUM) LX / H(IC) S(ITUS) E(ST) S(IT) T(IBI) T(ERRA) L(EVIS).
4076:, when North Westwern Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artefacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the
10553:
Quantified Identities: A Statistical Summary and Analysis of Iron Age Cemeteries in North-Eastern France 600–130 BC, BAR International Series 1226
10538:
Quantified Identities: A Statistical Summary and Analysis of Iron Age Cemeteries in North-Eastern France 600–130 BC, BAR International Series 1226
8805:
4126:
In 391 BC, Celts "who had their homes beyond the Alps streamed through the passes in great strength and seized the territory that lay between the
16432:
15142:
11062:
2807:
identity or "Celticity" focuses on similarities among languages, works of art, and classical texts, and sometimes also among material artefacts,
9584:
5134:
period, but the evidence is far from conclusive. Celtic individuals buried with both female jewellery and weaponry have been found, such as the
10316:
10267:
7224:
3712:
Until the end of the 19th century, traditional scholarship dealing with the Celts did acknowledge their presence in the Iberian Peninsula as a
1913:
10883:
6756:
6718:
16907:
16897:
11741:
11058:
Salma Ghezal, Elsa Ciesielski, Benjamin Girard, Aurélien Creuzieux, Peter Gosnell, Carole Mathe, Cathy Vieillescazes, Réjane Roure (2019), "
8893:
6278:, p. 67. "he Celts, were Indo-Europeans, a fact that explains a certain compatibility between Celtic, Roman, and Germanic mythology.";
2498:. He suggests it meant the people or descendants of "the hidden one", noting the Gauls claimed descent from an underworld god (according to
1877:
17033:
16985:
16957:
16932:
16912:
16669:
16531:
16352:
12276:
10093:
5142:
Most written accounts of the Ancient Celts are from the Romans and Greeks, though it is not clear how accurate these are. Roman historians
5309:
patterns that are often regarded as typical of "Celtic art" were characteristic of the whole of the British Isles, a style referred to as
5126:, though some archaeological evidence suggests their views may have differed from those of the Greco-Roman world, which tended to be less
2075:. The relation between ethnicity, language and culture in the Celtic world is unclear and debated; for example over the ways in which the
16995:
16942:
16877:
16102:
6381:
Encyclopedia covers subjects from the HALLSTATT and LA TENE periods of the later pre-Roman Iron Age to the beginning of the 21st century.
3375:
3187:
have developed this 'Celtic from the West' theory. It proposes that the proto-Celtic language arose along the Atlantic coast and was the
1075:
9519:
6016:), a legendary ancestor; this echoes Caesar's comment that the Gauls believed they all descended from a god of the dead and underworld.
16867:
16784:
16492:
15860:
12805:
11900:
9542:
7818:
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3038:(c. 800 to 500 BC) developing out of the Urnfield culture in a wide region north of the Alps. The Hallstatt culture developed into the
12597:
12532:
10350:
9514:
3206:
was Celtic. However, the proposal that Tartessian was Celtic is widely rejected by linguists, many of whom regard it as unclassified.
17255:
16382:
16372:
15875:
15017:
12984:
12955:
9946:
7165:
6236:
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that Celtic languages reached the Isles earlier, with the Bell Beaker culture c.2500 BC, or even before this. More recently, a major
9906:
16872:
16357:
16122:
15782:
10044:
5901:: treasured items deposited in water and wetlands, or in ritual shafts and wells, often in the same place over generations. Modern
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of the whole of Europe, of which the energy and freedom of Insular decoration was an important element. Rising nationalism brought
7567:
4834:
known in Britain) contrasts with the urban settlements present in the core Hallstatt and La Tène areas, with the many significant
3577:
valley. But trade became disrupted soon after 500 BC and re-oriented over the Alps to the Po valley in the Italian peninsula. The
16274:
16019:
15037:
15027:
12861:
10440:
8957:
5357:. These works are from the period of peak achievement of Insular art, which lasted from the 7th to the 9th centuries, before the
4924:
4919:
in combat long after they had been reduced to ceremonial roles by the Greeks and Romans. However, despite being outdated, Celtic
4551:
of eastern and southern Britain, and some Gaelic settlement of its western coast. During this time, some Britons migrated to the
3435:, the presence of La Tène artefacts may be due to cultural contact and does not imply the permanent presence of Celtic speakers.
2662:. He says "If the Gauls' initial impact on the Mediterranean world was primarily a military one typically involving fierce young
2255:
12605:
8450:
4543:
emerged in the southeast. The Britons and Picts in the north, and the Gaels of Ireland, remained outside the empire. During the
4080:. La Tène cultural material appeared over a large area of mainland Italy, the southernmost example being the Celtic helmet from
15192:
15057:
15042:
15032:
12017:"Multi-scale archaeogenetic study of two French Iron Age communities: From internal social- to broad-scale population dynamics"
7995:
5369:, of which Gaul was actually the largest producer, mostly in Italian styles, but also producing work in local taste, including
3733:(with perhaps the highest settlement saturation in Western Europe), particularly in the central, western and northern regions.
12504:
7977:
4878:
was an early means of contact between Latin and Celtic societies. In the Middle Ages, slavery was especially prevalent in the
3486:
used it. The latter, writing in the early 1st century AD, deals with Britain and Gaul as well as Hispania, Italy and Galatia.
17010:
15811:
15047:
13431:
12728:
12627:
12556:
12383:
12288:
11934:
11750:
11145:
10924:
10734:
10703:
10632:
10607:
10243:
10153:
10054:
10027:
10002:
9977:
9644:
9481:
9354:
9317:
9258:
9217:
9190:
9163:
8558:
8533:
8508:
8481:
8408:
8383:
8264:
8226:
8192:
8153:
7938:
7741:
7600:
7528:
7496:
7462:
7417:
7388:
7311:
7286:
7075:
7039:
6917:
6843:
6812:
6750:
6712:
6619:
Breaking and making the ancestors. Piecing together the urnfield mortuary process in the Lower-Rhine-Basin, ca. 1300 – 400 BC
6538:
6508:
6366:
5201:
2643:
2162:
1884:
1856:
12766:
6923:
6849:
17248:
15696:
9768:
6282:, p. 150. "The Celts and Germans were two Indo-European groups whose civilizations had some common characteristics.";
6202:
are frequent. These lineages are associated with steppe ancestry. The spread of Celts into Iberia and the emergence of the
3548:
The Romans knew the Celts then living in present-day France as Gauls. The territory of these peoples probably included the
735:
12129:
11770:
7351:
Archaeologia Britannica; An account of the languages, histories, and customs of the original inhabitants of Great Britain.
5946:
says the underlying structure in Irish myth was a dualism between the male tribal god and the female goddess of the land.
4052:
represented the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the
3744:, the Roman and Greek sources mention Celtic populations in three parts of the Iberian Peninsula: the eastern part of the
15052:
10647:
7326:
5508:"manner of fighting, being in large measure that of wild beasts and frenzied, was an erratic procedure, quite lacking in
4072:). It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle
1841:
12869:
10814:
10071:
8090:
Lao O, Lu TT, Nothnagel M, et al. (August 2008), "Correlation between genetic and geographic structure in Europe",
5627:, there stood a pillar carved with skulls, within which were niches where human skulls were kept, nailed into position.
3330:; however, recent genetics research has found that, between 2400 and 2000 BC, over 90% of British DNA was overturned by
11419:
9096:
4939:
and they pull it back from the forehead to the nape of the neck, with the result that their appearance is like that of
1906:
1863:
794:
10841:
10470:
6774:
4989:
3799:
group in the western Meseta, between the Tormes, Douro and Tagus Rivers. They were characterised by the production of
14515:
14328:
12760:
12586:
12473:
12457:
12373:
12359:
12271:
12257:
12243:
12224:
12205:
12186:
12021:
11883:
11868:
11853:
11730:
11351:
11071:
10863:
10658:
10292:
10123:
9799:
9571:
9410:
9254:
7358:
6448:
4548:
4399:
3427:. A shift of settlement centres took place in the 4th century. The western La Tène culture corresponds to historical
2019:
1972:
127:
8575:
7614:
5784:—associated with thunder, the wheel, and the bull. There were gods of skill and craft, such as the pan-regional god
4810:
The reverse side of a British bronze mirror, with spiral and trumpet motifs typical of La Tène Celtic art in Britain
12810:
8310:
8296:
7486:
6405:
2708:
Cornwall, Brittany, and the Isle of Man. 'Celt' is a modern English word, first attested in 1707 in the writing of
1870:
634:
12890:
12501:
11767:
4638:(in Latin). Strabo, writing in Roman times, distinguished between the Celts and Britons. However, Roman historian
3070:
2140:
15114:
13507:
12917:
11913:
8645:
6356:
5648:
5313:, or Hiberno-Saxon art. This artistic style incorporated elements of La Tène, Late Roman, and, most importantly,
4382:. Thousands were employed in 283–246 BC and they were also in service around 186 BC. They attempted to overthrow
145:
15845:
9736:
6977:, p. 144. "CELTS location: Greater Europe time period: Second millennium B.C.E. to present ancestry: Celtic
6150:
4559:) became Gaelic. By the 10th century AD, the Insular Celtic peoples had diversified into the Brittonic-speaking
8744:
8017:
Olalde, I; et al. (May 2017). "The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe".
7776:
6623:
4368:
4304:
4189:
4042:
1726:
1501:
905:
9323:
9279:
Vitali, Daniele (1996). "Manufatti in ferro di tipo La Tène in area italiana: le potenzialità non-sfruttate".
6317:, p. 144. "Celts, in its modern usage, is an encompassing term referring to all Celtic-speaking peoples."
5772:
probably being one name for him); and a mother goddess who was associated with the land, earth and fertility (
5269:
Celtic art is generally used by art historians to refer to art of the La Tène period across Europe, while the
4782:
In the main, the evidence is of tribes being led by kings, although some argue that there is also evidence of
4483:). The renown of insular Celts has caused a popular belief that Celtic clans only lived in the British Isles.
15571:
14498:
10495:
8858:
8401:
Consumption and Colonial Encounters in the Rhône Basin of France: A Study of Early Iron Age Political Economy
4831:
3889:
are providing new approaches to understanding Celtic culture (language, art and religion) in western Iberia.
2181:
1899:
1471:
740:
677:
478:
364:
17:
8309:
The Celts in Iberia: An Overview – Alberto J. Lorrio (Universidad de Alicante) & Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero (
5632:
5571:
5130:. Some Iron Age burials in northeastern Gaul suggest women may have had roles in warfare during the earlier
5047:
Archaeological evidence suggests that the pre-Roman Celtic societies were linked to the network of overland
2539:. Thus whether it was given to them by others or not, it was used by the Celts themselves. Greek geographer
15775:
15167:
14771:
11801:
9702:
8920:
8779:
7161:
4971:
4544:
3558:
3491:
3407:
2543:, writing about Gaul towards the end of the first century BC, refers to the "race which is now called both
2511:
2500:
2459:
2200:
1159:
662:
473:
468:
463:
358:
12825:
8680:
7800:"Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9"
5158:
during the 4th century BC. Posidonius' anthropological comments on the Celts had common themes, primarily
4313:
from the rest of the Celtic world, the Galatians maintained their Celtic language for at least 700 years.
13971:
13231:
8344:
7003:
3534:
3310:
1476:
971:
672:
551:
537:
518:
12139:
7967:, No. 39 (2006); Bethany Fox, 'The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland',
5187:
lived in "an upside-down world and a standard ingredient in such a world was the manly warrior woman".
15470:
15307:
15303:
14542:
14417:
14022:
13991:
13371:
12720:
12058:"Origin and mobility of Iron Age Gaulish groups in present-day France revealed through archaeogenomics"
8820:
6909:
6835:
5501:
5273:
art of Britain and Ireland, that is what "Celtic art" evokes for much of the general public, is called
4763:
4536:
814:
772:
372:
15642:
12496:
11762:
11059:
9349:(in German). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Kulturen der Universität Innsbruck. pp. 84–87.
3513:
16902:
15612:
14503:
14338:
13966:
12838:
11896:
8551:
Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France
8376:
Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France
7886:
6601:
6175:
6058:(including monuments carved into trees, which were known as sacred poles) before the Roman conquest.
5080:. Due to the large number of these present in some burials, it is thought they had a relatively high
4854:. Slaves were acquired from war, raids, and penal and debt servitude. Slavery was hereditary, though
4460:
2822:
Today, the term 'Celtic' generally refers to the languages and cultures of Ireland, Scotland, Wales,
2263:
2224:
2091:
1980:
1516:
1481:
1154:
458:
14303:
12466:
Deutschland in der Bronzezeit : Bauern, Bronzegiesser und Burgherren zwischen Nordsee und Alpen
11262:
7231:
30:
This article is about the ancient and medieval peoples of Europe. For Celts of the present day, see
15372:
14843:
14277:
14253:
13579:
10880:
10397:
Casparie, Wil A.; Moloney, Aonghus (January 1994). "Neolithic wooden trackways and bog hydrology".
7380:
7278:
7063:
6736:
6698:
6440:
6395:"PUEBLOS CELTAS Y NO CELTAS DE LA GALICIA ANTIGUA: FUENTES LITERARIAS FRENTE A FUENTES EPIGRÁFICAS"
6166:
of Bronze Age Western Europe. Like the Bell Beakers, ancient Celts carried a substantial amount of
6158:
in Europe. The majority of ancient Celtic males have been found to be carriers of this sub-lineage.
6085:
4499:
4440:
3482:
described the southern Gauls about 100 BC. Though his original work is lost, later writers such as
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498:
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probably being one name for her). The mother goddess could also take the form of a war goddess as
4351:, and Celtic artefacts and cemeteries have been discovered further east in what is now Poland and
3162:
2282:
tribes, Celtic culture had mostly become restricted to Ireland, western and northern Britain, and
2143:
in Switzerland. It proposes that Celtic culture spread westward and southward from these areas by
17162:
15768:
15269:
15202:
15187:
14554:
14202:
13748:
13462:
13281:
13171:
12800:
12540:
11918:
11738:
8881:
7207:
6241:
6183:
5990:
5739:
5702:
4524:
4383:
2936:
2755:
2271:
2236:
2166:
2028:
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1398:
508:
503:
493:
137:
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to Christianity in the 5th century. Ireland was converted by missionaries from Britain, such as
5056:, lead, iron, silver and gold. Celtic smiths and metalworkers created weapons and jewellery for
15593:
15465:
15299:
15212:
15152:
15022:
14941:
14904:
13976:
13261:
13256:
12862:
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC), showing the Celtic territories
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11339:
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11137:
10651:
9773:
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by an Otherworld resident. Irish myth says that the spirits of the dead travel to the house of
5758:
5754:
5620:
5611:
the heads of their most esteemed enemies in cedar oil and put them on display. Roman historian
5493:
5322:
5235:
4678:
4540:
4310:
3939:
3893:
3713:
3475:
3466:
and were "driven from their homes by the frequency of wars and the violent rising of the sea".
3462:, writing in the 4th century BC, believed the Celts came from the islands off the mouth of the
3331:
3323:
2220:
1661:
1633:
1417:
1319:
1085:
931:
555:
393:
285:
224:
179:
119:
111:
10695:
10568:
Gender in archaeology: analyzing power and prestige: Volume 9 of Gender and archaeology series
9180:
9153:
9136:
8604:
8254:
8143:
7449:
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6125:
6104:
began to resolve these differences, mostly by adopting the current Roman practices, which the
5780:
of her tribe and its land. There also seems to have been a male celestial god—identified with
5457:
5435:
5162:, extreme ferocity, cruel sacrificial practices, and the strength and courage of their women.
2176:
2102:
Europe and Celtic origins is debated. The traditional "Celtic from the East" theory, says the
17519:
17514:
17287:
17240:
16422:
15822:
15622:
15342:
15280:
14788:
14603:
14348:
14248:
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13457:
13436:
12655:
12611:
12300:
11249:
10726:
10720:
10110:
8703:
8182:
7734:
Celtic from the West Chapter 1: Celticization from the West – The Contribution of Archaeology
7143:
P. De Bernardo Stempel 2008. "Linguistically Celtic ethnonyms: towards a classification", in
6286:, p. 42. "Celts and Germans were of course derived from the same Indo-European stock.";
5710:
5478:
5418:. The restored tablet contains 16 vertical columns, with 62 months distributed over 5 years.
5366:
5314:
5210:
4498:. This view has been challenged by the hypothesis that the islands' Celtic languages form an
3424:
3252:
3240:
3150:
3100:
3050:
3011:
3002:
2838:. These are the regions where Celtic languages are still spoken to some extent. The four are
2607:
2487:
2379:
2251:
2103:
1808:
1637:
545:
541:
526:
522:
35:
15662:
15347:
11129:
10687:
9534:
9504:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
8216:
7799:
7372:
7270:
7211:
6432:
5932:
are believed to represent the main Celtic gods of Ireland. Their traditional rivals are the
5325:. Equally, the forms used for the finest Insular art were all adopted from the Roman world:
5321:. The style was taken up with great skill and enthusiasm by Celtic artists in metalwork and
5154:
reports that Celtic women acted as ambassadors to avoid a war among Celtic chiefdoms in the
4818:
A 4th century BC Celtic gold ring from southern Germany, decorated with human and rams heads
3283:
inscriptions, using their own Iberian script, appear later, after about 200 BC. Evidence of
3061:, Austria. Because the burials "dated to roughly the time when Celts are mentioned near the
2211:, though they were clearly being spoken much earlier. Celtic literary tradition begins with
15726:
15647:
15458:
15453:
15207:
15182:
15147:
14931:
14803:
14537:
14187:
13584:
13502:
13311:
13236:
12668:
12619:
12548:
12409:
12313:
12075:
12034:
11975:
11926:
11805:
11164:
10406:
10342:
9854:
9347:
Die keltischen Primärverben. Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon
9038:
8099:
8047:
8018:
7964:
6199:
6195:
5890:
5828:. Caesar says the Gauls believed they all descended from a god of the dead and underworld.
5768:
The Celts seem to have had a father god, who was often a god of the tribe and of the dead (
5318:
5291:
5220:
5196:
5143:
5117:
4851:
3785:
3280:
3255:
is usually dated to the Late Bronze Age. The earliest records of a Celtic language are the
3216:
3105:
3090:
2944:
2449:
2423:
1754:
1719:
1032:
715:
667:
604:
574:
532:
512:
376:
230:
10837:
9936:
6227:, display substantial genetic continuity with the Iron Age populations of the same areas.
5373:
of deities and wares painted with animals and other subjects in highly formalised styles.
5174:... a very witty remark is reported to have been made by the wife of Argentocoxus, a
900:
8:
17927:
17456:
17192:
15880:
15805:
15485:
15367:
15290:
15222:
15177:
15107:
15080:
14818:
14687:
14617:
14598:
14577:
14510:
14333:
14207:
14027:
14012:
14007:
13961:
13936:
13609:
13497:
13482:
13296:
13115:
12910:
12752:
12528:
8331:
7930:
7373:
7271:
6433:
6163:
6109:
6089:
6067:
6044:
5958:, who represents the land and bestows sovereignty on a king by marrying him. The goddess
5955:
5879:
5837:
5689:
5624:
5473:
5342:
5334:
5057:
4827:
4674:
4667:
4655:
4456:
4448:
4147:
3984:
3959:
3897:
3847:
3586:
3412:
3224:
3203:
3194:
3154:
3109:
3075:
2952:
2859:
2808:
2365:
2158:
1027:
1022:
918:
842:
807:
730:
720:
579:
280:
275:
244:
15337:
14217:
12672:
12413:
12317:
12079:
12038:
11979:
11809:
10410:
9858:
9615:
Rome and the Barbarians in Central and Eastern Europe: 1st Century B.C.–1st Century A.D.
9042:
8103:
8051:
7918:
6145:
6137:
5929:
5889:. Some Celtic peoples built temples or ritual enclosures of varying shapes (such as the
5512:. Thus, at one moment they would raise their swords aloft and smite after the manner of
4210:, Serbia) in the 3rd century BC. The concentration of hill-forts and cemeteries shows a
2895:
17873:
16344:
15721:
15632:
15382:
14984:
14715:
14608:
14572:
14493:
14448:
14343:
14169:
14060:
14017:
13946:
13753:
13528:
13291:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13176:
13033:
12989:
12689:
12650:
12524:
12483:
12430:
12391:
12334:
12295:
12216:
12122:
12098:
12057:
11998:
11957:
11828:
11788:"Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history"
11787:
10422:
10310:
10261:
10169:
9910:
9888:
9875:
9840:
9059:
9026:
8125:
8068:
7899:
7559:
6097:
5965:
Some figures in medieval Insular Celtic myth have ancient continental parallels: Irish
4962:
4875:
4787:
4452:
4250:
4211:
4127:
4069:
3781:
3687:
3626:
3594:
3291:
2948:
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2392:
2072:
1733:
1684:
1618:
1602:
1227:
880:
619:
305:
210:
205:
15909:
10447:
10181:
7845:
A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75
4985:
4008:
3721:
3573:
about 600 BC, with some objects (mostly drinking ceramic vessels) being traded up the
3137:
Celtic languages arose earlier, along the Atlantic coast (including Britain, Ireland,
3039:
2972:
2129:
17962:
17753:
17334:
17275:
16164:
15903:
15899:
15692:
15332:
15295:
14848:
14823:
14813:
14549:
14522:
14403:
14258:
14243:
14238:
14197:
14192:
14097:
13986:
13941:
13931:
13923:
13594:
13548:
13538:
13379:
13206:
13186:
13145:
12756:
12724:
12694:
12651:"Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history"
12623:
12582:
12552:
12469:
12453:
12435:
12396:
12369:
12355:
12339:
12284:
12267:
12253:
12239:
12220:
12201:
12182:
12103:
12003:
11930:
11879:
11864:
11849:
11833:
11415:
11347:
11141:
11130:
10920:
10859:
10730:
10699:
10688:
10654:
10628:
10603:
10426:
10298:
10288:
10249:
10239:
10149:
10119:
10050:
10023:
9998:
9973:
9892:
9880:
9795:
9683:
9640:
9567:
9477:
9350:
9313:
9250:
9213:
9186:
9159:
9064:
8554:
8529:
8504:
8477:
8442:
8404:
8379:
8260:
8222:
8188:
8149:
8117:
8073:
7934:
7903:
7891:
7810:
7737:
7606:
7596:
7524:
7492:
7458:
7413:
7384:
7354:
7307:
7282:
7257:
Breve noticia sobre o santuário campestre romano de Miróbriga dos Celticos (Portugal)
7071:
7035:
6913:
6839:
6808:
6746:
6708:
6534:
6504:
6444:
6362:
6219:
6191:
6155:
6105:
6073:
6001:
5938:
5081:
5077:
4981:
4555:
peninsula, where their culture became dominant. Meanwhile, much of northern Britain (
4504:
4158:
4091:, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC). Anciently spoken in
4088:
4049:
4000:
3996:
3965:
3909:
3717:
3661:
3166:
3095:
3086:
3035:
2968:
2940:
2741:
2654:
might be a Greek inflection. Linguist Kim McCone suggests it comes from Proto-Celtic
2556:
2228:
2208:
2196:
2151:. A newer theory, "Celtic from the West", suggests proto-Celtic arose earlier, was a
2114:
2107:
1747:
1713:
1705:
1649:
1643:
1625:
1596:
1575:
1561:
1553:
1323:
1184:
1124:
1106:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1004:
999:
828:
691:
340:
333:
326:
312:
298:
258:
237:
174:
166:
56:
9757:
Ball, Martin, Muller, Nicole (eds.) The Celtic Languages, Routledge, 2003, pp. 67ff.
8129:
7214:: "the Mirobrigenses, surnamed Celtici" ("Mirobrigenses qui Celtici cognominantur").
6141:
5680:
5365:
After the Roman conquests, some Celtic elements remained in popular art, especially
4806:
3768:). A modern scholarly review found several archaeological groups of Celts in Spain:
3474:
about 150 BC in which he describes the Gauls of Italy and their conflict with Rome.
3264:
17891:
17758:
17544:
16967:
16859:
16140:
15914:
15672:
15617:
15412:
15172:
14877:
14838:
14793:
14780:
14700:
14679:
14582:
14527:
14212:
14032:
13951:
13763:
13543:
13477:
13367:
13246:
13241:
13211:
13181:
13135:
13097:
12963:
12684:
12676:
12615:
12544:
12491:
12425:
12417:
12329:
12321:
12093:
12083:
12042:
11993:
11983:
11922:
11904:
11823:
11813:
11076:
10414:
10177:
9870:
9862:
9845:
9673:
9288:
9054:
9046:
8107:
8063:
8055:
7926:
7881:
7871:
6596:
6586:
6224:
6215:
6187:
5914:
5898:
5897:), though they also maintained shrines at natural sites. Celtic peoples often made
5864:
5848:
5797:
5706:
5600:
5509:
5402:
5252:
5205:
5104:
4915:
In some regards the Atlantic Celts were conservative: for example, they still used
4775:
4444:
4131:
4081:
4038:
3969:
3613:
3501:
3495:
3335:
3297:
Besides epigraphic evidence, an important source of information on early Celtic is
3272:
3267:. Other early inscriptions, appearing from the early La Tène period in the area of
3199:
3015:
3010:
The mainstream view during most of the twentieth century is that the Celts and the
2932:
2855:
2816:
2536:
2350:
2279:
2275:
2216:
2110:
2040:
1990:
1949:
1741:
1691:
1508:
1314:
1202:
1142:
1119:
1062:
1057:
994:
981:
976:
966:
639:
252:
200:
192:
185:
88:
15237:
12601:
9811:
Cunliffe, Barry, Koch, John T. (eds.), Celtic from the West, David Brown Co., 2012
8038:
Novembre, J; et al. (November 2008), "Genes mirror geography within Europe",
7991:
5433:. However, the general form of the calendar suggests the public peg calendars (or
4037:, that historians attribute to the Heuneburg. Beginning around 700 BC (or later),
3597:
developed along the Mediterranean coast. The Romans knew the remainder of Gaul as
3078:. In Britain and Ireland, the La Tène style survived precariously to re-emerge in
17763:
16279:
15707:
15667:
15475:
15428:
15391:
15311:
15263:
15258:
15162:
14920:
14858:
14798:
14761:
14733:
14695:
14660:
14640:
14423:
14413:
14398:
14285:
14092:
13956:
13719:
13574:
13533:
13523:
13362:
13301:
13221:
13216:
13201:
13196:
13109:
12873:
12789:
12746:
12710:
12664:
12446:
12309:
12146:
12133:
12115:
12047:
12016:
11988:
11745:
11734:
11066:
10953:
10887:
10097:
9207:
9119:
9082:
8954:
8644:(1). Center for Celtic Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Archived from
8424:
7333:
7202:
6957:
6903:
6875:
6829:
6207:
6171:
6101:
6019:
Insular Celtic peoples celebrated four seasonal festivals, known to the Gaels as
5986:
5925:. These were written down in the early Middle Ages, mainly by Christian scribes.
5922:
5918:
5860:
5856:
5587:
5567:
5466:
5462:
5426:
5378:
5306:
5231:
5064:
5032:
4920:
4759:
4755:
4592:
4556:
4516:
4329:
4161:
in 225 BC, a large Celtic army was trapped between two Roman forces and crushed.
4077:
4004:
3992:
3988:
3862:
3839:
3509:
3471:
3400:
3347:
3288:
3246:
2883:
2851:
2843:
2799:
2572:
2374:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2298:
2148:
2076:
1936:
1822:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1762:
1698:
1677:
1655:
1240:
1129:
1052:
961:
894:
835:
701:
433:
418:
408:
403:
319:
291:
15538:
12593:
12296:"Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons"
5951:
5255:, a ceremonial bronze shield dated 3rd–1st century BC, is an example of La Tène
4650:
3729:
Celtic presence and influences were most substantial in what is today Spain and
2987: The eventual area of Hallstatt influence (by 500 BC, HaD) in light yellow.
17986:
17954:
17726:
16927:
16407:
16244:
16159:
16089:
15941:
15749:
15627:
15509:
15418:
15357:
15322:
15275:
15227:
15217:
15137:
15100:
14959:
14949:
14925:
14872:
14828:
14743:
14723:
14705:
14650:
14645:
14613:
14458:
14438:
14263:
14164:
14143:
14138:
13775:
13709:
13704:
13693:
13674:
13668:
13664:
13472:
13467:
13426:
13353:
13339:
13251:
13226:
13191:
13150:
13140:
13076:
13063:
13003:
12947:
12939:
12930:
12903:
12829:
12197:
12126:
12119:
The Earliest Classical Sources on the Celts: A Linguistic and Historical Study.
12088:
11908:
11793:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
11757:
11222:
11125:
9866:
9678:
9661:
8314:
6941:
6863:
6800:
6679:
6211:
6051:
5943:
5894:
5777:
5762:
5750:
5660:
has struck it off. There are also many legends in Celtic regions of saints who
5643:
5544:
5527:
5448:
5390:
5354:
5338:
5283:
5270:
5036:
4898:
4879:
4841:
4716:
4568:
4508:
4464:
4408:
4266:
4258:
4139:
3943:
3917:
3679:
3621:
3590:
3420:
3284:
3276:
3260:
3184:
3019:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2666:, it would have been natural for the Greeks to apply this name for the type of
2603:
2526:
2506:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2314:
2306:
2056:
1931:
1567:
1434:
1309:
867:
821:
789:
725:
216:
31:
15557:
15542:
11080:
10253:
8112:
7973:
7876:
7859:
6591:
6574:
4850:, as practised by the Celts, was very likely similar to the better documented
3934:
2673:
Because Classical writers did not call the inhabitants of Britain and Ireland
2602:), may come from a Celtic ethnic name, perhaps borrowed into Latin during the
17980:
17147:
16541:
16329:
15731:
15711:
15588:
15497:
15423:
15285:
14756:
14728:
14635:
14627:
14369:
14321:
14107:
14055:
13784:
13724:
13714:
13614:
13589:
13375:
12866:
11436:"'It's upset a lot of people': outrage after tidy-up of Scottish sacred well"
10810:
10075:
9687:
9523:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.
9510:
9505:
7895:
7814:
7156:
6905:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
6831:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
6077:
6005:
5793:
5665:
5374:
5346:
5330:
5247:
5108:
Reconstruction of the dress and equipment of an Iron Age Celtic warrior from
4800:
4751:
4727:
4708:
4684:
4576:
4434:
4184:
A map of Celtic invasions and migrations in the Balkans in the 3rd century BC
4061:
4053:
4026:
3609:
3598:
3553:
3549:
3487:
3396:
3189:
2926:
2863:
2658:("ferocious, furious"), and was not originally an ethnic name but a name for
2518:
2495:
2419:
2354:
2153:
1827:
1291:
1207:
924:
782:
644:
398:
15525:
12857:
An interactive map showing the lands of the Celts between 800 BC and 305 AD.
12815:
12421:
11818:
10302:
7974:"Fox—The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland"
7610:
7126:
McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in
4111:, more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day
4045:
expanded south and gradually replaced the Celtic peoples in Central Europe.
3792:
were expanding into different areas in the Peninsula (e.g. Celtic Baeturia).
2494:
is found in the names of several ancient Gauls such as Celtillus, father of
614:
17958:
17932:
17408:
17152:
17120:
16952:
16467:
16387:
16179:
16014:
15816:
15715:
15657:
15405:
15352:
15074:
14867:
14655:
14179:
14133:
14072:
13981:
13758:
13736:
13729:
13166:
13091:
13081:
13013:
12706:
12698:
12487:
12439:
12343:
12107:
12007:
11837:
11492:
11465:
11407:
11319:
11098:
11029:
10233:
9884:
9292:
9068:
8121:
8077:
7686:
7452:
Cultural identity and archaeology: the construction of European communities
7409:
6961:
6949:
6883:
6871:
6352:
6203:
5902:
5875:
5833:
5661:
5653:
5636:
5628:
5540:
5452:
5430:
5406:
5386:
5287:
4814:
4720:
4588:
4560:
4394:
4169:
3811:
3789:
3773:
3749:
3669:
3578:
3395:"Culture Groups" could be thought of in racial or ethnic terms was held by
3228:
3180:
3146:
2709:
2561:
2310:
2294:
2267:
2247:
2087:
2048:
1446:
1284:
758:
629:
428:
423:
413:
17709:
15565:
15534:
15501:
15157:
13358:
11727:
11169:
Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions
11094:"The Gauls really did embalm the severed heads of enemies, research shows"
9907:"Ancient DNA study reveals large scale migrations into Bronze Age Britain"
9345:
Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta; aan de Wiel, Caroline (2004).
9027:"The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe"
6989:"Mythologizing Identity and History: a look at the Celtic past of Galicia"
5382:
4997:
During the later Iron Age the Gauls generally wore long-sleeved shirts or
3861:. This area was romanised late, as it was not conquered by Rome until the
3818:
2981: The core Hallstatt territory (HaC, 800 BC) is shown in solid yellow.
17804:
17738:
17451:
17364:
17058:
16392:
16234:
16154:
16136:
16074:
16054:
15828:
15515:
15505:
15445:
15317:
14989:
14974:
14375:
14294:
14102:
14087:
14077:
14050:
13876:
13829:
13741:
13487:
13104:
13008:
12895:
12856:
12833:
12794:
12520:
11540:
11538:
10650:
Volume IX Books 71–80, Dio Cassiuss and Earnest Carry translator (1927),
10282:
10206:
9841:"Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age"
9566:
by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond,
7595:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 34, 365–366, 529, 973, 1053.
7590:
6953:
6879:
6246:
6223:
Modern populations of Western Europe, particularly those who still speak
5773:
5646:
is a motif in Irish myth and Arthurian legend, most famously in the tale
5583:
5532:
5350:
5326:
5310:
5274:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5127:
5123:
5093:
5048:
4883:
4855:
4600:
4596:
4480:
4092:
3443:
3128:
3079:
3054:
2999: The eventual area of La Tène influence (by 250 BC) in light green.
2899:
2827:
2765:
2302:
2259:
1422:
1408:
1372:
1080:
76:
13644:
13410:
12680:
12325:
11591:
11525:
11523:
11229:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 275–277, 286, 291–296.
9794:
Koch, J.T., (2006) Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO,
9050:
8059:
7807:
Palaeohispánica: Revista Sobre Lenguas y Culturas de la Hispania Antigua
6394:
5715:
5150:
mentioned Celtic women inciting, participating in, and leading battles.
4523:
Like many Celtic peoples on the mainland, the Insular Celts followed an
3363:
Reconstruction of a late La Tène period settlement in Altburg near
2993: The core territory of the La Tène culture (450 BC) in solid green.
2266:. By the 1st century AD, most Celtic territories had become part of the
609:
17826:
17677:
17667:
17657:
17564:
17559:
17461:
17349:
17329:
17202:
17115:
17038:
16749:
16619:
16609:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16559:
16549:
16525:
16482:
16462:
16362:
16334:
16249:
16184:
16148:
16144:
16097:
16079:
16059:
15974:
15834:
15197:
14912:
14900:
14353:
14317:
14117:
14082:
14042:
13634:
13396:
13387:
12843:
12392:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years"
12071:
10418:
8317:, Volume 6: 167–254 The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula, 1 February 2005
6081:
6055:
5868:
5863:, and some Greco-Roman sources claim the Gauls sacrificed criminals by
5829:
5724:
5596:
5591:
5264:
5256:
4712:
4704:
4584:
4360:
4203:
4073:
3479:
3459:
3364:
3334:
in a migration that brought large amounts of Steppe DNA (including the
3316:
3268:
3202:, the spread of ancient Celtic-looking placenames, and thesis that the
3158:
3153:
argued that "Celtic settlement of the British Isles" might date to the
3043:
3023:
2922:
2099:
1385:
1299:
1177:
942:
12211:
Kruta, Venceslas, Otto Hermann Frey, Barry Raftery and M. Szabo. eds.
11535:
10877:
Parapegmata: or Astrology, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World
6133:
5425:
wishing to preserve their tradition of timekeeping in a time when the
5084:, and could be used for "day to day" purchases. Low-value coinages of
4770:
To the extent that sources are available, they depict a pre-Christian
4715:. In the case of the continental Celts, this eventually resulted in a
4642:
says the Britons resembled the Celts of Gaul in customs and religion.
4606:
Classical writers did not call the inhabitants of Britain and Ireland
4286:
become of mixed Thraco-Celtic origin. Further south, Celts settled in
4123:, which testifies the importance of Celtic heritage in the peninsula.
3950:
3498:
wrote about the Celts of Gaul and Britain in his 1st-century history.
3419:
break, under the impetus of considerable Mediterranean influence from
3132:
A map of Europe in the Bronze Age, showing the Atlantic network in red
3027:
2203:
are attested almost exclusively through inscriptions and place-names.
17922:
17853:
17843:
17833:
17770:
17743:
17699:
17619:
17426:
17374:
17369:
17359:
17344:
17324:
17217:
17110:
17068:
17043:
17023:
16980:
16882:
16849:
16844:
16809:
16799:
16754:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16719:
16694:
16679:
16664:
16659:
16654:
16649:
16639:
16634:
16629:
16624:
16569:
16521:
16477:
16412:
16304:
16289:
16209:
16204:
15994:
15989:
15969:
15959:
15924:
15652:
15561:
15493:
15398:
15232:
14312:
13419:
11520:
10115:
9728:
9247:
La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza
7860:"An Alternative to 'Celtic from the East' and 'Celtic from the West'"
7147:, J. L. García Alonso (ed.), 101–18. Ediciones Universidad Salamanca.
6945:
6887:
6575:"An Alternative to 'Celtic from the East' and 'Celtic from the West'"
6179:
5947:
5933:
5852:
5805:
5743:
5685:
5608:
5513:
5302:) in 2004 and which were decorated with a boar head or a snake head.
5295:
5216:
5191:
5155:
5135:
5109:
5089:
4936:
4909:
4859:
4783:
4659:
4621:
4531:. Some of the southern British tribes had strong links with Gaul and
4398:
Britain & Ireland in the early–mid 1st millennium AD, before the
4379:
4314:
4219:
4199:
4116:
4065:
4030:
4022:
3930:
by the Danube, Germany, c. 600 BC, the oldest city north of the Alps.
3927:
3922:
3761:
3699:
3695:
3634:
3570:
3508:
both suggest that the heartland of the people they call Celts was in
3448:
3327:
3145:), long before evidence of 'Celtic' culture is found in archaeology.
3066:
3058:
2891:
2680:
2631:
2614:
2584:
2580:
2453:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2411:
2232:
2212:
2185:
2125:
1588:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1329:
1197:
15327:
13624:
13325:
6617:
4332:, Galatia in central Turkey was an area of dense Celtic settlement.
3223:
whence it spread in various directions and at various speeds in the
2659:
17966:
17896:
17821:
17714:
17694:
17689:
17634:
17604:
17594:
17534:
17484:
17476:
17431:
17389:
17384:
17379:
17339:
17319:
17311:
17301:
17296:
17283:
17197:
17167:
17157:
17092:
17087:
17076:
17063:
17053:
16990:
16917:
16887:
16839:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16814:
16779:
16769:
16724:
16684:
16614:
16594:
16574:
16554:
16512:
16507:
16497:
16487:
16472:
16367:
16319:
16299:
16254:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16199:
16174:
16117:
16004:
15999:
15979:
15964:
15954:
14969:
14433:
13886:
13841:
13805:
13793:
13639:
13599:
13414:
13406:
13401:
13383:
13306:
13043:
13038:
13023:
12062:
12030:
11962:
11550:
11241:
10840:[Home] (in French). Site archéologique de Tintignac-Naves.
10496:"The Gallic Wars: How Julius Caesar Conquered Gaul (Modern France)"
10287:. S. A. Handford, Jane F. Gardner. London. pp. Section 3: 33.
10145:
9941:
9344:
8023:
6182:
and the early Bronze Age and associated with the initial spread of
6084:
in Scotland, Anglo-Saxon parts of Britain, and central Europe (see
6024:
6020:
5994:
5978:
5954:
his consort, each of whom had other names. One common motif is the
5825:
5789:
5769:
5720:
5523:
5370:
5279:
5151:
4901:
4823:
4799:, which eventually came into conflict with the feudal principle of
4796:
4771:
4692:
4580:
4572:
4552:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4352:
4295:
4291:
4278:
4207:
4198:
river and its tributaries. One of the most influential tribes, the
4135:
4057:
3913:
3886:
3878:
3858:
3843:
3827:
3796:
3765:
3757:
3741:
3730:
3725:
3707:
3691:
3673:
3638:
3605:
3467:
3382:
3298:
3256:
3138:
3113:
3031:
2963:
2887:
2875:
2831:
2823:
2812:
2427:
2283:
2052:
2036:
1531:
1522:
1413:
1214:
1189:
1093:
584:
160:
47:
Distribution of Celtic peoples over time, in the traditional view:
15519:
15362:
13654:
12236:
The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland c. 400–1200 AD.
8500:
Roman Gaul (Routledge Revivals): The Three Provinces, 58 BC-AD 260
6190:. Examined individuals overwhelmingly carry types of the paternal
5421:
French archaeologist J. Monard speculated that it was recorded by
4180:
3656:
3574:
3357:
2043:
and other cultural similarities. Major Celtic groups included the
43:
17946:
17906:
17901:
17838:
17809:
17780:
17775:
17748:
17704:
17684:
17662:
17614:
17599:
17589:
17584:
17539:
17524:
17504:
17494:
17446:
17441:
17436:
17416:
17354:
17177:
17102:
17072:
17018:
16947:
16834:
16804:
16794:
16789:
16764:
16744:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16689:
16674:
16604:
16442:
16427:
16377:
16324:
16309:
16294:
16284:
16264:
16259:
16239:
16214:
16169:
16132:
16127:
16112:
16069:
16064:
16044:
16034:
16024:
15984:
15949:
15895:
15890:
15885:
14979:
14954:
14833:
14808:
14443:
14408:
14381:
14308:
14290:
13881:
13817:
13441:
13071:
13048:
11510:
11508:
11506:
8425:"Gallia Comata | Gaul, Celtic Tribes, Julius Caesar | Britannica"
8330:. Setting the Glauberg finds in context of shifting iconography,
6937:
6867:
6214:
ancestry in Iberia, and may be connected to the expansion of the
6028:
5974:
5886:
5817:
5813:
5781:
5552:
5536:
5415:
5147:
5003:
4916:
4847:
4639:
4627:
4532:
4511:
in what is now England. Cunliffe and Koch propose in their newer
4348:
4344:
4340:
4322:
4299:
4246:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4165:
4151:
3882:
3854:
3753:
3703:
3645:
3630:
3582:
3455:
3117:
2871:
2804:
2692:
2647:
2567:
2510:. Others view it as a name coined by Greeks; among them linguist
2318:
2189:
1581:
1545:
1538:
1336:
956:
589:
12366:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth.
11690:
9820:
Cunliffe, Barry, Facing the Ocean, Oxford University Press, 2004
9234:Überlingen: Bilder aus der Geschichte einer kleinen Reichsstadt,
8984:"Celtic City: Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden-Württemberg"
8403:. Monographies d'Archéologie Meditérranéenne, 21, CNRS, France.
7775:. 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula: 167–254. Archived from
7560:"Celtic language Branch - Origins & Classification - MustGo"
5962:
was linked with nature as well as poetry, healing and smithing.
3644:
Place- and personal-name analysis and inscriptions suggest that
3112:
shows that Herodotus seemed to believe the Danube rose near the
2751:
2227:
literature. Most written evidence of the early Celts comes from
2082:
17950:
17883:
17848:
17814:
17731:
17672:
17639:
17629:
17624:
17579:
17569:
17554:
17549:
17529:
17509:
17489:
17207:
17182:
17172:
17125:
17048:
16937:
16774:
16759:
16599:
16564:
16517:
16457:
16447:
16417:
16397:
16314:
16269:
16194:
16189:
16039:
16029:
15548:
15530:
14964:
14751:
14533:
Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
14453:
14428:
14392:
14386:
14299:
14222:
14148:
14067:
13569:
13053:
12998:
11678:
11608:
11606:
10940:
10781:"History of the Law in Ireland | The Courts Service of Ireland"
10238:(2nd ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. pp. 49, 192, 200.
6032:
5982:
5959:
5882:
5821:
5765:, believing that every part of the natural world had a spirit.
5657:
5604:
5497:
5485:
5410:
5358:
5068:
5024:
5020:
4840:
of Gaul late in the first millennium BC, and with the towns of
4836:
4731:
4663:
4356:
4318:
4287:
4242:
4195:
4112:
4104:
3869:
3807:
3505:
3483:
3142:
3062:
2776:
2760:
2540:
2170:
2032:
1304:
1258:
777:
594:
17270:
11618:
11581:
11579:
11577:
11503:
9236:
Oberbadische Verlag, Singen, 1949, pp. 11–17, specifically 15.
5843:
Celtic religious ceremonies were overseen by priests known as
5738:
Like other European Iron Age societies, the Celts practised a
5664:. In Irish myth, the severed heads of warriors are called the
4142:) was inhabited by Celtic-speakers who founded cities such as
3946:, helping press its previous Celts further south and southeast
3612:
led a revolt against Roman occupation but was defeated at the
2695:
says the Britons resembled the Gauls in customs and religion.
2642:) most likely has the same origin, referring to the Gauls who
17719:
17609:
17574:
17499:
17466:
17421:
17212:
17082:
16644:
16107:
16009:
15919:
15870:
15791:
15553:
15253:
15123:
13853:
13659:
13604:
13492:
13086:
13028:
13018:
11562:
11136:. Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p.
10459:
Beatrice Cauuet (Université Toulouse Le Mirail, UTAH, France)
8971:
Tartessian: Celtic From the South-west at the Dawn of History
5844:
5809:
5801:
5785:
5669:
5422:
5179:
5085:
5016:
5012:
4998:
4940:
4894:
4792:
4735:
4614:
4564:
4528:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
in the 1st century AD, the Insular Celts were made up of the
4426:
4417:
4375:
4274:
4238:
4215:
4143:
4120:
4096:
3737:
3625:
formed the main part of Roman Gaul, becoming the province of
3543:
3463:
3432:
2879:
2792:
in French), though it does refer to the same ancient region.
2764:, "foreigner, Roman, Celt", whence the English word 'Welsh' (
2674:
2522:
2403:
2370:
2349:
are still spoken in parts of their former territories, while
2290:
2240:
2165:
in the 3rd century BC, Celtic culture reached as far east as
2064:
2060:
2044:
1926:
1403:
1277:
1253:
624:
599:
99: Areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today
12885:
11702:
11666:
11654:
11603:
11060:
Embalmed heads of the Celtic Iron Age in the south of France
10585:. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. pp. 1.89–275.
7340:, Denis Staunton, October 20, 2015, accessed April 17, 2023.
7114:. 5 vols. 2006. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, p. 371.
3954:
Peoples of Cisalpine Gaul during the 4th to 3rd centuries BC
3724:
cultures. However, since according to the definition of the
2329:
in Britain, Ireland, and other European territories such as
2195:
The earliest undisputed examples of Celtic language are the
17961:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
17028:
16452:
16049:
15865:
14112:
13649:
13629:
13564:
13392:
11971:
11630:
11574:
11289:
11287:
11285:
10798:
9662:"Re-approaching Celts: Origins, Society, and Social Change"
8943:
Aproximação à identidade etno-cultural dos Callaici Bracari
7546:
The Celts with an introductory chapter by J.X.W.P. Corcoran
6009:
5970:
5966:
5616:
5612:
5575:
5489:
5299:
5028:
5008:
4944:
4905:
4688:
4336:
4100:
3823:
3428:
3381:
Reconstruction of a late La Tène period settlement in
3220:
3215:
it "emerged as a distinct Indo-European dialect around the
2728:(first recorded in the 16–17th centuries) come from French
2435:
2068:
1999:
1955:
1795:
9585:"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), SE´RDICA"
8634:"Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times"
8037:
6186:. This ancestry was particularly prevalent among Celts of
5122:
Very few reliable sources exist regarding Celtic views on
11756:
10690:
Land of Women: Tales of Sex and Gender from Early Ireland
7767:
Lorrio and Ruiz Zapatero, Alberto J. and Gonzalo (2005).
6326:
6287:
6080:. Later missionaries from Ireland were a major source of
5073:
5053:
5027:
were used, but the most famous item of jewellery was the
4886:
were discouraged by law and the word for "female slave",
3589:
in 124–123 BC. Gradually Roman control extended, and the
3562:
described the 1st-century BC descendants of those Gauls.
2008:
15760:
15092:
12179:
The Atlantic Celts – Ancient People Or Modern Invention?
11282:
9185:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 363–.
7766:
5526:(2.33) indicates that the principal Celtic weapon was a
4830:, drawn from Britain and Ireland (there are about 3,000
2490:. Linguist Kim McCone supports this view and notes that
2467:
12579:
Pagan Celtic Ireland: The Enigma of the Irish Iron Age.
11346:. Translated by Myles Dillon, Turtle Island Foundation
11342:(originally published in French, 1940, reissued 1982).
10912:
10595:
10396:
8328:
Otto Hermann Frey, "A new approach to early Celtic art"
8145:
Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia
6866:
are related to the other Celtic peoples of Europe, the
6477:
The Atlantic Celts – Ancient People or Modern Invention
6298:
6296:
5832:
is a common theme in Celtic cosmology, and a number of
4138:
and the rest of northern Italy (known to the Romans as
3999:
had developed in Scandinavia and northern Germany. The
3326:
did settle Britain (and all of Northern Europe) in the
2555:
as another name for Gaul. He reports Celtic peoples in
12891:
XIII. International Congress of Celtic Studies in Bonn
11956:
Fischer, Claire-Elise; et al. (6 December 2018).
11217:
11215:
11213:
5484:
The Celts were described by classical writers such as
4363:'s mint was displayed on the old Slovak 5-crown coin.
2908:
are the Celtic-speaking people of mainland Europe and
13845:
12174:. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1993. 3rd edn. 2005.
12151:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
11728:
e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
11296:(2012). "Chapter 25: The Gods and the supernatural",
11211:
11209:
11207:
11205:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11193:
10343:"BBC - Wales - Education - Iron Age Celts - Factfile"
9447:, ed. Glanville Price (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 192.
8913:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
8886:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
8851:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
8813:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
8772:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
8737:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
8673:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
8638:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
6638:
5031:, a neck collar of metal, sometimes gold. The horned
2020:
2011:
1996:
1973:
1964:
1952:
14231:
12452:
New York: Thames & Hudson, 1980. 3rd edn. 1997.
12281:
Celts: A History from Earliest Times to the Present.
9838:
9037:(7695). National Center for Biotechnology: 190–196.
7353:(reprint ed.) Irish University Press, 1971, p. 290.
6293:
5804:. Other pan-regional deities include the horned god
5792:. Celtic healing deities were often associated with
4168:, Celtic and Etruscan alliance by the Romans in the
4056:, had already penetrated and settled in the western
3287:
is available only from about 400 AD, in the form of
3042:
from about 450 BC, which came to be identified with
2943:, Ireland and Britain. The languages developed into
2289:
Insular Celtic culture diversified into that of the
2005:
2002:
1961:
1958:
12821:
Celts descended from Spanish fishermen, study finds
12649:Schiffels, Stephan; et al. (19 January 2016).
12406:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
12165:
The Celts: The People who Came out of the Darkness.
12015:Fischer, Claire-Elise; et al. (October 2019).
11362:
11360:
11242:"Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Celtic Culture"
6347:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
5921:has the largest written body of myths, followed by
4730:. The Romans adopted the Celtic cavalry sword, the
4723:, while the Insular Celts retained their language.
4487:peoples over several centuries, accounting for the
4321:) in 373 AD, likened their language to that of the
3263:(Northern Italy), the oldest of which pre-date the
2426:in 517 BC, when writing about a people living near
1993:
11190:
11159:
11157:
11024:
11022:
11020:
11018:
11016:
9309:Early Celtic Art From Its Origins to its Aftermath
9205:
8553:. University of California Press. pp. 75–94.
7961:Ancient Celtic Placenames in Europe and Asia Minor
7301:
6728:
4890:, was used as a general unit of value in Ireland.
4371:, are well documented in Greek and Latin history.
4007:(8th to 6th centuries BC). It was followed by the
3209:
2744:
12745:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). "Celts".
12293:
11684:
11544:
11314:
11312:
11310:
11308:
11306:
10718:
9937:"Ancient mass migration transformed Britons' DNA"
9199:
9155:Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe
8906:
8882:"The Celts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula"
8731:Alberto J. Lorrio, Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero (2005).
8730:
8345:"Arrival of Celts - France - SpottingHistory.com"
7521:The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore
3803:, sculptures of bulls and pigs carved in granite.
3399:, whose theory was influenced by the writings of
2606:from the early fifth century BC. Its root may be
79:area of Iberia where Celtic presence is uncertain
17978:
12648:
12519:
12294:Martiniano, Rui; et al. (19 January 2016).
11529:
11357:
10565:
10550:
10535:
10135:
10133:
10131:
9281:Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome. Antiquité
9172:
8573:
7302:Spencer and Zwicky, Andrew and Arnold M (1998).
6663:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6332:
6275:
5381:than most of the Empire, and its development of
5204:approved of male homosexuality. Greek historian
4803:in which succession goes to the first-born son.
4439:All living Celtic languages today belong to the
3619:Following the Gallic Wars of 58–51 BC, Caesar's
3123:
2452:and in the far west of Europe. The etymology of
2402:The first recorded use of the name 'Celts' – as
15143:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups
11154:
11124:
11013:
10583:The Celtic Ethnography of Posidonius, PRIA 60 C
10520:
8879:
8705:Researches into the Physical History of Mankind
8443:"Vercingetorix | Gallic chieftain | Britannica"
8293:"Center for Celtic Studies | UW-Milwaukee"
7592:Celtic culture : a historical encyclopedia
6678:
5500:as fighting like "wild beasts", and as hordes.
4925:invasions of Britain attempted by Julius Caesar
2321:) of the medieval and modern periods. A modern
12181:Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999.
12055:
12014:
11955:
11708:
11696:
11672:
11660:
11624:
11612:
11597:
11585:
11556:
11514:
11303:
10978:
10685:
10580:
10471:"The Scope and Influence of The Ancient Celts"
10140:Simmons, Victoria (2006). John T. Koch (ed.).
9128:
9111:
8765:
8089:
6664:Chadwick, Nora; Corcoran, J. X. W. P. (1970).
5481:, and in some instances to conquer territory.
5439:) found throughout the Greek and Roman world.
5385:technique was probably important to the later
4443:, derived from the Celtic languages spoken in
3664:, showing Celtic languages in beige, c. 300 BC
3165:(2001) also proposed that Celtic arose in the
17965:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
17256:
15776:
15108:
13809:
12911:
12389:
11786:Brunel, Samantha; et al. (9 June 2020).
11785:
11648:
11636:
11568:
11335:
11333:
10881:PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, 2000
10866:. Chapter 9 is titled "Un calandrier gaulois"
10622:
10128:
9839:Patterson, N.; Isakov, M.; Booth, T. (2021).
9834:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9826:
9145:
8960:23 February 2011 at Wikiwix, official website
8803:
8010:
7857:
7447:Paul Graves-Brown, Siân Jones, Clive Gamble,
7122:
7120:
6690:
6572:
6547:
6402:Xxii seminario de lenguas y epigrafía antigua
6174:pastoralists who expanded westwards from the
5874:The Romans said the Celts held ceremonies in
2215:texts around the 8th century AD. Elements of
1907:
17969:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
13797:
12744:
12390:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (15 March 2019).
11739:Volume 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula
11725:Alberro, Manuel and Arnold, Bettina (eds.),
11400:
11171:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 72–75.
10641:
9024:
8574:Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert (1842).
7725:
7588:
7145:Celtic and Other Languages in Ancient Europe
6974:
6615:
6361:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. xix–xxi.
6320:
6314:
6308:
6265:
5619:beheaded a defeated Roman general after the
4539:. During the Roman occupation of Britain, a
4294:), which they ruled for over a century, and
4029:. In the 5th century BC the Greek historian
3648:was spoken over most of what is now France.
3104:of Herodotus, which placed the Celts at the
2958:
2786:
2735:
2729:
2124:–500 BC), named for the rich grave finds in
17407:
13857:
13821:
12056:Fischer, Claire-Elise; et al. (2022).
11476:
11382:
11373:
10952:Vagn Fabritius Buchwald, Iron and steel in
9769:"Twelve Fascinating Finds Revealed in 2019"
9338:
9178:
9013:, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108
7847:. The Prehistoric Society. pp. 55–64 .
7703:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7488:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom
7175:
7169:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6653:
5908:
4607:
4374:There are records of Celtic mercenaries in
4175:
3826:terminal, Museum of Castro de Santa Tegra,
3552:, the Alps and present-day northern Italy.
3538:A 4th century BC gold-plated disk from Gaul
2780:
2686:
2591:
2473:
2325:was constructed as part of the Romanticist
17263:
17249:
15783:
15769:
15115:
15101:
13833:
12925:
12918:
12904:
12482:
11895:
11330:
11225:(2018) . "Chapter 11: Religious systems".
10315:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10266:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9997:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. p. 180.
9972:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. p. 125.
9823:
9726:
9369:
8496:
7925:, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–24,
7117:
6302:
6271:
5696:
5099:
5072:onwards, which were often in the shape of
3903:
3684:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
3341:
3311:Corded Ware culture § Genetic studies
2870:). There are also attempts to reconstruct
2246:The Celts were often in conflict with the
1914:
1900:
1878:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
12688:
12429:
12333:
12097:
12087:
12046:
11997:
11987:
11846:The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions.
11827:
11817:
11497:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
11470:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
11366:Inse Jones, Prudence, and Nigel Pennick.
11324:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
11034:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
10969:, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1993), p. 159.
10142:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
10036:
10022:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. p. 27.
10011:
9986:
9961:
9874:
9677:
9134:
9117:
9058:
8111:
8067:
8022:
7887:2160/317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437
7885:
7875:
7691:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
7375:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
7273:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
7112:Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia
6602:2160/317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437
6600:
6590:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6435:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
6358:Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia
6237:List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes
5675:
5015:, with some silk being used by the rich.
4369:expedition in Greece and western Anatolia
4146:. Later the Roman army was routed at the
4043:southern Scandinavia and northern Germany
3229:Italic and Celtic were in some way linked
2514:, who suggests it meant "the tall ones".
67: Greatest Celtic expansion by 275 BC
11651:, Supplementary Tables, Table 4, Row 91.
11221:
11163:
10858:. Paris, Editions Errance. 2nd edition.
10725:. University of Illinois Press. p.
10722:Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece
10670:
10231:
10170:"Holy Spirit - Gifts of the Holy Spirit"
10069:
10042:
10020:The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions
9995:The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions
9970:The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions
9899:
9634:
9509:
9471:
9456:
9151:
8701:
8631:
8625:
8602:
8523:
8471:
7923:Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies
7842:
7791:
7731:
7718:Myles Dillon and Nora Kershaw Chadwick,
7674:
7635:
7543:
7518:
7403:
6986:
6968:
6807:. Oxford University Press. p. 109.
6799:
6745:. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. p. 190.
6707:. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. p. 193.
6650:
6501:The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions
6470:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6149:
5714:
5679:
5566:
5520:Such descriptions have been challenged.
5456:
5414:Latin inscriptional capitals, and is in
5361:attacks sharply set back cultural life.
5246:
5103:
4813:
4805:
4745:
4649:
4393:
4179:
4033:mentioned a Celtic city at the Danube –
3949:
3933:
3921:
3817:
3655:
3533:
3442:
3127:
3005:of the late La Tène period are labelled.
2962:
2364:
2360:
2231:writers, who often grouped the Celts as
2207:are attested from the 4th century AD in
2175:
2081:
1925:
42:
12537:The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
12266:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
11863:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
10675:. Oxford University Press. p. 236.
10540:. Archaeopress. pp. 34–40, 158–88.
10468:
10139:
10049:. Potsdam University Press. p. 5.
9490:
9476:. Oxford University Press. p. 37.
9445:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe
9399:
9305:
9097:"Heuneburg (Herbertingen-Hundersingen)"
8844:
8799:
8797:
8666:
8548:
8398:
8373:
8214:
8184:Prehistoric Europe: Theory and Practice
7858:Sims-Williams, Patrick (2 April 2020).
7736:. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. p. 14.
7665:
6901:
6827:
6772:
6766:
5917:belongs to the Insular Celtic peoples:
4908:in Ireland, and eventually recorded by
4245:. They were located around and founded
14:
17979:
15193:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
13774:
12463:
12283:University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.
11184:Celtic Influences in Germanic Religion
11181:
10589:
10280:
10017:
9992:
9967:
9461:. L'Erma di Bretschneider. p. 43.
9278:
9008:
8669:"Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula"
8667:Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (2005).
8285:
8141:
8016:
7996:List of Celtic place names in Portugal
7433:Kruta, Venceslas; et al. (1991).
6644:
6517:
6498:
6483:
6061:
5442:
4547:in the 400s AD, there was significant
3438:
3234:
2517:In the first century BC, Roman leader
2199:inscriptions from the 6th century BC.
91:were spoken throughout the Middle Ages
17244:
15812:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe
15764:
15096:
15006:
14898:
14677:
14479:
13911:
13691:
13337:
12974:
12899:
12636:from the original on 3 September 2020
12592:
12507:from the original on 5 September 2015
12384:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
12158:Historical Atlas of the Celtic World.
11890:The Celts: A Very Short Introduction.
11412:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture
11388:
10919:. Caroll & Graf. pp. 60–63.
10817:from the original on 16 December 2008
10602:. Caroll & Graf. pp. 49–50.
10353:from the original on 25 February 2023
9766:
9595:from the original on 24 February 2021
9474:The Celts – A Very Short Introduction
9384:
9312:. Transaction Publishers. p. 3.
9179:Milisauskas, Sarunas (30 June 2002).
8973:, Celtic Studies Publications, (2009)
8712:from the original on 22 December 2011
8613:from the original on 22 December 2011
8577:Chambers's information for the people
8273:from the original on 22 December 2011
8235:from the original on 22 December 2011
8187:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 48.
8180:
8162:from the original on 22 December 2011
7655:. Thames and Hudson. pp. 89–102.
7650:
7491:. Alpha Books. 2003. pp. 31–34.
7437:. Thames and Hudson. pp. 95–102.
7432:
7306:. Blackwell Publishers. p. 148.
7193:, 3.1.3; 3.1.6; 3.2.2; 3.2.15; 4.4.2.
6936:Celts, 257, 278, 523, 533, 555, 643;
6805:The Celts – a very short introduction
6528:
6474:
6457:
6411:from the original on 25 December 2009
6392:
6279:
5950:seems to have been the chief god and
5607:wrote in the same century that Celts
5007:by the Romans). Clothes were made of
4870:respectively, are cognate with Latin
4150:and Rome was sacked in 390 BC by the
3822:Triskelion and spirals on a Galician
2624:"to be able, power"). The Greek name
2163:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe
1885:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1857:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
15444:
12705:
12620:10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001
12549:10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001
12352:The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History
12229:Les Celtes: Histoire et dictionnaire
11927:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001
11491:
11464:
11406:
11318:
11028:
10694:. Cornell University Press. p.
10525:. Morrison & Gibb. pp. 4–5.
9949:from the original on 21 January 2022
9917:from the original on 18 January 2022
9659:
9637:The Celts: A Very Short Introduction
9545:from the original on 1 December 2022
9206:Rankin, David; H. D. Rankin (1996).
9158:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 100–.
8794:
8768:"Celtiberians: Problems and Debates"
8453:from the original on 22 October 2022
8355:from the original on 14 October 2022
7980:from the original on 11 January 2018
7797:
7685:
7570:from the original on 24 October 2022
7370:
7327:Who were the Celts? It's complicated
7268:
6926:from the original on 16 January 2023
6852:from the original on 16 January 2023
6734:
6696:
6430:
6351:
6283:
5656:picks up his own severed head after
5042:
4762:sculpture of a dying Celtic couple,
4662:(middle), flanked by the Roman gods
4459:branch early on. By the time of the
3868:Celts in the southwest, in the area
2613:, meaning "power, strength" (whence
2504:), and linking it with the Germanic
15484:
14899:
12581:London: Thames & Hudson, 1994.
12192:James, Simon & Rigby, Valerie.
12167:New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977.
11856:. Historiography of Celtic studies.
10844:from the original on 1 August 2015.
10218:Simmons, op. cit., at 1616, citing
9739:from the original on 14 August 2022
9152:Gimbutas, Marija (25 August 2011).
9083:"Heuneburg – Celtic city of Pyrene"
8907:R. Luján Martínez, Eugenio (2005).
8896:from the original on 16 April 2009.
8603:Brownson, Orestes Augustus (1859).
7916:
7617:from the original on 7 October 2022
6122:Bell Beaker culture § Genetics
4852:practice in ancient Greece and Rome
3838:in northwestern Iberia, modern day
3740:infiltrating from the north of the
3304:
2458:is unclear. Possible roots include
1842:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
27:Indo-European ethnolinguistic group
24:
12816:Ancient Celtic Warriors in History
12769:from the original on 11 March 2023
12252:, London: Thames and Hudson, 1992
11753:, Center for Celtic Studies, 2005.
10405:(1). Springer Netherlands: 49–64.
10043:Tristram, Hildegard L. C. (2007).
9767:Solly, Meilan (27 December 2019).
9666:Journal of Archaeological Research
8766:Burillo Mozota, Francisco (2005).
8733:"The Celts in Iberia: An Overview"
8632:Quintela, Marco V. García (2005).
8378:. University of California Press.
7931:10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0001
7769:"The Celts in Iberia: An Overview"
6789:from the original on 30 June 2011.
6626:from the original on 11 April 2023
6206:is associated with an increase in
6038:
5808:, the horse and fertility goddess
5461:Celtic Warrior Represented in the
5396:
4109:Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises
3161:and Bronze Age (from c. 2750 BC).
2703:For at least 1,000 years the name
2466:'to hide' (seen also in Old Irish
2128:, Austria, and with the following
1864:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
59:territory, by the sixth century BC
25:
17998:
14329:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
12783:
12565:from the original on 16 June 2020
12535:. In Leeming, David Adams (ed.).
12368:London: Thames and Hudson, 1991.
12264:A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology.
12022:Journal of Archaeological Science
11943:from the original on 12 June 2020
11848:Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2003.
11773:from the original on 11 July 2018
11751:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
11446:from the original on 3 March 2022
11370:. London: Routledge, 1995. Print.
11072:Journal of Archaeological Science
10523:The Religion of the Ancient Celts
10182:10.1163/2468-483x_smuo_com_001832
9727:Cartwright, Mark (1 April 2021).
8990:from the original on 7 March 2023
8909:"The Language(s) of the Callaeci"
8584:from the original on 22 July 2011
8497:Drinkwater, John (8 April 2014).
8313:) – Journal of Interdisciplinary
8311:Universidad Complutense de Madrid
7824:from the original on 23 June 2010
7406:The Celtic Encyclopedia, Volume 1
7070:. Routledge. 1998. pp. 1–2.
6762:from the original on 9 July 2012.
6724:from the original on 9 July 2012.
6194:, while the maternal haplogroups
6126:Hallstatt culture § Genetics
5928:The supernatural race called the
5905:might be a continuation of this.
5578:, late La Tène culture, 150-50 BC
5543:period and was used to equip the
4317:, who visited Ancyra (modern-day
4194:The Celts also expanded down the
2486:'to impel'. It may come from the
15844:
15745:
15744:
15079:
13692:
13324:
12811:University of Wisconsin, Madison
12748:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
12248:Laing, Lloyd and Jenifer Laing.
12194:Britain and the Celtic Iron Age.
11485:
11458:
11428:
11279:. London: B.T. Batsford. p. 103.
11269:
11239:
11233:
11175:
11118:
11106:from the original on 19 May 2022
11086:
11052:
11040:
11000:
10987:
10972:
10959:
10946:
10933:
10913:Ellis, Peter Berresford (1998).
10906:
10893:
10869:
10848:
10830:
10773:
10764:
10755:
10712:
10679:
10664:
10616:
10596:Ellis, Peter Berresford (1998).
10574:
10559:
10544:
10529:
10514:
10488:
10469:Jeffers, Regina (10 June 2014).
10462:
10433:
10390:
10365:
10335:
10323:
10274:
10225:
10212:
10195:
10162:
10102:
10082:
10063:
9929:
9814:
9805:
9788:
9760:
9751:
9720:
9700:
9694:
9653:
9628:
9619:
9607:
9577:
9557:
9527:
9497:
9465:
9450:
9437:
9434:Morandi 2004, pp. 702–03, n. 277
9428:
9393:
9389:. Thames and Hudson. p. 55.
9378:
9363:
9299:
9272:
9263:
9239:
9226:
8215:Harding, Dennis William (2007).
7864:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
6686:. Penguin Books. pp. 39–67.
6668:. Penguin Books. pp. 28–33.
6579:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
6479:. University of Wisconsin Press.
6170:ancestry, which is derived from
5572:Stone head from Mšecké Žehrovice
5215:repeated by Greco-Roman writers
5060:, particularly with the Romans.
4970:
4961:
4507:influence and the appearance of
4400:founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
4115:– with the notable exception of
3374:
3356:
3057:with distinctive grave goods at
2670:that they usually encountered".
1989:
1948:
1871:Journal of Indo-European Studies
635:Bible translations into Armenian
126:
12842:, 21 February 2002. (Streaming
12607:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
11914:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
11394:Animals in Celtic Life and Myth
11326:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1488–1491.
10570:. Rowman Altamira. p. 119.
10555:. Archaeopress. pp. 34–37.
10222:, Guide to Early Irish Law, 96.
10046:The Celtic languages in contact
9703:"The Celtic Invasion of Greece"
9443:Peter Schrijver, "Gaulish", in
9089:
9075:
9018:
9002:
8976:
8963:
8948:
8941:Coutinhas, José Manuel (2006),
8935:
8900:
8873:
8838:
8759:
8724:
8702:Prichard, James Cowles (1841).
8695:
8660:
8596:
8567:
8542:
8517:
8490:
8465:
8435:
8417:
8392:
8367:
8337:
8320:
8259:. Abc-Clio. 2006. p. 386.
8247:
8208:
8174:
8135:
8083:
8031:
8001:
7953:
7917:Hoz, J. de (28 February 2019),
7910:
7851:
7836:
7760:
7750:
7712:
7697:
7659:
7644:
7629:
7582:
7552:
7537:
7512:
7478:
7441:
7426:
7397:
7364:
7343:
7320:
7295:
7262:
7249:
7217:
7196:
7183:
7150:
7137:
7104:
7091:
7055:
7034:. Springer. 2002. p. 363.
7021:
6980:
6895:
6821:
6793:
6672:
6609:
6130:La Tène culture § Genetics
5727:, perhaps indicating a priest,
5649:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
5562:
5547:. However, Radomir Pleiner, in
5170:among women in Celtic Britain:
4990:Archaeological Museum of Kraków
4930:According to Diodorus Siculus:
4645:
4241:were a Celtic tribe inhabiting
4202:, established their capital at
3519:
3210:'Celtic from the Centre' theory
146:List of Indo-European languages
11414:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 687–690.
11379:Sjoestedt (1982) pp. xxvi–xix.
9459:Adriatico tra 4. e 3. sec. a.C
9249:, Newton & Compton, 2003,
9141:. G. Fr. Meyer. pp. 110–.
9011:Penguin Atlas of World History
8880:Berrocal-Rangel, Luis (2005).
8804:Jordán Cólera, Carlos (2005).
7668:Old Celtic Languages - Addenda
6423:
6386:
6276:Puhvel, Fee & Leeming 2003
6154:Distribution of Y-chromosomal
6146:Italic peoples § Genetics
6138:Celtic Britons § Genetics
5997:may be counterparts of Epona.
5834:deities were seen as threefold
5749:The names of over two hundred
4874:'captive' suggesting that the
4190:Gallic invasion of the Balkans
4021:until 700 BC). Some, like the
3995:in central Europe, whilst the
3784:. These inscriptions make the
3524:
3001:The territories of some major
2721:
2599:
13:
1:
15048:Celtic place names in Galicia
14678:
12502:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
11768:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
11482:Sjoestedt (1940) pp. xiv–xvi.
11036:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 897–898.
10903:p. 259 Excerpts from Book XIV
10899:Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
10854:Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2003).
10750:Celts and the Classical World
10625:Celts and the Classical World
10092:". Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk.
10072:"The Horse Amongst the Celts"
9660:Pope, Rachel (1 March 2022).
9374:. Giunti Editore. p. 82.
9209:Celts and the Classical World
9182:European Prehistory: A Survey
9138:Herodoti historiarum libri IX
9025:Iñigo Olalde (8 March 2018).
7704:Oppenheimer, Stephen (2007).
7066:Celts and the classical world
7031:European prehistory: a survey
6573:Sims-Williams (August 2020).
6503:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing.
6327:Encyclopedia Britannica. Celt
6288:Encyclopedia Britannica. Celt
6253:
5728:
5662:carry their own severed heads
5590:says, "Amongst the Celts the
5405:, which was found in 1897 in
5242:
5225:Celts and the Classical World
4862:and Welsh words for 'slave',
4513:'Celtic from the West' theory
4015:
3973:
3124:'Celtic from the West' theory
2377:, 2nd century, referring to "
2133:
2118:
2039:, identified by their use of
1472:Proto-Indo-European mythology
741:Paleolithic continuity theory
14480:
12985:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
12801:Essays on Celtiberian topics
12048:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101942
11989:10.1371/journal.pone.0207459
11802:National Academy of Sciences
11396:. Routledge. pp. 94–96.
11344:Gods and Heroes of the Celts
9409:. p. 12. Archived from
9372:I Celti: una civiltà europea
8955:Archeological site of Tavira
8528:. Oxford Press. p. 52.
8476:. Oxford Press. p. 75.
7959:e.g. Patrick Sims-Williams,
7548:. Penguin Books. p. 81.
7162:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
6987:McKevitt, Kerry Ann (2006).
6258:
6142:Celtiberians § Genetics
6108:from Rome had introduced to
6000:In Insular Celtic myth, the
5574:, Czech Republic, wearing a
5234:, which was written down in
5202:Celts of southeastern Europe
4738:, the Celtic horse goddess.
4707:, and to a lesser extent of
4687:the Romans conquered Celtic
4658:sculpture of the Celtic god
4622:
4545:end of Roman rule in Britain
4298:, where they settled as the
3490:wrote extensively about his
3089:from the 6th century BC and
2854:; plus two recent revivals,
2785:(which should have produced
2681:
2632:
2620:"boldness, ferocity", Welsh
2590:A Latin name for the Gauls,
2512:Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel
2501:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
2454:
2444:
2412:
2201:Continental Celtic languages
2067:of Britain and Ireland; the
1160:Northern Black Polished Ware
359:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
13972:Welsh literature in English
13912:
13338:
13064:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
12975:
12468:. München: C. Bertelsmann.
12354:. New York: Penguin, 1985.
10981:Uniforms of the Roman world
10806:Cáin Lánamna (Couples Law)
10232:Cunliffe, Barry W. (2018).
9535:"Battle of Telamon, 225 BC"
9457:Landolfi, Maurizio (2000).
8606:Brownson's Quarterly Review
7809:. Palaeohispanica: 339–51.
7708:. Robinson. pp. 21–56.
7519:Monaghan, Patricia (2008).
6431:Koch, John T., ed. (2006).
6230:
6115:
5535:, steel produced in Celtic
5429:was imposed throughout the
5377:also took more interest in
4952:
4587:); and the Gaelic-speaking
4230:was however blocked by the
4222:, Serbia, Hungary and into
4164:The defeat of the combined
4130:and the Alps" according to
4011:(5th to 1st centuries BC).
3275:, which was written in the
2775:comes from the name of the
2604:Celtic expansion into Italy
2583:as a tribal surname, which
2525:called themselves 'Celts',
2438:. In the fifth century BC,
1477:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
18003:
13992:Scottish Gaelic literature
13372:Brigantia (ancient region)
12721:Cambridge University Press
12089:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104094
11897:Drinkwater, John Frederick
11878:. London: Batsford, 2004.
11718:
11075:, Volume 101, pp.181-188,
10827:Access date: 7 March 2006.
10804:University College, Cork.
10719:Percy, William A. (1996).
10201:Simmons, op. cit., citing
9867:10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4
9733:World History Encyclopedia
9707:World History Encyclopedia
9679:10.1007/s10814-021-09157-1
9370:Percivaldi, Elena (2003).
9124:. in bibliopolio Hahniano.
8847:"Celtic Legacy in Galicia"
7706:The Origins of the British
7371:Koch, John Thomas (2006).
7304:The handbook of morphology
7269:Koch, John Thomas (2006).
6910:Greenwood Publishing Group
6836:Greenwood Publishing Group
6622:(PhD). Leiden University.
6218:. The paternal haplogroup
6119:
6065:
6042:
5936:, whom they defeat in the
5700:
5582:Celts had a reputation as
5446:
5262:
5115:
5092:was much more common than
5001:and long trousers (called
4764:Palazzo Massimo alle Terme
4741:
4672:
4615:
4432:
4389:
4187:
3957:
3907:
3677:
3667:
3541:
3345:
3308:
3279:until the Roman conquest.
3244:
3238:
2920:
2916:
2675:
2422:– was by Greek geographer
2404:
2397:
2390:
2357:are undergoing a revival.
2182:Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave
773:Domestication of the horse
29:
17957:were not occupied by the
17943:
17915:
17882:
17866:
17793:
17648:
17475:
17398:
17310:
17282:
17226:
17138:
17101:
17009:
16966:
16858:
16540:
16343:
16088:
15940:
15933:
15853:
15842:
15798:
15790:
15740:
15685:
15604:
15437:
15381:
15246:
15130:
15122:
15070:
15013:
15007:
15002:
14940:
14911:
14894:
14857:
14779:
14770:
14742:
14714:
14686:
14673:
14626:
14591:
14565:
14486:
14475:
14362:
14339:Hebridean Celtic Festival
14276:
14178:
14157:
14126:
14041:
14000:
13967:Welsh-language literature
13922:
13918:
13907:
13869:
13783:
13700:
13687:
13557:
13516:
13450:
13346:
13333:
13322:
13159:
13128:
13062:
12983:
12970:
12937:
11600:, pp. 1, 4–6, 14–15.
11499:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1671.
11472:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1326.
11182:Egeler, Matthias (2013).
11081:10.1016/j.jas.2018.09.011
10886:23 September 2006 at the
10627:. Routledge. p. 80.
10566:Nelson, Sarah M. (2004).
10551:Evans, Thomas L. (2004).
10536:Evans, Thomas L. (2004).
10441:"Regional Reviews: Wales"
10399:Journal of Paleolimnology
10373:"helmet | British Museum"
9385:Kruta, Venceslas (1991).
8857:: 1005–35. Archived from
8819:: 749–850. Archived from
8743:: 167–254. Archived from
8549:Dietler, Michael (2010).
8399:Dietler, Michael (2005).
8374:Dietler, Michael (2010).
8148:. Abc-Clio. p. 346.
8113:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.049
7992:Fox: P-Celtic Place-Names
7877:10.1017/s0959774320000098
7651:Kruta, Venceslas (1991).
6592:10.1017/S0959774320000098
5409:, Ain, was engraved on a
5166:suggests there was great
5063:The myth that the Celtic
5019:were worn in the winter.
4461:Roman conquest of Britain
4339:tribe gave their name to
4305:Gallic Invasion of Greece
4270:
4254:
3877:investigations about the
3651:
3387:(second–first century BC)
2959:Urnfield-Hallstatt theory
2698:
2587:findings have confirmed.
2235:tribes. They followed an
2139:onward), named after the
2086:La Tène–style ceremonial
1983:for different usages) or
1482:Historical Vedic religion
759:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
15373:Gaelic Christian mission
14772:Ancient Celtic languages
12872:25 February 2021 at the
11065:26 February 2019 at the
10671:Cunliffe, Barry (2018).
10521:J.A. MacCulloch (1911).
10174:Sacramentum Mundi Online
10114:". Michael Reed (1997).
10111:The Landscape of Britain
9635:Cunliffe, Barry (2003).
9472:Cunliffe, Barry (2003).
9306:Piggott, Stuart (2008).
9009:Kinder, Hermann (1988),
8919:: 715–48. Archived from
8845:Alberro, Manuel (2005).
8778:: 411–80. Archived from
8524:Cunliffe, Barry (2003).
8472:Cunliffe, Barry (2003).
7843:Cunliffe, Barry (2008).
7732:Cunliffe, Barry (2010).
7693:. ABC-CLIO. p. 386.
7404:Mountain, Harry (1998).
7128:Ireland and its Contacts
7002:: 651–73. Archived from
6975:Waldman & Mason 2006
6315:Waldman & Mason 2006
6249:, soccer club in Glasgow
6086:Hiberno-Scottish mission
5973:are cognate with Lugus,
5909:Insular Celtic mythology
4703:The Roman occupation of
4583:) and Cumbrians (in the
4451:. They separated into a
4441:Insular Celtic languages
4176:Expansion east and south
4095:and in Northern-Central
3219:, probably somewhere in
2955:branches, among others.
2754:), the root of which is
2644:invaded southeast Europe
2205:Insular Celtic languages
1487:Ancient Iranian religion
850:Novotitarovskaya culture
697:Indo-European migrations
15643:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh
15203:Jacobite rising of 1745
15043:Gaulish words in French
15028:Celtic words in English
13282:Scottish New Zealanders
13172:Anglo-Celtic Australian
12712:The Northern Barbarians
12541:Oxford University Press
12497:Encyclopædia Britannica
12422:10.1126/science.aav4040
12238:London: Methuen, 1975.
12132:3 February 2017 at the
11919:Oxford University Press
11819:10.1073/pnas.1918034117
11763:Encyclopædia Britannica
11368:History of pagan Europe
11340:Sjoestedt, Marie-Louise
11300:. Routledge. pp.465–485
10979:Kevin F. Kiley (2013).
10686:Bitel, Lisa M. (1996).
10581:Tierney, J. J. (1960).
10281:Caesar, Julius (1982).
10096:7 February 2009 at the
9520:Encyclopædia Britannica
9400:Stifter, David (2008).
8349:www.spottinghistory.com
8256:Celtic Culture: A-Celti
7666:Stifter, David (2008).
7636:Chadwick, Nora (1970).
7544:Chadwick, Nora (1970).
6902:Minahan, James (2000).
6890:* of northwestern Spain
6828:Minahan, James (2000).
6773:Stifter, David (2008).
6529:Pryor, Francis (2004).
6242:Ethnic groups in Europe
6184:Indo-European languages
5703:Ancient Celtic religion
5697:Ancient Celtic religion
5668:or nuts of the goddess
5393:from the 19th century.
5323:illuminated manuscripts
5100:Gender and sexual norms
4923:were able to repel the
4525:Ancient Celtic religion
4041:(Germanic tribes) from
3964:In Germany by the late
3904:Germany, Alps and Italy
3660:Main language areas in
3529:
3514:Encyclopædia Britannica
3447:The world according to
3342:Archaeological evidence
3332:European Steppe Herders
3030:1200 BC to 700 BC. The
2937:Indo-European languages
2746:
2551:", though he also uses
2468:
2237:ancient Celtic religion
2027:) were a collection of
988:Northern/Eastern Steppe
13977:Early Irish literature
13858:
13846:
13834:
13822:
13810:
13798:
13262:Scotch-Irish Canadians
13257:Scotch-Irish Americans
12464:Probst, Ernst (1996).
12172:The World of the Celts
11685:Martiniano et al. 2018
11545:Martiniano et al. 2018
11257:Cite journal requires
11010:XXII.46 and XXXVIII.21
10652:Loeb Classical Library
10623:Rankin, David (1996).
9639:. Oxford. p. 71.
9293:10.3406/mefr.1996.1954
8181:Jones, Andrew (2008).
7963:, Publications of the
7176:
7170:
7132:University of Lausanne
6168:Western Steppe Herders
6159:
5761:, the Celts were also
5759:Miranda Aldhouse-Green
5755:list of Celtic deities
5735:
5719:The Celtic "Prince of
5693:
5676:Religion and mythology
5621:Battle of Silva Litana
5579:
5518:
5470:
5260:
5236:early Medieval Ireland
5190:The Greek philosopher
5184:
5113:
4950:
4819:
4811:
4767:
4711:, led to Roman-Celtic
4679:Romano-British culture
4670:
4608:
4549:Anglo-Saxon settlement
4541:Romano-British culture
4537:minted their own coins
4430:
4311:geographical isolation
4262:
4185:
3955:
3947:
3931:
3894:Aberystwyth University
3830:
3665:
3601:– "Long-haired Gaul."
3569:Greek traders founded
3539:
3451:
3425:Etruscan civilisations
3324:Early European Farmers
3133:
3098:writings, such as the
3032:spread of iron-working
3007:
2788:
2781:
2736:
2730:
2687:
2592:
2530:
2474:
2388:
2192:
2180:Reconstruction of the
2095:
1939:
1459:Religion and mythology
1418:Medieval Scandinavians
709:Alternative and fringe
104:
34:. For other uses, see
17520:Celtici Supertamarici
17515:Celtici Praestamarici
15823:First Transalpine War
15678:An Coimisinéir Teanga
15638:An Comunn Gàidhealach
15343:Oireachtas na Gaeilge
14604:Scottish independence
14349:Celtic Media Festival
14232:National music scenes
13458:Proto-Celtic religion
13160:Related ethnic groups
12656:Nature Communications
12612:James Clarke & Co
12301:Nature Communications
12140:The Celts in Portugal
11907:; Spawforth, Antony;
11744:16 April 2009 at the
11547:, p. 3, Table 1.
11532:, p. 3, Table 1.
11530:Schiffels et al. 2016
11165:Davidson, Hilda Ellis
10377:www.britishmuseum.org
10331:Bibliotheca Historica
10205:, Wales in the Early
10018:Collis, John (2003).
9993:Collis, John (2003).
9968:Collis, John (2003).
7589:John T. Koch (2006).
7523:. Facts on File Inc.
7332:17 April 2023 at the
7277:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
7255:Fernando De Almeida,
7027:Sarunas Milisauskas,
6735:Koch, John T (2010).
6697:Koch, John T (2010).
6616:Louwen, A.J. (2021).
6499:Collis, John (2003).
6475:James, Simon (1999).
6439:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
6393:Luján, E. R. (2006).
6272:Mac Cana & Dillon
6176:Pontic–Caspian steppe
6153:
6134:Gauls § Genetics
6043:Further information:
5740:polytheistic religion
5718:
5711:Proto-Celtic religion
5683:
5633:Mšecké Žehrovice Head
5570:
5506:
5460:
5367:Ancient Roman pottery
5250:
5211:Bibliotheca historica
5172:
5107:
4932:
4817:
4809:
4749:
4653:
4397:
4218:valley of modern-day
4183:
3958:Further information:
3953:
3940:early Germanic tribes
3937:
3925:
3821:
3760:) and the northwest (
3659:
3637:, particularly under
3537:
3446:
3346:Further information:
3253:Proto-Celtic language
3245:Further information:
3241:Proto-Celtic language
3175:Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero
3163:Martín Almagro Gorbea
3151:Nora Kershaw Chadwick
3131:
3076:Gallo-Roman artifacts
3053:unearthed an ancient
3051:Johann Georg Ramsauer
3012:proto-Celtic language
2966:
2368:
2361:Names and terminology
2179:
2104:proto-Celtic language
2092:Angoulême city Museum
2085:
2029:Indo-European peoples
1929:
1809:Indo-European studies
1172:Peoples and societies
87: Areas in which
46:
36:Celt (disambiguation)
15727:Kingdom of the Isles
15648:Seachtain na Gaeilge
15613:Údarás na Gaeltachta
15368:Insular Christianity
15183:Plantation of Ulster
15148:High King of Ireland
14928:(Medieval Welsh law)
14538:Scottish nationalism
14188:Ancient Celtic music
13503:Romano-Celtic temple
13312:Welsh New Zealanders
13237:Irish New Zealanders
12790:Ancient Celtic music
12755:. pp. 144–169.
12529:Leeming, David Adams
11559:, pp. 1, 14–15.
10965:Radomir Pleiner, in
10916:The Celts: A History
10599:The Celts: A History
10475:Every Woman Dreams..
10284:The conquest of Gaul
9945:. 22 December 2021.
9913:. 22 December 2021.
9539:www.historyofwar.org
9403:Old Celtic Languages
9212:. Psychology Press.
9099:. Landeskunde Online
8683:on 24 September 2009
8142:Murray, Tim (2007).
7965:Philological Society
7919:"Method and methods"
7379:. ABC-CLIO. p.
7110:John T. Koch (ed.),
6776:Old Celtic Languages
6533:. Harper Perennial.
5989:with Maponos, while
5939:Battle of Mag Tuired
5891:Romano-Celtic temple
5788:, and the smith god
5539:, was famous in the
5337:, chalices like the
5319:Migration Period art
5292:monumental sculpture
5144:Ammianus Marcellinus
5118:Ancient Celtic women
5067:consisted of wholly
5052:the Celts contained
4984:, third century BC,
3786:Celtiberian Language
3454:The Greek historian
3408:academic disciplines
3217:second millennium BC
3106:source of the Danube
2935:are a branch of the
2750:, "Roman land" (see
2450:source of the Danube
2424:Hecataeus of Miletus
2270:. By c. 500, due to
1937:ancient Roman statue
716:Anatolian hypothesis
668:Proto-Indo-Europeans
575:Hittite inscriptions
120:Indo-European topics
15881:Gallo-Roman culture
15806:Battle of the Allia
15223:Highland Clearances
15178:Flight of the Earls
14618:Irish republicanism
14599:Breton independence
14578:Scottish devolution
14511:Cornish nationalism
14334:Pan Celtic Festival
14208:Scottish folk music
13962:Scottish literature
13483:Celtic Christianity
13287:Scottish Travellers
13272:Scottish Argentines
13116:Scottish Travellers
12867:Map of Celtic lands
12753:Infobase Publishing
12681:10.1038/ncomms10408
12673:2016NatCo...710408S
12525:Fee, Christopher R.
12484:Mac Cana, Proinsias
12414:2019Sci...363.1230O
12381:Early Irish History
12326:10.1038/ncomms10326
12318:2016NatCo...710326M
12227:. A translation of
12217:Thames & Hudson
12145:24 May 2011 at the
12138:Gamito, Teresa J. "
12080:2022iSci...25j4094F
12039:2019JArSR..27j1942F
11980:2018PLoSO..1307459F
11810:2020PNAS..11712791B
11733:16 May 2008 at the
11709:Fischer et al. 2022
11697:Fischer et al. 2018
11673:Fischer et al. 2022
11661:Fischer et al. 2018
11625:Fischer et al. 2022
11613:Fischer et al. 2018
11598:Fischer et al. 2019
11586:Fischer et al. 2022
11557:Fischer et al. 2018
11515:Fischer et al. 2019
11442:. 30 January 2022.
11275:Ross, Anne (1986).
11186:. Utz. p. 112.
11102:. 7 November 2018.
10411:1994JPall..12...49C
10070:Ní Dhoireann, Kym.
9859:2022Natur.601..588P
9326:on 19 February 2017
9051:10.1038/nature25738
9043:2018Natur.555..190O
8782:on 14 February 2009
8679:(1). Archived from
8332:Royal Irish Academy
8104:2008CBio...18.1241L
8060:10.1038/nature07331
8052:2008Natur.456...98N
7990:(also available at
7798:Koch, John (2009).
7457:. Routledge. 1996.
7208:The Natural History
6164:Bell Beaker culture
6110:Anglo-Saxon England
6094:Coptic Christianity
6090:Celtic Christianity
6068:Celtic Christianity
6062:Celtic Christianity
6045:Gallo-Roman culture
6006:silver apple branch
5956:sovereignty goddess
5753:have survived (see
5742:and believed in an
5723:", Germany, with a
5690:Gundestrup cauldron
5443:Warfare and weapons
5347:penannular brooches
5343:Derrynaflan Chalice
5335:Book of Lindisfarne
5223:. David Rankin, in
5058:international trade
4986:La Tène period
4980:Celtic costumes in
4788:forms of government
4675:Gallo-Roman culture
4107:. According to the
3983:) had replaced the
3960:History of the Alps
3926:The Celtic city of
3848:Lusitanian language
3439:Historical evidence
3413:Bell Beaker culture
3235:Linguistic evidence
3225:first millennium BC
3204:Tartessian language
3195:Atlantic Bronze Age
3155:Bell Beaker culture
3110:Stephen Oppenheimer
2809:social organisation
2740:, a borrowing from
2660:young warrior bands
2472:, and Modern Welsh
2264:conquest of Britain
2159:Atlantic Bronze Age
2117:which followed it (
972:Multi-cordoned ware
843:Mikhaylovka culture
731:Indigenous Aryanism
721:Armenian hypothesis
580:Hieroglyphic Luwian
17874:Germani (Oretania)
17163:Basel-Münsterhügel
15722:Kingdom of Munster
15663:Comunn na Gàidhlig
15633:Conradh na Gaeilge
15270:Lebor Gabála Érenn
14609:Welsh independence
14573:Cornish devolution
14494:Breton nationalism
14344:Celtic Connections
13947:Cornish literature
13292:Ulster Protestants
13277:Scottish Canadians
13267:Scottish Americans
13177:Anglo-Irish people
12543:. pp. 65–67.
12533:"Celtic mythology"
12262:MacKillop, James.
12123:Harvard University
11861:The Ancient Celts.
11649:Olalde et al. 2019
11637:Olalde et al. 2019
11569:Brunel et al. 2020
10856:La langue gauloise
10419:10.1007/BF00677989
10329:Diodorus Siculus,
9911:University of York
9135:Herodotus (1829).
9118:Herodotus (1857).
8447:www.britannica.com
8429:www.britannica.com
7174:, in our language
6782:. pp. 24–37.
6220:haplogroup I2a1a1a
6160:
5849:sacrificed animals
5736:
5694:
5580:
5479:economic advantage
5471:
5261:
5114:
4858:was possible. The
4820:
4812:
4768:
4671:
4595:(in Scotland) and
4431:
4325:of northern Gaul.
4186:
4128:Apennine Mountains
4070:Scamozzina culture
3956:
3948:
3932:
3831:
3782:Celtiberian script
3752:), the southwest (
3748:(inhabited by the
3688:Prehistoric Iberia
3666:
3627:Gallia Lugdunensis
3595:Gallia Transalpina
3540:
3452:
3369:(first century BC)
3292:Ogham inscriptions
3134:
3008:
2878:and north-central
2860:Brittonic language
2834:; also called the
2771:). Proto-Germanic
2559:too, calling them
2521:reported that the
2448:living around the
2393:Names of the Celts
2389:
2209:Ogham inscriptions
2193:
2106:arose in the late
2096:
1940:
552:Proto-Indo-Iranian
538:Proto-Balto-Slavic
519:Proto-Italo-Celtic
105:
17974:
17973:
17867:Germanic peoples?
17789:
17788:
17276:Iberian Peninsula
17272:Pre-Roman peoples
17238:
17237:
17134:
17133:
16165:Bituriges Vivisci
15758:
15757:
15693:Haplogroup R-M269
15584:
15583:
15580:
15579:
15333:Gaelic folk music
15296:Gaelic literature
15090:
15089:
15066:
15065:
14998:
14997:
14890:
14889:
14886:
14885:
14849:Cisalpine Gaulish
14669:
14668:
14555:national identity
14550:Welsh nationalism
14543:national identity
14523:Irish nationalism
14471:
14470:
14467:
14466:
14404:Cornish wrestling
14272:
14271:
14193:Breton Folk music
14158:Regional cultures
14001:National cultures
13987:Gaelic literature
13942:Breton literature
13903:
13902:
13899:
13898:
13895:
13894:
13683:
13682:
13595:Chief of the Name
13463:Celtic polytheism
13380:Sub-Roman Britain
13320:
13319:
13207:Irish Australians
13187:Cornish Americans
13146:Scottish diaspora
12886:newworldcelts.org
12730:978-0-09-122220-8
12629:978-0-19-518817-2
12558:978-0-19-991648-1
12492:"Celtic religion"
12379:O'Rahilly, T. F.
12289:978-0-268-02361-4
11936:978-0-19-173525-7
11905:Hornblower, Simon
11888:Cunliffe, Barry.
11874:Cunliffe, Barry.
11859:Cunliffe, Barry.
11699:, pp. 14–15.
11227:The Ancient Celts
11147:978-0-19-815010-7
11132:The Ancient Celts
10939:"Noricus ensis",
10926:978-0-7867-1211-3
10901:Roman Antiquities
10879:, pp 63–65.
10736:978-0-252-06740-2
10705:978-0-8014-8544-2
10673:The Ancient Celts
10634:978-0-415-15090-3
10609:978-0-7867-1211-3
10502:. 16 January 2021
10245:978-0-19-875293-6
10235:The ancient Celts
10155:978-1-85109-440-0
10056:978-3-940793-07-2
10029:978-0-7524-2913-7
10004:978-0-7524-2913-7
9979:978-0-7524-2913-7
9853:(7894): 588–594.
9646:978-0-19-280418-1
9589:perseus.tufts.edu
9483:978-0-19-280418-1
9416:on 2 October 2012
9356:978-3-85124-692-6
9319:978-0-202-36186-4
9259:978-88-8289-851-9
9245:Venceslas Kruta:
9219:978-0-4151-5090-3
9192:978-0-3064-7257-2
9165:978-3-1116-6814-7
8648:on 6 January 2011
8560:978-0-520-26551-6
8535:978-0-19-280418-1
8510:978-1-317-75074-1
8483:978-0-19-280418-1
8410:978-2-912369-10-9
8385:978-0-520-26551-6
8299:on 19 August 2006
8266:978-1-85109-440-0
8228:978-0-415-35177-5
8194:978-1-4051-2597-0
8155:978-1-57607-186-1
7940:978-0-19-879082-2
7743:978-1-84217-410-4
7720:The Celtic Realms
7602:978-1-85109-440-0
7530:978-0-8160-7556-0
7498:978-0-02-864417-2
7464:978-0-415-10676-4
7419:978-1-58112-889-5
7390:978-1-85109-440-0
7313:978-0-631-18544-4
7288:978-1-85109-440-0
7077:978-0-415-15090-3
7041:978-0-306-47257-2
6919:978-0-313-30984-7
6845:978-0-313-30984-7
6814:978-0-19-280418-1
6752:978-1-84217-410-4
6714:978-1-84217-410-4
6684:The Ancient Celts
6540:978-0-00-712693-4
6510:978-0-7524-2913-7
6368:978-1-85109-440-0
6192:haplogroup R-M269
6156:Haplogroup R-M269
6106:Gregorian Mission
6074:Celtic polytheism
6031:(1 November) and
5861:sacrificed humans
5838:the Three Mothers
5812:, the divine son
5528:long bladed sword
5043:Trade and coinage
4982:Przeworsk culture
4355:. A Celtic coin (
4226:. Expansion into
4170:Third Samnite War
4159:battle of Telamon
4087:Italy is home to
4050:Canegrate culture
4001:Hallstatt culture
3997:Nordic Bronze Age
3910:Golasecca culture
3716:relatable to the
3616:and surrendered.
3171:Alberto J. Lorrio
3167:3rd millennium BC
3036:Hallstatt culture
3014:arose out of the
3006:
2941:Iberian Peninsula
2906:Continental Celts
2868:Goidelic language
2575:noted the use of
2386:
2380:CELTICA SUPERTAM(
2252:Roman–Gallic wars
2250:, such as in the
2115:Hallstatt culture
1924:
1923:
1185:Anatolian peoples
1155:Painted Grey Ware
1043:Nordic Bronze Age
692:Kurgan hypothesis
645:Old Irish glosses
610:Gaulish epigraphy
16:(Redirected from
17994:
17854:Turdetani Proper
17405:
17404:
17265:
17258:
17251:
17242:
17241:
15938:
15937:
15848:
15785:
15778:
15771:
15762:
15761:
15748:
15747:
15686:Related subjects
15673:Clans of Ireland
15623:Bòrd na Gàidhlig
15618:Foras na Gaeilge
15482:
15481:
15466:Medical families
15442:
15441:
15413:Classical Gaelic
15338:Sean-nós singing
15281:Gaelic astrology
15264:Gaelic mythology
15173:Statutes of Iona
15117:
15110:
15103:
15094:
15093:
15083:
15004:
15003:
14896:
14895:
14878:Galwegian Gaelic
14777:
14776:
14675:
14674:
14583:Welsh devolution
14477:
14476:
14229:
14228:
14218:Sean-nós singing
14213:Welsh folk music
14203:Irish folk music
14170:Highland culture
13952:Irish literature
13932:Arthurian Legend
13920:
13919:
13909:
13908:
13861:
13849:
13837:
13825:
13813:
13801:
13781:
13780:
13772:
13771:
13749:Neo-Christianity
13689:
13688:
13620:Gaelic astrology
13580:Celtic festivals
13478:Celtic mythology
13451:Ancient religion
13368:Iron Age Britain
13335:
13334:
13328:
13307:Welsh Argentines
13247:Irish Uruguayans
13242:Irish Travellers
13212:Irish Brazilians
13202:Irish Argentines
13182:Breton Americans
13136:Cornish diaspora
13098:Irish Travellers
12972:
12971:
12964:Celtic languages
12920:
12913:
12906:
12897:
12896:
12828:– with academic
12778:
12776:
12774:
12741:
12739:
12737:
12719:. Vol. 13.
12702:
12692:
12645:
12643:
12641:
12577:Raftery, Barry.
12574:
12572:
12570:
12516:
12514:
12512:
12479:
12447:Powell, T. G. E.
12443:
12433:
12350:McEvedy, Colin.
12347:
12337:
12250:Art of the Celts
12111:
12101:
12091:
12052:
12050:
12011:
12001:
11991:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11876:Iron Age Britain
11841:
11831:
11821:
11782:
11780:
11778:
11712:
11706:
11700:
11694:
11688:
11682:
11676:
11670:
11664:
11658:
11652:
11646:
11640:
11634:
11628:
11622:
11616:
11610:
11601:
11595:
11589:
11583:
11572:
11566:
11560:
11554:
11548:
11542:
11533:
11527:
11518:
11512:
11501:
11500:
11489:
11483:
11480:
11474:
11473:
11462:
11456:
11455:
11453:
11451:
11432:
11426:
11425:
11404:
11398:
11397:
11386:
11380:
11377:
11371:
11364:
11355:
11354:, pp. 16, 24–46.
11337:
11328:
11327:
11316:
11301:
11298:The Celtic World
11291:
11280:
11273:
11267:
11266:
11260:
11255:
11253:
11245:
11237:
11231:
11230:
11219:
11188:
11187:
11179:
11173:
11172:
11161:
11152:
11151:
11135:
11122:
11116:
11115:
11113:
11111:
11090:
11084:
11056:
11050:
11048:Early Celtic Art
11046:Paul Jacobsthal
11044:
11038:
11037:
11026:
11011:
11004:
10998:
10991:
10985:
10984:
10976:
10970:
10967:The Celtic Sword
10963:
10957:
10950:
10944:
10937:
10931:
10930:
10910:
10904:
10897:
10891:
10873:
10867:
10852:
10846:
10845:
10834:
10828:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10777:
10771:
10768:
10762:
10759:
10753:
10747:
10745:
10743:
10716:
10710:
10709:
10693:
10683:
10677:
10676:
10668:
10662:
10645:
10639:
10638:
10620:
10614:
10613:
10593:
10587:
10586:
10578:
10572:
10571:
10563:
10557:
10556:
10548:
10542:
10541:
10533:
10527:
10526:
10518:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10507:
10492:
10486:
10485:
10483:
10481:
10466:
10460:
10458:
10454:
10452:
10446:. Archived from
10445:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10394:
10388:
10387:
10385:
10383:
10369:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10358:
10339:
10333:
10327:
10321:
10320:
10314:
10306:
10278:
10272:
10271:
10265:
10257:
10229:
10223:
10216:
10210:
10199:
10193:
10192:
10190:
10188:
10166:
10160:
10159:
10148:. p. 1615.
10137:
10126:
10106:
10100:
10086:
10080:
10079:
10074:. Archived from
10067:
10061:
10060:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10015:
10009:
10008:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9965:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9933:
9927:
9926:
9924:
9922:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9878:
9836:
9821:
9818:
9812:
9809:
9803:
9792:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9764:
9758:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9744:
9724:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9713:
9698:
9692:
9691:
9681:
9657:
9651:
9650:
9632:
9626:
9623:
9617:
9613:M. B. Shchukin,
9611:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9600:
9581:
9575:
9561:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9531:
9525:
9524:
9503:
9501:
9500:
9494:
9488:
9487:
9469:
9463:
9462:
9454:
9448:
9441:
9435:
9432:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9415:
9408:
9397:
9391:
9390:
9382:
9376:
9375:
9367:
9361:
9360:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9322:. Archived from
9303:
9297:
9296:
9276:
9270:
9267:
9261:
9243:
9237:
9230:
9224:
9223:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9132:
9126:
9125:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9093:
9087:
9086:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9062:
9022:
9016:
9014:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8980:
8974:
8967:
8961:
8952:
8946:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8923:on 17 April 2009
8904:
8898:
8897:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8861:on 17 April 2009
8842:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8825:
8810:
8801:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8763:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8752:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8629:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8469:
8463:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8439:
8433:
8432:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8371:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8341:
8335:
8324:
8318:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8295:. Archived from
8289:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8251:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8212:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8115:
8087:
8081:
8080:
8071:
8046:(7218): 98–101,
8035:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8014:
8008:
8005:
7999:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7889:
7879:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7823:
7804:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7764:
7758:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7729:
7723:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7683:
7672:
7671:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7378:
7368:
7362:
7347:
7341:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7276:
7266:
7260:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7242:
7236:
7230:. Archived from
7229:
7221:
7215:
7200:
7194:
7187:
7181:
7179:
7173:
7154:
7148:
7141:
7135:
7124:
7115:
7108:
7102:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7008:
6993:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6933:
6931:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6859:
6857:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6781:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6744:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6706:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6661:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6594:
6570:
6545:
6544:
6526:
6515:
6514:
6496:
6481:
6480:
6472:
6455:
6454:
6438:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6410:
6399:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6377:
6375:
6349:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6291:
6269:
6225:Celtic languages
6216:Urnfield culture
6212:central European
6188:Northwest Europe
6178:during the late
5930:Tuatha Dé Danann
5915:Celtic mythology
5899:votive offerings
5851:, almost always
5733:
5730:
5707:Celtic mythology
5601:Diodorus Siculus
5555:were also used.
5549:The Celtic Sword
5510:military science
5504:said that their
5403:Coligny calendar
5286:and the Insular
5253:Battersea Shield
5206:Diodorus Siculus
4974:
4965:
4880:Celtic countries
4842:Gallia Cisalpina
4776:social structure
4625:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4445:Iron Age Britain
4424:
4415:
4406:
4309:. Despite their
4272:
4256:
4212:dense population
4132:Diodorus Siculus
4082:Canosa di Puglia
4039:Germanic peoples
4020:
4017:
3993:Tumulus cultures
3982:
3978:
3975:
3970:Urnfield culture
3892:John T. Koch of
3885:in northwestern
3756:, in modern-day
3714:material culture
3614:Battle of Alesia
3502:Diodorus Siculus
3496:Diodorus Siculus
3378:
3360:
3305:Genetic evidence
3259:inscriptions of
3200:glottochronology
3016:Urnfield culture
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2967:Overview of the
2933:Celtic languages
2896:Castile and León
2791:
2784:
2749:
2739:
2733:
2723:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2637:
2601:
2597:
2537:their own tongue
2477:
2471:
2457:
2447:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2378:
2260:conquest of Gaul
2256:Celtiberian Wars
2219:are recorded in
2217:Celtic mythology
2167:central Anatolia
2138:
2135:
2123:
2120:
2111:Urnfield culture
2041:Celtic languages
2023:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1757:
1750:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1605:
1591:
1584:
1570:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1315:Germanic peoples
1305:Hellenic peoples
1294:
1287:
1280:
1203:Mycenaean Greeks
1192:
1120:Thraco-Cimmerian
1018:Globular Amphora
995:Abashevo culture
934:
927:
897:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
640:Tocharian script
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
261:
247:
240:
233:
219:
195:
188:
169:
130:
107:
106:
98:
89:Celtic languages
86:
74:
66:
54:
21:
18002:
18001:
17997:
17996:
17995:
17993:
17992:
17991:
17977:
17976:
17975:
17970:
17939:
17916:Semitic peoples
17911:
17878:
17862:
17785:
17650:
17644:
17471:
17394:
17306:
17278:
17269:
17239:
17234:
17222:
17140:
17130:
17097:
17005:
16962:
16854:
16536:
16339:
16084:
15929:
15910:La Tène culture
15849:
15840:
15794:
15789:
15759:
15754:
15736:
15681:
15668:Columba Project
15606:
15600:
15576:
15480:
15433:
15429:Scottish Gaelic
15392:Primitive Irish
15377:
15308:Scottish Gaelic
15242:
15168:Nine Years' War
15131:General history
15126:
15121:
15091:
15086:
15062:
15009:
14994:
14936:
14932:Early Scots law
14921:Early Irish law
14907:
14882:
14859:Scottish Gaelic
14853:
14794:Proto-Brittonic
14766:
14762:Beurla Reagaird
14738:
14734:Scottish Gaelic
14710:
14682:
14665:
14661:Columba Project
14641:Celtic Congress
14622:
14587:
14561:
14482:
14463:
14424:Gaelic handball
14414:Gaelic football
14399:Cornish hurling
14358:
14268:
14227:
14174:
14153:
14139:Gaelic clothing
14122:
14037:
13996:
13957:Manx literature
13914:
13891:
13870:Other claimants
13865:
13770:
13720:Celtic Congress
13696:
13679:
13575:Celtic calendar
13553:
13512:
13446:
13342:
13329:
13316:
13302:Welsh Americans
13222:Irish Catholics
13217:Irish Canadians
13197:Irish Americans
13155:
13129:Celtic diaspora
13124:
13058:
12987:
12979:
12966:
12933:
12924:
12874:Wayback Machine
12786:
12781:
12772:
12770:
12763:
12735:
12733:
12731:
12665:Nature Research
12639:
12637:
12630:
12614:. p. 150.
12568:
12566:
12559:
12510:
12508:
12476:
12364:Mallory, J. P.
12310:Nature Research
12277:Maier, Bernhard
12163:Herm, Gerhard.
12156:Haywood, John.
12147:Wayback Machine
12134:Wayback Machine
12116:Philip Mitchell
11946:
11944:
11937:
11921:. p. 295.
11909:Eidinow, Esther
11804:: 12791–12798.
11776:
11774:
11746:Wayback Machine
11735:Wayback Machine
11721:
11716:
11715:
11707:
11703:
11695:
11691:
11683:
11679:
11671:
11667:
11659:
11655:
11647:
11643:
11635:
11631:
11627:, pp. 5–6.
11623:
11619:
11611:
11604:
11596:
11592:
11584:
11575:
11571:, pp. 5–6.
11567:
11563:
11555:
11551:
11543:
11536:
11528:
11521:
11517:, pp. 4–6.
11513:
11504:
11490:
11486:
11481:
11477:
11463:
11459:
11449:
11447:
11434:
11433:
11429:
11422:
11405:
11401:
11387:
11383:
11378:
11374:
11365:
11358:
11338:
11331:
11317:
11304:
11292:
11283:
11277:The Pagan Celts
11274:
11270:
11258:
11256:
11247:
11246:
11240:Bell, Kristin.
11238:
11234:
11223:Cunliffe, Barry
11220:
11191:
11180:
11176:
11162:
11155:
11148:
11126:Cunliffe, Barry
11123:
11119:
11109:
11107:
11092:
11091:
11087:
11067:Wayback Machine
11057:
11053:
11045:
11041:
11027:
11014:
11005:
11001:
10992:
10988:
10977:
10973:
10964:
10960:
10951:
10947:
10943:, Odes, i. 16.9
10938:
10934:
10927:
10911:
10907:
10898:
10894:
10888:Wayback Machine
10875:Lehoux, D. R.
10874:
10870:
10853:
10849:
10836:
10835:
10831:
10820:
10818:
10809:
10803:
10799:
10789:
10787:
10779:
10778:
10774:
10769:
10765:
10760:
10756:
10748:; Rankin, H.D.
10741:
10739:
10737:
10717:
10713:
10706:
10684:
10680:
10669:
10665:
10646:
10642:
10635:
10621:
10617:
10610:
10594:
10590:
10579:
10575:
10564:
10560:
10549:
10545:
10534:
10530:
10519:
10515:
10505:
10503:
10494:
10493:
10489:
10479:
10477:
10467:
10463:
10456:
10453:on 4 June 2011.
10450:
10443:
10439:
10438:
10434:
10395:
10391:
10381:
10379:
10371:
10370:
10366:
10356:
10354:
10341:
10340:
10336:
10328:
10324:
10308:
10307:
10295:
10279:
10275:
10259:
10258:
10246:
10230:
10226:
10217:
10213:
10200:
10196:
10186:
10184:
10168:
10167:
10163:
10156:
10144:. Vol. I.
10138:
10129:
10107:
10103:
10098:Wayback Machine
10087:
10083:
10078:on 14 May 2010.
10068:
10064:
10057:
10041:
10037:
10030:
10016:
10012:
10005:
9991:
9987:
9980:
9966:
9962:
9952:
9950:
9935:
9934:
9930:
9920:
9918:
9905:
9904:
9900:
9837:
9824:
9819:
9815:
9810:
9806:
9793:
9789:
9779:
9777:
9765:
9761:
9756:
9752:
9742:
9740:
9729:"Ancient Celts"
9725:
9721:
9711:
9709:
9701:King, Jeffrey.
9699:
9695:
9658:
9654:
9647:
9633:
9629:
9624:
9620:
9612:
9608:
9598:
9596:
9583:
9582:
9578:
9562:
9558:
9548:
9546:
9533:
9532:
9528:
9513:, ed. (1911). "
9498:
9496:
9495:
9491:
9484:
9470:
9466:
9455:
9451:
9442:
9438:
9433:
9429:
9419:
9417:
9413:
9406:
9398:
9394:
9383:
9379:
9368:
9364:
9357:
9343:
9339:
9329:
9327:
9320:
9304:
9300:
9277:
9273:
9268:
9264:
9244:
9240:
9232:Alfons Semler,
9231:
9227:
9220:
9204:
9200:
9193:
9177:
9173:
9166:
9150:
9146:
9133:
9129:
9116:
9112:
9102:
9100:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9023:
9019:
9007:
9003:
8993:
8991:
8982:
8981:
8977:
8968:
8964:
8953:
8949:
8940:
8936:
8926:
8924:
8905:
8901:
8878:
8874:
8864:
8862:
8843:
8839:
8829:
8827:
8826:on 24 June 2011
8823:
8808:
8802:
8795:
8785:
8783:
8764:
8760:
8750:
8748:
8747:on 24 June 2011
8729:
8725:
8715:
8713:
8700:
8696:
8686:
8684:
8665:
8661:
8651:
8649:
8630:
8626:
8616:
8614:
8609:. p. 505.
8601:
8597:
8587:
8585:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8547:
8543:
8536:
8522:
8518:
8511:
8495:
8491:
8484:
8470:
8466:
8456:
8454:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8423:
8422:
8418:
8411:
8397:
8393:
8386:
8372:
8368:
8358:
8356:
8343:
8342:
8338:
8325:
8321:
8302:
8300:
8291:
8290:
8286:
8276:
8274:
8267:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8238:
8236:
8229:
8213:
8209:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8179:
8175:
8165:
8163:
8156:
8140:
8136:
8098:(16): 1241–48,
8088:
8084:
8036:
8032:
8015:
8011:
8006:
8002:
7983:
7981:
7972:
7958:
7954:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7915:
7911:
7856:
7852:
7841:
7837:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7802:
7796:
7792:
7782:
7780:
7779:on 24 June 2011
7765:
7761:
7755:
7751:
7744:
7730:
7726:
7717:
7713:
7702:
7698:
7684:
7675:
7664:
7660:
7649:
7645:
7634:
7630:
7620:
7618:
7603:
7587:
7583:
7573:
7571:
7558:
7557:
7553:
7542:
7538:
7531:
7517:
7513:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7485:
7484:Carl McColman,
7483:
7479:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7412:. p. 252.
7402:
7398:
7391:
7369:
7365:
7348:
7344:
7334:Wayback Machine
7325:
7321:
7314:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7267:
7263:
7254:
7250:
7240:
7238:
7237:on 2 April 2010
7234:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7203:Pliny the Elder
7201:
7197:
7188:
7184:
7155:
7151:
7142:
7138:
7125:
7118:
7109:
7105:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7012:
7010:
7009:on 24 June 2011
7006:
6991:
6985:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6929:
6927:
6920:
6912:. p. 766.
6900:
6896:
6855:
6853:
6846:
6838:. p. 179.
6826:
6822:
6815:
6801:Cunliffe, Barry
6798:
6794:
6786:
6779:
6771:
6767:
6759:
6753:
6742:
6733:
6729:
6721:
6715:
6704:
6695:
6691:
6680:Cunliffe, Barry
6677:
6673:
6662:
6651:
6647:, pp. 258.
6643:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6614:
6610:
6571:
6548:
6541:
6527:
6518:
6511:
6497:
6484:
6473:
6458:
6451:
6428:
6424:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6397:
6391:
6387:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6350:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6313:
6309:
6303:Drinkwater 2012
6301:
6294:
6270:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6233:
6148:
6118:
6102:Synod of Whitby
6082:missionary work
6070:
6064:
6047:
6041:
6039:Roman influence
5981:with Gobannos,
5923:Welsh mythology
5919:Irish mythology
5913:Most surviving
5911:
5857:working animals
5731:
5713:
5701:Main articles:
5699:
5684:The Celtic god
5678:
5615:wrote that the
5588:Paul Jacobsthal
5565:
5467:Hellenistic art
5463:Braganza Brooch
5455:
5447:Main articles:
5445:
5427:Julian calendar
5399:
5397:Gallic calendar
5391:Celtic revivals
5315:animal Style II
5267:
5245:
5120:
5102:
5065:monetary system
5045:
5033:Waterloo Helmet
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4955:
4921:chariot tactics
4744:
4681:
4673:Main articles:
4648:
4517:archaeogenetics
4509:chariot burials
4437:
4429:
4422:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4404:
4392:
4330:Venceslas Kruta
4192:
4178:
4148:battle of Allia
4078:Tumulus culture
4060:valley between
4018:
4009:La Tène culture
3980:
3976:
3962:
3920:
3908:Main articles:
3906:
3896:suggested that
3863:Cantabrian Wars
3736:In addition to
3710:
3676:
3668:Main articles:
3654:
3546:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3472:history of Rome
3441:
3401:Gustaf Kossinna
3392:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3350:
3348:Iron Age Europe
3344:
3313:
3307:
3301:(place names).
3289:Primitive Irish
3249:
3247:Celtic toponymy
3243:
3237:
3212:
3126:
3040:La Tène culture
3000:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2961:
2929:
2921:Main articles:
2919:
2844:Scottish Gaelic
2800:language family
2701:
2646:and settled in
2573:Pliny the Elder
2488:Celtic language
2400:
2395:
2363:
2339:Scottish Gaelic
2323:Celtic identity
2136:
2130:La Tène culture
2121:
2098:The history of
2055:of Iberia; the
2021:
1992:
1988:
1974:
1951:
1947:
1920:
1891:
1890:
1823:Marija Gimbutas
1811:
1801:
1800:
1792:Winter solstice
1782:Horse sacrifice
1753:
1746:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1629:
1614:
1601:
1587:
1580:
1566:
1557:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1491:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1394:
1381:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1138:
1115:
1102:
1090:
1071:
1013:
990:
952:
945:
939:
930:
923:
914:
912:Northern Europe
893:
889:
876:
863:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
795:Steppe cultures
768:
761:
754:
746:
745:
736:Baltic homeland
710:
706:
702:Eurasian nomads
686:
682:
658:
650:
649:
620:Runic epigraphy
615:Latin epigraphy
570:
562:
561:
499:Proto-Anatolian
483:
438:
434:Thraco-Illyrian
419:Graeco-Phrygian
409:Graeco-Armenian
404:Graeco-Albanian
383:
361:
348:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
257:
243:
236:
229:
215:
191:
184:
165:
150:
142:
140:
103:
100:
96:
92:
84:
80:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18000:
17990:
17989:
17972:
17971:
17955:Canary Islands
17944:
17941:
17940:
17938:
17937:
17936:
17935:
17925:
17919:
17917:
17913:
17912:
17910:
17909:
17904:
17899:
17894:
17888:
17886:
17880:
17879:
17877:
17876:
17870:
17868:
17864:
17863:
17861:
17860:
17859:
17858:
17857:
17856:
17851:
17841:
17831:
17830:
17829:
17819:
17818:
17817:
17812:
17801:
17799:
17791:
17790:
17787:
17786:
17784:
17783:
17778:
17773:
17768:
17767:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17735:
17734:
17724:
17723:
17722:
17717:
17712:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17681:
17680:
17670:
17665:
17660:
17654:
17652:
17646:
17645:
17643:
17642:
17637:
17632:
17627:
17622:
17617:
17612:
17607:
17602:
17597:
17592:
17587:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17557:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17537:
17532:
17527:
17522:
17517:
17512:
17507:
17502:
17497:
17492:
17487:
17481:
17479:
17473:
17472:
17470:
17469:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17444:
17439:
17434:
17429:
17424:
17419:
17413:
17411:
17402:
17396:
17395:
17393:
17392:
17387:
17382:
17377:
17372:
17367:
17362:
17357:
17352:
17347:
17342:
17337:
17332:
17327:
17322:
17316:
17314:
17308:
17307:
17305:
17304:
17299:
17293:
17291:
17280:
17279:
17268:
17267:
17260:
17253:
17245:
17236:
17235:
17227:
17224:
17223:
17221:
17220:
17215:
17210:
17205:
17200:
17195:
17190:
17185:
17180:
17175:
17170:
17165:
17160:
17155:
17150:
17144:
17142:
17136:
17135:
17132:
17131:
17129:
17128:
17123:
17118:
17113:
17107:
17105:
17099:
17098:
17096:
17095:
17090:
17085:
17080:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17031:
17026:
17021:
17015:
17013:
17011:Eastern Europe
17007:
17006:
17004:
17003:
16998:
16993:
16988:
16983:
16978:
16972:
16970:
16964:
16963:
16961:
16960:
16955:
16950:
16945:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16895:
16890:
16885:
16880:
16875:
16870:
16864:
16862:
16856:
16855:
16853:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16777:
16772:
16767:
16762:
16757:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16722:
16717:
16712:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16692:
16687:
16682:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16577:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16552:
16546:
16544:
16538:
16537:
16535:
16534:
16529:
16515:
16510:
16505:
16500:
16495:
16490:
16485:
16480:
16475:
16470:
16465:
16460:
16455:
16450:
16445:
16440:
16435:
16430:
16425:
16420:
16415:
16410:
16405:
16400:
16395:
16390:
16385:
16380:
16375:
16370:
16365:
16360:
16355:
16349:
16347:
16341:
16340:
16338:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16237:
16232:
16227:
16222:
16217:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16197:
16192:
16187:
16182:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16160:Bituriges Cubi
16157:
16152:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16100:
16094:
16092:
16086:
16085:
16083:
16082:
16077:
16072:
16067:
16062:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15987:
15982:
15977:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15952:
15946:
15944:
15935:
15931:
15930:
15928:
15927:
15922:
15917:
15912:
15907:
15893:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15873:
15868:
15863:
15857:
15855:
15851:
15850:
15843:
15841:
15839:
15838:
15837:(50 BC–476 AD)
15832:
15826:
15820:
15814:
15809:
15802:
15800:
15796:
15795:
15788:
15787:
15780:
15773:
15765:
15756:
15755:
15753:
15752:
15741:
15738:
15737:
15735:
15734:
15729:
15724:
15719:
15705:
15700:
15697:human genetics
15689:
15687:
15683:
15682:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15628:Culture Vannin
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15608:
15602:
15601:
15599:
15598:
15597:
15596:
15585:
15582:
15581:
15578:
15577:
15575:
15574:
15569:
15551:
15546:
15528:
15523:
15513:
15490:
15488:
15479:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15462:
15461:
15454:Royal families
15450:
15448:
15439:
15435:
15434:
15432:
15431:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15409:
15402:
15395:
15387:
15385:
15379:
15378:
15376:
15375:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15358:Highland games
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15330:
15325:
15323:Insular script
15320:
15315:
15293:
15288:
15286:Gaelic kinship
15283:
15278:
15276:Gaelic warfare
15273:
15266:
15261:
15256:
15250:
15248:
15247:Gaelic culture
15244:
15243:
15241:
15240:
15235:
15230:
15228:Gaelic Revival
15225:
15220:
15218:Irish diaspora
15215:
15210:
15205:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15188:1641 Rebellion
15185:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15165:
15160:
15155:
15153:Irish kingdoms
15150:
15145:
15140:
15138:Gaelic Ireland
15134:
15132:
15128:
15127:
15120:
15119:
15112:
15105:
15097:
15088:
15087:
15085:
15084:
15077:
15071:
15068:
15067:
15064:
15063:
15061:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15014:
15011:
15010:
15000:
14999:
14996:
14995:
14993:
14992:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14952:
14950:Gaelic warfare
14946:
14944:
14938:
14937:
14935:
14934:
14929:
14926:Cyfraith Hywel
14923:
14917:
14915:
14909:
14908:
14892:
14891:
14888:
14887:
14884:
14883:
14881:
14880:
14875:
14873:Deeside Gaelic
14870:
14864:
14862:
14855:
14854:
14852:
14851:
14846:
14844:Hispano-Celtic
14841:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14799:Proto-Goidelic
14796:
14791:
14785:
14783:
14774:
14768:
14767:
14765:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14748:
14746:
14740:
14739:
14737:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14720:
14718:
14712:
14711:
14709:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14692:
14690:
14684:
14683:
14671:
14670:
14667:
14666:
14664:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14651:Celtic society
14648:
14646:Celtic Revival
14643:
14638:
14632:
14630:
14624:
14623:
14621:
14620:
14614:United Ireland
14611:
14606:
14601:
14595:
14593:
14589:
14588:
14586:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14569:
14567:
14563:
14562:
14560:
14559:
14558:
14557:
14547:
14546:
14545:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14519:
14518:
14508:
14507:
14506:
14501:
14490:
14488:
14484:
14483:
14473:
14472:
14469:
14468:
14465:
14464:
14462:
14461:
14459:Welsh handball
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14439:Highland games
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14396:
14389:
14384:
14379:
14372:
14366:
14364:
14360:
14359:
14357:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14325:
14324:
14315:
14306:
14297:
14282:
14280:
14274:
14273:
14270:
14269:
14267:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14235:
14233:
14226:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14184:
14182:
14176:
14175:
14173:
14172:
14167:
14165:Gaelic culture
14161:
14159:
14155:
14154:
14152:
14151:
14146:
14144:Highland dress
14141:
14136:
14130:
14128:
14124:
14123:
14121:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14108:Pictish stones
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14064:
14063:
14053:
14047:
14045:
14039:
14038:
14036:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14004:
14002:
13998:
13997:
13995:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13969:
13964:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13928:
13926:
13916:
13915:
13905:
13904:
13901:
13900:
13897:
13896:
13893:
13892:
13890:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13873:
13871:
13867:
13866:
13864:
13863:
13851:
13839:
13827:
13815:
13803:
13790:
13788:
13778:
13769:
13768:
13767:
13766:
13761:
13751:
13746:
13745:
13744:
13734:
13733:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13712:
13710:Celtic nations
13707:
13705:Celtic Revival
13701:
13698:
13697:
13685:
13684:
13681:
13680:
13678:
13677:
13672:
13662:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13561:
13559:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13551:
13546:
13541:
13536:
13531:
13526:
13520:
13518:
13514:
13513:
13511:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13473:Celtic Animism
13470:
13468:Celtic deities
13465:
13460:
13454:
13452:
13448:
13447:
13445:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13427:Cisalpine Gaul
13424:
13423:
13422:
13417:
13399:
13390:
13365:
13356:
13354:Gaelic Ireland
13350:
13348:
13344:
13343:
13331:
13330:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13317:
13315:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13252:Manx Americans
13249:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13227:Irish Chileans
13224:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13192:English people
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13163:
13161:
13157:
13156:
13154:
13153:
13151:Welsh diaspora
13148:
13143:
13141:Irish diaspora
13138:
13132:
13130:
13126:
13125:
13123:
13122:
13121:
13120:
13119:
13118:
13107:
13102:
13101:
13100:
13084:
13079:
13074:
13068:
13066:
13060:
13059:
13057:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12995:
12993:
12981:
12980:
12968:
12967:
12948:Celtic studies
12940:Celtic nations
12938:
12935:
12934:
12923:
12922:
12915:
12908:
12900:
12894:
12893:
12888:
12877:
12876:
12864:
12859:
12848:
12847:
12830:Barry Cunliffe
12823:
12818:
12813:
12798:
12785:
12784:External links
12782:
12780:
12779:
12761:
12742:
12729:
12703:
12646:
12628:
12602:Vauchez, André
12590:
12575:
12557:
12517:
12480:
12474:
12461:
12444:
12387:
12377:
12362:
12348:
12291:
12274:
12260:
12246:
12234:Laing, Lloyd.
12232:
12209:
12198:British Museum
12190:
12177:James, Simon.
12175:
12170:James, Simon.
12168:
12161:
12154:
12136:
12112:
12053:
12012:
11953:
11935:
11917:(4 ed.).
11893:
11886:
11872:
11857:
11844:Collis, John.
11842:
11783:
11754:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11714:
11713:
11701:
11689:
11677:
11665:
11653:
11641:
11629:
11617:
11602:
11590:
11573:
11561:
11549:
11534:
11519:
11502:
11484:
11475:
11457:
11427:
11421:978-1598849646
11420:
11399:
11390:Green, Miranda
11381:
11372:
11356:
11329:
11302:
11294:Green, Miranda
11281:
11268:
11259:|journal=
11232:
11189:
11174:
11153:
11146:
11117:
11085:
11051:
11039:
11012:
10999:
10986:
10971:
10958:
10956:, 2005, p. 127
10945:
10932:
10925:
10905:
10892:
10868:
10847:
10829:
10811:"Cáin Lánamna"
10797:
10772:
10763:
10754:
10735:
10711:
10704:
10678:
10663:
10640:
10633:
10615:
10608:
10588:
10573:
10558:
10543:
10528:
10513:
10487:
10461:
10432:
10389:
10364:
10334:
10322:
10293:
10273:
10244:
10224:
10211:
10194:
10161:
10154:
10127:
10101:
10081:
10062:
10055:
10035:
10028:
10010:
10003:
9985:
9978:
9960:
9928:
9898:
9822:
9813:
9804:
9787:
9759:
9750:
9719:
9693:
9652:
9645:
9627:
9618:
9606:
9576:
9556:
9526:
9511:Chisholm, Hugh
9489:
9482:
9464:
9449:
9436:
9427:
9392:
9377:
9362:
9355:
9337:
9318:
9298:
9287:(2): 575–605.
9271:
9262:
9238:
9225:
9218:
9198:
9191:
9171:
9164:
9144:
9127:
9121:Herodoti Musae
9110:
9088:
9074:
9017:
9001:
8975:
8969:John T. Koch,
8962:
8947:
8934:
8899:
8872:
8837:
8793:
8758:
8723:
8694:
8659:
8624:
8595:
8580:. p. 50.
8566:
8559:
8541:
8534:
8516:
8509:
8489:
8482:
8464:
8434:
8416:
8409:
8391:
8384:
8366:
8336:
8319:
8315:Celtic studies
8284:
8265:
8246:
8227:
8207:
8193:
8173:
8154:
8134:
8082:
8030:
8024:10.1101/135962
8009:
8000:
7969:The Heroic Age
7952:
7939:
7909:
7870:(3): 511–529.
7850:
7835:
7790:
7759:
7749:
7742:
7724:
7711:
7696:
7673:
7658:
7643:
7628:
7601:
7581:
7551:
7536:
7529:
7511:
7497:
7477:
7463:
7440:
7425:
7418:
7396:
7389:
7363:
7342:
7319:
7312:
7294:
7287:
7261:
7248:
7216:
7195:
7182:
7149:
7136:
7116:
7103:
7090:
7076:
7061:H. D. Rankin,
7054:
7040:
7020:
6979:
6967:
6918:
6894:
6844:
6820:
6813:
6792:
6765:
6751:
6727:
6713:
6689:
6671:
6649:
6637:
6608:
6585:(3): 511–529.
6546:
6539:
6516:
6509:
6482:
6456:
6449:
6422:
6385:
6367:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6292:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6244:
6239:
6232:
6229:
6117:
6114:
6100:. In 664, the
6098:date of Easter
6066:Main article:
6063:
6060:
6052:Jupiter Column
6040:
6037:
6035:(1 February).
5944:Barry Cunliffe
5910:
5907:
5895:viereckschanze
5836:, for example
5794:sacred springs
5751:Celtic deities
5698:
5695:
5677:
5674:
5644:beheading game
5564:
5561:
5545:Roman military
5474:Tribal warfare
5449:Celtic warfare
5444:
5441:
5398:
5395:
5355:Roscrea Brooch
5339:Ardagh Chalice
5284:Pictish stones
5271:Early Medieval
5263:Main article:
5244:
5241:
5168:sexual freedom
5101:
5098:
5094:silver coinage
5082:monetary value
5044:
5041:
5037:British Museum
4979:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4899:Early Medieval
4743:
4740:
4717:language shift
4647:
4644:
4634:(in Greek) or
4591:(in Ireland),
4500:Insular Celtic
4465:Celtic Britons
4433:Main article:
4421:
4412:
4409:Celtic Britons
4403:
4391:
4388:
4188:Main article:
4177:
4174:
4140:Cisalpine Gaul
4019: 1200 BC
3977: 1300 BC
3944:Central Europe
3918:Cisalpine Gaul
3905:
3902:
3874:
3873:
3872:called Celtica
3866:
3851:
3836:Castro Culture
3816:
3815:
3804:
3793:
3680:Castro culture
3653:
3650:
3591:Roman province
3542:Main article:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3440:
3437:
3380:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3340:
3336:R1b haplogroup
3306:
3303:
3285:Insular Celtic
3277:Greek alphabet
3265:La Tène period
3261:Cisalpine Gaul
3239:Main article:
3236:
3233:
3211:
3208:
3185:Barry Cunliffe
3125:
3122:
3020:central Europe
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2960:
2957:
2918:
2915:
2836:Celtic nations
2756:Proto-Germanic
2700:
2697:
2482:'to heat' or *
2399:
2396:
2391:Main article:
2362:
2359:
2327:Celtic Revival
2307:Celtic Britons
1985:Celtic peoples
1932:The Dying Gaul
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Fire sacrifice
1773:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:Zoroastrianism
1550:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1435:Medieval India
1426:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1312:
1310:Italic peoples
1307:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1086:Gandhara grave
1083:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
947:
946:
938:
937:
936:
935:
932:Middle Dnieper
928:
909:
908:
903:
898:
887:Eastern Europe
884:
883:
871:
870:
858:
857:
856:
855:
854:
853:
846:
832:
825:
818:
815:Dnieper–Donets
811:
804:
792:
790:Kurgan culture
787:
786:
785:
775:
763:
762:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
726:Beech argument
723:
718:
712:
711:
705:
704:
699:
694:
688:
687:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
549:
535:
530:
516:
509:Proto-Germanic
506:
504:Proto-Armenian
501:
496:
494:Proto-Albanian
490:
489:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
444:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
389:
382:
381:
380:
379:
355:
354:
347:
346:
345:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
283:
278:
272:
271:
265:
264:
263:
262:
250:
249:
248:
241:
234:
222:
221:
220:
208:
203:
198:
197:
196:
189:
177:
172:
171:
170:
157:
156:
149:
148:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
123:
122:
116:
115:
102:
101:
95:
93:
83:
81:
71:
69:
63:
61:
51:
48:
32:Celts (modern)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17999:
17988:
17985:
17984:
17982:
17968:
17964:
17960:
17956:
17952:
17948:
17942:
17934:
17931:
17930:
17929:
17928:Carthaginians
17926:
17924:
17921:
17920:
17918:
17914:
17908:
17905:
17903:
17900:
17898:
17895:
17893:
17890:
17889:
17887:
17885:
17881:
17875:
17872:
17871:
17869:
17865:
17855:
17852:
17850:
17847:
17846:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17836:
17835:
17832:
17828:
17825:
17824:
17823:
17820:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17807:
17806:
17803:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17792:
17782:
17779:
17777:
17774:
17772:
17769:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17751:
17750:
17747:
17745:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17733:
17730:
17729:
17728:
17727:Eastern Celts
17725:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17710:Mirobrigenses
17708:
17707:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17679:
17676:
17675:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17655:
17653:
17647:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17621:
17618:
17616:
17613:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17601:
17598:
17596:
17593:
17591:
17588:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17541:
17538:
17536:
17533:
17531:
17528:
17526:
17523:
17521:
17518:
17516:
17513:
17511:
17508:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17498:
17496:
17493:
17491:
17488:
17486:
17483:
17482:
17480:
17478:
17474:
17468:
17465:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17433:
17430:
17428:
17425:
17423:
17420:
17418:
17415:
17414:
17412:
17410:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17397:
17391:
17388:
17386:
17383:
17381:
17378:
17376:
17373:
17371:
17368:
17366:
17363:
17361:
17358:
17356:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17326:
17323:
17321:
17318:
17317:
17315:
17313:
17309:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17288:Proto-Basques
17285:
17281:
17277:
17273:
17266:
17261:
17259:
17254:
17252:
17247:
17246:
17243:
17233:
17230:
17225:
17219:
17216:
17214:
17211:
17209:
17206:
17204:
17201:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17191:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17179:
17176:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17145:
17143:
17137:
17127:
17124:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17109:
17108:
17106:
17104:
17100:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17086:
17084:
17081:
17078:
17074:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17035:
17032:
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17016:
17014:
17012:
17008:
17002:
16999:
16997:
16994:
16992:
16989:
16987:
16984:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16973:
16971:
16969:
16965:
16959:
16956:
16954:
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16891:
16889:
16886:
16884:
16881:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16865:
16863:
16861:
16857:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16768:
16766:
16763:
16761:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16713:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16547:
16545:
16543:
16539:
16533:
16530:
16527:
16523:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16491:
16489:
16486:
16484:
16481:
16479:
16476:
16474:
16471:
16469:
16466:
16464:
16461:
16459:
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16439:
16436:
16434:
16433:Longostaletes
16431:
16429:
16426:
16424:
16421:
16419:
16416:
16414:
16411:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16350:
16348:
16346:
16342:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16150:
16146:
16142:
16138:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16095:
16093:
16091:
16087:
16081:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15947:
15945:
15943:
15939:
15936:
15932:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15908:
15905:
15901:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15858:
15856:
15852:
15847:
15836:
15833:
15830:
15827:
15824:
15821:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15807:
15804:
15803:
15801:
15797:
15793:
15786:
15781:
15779:
15774:
15772:
15767:
15766:
15763:
15751:
15743:
15742:
15739:
15733:
15732:Gaelicisation
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15717:
15713:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15698:
15694:
15691:
15690:
15688:
15684:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15607:organisations
15603:
15595:
15592:
15591:
15590:
15587:
15586:
15573:
15570:
15567:
15563:
15559:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15544:
15540:
15536:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15521:
15517:
15514:
15511:
15507:
15503:
15499:
15495:
15492:
15491:
15489:
15487:
15483:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15460:
15457:
15456:
15455:
15452:
15451:
15449:
15447:
15443:
15440:
15436:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15414:
15410:
15408:
15407:
15403:
15401:
15400:
15396:
15394:
15393:
15389:
15388:
15386:
15384:
15380:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15313:
15309:
15305:
15301:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15291:Bardic poetry
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15271:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15251:
15249:
15245:
15239:
15238:Gàidhealtachd
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15135:
15133:
15129:
15125:
15118:
15113:
15111:
15106:
15104:
15099:
15098:
15095:
15082:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15072:
15069:
15059:
15058:– in Portugal
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15038:– in Galician
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15015:
15012:
15005:
15001:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14947:
14945:
14943:
14939:
14933:
14930:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14918:
14916:
14914:
14910:
14906:
14902:
14897:
14893:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14865:
14863:
14860:
14856:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14786:
14784:
14782:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14769:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14749:
14747:
14745:
14741:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14721:
14719:
14717:
14713:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14694:
14693:
14691:
14689:
14685:
14681:
14676:
14672:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14636:Celtic League
14634:
14633:
14631:
14629:
14628:Pan-Celticism
14625:
14619:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14597:
14596:
14594:
14590:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14570:
14568:
14564:
14556:
14553:
14552:
14551:
14548:
14544:
14541:
14540:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14517:
14514:
14513:
14512:
14509:
14505:
14504:reunification
14502:
14500:
14497:
14496:
14495:
14492:
14491:
14489:
14485:
14478:
14474:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14419:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14394:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14377:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14367:
14365:
14361:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14323:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14292:
14289:
14288:
14287:
14284:
14283:
14281:
14279:
14275:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14236:
14234:
14230:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14185:
14183:
14181:
14177:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14162:
14160:
14156:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14131:
14129:
14125:
14119:
14118:Triple spiral
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14062:
14059:
14058:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14048:
14046:
14044:
14040:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14005:
14003:
13999:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13937:Bardic Poetry
13935:
13933:
13930:
13929:
13927:
13925:
13921:
13917:
13910:
13906:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13874:
13872:
13868:
13860:
13855:
13852:
13848:
13843:
13840:
13836:
13831:
13828:
13824:
13819:
13816:
13812:
13807:
13804:
13800:
13795:
13792:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13785:Celtic League
13782:
13779:
13777:
13773:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13756:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13743:
13740:
13739:
13738:
13735:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13725:Celtic League
13723:
13721:
13718:
13717:
13716:
13715:Pan-Celticism
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13702:
13699:
13695:
13690:
13686:
13676:
13673:
13670:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13615:Gaelicisation
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13590:Celticisation
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13562:
13560:
13556:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13521:
13519:
13515:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13455:
13453:
13449:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13412:
13408:
13405:
13404:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13394:
13393:Iron Age Gaul
13391:
13389:
13385:
13381:
13377:
13376:Roman Britain
13373:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13351:
13349:
13345:
13341:
13336:
13332:
13327:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13232:Irish Mexican
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13164:
13162:
13158:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13127:
13117:
13113:
13112:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13099:
13095:
13094:
13093:
13090:
13089:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13069:
13067:
13065:
13061:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12986:
12982:
12978:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12957:
12956:Celtic tribes
12953:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12936:
12932:
12928:
12921:
12916:
12914:
12909:
12907:
12902:
12901:
12898:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12883:
12882:
12881:
12880:Organisations
12875:
12871:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12854:
12853:
12852:
12845:
12841:
12840:
12835:
12831:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12808:
12807:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12796:
12791:
12788:
12787:
12768:
12764:
12762:1-4381-2918-1
12758:
12754:
12750:
12749:
12743:
12732:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12713:
12708:
12707:Todd, Malcolm
12704:
12700:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12670:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12635:
12631:
12625:
12621:
12617:
12613:
12609:
12608:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12594:Riché, Pierre
12591:
12588:
12587:0-500-27983-7
12584:
12580:
12576:
12564:
12560:
12554:
12550:
12546:
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12534:
12530:
12526:
12522:
12518:
12506:
12503:
12499:
12498:
12493:
12489:
12488:Dillon, Myles
12485:
12481:
12477:
12475:9783570022375
12471:
12467:
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12459:
12458:0-500-27275-1
12455:
12451:
12448:
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12441:
12437:
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12427:
12423:
12419:
12415:
12411:
12408:: 1230–1234.
12407:
12403:
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12398:
12393:
12388:
12385:
12382:
12378:
12375:
12374:0-500-27616-1
12371:
12367:
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12360:0-14-070832-4
12357:
12353:
12349:
12345:
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12315:
12311:
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12278:
12275:
12273:
12272:0-19-280120-1
12269:
12265:
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12258:0-500-20256-7
12255:
12251:
12247:
12245:
12244:0-416-82360-2
12241:
12237:
12233:
12230:
12226:
12225:0-8478-2193-5
12222:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12207:
12206:0-7141-2306-4
12203:
12200:Press, 1997.
12199:
12195:
12191:
12188:
12187:0-299-16674-0
12184:
12180:
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11884:0-7134-8839-5
11881:
11877:
11873:
11870:
11869:0-19-815010-5
11866:
11862:
11858:
11855:
11854:0-7524-2913-2
11851:
11847:
11843:
11839:
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11807:
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11710:
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11698:
11693:
11687:, pp. 1.
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11353:
11352:0-913666-52-1
11349:
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11019:
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11009:
11003:
10996:
10990:
10982:
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10968:
10962:
10955:
10954:ancient times
10949:
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10928:
10922:
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10915:
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10902:
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10864:2-87772-224-4
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10833:
10816:
10812:
10807:
10801:
10786:
10785:www.courts.ie
10782:
10776:
10770:Rankin, p. 55
10767:
10761:Rankin, p. 78
10758:
10751:
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10728:
10724:
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10715:
10707:
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10692:
10691:
10682:
10674:
10667:
10660:
10659:0-674-99196-6
10656:
10653:
10649:
10648:Roman History
10644:
10636:
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10347:www.bbc.co.uk
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9800:1-85109-440-7
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9573:
9572:0-521-22717-8
9569:
9565:
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9544:
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9530:
9522:
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9516:
9512:
9507:
9506:public domain
9493:
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9256:
9255:88-8289-851-2
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8883:
8876:
8860:
8856:
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8848:
8841:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8807:
8806:"Celtiberian"
8800:
8798:
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8777:
8773:
8769:
8762:
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8734:
8727:
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8608:
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8578:
8570:
8562:
8556:
8552:
8545:
8537:
8531:
8527:
8520:
8512:
8506:
8503:. Routledge.
8502:
8501:
8493:
8485:
8479:
8475:
8468:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8412:
8406:
8402:
8395:
8387:
8381:
8377:
8370:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8340:
8333:
8329:
8323:
8316:
8312:
8298:
8294:
8288:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8250:
8234:
8230:
8224:
8221:. Roultedge.
8220:
8219:
8211:
8196:
8190:
8186:
8185:
8177:
8161:
8157:
8151:
8147:
8146:
8138:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
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8086:
8079:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8025:
8020:
8013:
8004:
7997:
7993:
7979:
7975:
7971:, 10 (2007),
7970:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7942:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7913:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7854:
7846:
7839:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7763:
7753:
7745:
7739:
7735:
7728:
7722:, 1967, 18–19
7721:
7715:
7707:
7700:
7692:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7670:. p. 25.
7669:
7662:
7654:
7647:
7640:. p. 30.
7639:
7632:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7598:
7594:
7593:
7585:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7547:
7540:
7532:
7526:
7522:
7515:
7500:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7481:
7466:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7454:, pp. 242–244
7451:
7444:
7436:
7429:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7400:
7392:
7386:
7382:
7377:
7376:
7367:
7360:
7359:0-7165-0031-0
7356:
7352:
7346:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7323:
7315:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7290:
7284:
7280:
7275:
7274:
7265:
7258:
7252:
7233:
7226:
7220:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7192:
7186:
7178:
7172:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7157:Julius Caesar
7153:
7146:
7140:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7113:
7107:
7101:, 2.33; 4.49.
7100:
7099:The Histories
7094:
7079:
7073:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7058:
7043:
7037:
7033:
7032:
7024:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6971:
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6898:
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6873:
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6851:
6847:
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6824:
6816:
6810:
6806:
6802:
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6769:
6758:
6754:
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6703:
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6603:
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6557:
6555:
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6512:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6478:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6452:
6450:1-85109-440-7
6446:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6426:
6407:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6370:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6348:
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6344:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6328:
6323:
6316:
6311:
6304:
6299:
6297:
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6285:
6281:
6277:
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6127:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6078:Saint Patrick
6075:
6069:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6011:
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6003:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5931:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5903:clootie wells
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5876:sacred groves
5872:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5816:, as well as
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5732: 500 BC
5726:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5663:
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5419:
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5412:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5375:Roman Britain
5372:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5331:Book of Kells
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
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5297:
5293:
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5254:
5249:
5240:
5237:
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5222:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5208:wrote in his
5207:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5194:wrote in his
5193:
5188:
5183:
5181:
5180:Julia Augusta
5177:
5171:
5169:
5165:
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5149:
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5133:
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4849:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:primogeniture
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4752:Ludovisi Gaul
4748:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4728:Roman cavalry
4724:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4435:Insular Celts
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:and possibly
4346:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4263:Ulpia Serdica
4260:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4206:(present-day
4205:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4062:Lake Maggiore
4059:
4055:
4054:Alpine passes
4051:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4027:Mediterranean
4024:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981: 750 BC
3971:
3967:
3961:
3952:
3945:
3941:
3938:Expansion of
3936:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:and Northern
3841:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:Vercingetorix
3607:
3604:In 58 BC the
3602:
3600:
3599:Gallia Comata
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3554:Julius Caesar
3551:
3550:Low Countries
3545:
3536:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:southern Gaul
3507:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3494:in 58–51 BC.
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:Gordon Childe
3384:
3377:
3366:
3359:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3190:lingua franca
3186:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3003:Celtic tribes
2974:
2970:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2927:Celticization
2924:
2914:
2911:
2910:Insular Celts
2907:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:. The suffix
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:Julius Caesar
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:Vercingetorix
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2460:Indo-European
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:Ancient Greek
2416:
2415:
2407:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:the migration
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2154:lingua franca
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137: 450 BC
2131:
2127:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2016:
1986:
1982:
1981:pronunciation
1978:
1977:
1969:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:J. P. Mallory
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:Reconstructed
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1292:Insular Celts
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:Indo-Iranians
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
989:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
951:
950:Pontic Steppe
944:
941:
940:
933:
929:
926:
922:
921:
920:
917:
916:
915:
913:
907:
904:
902:
899:
896:
892:
891:
890:
888:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:
869:
866:
865:
864:
862:
851:
847:
844:
840:
839:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
798:
797:
796:
793:
791:
788:
784:
783:Kurgan stelae
781:
780:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
767:
766:Pontic Steppe
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
708:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
684:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
566:
565:
557:
556:Proto-Iranian
553:
550:
547:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
528:
524:
520:
517:
514:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Daco-Thracian
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:
384:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:Reconstructed
350:
349:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
288:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
266:
260:
256:
255:
254:
251:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
227:
226:
223:
218:
214:
213:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
194:
190:
187:
183:
182:
181:
178:
176:
173:
168:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
143:
139:
134:
133:
129:
125:
124:
121:
118:
117:
113:
109:
108:
94:
90:
82:
78:
70:
62:
58:
50:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Celtic people
17795:
17649:Other Celtic
17409:Celtiberians
17399:
17231:
17228:
17153:Argentomagus
17121:Tolistobogii
16953:Vertamocorii
16503:Vertamocorii
16468:Segovellauni
16388:Budenicenses
16180:Coriosolites
16015:Mediomatrici
15825:(125–121 BC)
15817:Galatian War
15808:(ca. 387 BC)
15716:Clan MacLeod
15702:
15658:ULTACH Trust
15539:Corcu Loígde
15411:
15406:Middle Irish
15404:
15397:
15390:
15353:Gaelic games
15304:Modern Irish
15268:
15213:Great Hunger
15075:Celts portal
15033:– in Spanish
14868:Arran Gaelic
14789:Proto-Celtic
14757:Bungi Creole
14656:Celtic unity
14592:Independence
14391:
14374:
14198:Gaelic music
14134:Celtic Dress
14083:High crosses
14073:Celtic cross
14051:Bell shrines
13982:Irish annals
13764:Neo-Druidism
13759:Celtic Wicca
13730:Celtic union
13694:Modern Celts
13585:Celtic women
13488:Celtic Rites
13437:Transylvania
13297:Ulster Scots
13167:Anglo-Celtic
13014:Celtiberians
12976:
12959:
12951:
12943:
12931:modern Celts
12926:
12879:
12878:
12850:
12849:
12837:
12804:
12793:
12771:. Retrieved
12747:
12734:. Retrieved
12711:
12660:
12654:
12638:. Retrieved
12606:
12598:"Barbarians"
12578:
12567:. Retrieved
12536:
12521:Puhvel, Jaan
12509:. Retrieved
12495:
12465:
12449:
12401:
12395:
12380:
12365:
12351:
12305:
12299:
12280:
12263:
12249:
12235:
12228:
12212:
12193:
12178:
12171:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12118:
12067:
12061:
12026:
12020:
11974:: e0207459.
11967:
11961:
11945:. Retrieved
11912:
11889:
11875:
11860:
11845:
11797:
11791:
11775:. Retrieved
11761:
11726:
11711:, p. 4.
11704:
11692:
11680:
11675:, p. 8.
11668:
11663:, p. 1.
11656:
11644:
11639:, p. 3.
11632:
11620:
11615:, p. 7.
11593:
11564:
11552:
11496:
11487:
11478:
11469:
11460:
11448:. Retrieved
11440:The Guardian
11439:
11430:
11411:
11402:
11393:
11384:
11375:
11367:
11343:
11323:
11297:
11276:
11271:
11250:cite journal
11235:
11226:
11183:
11177:
11168:
11131:
11120:
11108:. Retrieved
11099:The Guardian
11097:
11088:
11070:
11054:
11047:
11042:
11033:
11007:
11002:
10994:
10989:
10980:
10974:
10966:
10961:
10948:
10935:
10917:
10914:
10908:
10900:
10895:
10876:
10871:
10855:
10850:
10832:
10819:. Retrieved
10805:
10800:
10788:. Retrieved
10784:
10775:
10766:
10757:
10749:
10742:18 September
10740:. Retrieved
10721:
10714:
10689:
10681:
10672:
10666:
10643:
10624:
10618:
10600:
10597:
10591:
10582:
10576:
10567:
10561:
10552:
10546:
10537:
10531:
10522:
10516:
10504:. Retrieved
10500:TheCollector
10499:
10490:
10478:. Retrieved
10474:
10464:
10448:the original
10435:
10402:
10398:
10392:
10380:. Retrieved
10376:
10367:
10355:. Retrieved
10346:
10337:
10330:
10325:
10283:
10276:
10234:
10227:
10219:
10214:
10203:Wendy Davies
10202:
10197:
10185:. Retrieved
10173:
10164:
10141:
10109:
10104:
10090:The Iron Age
10084:
10076:the original
10065:
10045:
10038:
10019:
10013:
9994:
9988:
9969:
9963:
9951:. Retrieved
9940:
9931:
9919:. Retrieved
9901:
9850:
9844:
9816:
9807:
9790:
9778:. Retrieved
9772:
9762:
9753:
9741:. Retrieved
9732:
9722:
9710:. Retrieved
9706:
9696:
9669:
9665:
9655:
9636:
9630:
9621:
9614:
9609:
9597:. Retrieved
9588:
9579:
9563:
9559:
9547:. Retrieved
9538:
9529:
9518:
9492:
9473:
9467:
9458:
9452:
9444:
9439:
9430:
9418:. Retrieved
9411:the original
9402:
9395:
9386:
9380:
9371:
9365:
9346:
9340:
9328:. Retrieved
9324:the original
9308:
9301:
9284:
9280:
9274:
9265:
9246:
9241:
9233:
9228:
9208:
9201:
9181:
9174:
9154:
9147:
9137:
9130:
9120:
9113:
9101:. Retrieved
9091:
9077:
9034:
9030:
9020:
9010:
9004:
8992:. Retrieved
8978:
8970:
8965:
8950:
8942:
8937:
8925:. Retrieved
8921:the original
8916:
8912:
8902:
8889:
8885:
8875:
8863:. Retrieved
8859:the original
8854:
8850:
8840:
8828:. Retrieved
8821:the original
8816:
8812:
8784:. Retrieved
8780:the original
8775:
8771:
8761:
8749:. Retrieved
8745:the original
8740:
8736:
8726:
8714:. Retrieved
8704:
8697:
8685:. Retrieved
8681:the original
8676:
8672:
8662:
8650:. Retrieved
8646:the original
8641:
8637:
8627:
8615:. Retrieved
8605:
8598:
8586:. Retrieved
8576:
8569:
8550:
8544:
8525:
8519:
8499:
8492:
8473:
8467:
8455:. Retrieved
8446:
8437:
8428:
8419:
8400:
8394:
8375:
8369:
8357:. Retrieved
8348:
8339:
8322:
8301:. Retrieved
8297:the original
8287:
8275:. Retrieved
8255:
8249:
8237:. Retrieved
8217:
8210:
8198:. Retrieved
8183:
8176:
8164:. Retrieved
8144:
8137:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8043:
8039:
8033:
8012:
8003:
7994:). See also
7982:. Retrieved
7968:
7960:
7955:
7944:, retrieved
7922:
7912:
7867:
7863:
7853:
7844:
7838:
7826:. Retrieved
7806:
7793:
7781:. Retrieved
7777:the original
7772:
7762:
7752:
7733:
7727:
7719:
7714:
7705:
7699:
7690:
7667:
7661:
7652:
7646:
7637:
7631:
7619:. Retrieved
7591:
7584:
7572:. Retrieved
7563:
7554:
7545:
7539:
7520:
7514:
7502:. Retrieved
7487:
7480:
7468:. Retrieved
7453:
7450:
7443:
7434:
7428:
7410:uPublish.com
7405:
7399:
7374:
7366:
7350:
7345:
7337:
7322:
7303:
7297:
7272:
7264:
7256:
7251:
7239:. Retrieved
7232:the original
7219:
7206:
7198:
7190:
7185:
7160:
7152:
7144:
7139:
7127:
7111:
7106:
7098:
7093:
7081:. Retrieved
7067:
7064:
7057:
7045:. Retrieved
7030:
7023:
7011:. Retrieved
7004:the original
6999:
6995:
6982:
6970:
6935:
6928:. Retrieved
6904:
6897:
6861:
6854:. Retrieved
6830:
6823:
6804:
6795:
6775:
6768:
6737:
6730:
6699:
6692:
6683:
6674:
6665:
6640:
6628:. Retrieved
6618:
6611:
6582:
6578:
6530:
6500:
6476:
6434:
6425:
6413:. Retrieved
6401:
6388:
6379:
6372:. Retrieved
6357:
6322:
6310:
6267:
6204:Celtiberians
6161:
6071:
6048:
6027:(1 August),
6018:
6013:
5999:
5964:
5952:the Morrígan
5937:
5927:
5912:
5873:
5865:burning them
5842:
5767:
5748:
5737:
5654:Green Knight
5652:, where the
5647:
5641:
5637:Corleck Head
5629:Roquepertuse
5584:head hunters
5581:
5563:Head hunting
5557:
5548:
5541:Roman Empire
5522:
5519:
5507:
5483:
5472:
5469:, 250–200 BC
5453:Celtic sword
5434:
5431:Roman Empire
5420:
5400:
5387:Medieval art
5363:
5327:Gospel books
5317:of Germanic
5304:
5288:high crosses
5268:
5259:from Britain
5229:
5224:
5209:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5173:
5141:
5131:
5124:gender roles
5121:
5090:Gold coinage
5076:, rings, or
5062:
5049:trade routes
5046:
5002:
4996:
4933:
4929:
4914:
4892:
4887:
4884:Manumissions
4871:
4867:
4863:
4846:
4835:
4821:
4784:oligarchical
4781:
4769:
4725:
4721:Vulgar Latin
4702:
4698:
4682:
4646:Romanisation
4635:
4631:
4613:
4605:
4527:overseen by
4522:
4485:
4438:
4378:serving the
4373:
4365:
4334:
4327:
4302:
4282:
4271:Σαρδῶν πόλις
4236:
4193:
4163:
4156:
4125:
4108:
4086:
4047:
4034:
4013:
3963:
3891:
3875:
3865:of 29–19 BC.
3835:
3800:
3790:Celtiberians
3777:
3750:Celtiberians
3745:
3735:
3711:
3670:Celtiberians
3643:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3547:
3520:Distribution
3500:
3470:published a
3453:
3423:, and later
3417:
3405:
3393:
3321:
3314:
3296:
3250:
3213:
3188:
3181:John T. Koch
3179:
3147:Myles Dillon
3135:
3099:
3084:
3048:
3009:
2930:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2821:
2798:refers to a
2795:
2794:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2710:Edward Lhuyd
2704:
2702:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2639:
2638:, Latinized
2633:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2608:Proto-Celtic
2593:
2589:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2531:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2463:
2442:referred to
2434:), southern
2413:
2405:
2401:
2381:
2369:Celto-Latin
2288:
2272:Romanisation
2268:Roman Empire
2245:
2239:overseen by
2194:
2152:
2141:La Tène site
2097:
2088:Agris Helmet
2049:Celtiberians
1984:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1849:Publications
1848:
1834:
1815:
1769:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:Paleo-Balkan
1624:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1552:
1551:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1464:
1447:Greater Iran
1440:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1320:Paleo-Balkan
1285:Celtiberians
1271:
1264:
1263:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1232:
1220:
1219:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1134:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1098:
1068:
1067:
1010:
1009:
987:
986:
949:
948:
911:
910:
886:
885:
873:
872:
860:
859:
801:Bug–Dniester
765:
764:
630:Gothic Bible
546:Proto-Baltic
542:Proto-Slavic
527:Proto-Italic
523:Proto-Celtic
486:
441:
429:Italo-Celtic
424:Indo-Hittite
414:Graeco-Aryan
387:Hypothetical
386:
351:
286:Paleo-Balkan
268:
225:Indo-Iranian
180:Balto-Slavic
153:
40:
17923:Phoenicians
17805:Lusitanians
17739:Oestriminis
17452:Pellendones
17365:Ilercavones
17141:settlements
17059:Hercuniates
16908:Gallianates
16898:Bromanenses
16393:Camactulici
16345:Narbonensis
16235:Nitiobroges
16155:Bodiocasses
16137:Brannovices
16075:Veliocasses
16055:Silvanectes
15829:Gallic Wars
15708:Norse–Gaels
15558:Dál nAraidi
15543:Dál Fiatach
15516:Dalcassians
15506:Clan Donald
15318:Gaelic type
15300:Early Irish
14990:Trimarcisia
14975:Gallóglaigh
14804:Celtiberian
14528:Isle of Man
14487:Nationalism
14376:Bataireacht
14295:Calan Gaeaf
14254:Isle of Man
14098:Leaf-crowns
14088:Insular art
14061:Dragonesque
14023:Isle of Man
13877:Nova Scotia
13830:Isle of Man
13754:Neopaganism
13498:Monasticism
13009:Caledonians
12839:In Our Time
12834:BBC Radio 4
12795:Citizendium
12153:, 6 (2005).
10821:20 November
10357:22 February
10207:Middle Ages
9774:Smithsonian
9672:(1): 1–67.
9599:20 February
9330:18 February
8092:Curr. Biol.
7338:Irish Times
7097:Herodotus,
6886:,* and the
6645:Probst 1996
6247:Celtic F.C.
6056:cult images
5778:protectress
5774:Dea Matrona
5533:Noric steel
5436:parapegmata
5351:Tara Brooch
5311:Insular art
5275:Insular art
5164:Cassius Dio
5160:primitivism
5128:egalitarian
4910:monasteries
4897:script, an
4876:slave trade
4856:manumission
4786:republican
4760:Hellenistic
4691:, and from
4656:Gallo-Roman
4601:Isle of Man
4481:Caledonians
4475:), and the
4303:(see also:
4099:, from the
4093:Switzerland
3985:Bell Beaker
3814:neighbours.
3812:Celtiberian
3774:Celtiberian
3559:Gallic Wars
3525:Continental
3492:Gallic Wars
3458:of Cyme in
3429:Celtic Gaul
3406:In various
3281:Celtiberian
3108:. However,
3096:Greco-Roman
3091:Celtiberian
3080:Insular art
3055:grave field
3034:led to the
2945:Celtiberian
2900:Extremadura
2828:Isle of Man
2766:Old English
2229:Greco-Roman
2225:early Welsh
2221:early Irish
2122: 1200
1727:Continental
1720:Anglo-Saxon
1423:Middle Ages
1373:Middle Ages
1228:Indo-Aryans
1221:Indo-Aryans
1028:Bell Beaker
1023:Corded ware
919:Corded ware
808:Sredny Stog
753:Archaeology
533:Proto-Greek
513:Proto-Norse
55: Core
17963:Portuguese
17827:Bletonesii
17678:Suessetani
17668:Autrigones
17658:Allotriges
17565:Lapatianci
17560:Interamici
17462:Turboletae
17350:Contestani
17335:Castellani
17330:Bergistani
17203:Magetobria
17116:Tectosages
17039:Cornacates
17034:Britolagai
16986:Lactorates
16958:Votodrones
16933:Montunates
16913:Gennanates
16750:Savincates
16670:Cosuanetes
16620:Bodiontici
16610:Benacenses
16590:Ausuciates
16585:Aneuniates
16580:Ambisontes
16560:Adunicates
16550:Acitavones
16532:Vulgientes
16526:Tectosages
16483:Tricastini
16463:Segobrigii
16363:Allobroges
16353:Agesinates
16335:Viducasses
16250:Petrocorii
16185:Durocasses
16149:Eburovices
16145:Diablintes
16098:Abrincatui
16080:Viromandui
16060:Suessiones
15975:Caeracates
15835:Roman Gaul
15831:(58–50 BC)
15526:Eóganachta
15502:Clan Colla
15259:Brehon law
15208:Penal Laws
15198:Jacobitism
15053:– in Italy
14955:Ceathairne
14819:Gallaecian
14449:Road bowls
14354:Eisteddfod
14322:Calan Awst
14318:Lughnasadh
13924:Literature
13787:definition
13610:Clan chief
13397:Roman Gaul
13388:Hen Ogledd
13114:including
13096:including
12844:RealPlayer
12826:Discussion
12717:Hutchinson
12450:The Celts.
12215:New York:
12213:The Celts.
12074:: 104094.
12072:Cell Press
12033:: 101942.
12029:(101942).
11493:Koch, John
11466:Koch, John
11408:Koch, John
11320:Koch, John
11030:Koch, John
10993:Polybius,
10254:1034807416
10187:22 October
9953:21 January
9921:21 January
9712:1 December
9625:Britannica
9549:1 December
8892:: 481–96.
8457:22 October
8359:14 October
7687:Koch, John
7564:MustGo.com
7349:Lhuyd, E.
7134:. pp.21–27
6960:, 607–12;
6956:, 452–55;
6952:, 330–37;
6948:, 277–80;
6944:, 178–81;
6940:, 129–33;
6630:13 January
6531:Britain BC
6353:Koch, John
6280:Riché 2005
6254:References
6120:See also:
6014:Tech Duinn
6002:Otherworld
5969:and Welsh
5878:and other
5869:wicker man
5830:Triplicity
5796:, such as
5725:leaf crown
5597:Posidonius
5592:human head
5514:wild boars
5265:Celtic art
5257:Celtic art
5243:Celtic art
5232:Brehon Law
5176:Caledonian
5116:See also:
4832:hill forts
4758:copy of a
4713:syncretism
4384:Ptolemy II
4361:Bratislava
4204:Singidunum
4074:Bronze Age
3979: – c.
3966:Bronze Age
3898:Tartessian
3678:See also:
3516:for 1813.
3480:Posidonius
3460:Asia Minor
3385:, Slovakia
3365:Bundenbach
3317:HLA system
3309:See also:
3044:Celtic art
3024:Bronze Age
2923:Pre-Celtic
2752:Gaul: Name
2585:epigraphic
2305:) and the
2108:Bronze Age
2100:pre-Celtic
2090:, 350 BC,
2071:; and the
1835:Institutes
1755:Lithuanian
1509:Indo-Aryan
1495:Historical
1429:Indo-Aryan
1386:Tocharians
1300:Cimmerians
1178:Bronze Age
1069:South Asia
943:Bronze Age
881:Afanasievo
685:Mainstream
449:Vocabulary
369:Sound laws
231:Indo-Aryan
77:Lusitanian
17844:Turdetani
17834:Tartessos
17771:Turmodigi
17744:Plentauri
17700:Carpetani
17620:Quaquerni
17427:Cratistii
17375:Indigetes
17370:Ilergetes
17360:Indigetes
17345:Cessetani
17325:Bastetani
17218:Vertillum
17193:Entremont
17139:Pre-Roman
17111:Aigosages
17069:Scordisci
17044:Costoboci
17024:Arabiates
16996:Tarusates
16981:Cocosates
16968:Aquitania
16943:Subinates
16883:Arusnates
16878:Anesiates
16860:Cisalpina
16850:Vindelici
16845:Vesubiani
16810:Vediantii
16800:Triulatti
16755:Sebaginni
16740:Rucinates
16735:Quariates
16730:Nemeturii
16720:Nantuates
16695:Graioceli
16680:Eguiturii
16665:Ceutrones
16660:Caturiges
16655:Catubrini
16650:Catenates
16640:Calucones
16635:Brixentes
16630:Brigianii
16625:Brigantii
16570:Ambidravi
16522:Arecomici
16478:Tolosates
16413:Dexivates
16305:Tricasses
16290:Segusiavi
16210:Lemovices
16205:Latobrigi
16103:Ambiliati
15995:Catalauni
15990:Catuslugi
15970:Bellovaci
15960:Atrebates
15925:Vergobret
15900:Cisalpine
15653:Gael Linn
15566:Cíarraige
15562:Conmaicne
15535:Dál Riata
15510:Uí Mháine
15494:Connachta
15476:Genealogy
15399:Old Irish
15233:Gaeltacht
15158:Dál Riata
14985:Redshanks
14960:Ceithearn
14688:Brittonic
14680:Languages
14313:Calan Mai
14304:Gŵyl Fair
14278:Festivals
14093:Interlace
13517:Mythology
13508:Practices
13420:Gallaecia
13034:Galatians
12851:Geography
12792:– in the
12667:: 10408.
12663:(10408).
12312:: 10326.
12308:(10326).
12114:Freeman,
10995:Histories
10838:"Accueil"
10427:129780014
10311:cite book
10262:cite book
10118:. p. 56.
10116:CRC Press
9893:245509501
9802:, p. 973.
9688:1573-7756
9387:The Celts
8751:12 August
8716:2 October
8617:2 October
8588:2 October
8526:The Celts
8474:The Celts
8277:2 October
8239:2 October
8200:2 October
8166:2 October
7984:9 January
7904:216484936
7896:0959-7743
7815:1578-5386
7783:12 August
7653:The Celts
7638:The Celts
7621:25 August
7574:25 August
7435:The Celts
7191:Geography
6946:Galicians
6888:Galicians
6666:The Celts
6284:Todd 1975
6259:Citations
6180:Neolithic
6023:(1 May),
5948:The Dagda
5885:, called
5853:livestock
5806:Cernunnos
5744:afterlife
5686:Cernunnos
5625:Entremont
5502:Dionysius
5494:Pausanias
5383:champlevé
5371:figurines
5349:like the
5329:like the
5307:interlace
5296:Tintignac
5280:triskeles
5217:Athenaeus
5200:that the
5192:Aristotle
5156:Po valley
5136:Vix Grave
5112:, Germany
5110:Biebertal
4937:limewater
4860:Old Irish
4824:hillforts
4660:Cernunnos
4632:Pretannoi
4585:Old North
4553:Armorican
4505:Hallstatt
4457:Brittonic
4380:Ptolemies
4315:St Jerome
4300:Galatians
4251:Bulgarian
4220:Vojvodina
4200:Scordisci
4136:Po Valley
4119:– and in
4117:Aquitaine
4066:Lake Como
4031:Herodotus
4023:Heuneburg
3928:Heuneburg
3762:Gallaecia
3718:Hallstatt
3700:Gallaecia
3696:Lusitania
3635:Aquitania
3587:Entremont
3476:Pausanias
3449:Herodotus
3367:, Germany
3328:Neolithic
3271:, are in
3101:Histories
3067:Herodotus
3059:Hallstatt
3049:In 1846,
2975:cultures.
2969:Hallstatt
2953:Brittonic
2892:Cantabria
2817:mythology
2747:Walholant
2615:Old Irish
2581:Lusitania
2562:Celtiberi
2440:Herodotus
2432:Marseille
2333:. Today,
2233:barbarian
2213:Old Irish
2186:Stuttgart
2149:migration
2145:diffusion
2126:Hallstatt
2094:in France
2073:Galatians
1770:Practices
1589:Yarsanism
1399:Albanians
1379:East Asia
1366:Scythians
1358:Phrygians
1351:Paeonians
1344:Illyrians
1330:Thracians
1247:East Asia
1198:Armenians
1125:Hallstatt
1107:Chernoles
1048:Terramare
1038:Trzciniec
1005:Sintashta
1000:Andronovo
901:Cernavodă
874:East Asia
829:Khvalynsk
569:Philology
479:Particles
365:Phonology
306:Liburnian
281:Tocharian
276:Anatolian
245:Nuristani
138:Languages
57:Hallstatt
17981:Category
17967:Guanches
17897:Aeolians
17892:Achaeans
17849:Mastieni
17822:Vettones
17798:peoples?
17759:Oppidani
17695:Caristii
17690:Cantabri
17635:Tamagani
17605:Nemetati
17595:Namarini
17545:Gallaeci
17535:Coelerni
17485:Albiones
17477:Gallaeci
17432:Lobetani
17390:Sedetani
17385:Laietani
17380:Lacetani
17340:Ceretani
17320:Ausetani
17312:Iberians
17302:Vascones
17297:Iacetani
17284:Aquitani
17229:Part of:
17198:Gergovia
17188:Ensérune
17168:Bibracte
17158:Avaricum
17093:Varciani
17088:Taurisci
17077:Celegeri
17064:Latobici
17054:Eravisci
16991:Sotiates
16918:Insubres
16903:Cenomani
16888:Bagienni
16868:Anamares
16840:Vergunni
16830:Vennones
16825:Venostes
16820:Venisami
16815:Velaunii
16785:Suanetes
16780:Sogionti
16770:Segusini
16725:Nemaloni
16685:Gallitae
16615:Bergalei
16595:Avantici
16575:Ambilici
16555:Adanates
16513:Vocontii
16508:Verucini
16498:Tritolli
16493:Tricorii
16488:Tricores
16473:Suelteri
16403:Cenomani
16368:Anatilii
16320:Vellavii
16300:Tigurini
16255:Pictones
16230:Namnetes
16225:Mandubii
16220:Lingones
16200:Helvetii
16175:Carnutes
16141:Cenomani
16118:Andecavi
16005:Eburones
16000:Condrusi
15980:Caeroesi
15965:Atuatuci
15955:Aresaces
15915:Religion
15904:Galatian
15896:Language
15861:Ambactus
15819:(189 BC)
15750:Category
15712:Uí Ímair
15589:Scottish
15498:Uí Néill
15471:Nobility
15383:Language
14970:Gaesatae
14861:dialects
14824:Lepontic
14814:Galatian
14716:Goidelic
14566:Autonomy
14481:Politics
14434:Rounders
14286:Calendar
14259:Scotland
14244:Cornwall
14239:Brittany
14127:Clothing
14078:Knotwork
14056:Brooches
14028:Scotland
14013:Cornwall
14008:Brittany
13887:Y Wladfa
13842:Scotland
13806:Cornwall
13794:Brittany
13645:Seanchaí
13640:Tanistry
13600:Derbfine
13529:Scottish
13415:Brittany
13411:Domnonée
13407:Armorica
13402:Britonia
13384:Dumnonia
13359:Dálriata
13044:Lepontii
13039:Helvetii
13024:Gallaeci
12870:Archived
12806:e-Keltoi
12767:Archived
12736:10 March
12709:(1975).
12699:26783965
12634:Archived
12596:(2005).
12563:Archived
12531:(2003).
12505:Archived
12440:30872528
12404:(6432).
12344:26783717
12219:, 1991.
12196:London:
12143:Archived
12130:Archived
12125:, 1994.
12108:35402880
12063:iScience
12031:Elsevier
12008:30521562
11963:PLOS One
11941:Archived
11911:(eds.).
11899:(2012).
11838:32457149
11771:Archived
11742:Archived
11731:Archived
11495:(2006).
11468:(2006).
11444:Archived
11410:(2012).
11392:(2002).
11322:(2006).
11167:(1988).
11128:(1997).
11104:Archived
11063:Archived
11032:(2006).
10884:Archived
10842:Archived
10815:Archived
10457:(369 KB)
10382:17 March
10351:Archived
10303:21116188
10146:ABC-CLIO
10094:Archived
9947:Archived
9942:BBC News
9915:Archived
9885:34937049
9743:6 August
9737:Archived
9593:Archived
9543:Archived
9420:25 April
9103:17 April
9069:29466337
8988:Archived
8958:Archived
8945:, Porto.
8894:Archived
8830:29 March
8710:Archived
8611:Archived
8582:Archived
8451:Archived
8353:Archived
8303:27 April
8271:Archived
8233:Archived
8160:Archived
8130:16945780
8122:18691889
8078:18758442
7978:Archived
7819:Archived
7773:E-Keltoi
7689:(2006).
7615:Archived
7611:62381207
7568:Archived
7330:Archived
7225:"España"
7189:Strabo,
6996:E-Keltoi
6924:Archived
6850:Archived
6803:(2003).
6784:Archived
6757:Archived
6719:Archived
6682:(1997).
6624:Archived
6406:Archived
6355:(2005).
6231:See also
6116:Genetics
6025:Lughnasa
6021:Beltaine
5995:Rhiannon
5979:Gofannon
5887:nemetons
5826:Sucellos
5790:Gobannos
5770:Toutatis
5763:animists
5721:Glauberg
5635:and the
5609:embalmed
5553:javelins
5524:Polybius
5290:, large
5221:Ammianus
5197:Politics
5152:Plutarch
5074:axeheads
5021:Brooches
4953:Clothing
4917:chariots
4902:alphabet
4797:tanistry
4772:Iron Age
4693:Claudius
4636:Britanni
4599:(on the
4581:Brittany
4573:Cornwall
4557:Scotland
4496:isogloss
4493:Q-Celtic
4489:P-Celtic
4453:Goidelic
4353:Slovakia
4296:Anatolia
4292:Bulgaria
4279:Bulgaria
4208:Belgrade
4089:Lepontic
4005:Iron Age
3914:Lepontii
3887:Portugal
3879:Callaici
3859:Cantabri
3857:and the
3844:Portugal
3828:A Guarda
3801:Verracos
3766:Asturias
3758:Alentejo
3742:Pyrenees
3731:Portugal
3726:Iron Age
3708:Vettones
3692:Hispania
3674:Gallaeci
3639:Augustus
3606:Helvetii
3571:Massalia
3468:Polybius
3383:Havranok
3299:toponymy
3269:Massilia
3257:Lepontic
3139:Armorica
3114:Pyrenees
3087:Lepontic
2949:Goidelic
2888:Asturias
2876:Portugal
2832:Brittany
2824:Cornwall
2813:homeland
2805:cultural
2742:Frankish
2664:*galatīs
2656:*galatis
2430:(modern
2428:Massilia
2284:Brittany
2280:Germanic
2197:Lepontic
2077:Iron Age
2053:Gallaeci
2037:Anatolia
1816:Scholars
1714:Germanic
1685:Scottish
1650:Thracian
1644:Illyrian
1638:Albanian
1626:European
1619:Armenian
1603:Ossetian
1597:Scythian
1582:Yazidism
1532:Buddhism
1523:Hinduism
1414:Norsemen
1324:Anatolia
1241:Iranians
1234:Iranians
1215:Iron Age
1190:Hittites
1143:Colchian
1136:Caucasus
1094:Iron Age
1063:Lusatian
1058:Urnfield
982:Srubnaya
977:Poltavka
967:Catacomb
906:Cucuteni
861:Caucasus
678:Religion
663:Homeland
605:Behistun
585:Linear B
474:Numerals
469:Pronouns
394:Balkanic
341:Thracian
334:Phrygian
327:Paeonian
313:Messapic
299:Illyrian
211:Hellenic
206:Germanic
175:Armenian
167:Albanian
161:Albanoid
112:a series
110:Part of
17947:Madeira
17907:Ionians
17902:Dorians
17839:Cynetes
17810:Paesuri
17781:Varduli
17776:Vaccaei
17764:Veteres
17754:Bardili
17749:Turduli
17705:Celtici
17685:Berones
17663:Astures
17651:peoples
17615:Poemani
17600:Narbasi
17590:Luanqui
17585:Louguei
17540:Equaesi
17525:Cibarci
17505:Bracari
17495:Artabri
17447:Oretani
17442:Olcades
17437:Lusones
17417:Arevaci
17355:Edetani
17274:of the
17178:Cenabum
17103:Galatia
17073:Dindari
17019:Anartes
17001:Vasates
16948:Taurini
16923:Libicii
16835:Veragri
16805:Ucennii
16795:Tebavii
16790:Suetrii
16765:Segovii
16745:Salassi
16715:Medulli
16710:Licates
16705:Ingauni
16700:Iemerii
16690:Genauni
16675:Ecdinii
16605:Belouni
16443:Nearchi
16428:Ligauni
16423:Libicii
16383:Bormani
16378:Avatici
16373:Atacini
16325:Venelli
16310:Tulingi
16295:Sequani
16285:Senones
16280:Santoni
16265:Redones
16260:Rauraci
16245:Parisii
16240:Osismii
16215:Lexovii
16170:Cadurci
16133:Aulerci
16128:Arverni
16113:Ambarri
16090:Celtica
16070:Triboci
16065:Treveri
16045:Paemani
16035:Nemetes
16025:Menapii
15985:Caletes
15950:Ambiani
15942:Belgica
15934:Peoples
15891:Oppidum
15886:Nemeton
15876:Eubages
15854:Culture
15799:History
15710:(incl.
15605:Related
15556:(incl.
15533:(incl.
15518:(incl.
15496:(incl.
15023:Deities
14980:Hobelar
14942:Warfare
14905:Warfare
14839:Pictish
14834:Cumbric
14809:Gaulish
14781:Extinct
14701:Cornish
14499:history
14444:Hurling
14418:Ladies'
14409:Curling
14382:Camogie
14309:Beltane
14291:Samhain
14249:Ireland
14018:Ireland
13913:Culture
13882:England
13818:Ireland
13776:Nations
13675:Coinage
13665:Warfare
13558:Society
13549:Cornish
13539:British
13442:Galatia
13432:Balkans
13340:Studies
13077:Cornish
13072:Bretons
13049:Noricum
13004:Britons
12977:Peoples
12846:format)
12773:11 July
12690:4735688
12669:Bibcode
12640:12 June
12604:(ed.).
12569:9 March
12511:12 June
12431:6436108
12410:Bibcode
12397:Science
12386:, 1946.
12335:4735653
12314:Bibcode
12099:8983337
12076:Bibcode
12035:Bibcode
11999:6283558
11976:Bibcode
11947:12 June
11901:"Celts"
11829:7293694
11806:Bibcode
11777:12 June
11719:Sources
11008:History
10808:. 2005.
10790:26 June
10752:, p. 55
10506:26 June
10480:26 June
10407:Bibcode
9876:8889665
9855:Bibcode
9780:25 June
9515:Senones
9508::
9060:5973796
9039:Bibcode
8994:8 March
8100:Bibcode
8069:2735096
8048:Bibcode
8019:bioRxiv
7013:8 April
6942:Cornish
6938:Bretons
6930:11 July
6868:Bretons
6864:Cornish
6856:11 July
6415:16 July
6172:Yamnaya
6029:Samhain
5975:Goibniu
5934:Fomóire
5883:shrines
5880:natural
5818:Belenos
5814:Maponos
5782:Taranis
5688:on the
5537:Noricum
5416:Gaulish
5407:Coligny
5148:Tacitus
5132:La Tène
5035:in the
5025:armlets
5004:braccae
4848:Slavery
4774:Celtic
4742:Society
4709:Britain
4668:Mercury
4640:Tacitus
4628:Pytheas
4577:Bretons
4569:Cornish
4533:Belgica
4449:Ireland
4390:Insular
4359:) from
4349:Bavaria
4345:Bologna
4341:Bohemia
4323:Treveri
4273:), now
4255:Сердика
4247:Serdika
4232:Dacians
4228:Romania
4224:Ukraine
4214:in the
4166:Samnite
4157:At the
4152:Senones
3989:Unetice
3883:Bracari
3855:Astures
3840:Galicia
3808:Vaccean
3778:Castros
3754:Celtici
3722:La Tène
3704:Celtici
3646:Gaulish
3631:Belgica
3622:Celtica
3583:Saluvii
3556:in his
3456:Ephorus
3273:Gaulish
3193:of the
3157:of the
3118:Noricum
3071:La Tène
2973:La Tène
2917:Origins
2884:Galicia
2872:Cumbric
2856:Cornish
2737:Gaulois
2726:Gaulish
2693:Tacitus
2648:Galatia
2640:Galatae
2634:Galatai
2627:Γαλάται
2577:Celtici
2568:Celtici
2553:Celtica
2549:Galatic
2398:Ancient
2375:Galicia
2351:Cornish
2331:Galicia
2319:Bretons
2315:Cornish
2190:Germany
2157:in the
2057:Britons
1748:Latvian
1706:Cornish
1576:Kurdish
1562:Persian
1554:Iranian
1546:Sikhism
1539:Jainism
1502:Hittite
1441:Iranian
1337:Dacians
1130:Jastorf
1053:Tumulus
1033:Únětice
962:Yamnaya
957:Chariot
895:Usatovo
836:Yamnaya
673:Society
657:Origins
590:Rigveda
442:Grammar
269:Extinct
259:Romance
238:Iranian
17959:Romans
17953:, and
17951:Azores
17933:Punics
17884:Greeks
17815:Tapoli
17796:Celtic
17732:Volcae
17673:Belgae
17640:Turodi
17630:Seurri
17625:Seurbi
17580:Limici
17570:Lemavi
17555:Iadovi
17550:Grovii
17530:Cileni
17510:Capori
17490:Arroni
17208:Noreia
17183:Cularo
17173:Bibrax
17148:Alesia
17126:Trocmi
17049:Gotini
16938:Orobii
16928:Marici
16873:Anauni
16775:Sentii
16760:Seduni
16600:Belaci
16565:Alauni
16542:Alpina
16518:Volcae
16458:Salyes
16448:Oxybii
16438:Memini
16418:Helvii
16408:Comani
16398:Cavari
16358:Albici
16330:Veneti
16315:Turoni
16270:Ruteni
16195:Gabali
16190:Esuvii
16123:Arouii
16040:Nervii
16030:Morini
15572:Ulster
15564:, and
15549:Laigin
15545:, etc)
15531:Érainn
15512:, etc)
15348:Am Mòd
15328:Fáinne
15310:&
15018:Tribes
14965:Fianna
14752:Shelta
14696:Breton
14516:status
14454:Shinty
14429:Gouren
14393:Cnapan
14387:Cammag
14300:Imbolc
14223:Carnyx
14149:Tartan
14068:Carnyx
13835:Mannin
13811:Kernow
13799:Breizh
13669:Gaelic
13625:Fáinne
13570:Brehon
13544:Breton
13493:Druids
13347:Places
13054:Volcae
12999:Belgae
12960:·
12958:
12952:·
12950:
12944:·
12942:
12759:
12727:
12697:
12687:
12626:
12585:
12555:
12472:
12456:
12438:
12428:
12372:
12358:
12342:
12332:
12287:
12270:
12256:
12242:
12223:
12204:
12185:
12127:(link)
12121:Diss.
12106:
12096:
12006:
11996:
11970:(12).
11933:
11882:
11867:
11852:
11836:
11826:
11800:(23).
11758:"Celt"
11450:20 May
11418:
11350:
11144:
11110:19 May
11006:Livy,
10941:Horace
10923:
10862:
10733:
10702:
10657:
10631:
10606:
10455:
10425:
10301:
10291:
10252:
10242:
10152:
10122:
10053:
10026:
10001:
9976:
9891:
9883:
9873:
9846:Nature
9798:
9686:
9643:
9570:
9502:
9480:
9353:
9316:
9253:
9216:
9189:
9162:
9067:
9057:
9031:Nature
8927:18 May
8865:18 May
8786:18 May
8687:12 May
8652:12 May
8557:
8532:
8507:
8480:
8407:
8382:
8334:(2004)
8263:
8225:
8191:
8152:
8128:
8120:
8076:
8066:
8040:Nature
8021:
7946:29 May
7937:
7902:
7894:
7828:17 May
7813:
7757:Ávila.
7740:
7609:
7599:
7527:
7504:7 June
7495:
7470:7 June
7461:
7416:
7387:
7357:
7310:
7285:
7241:9 June
7171:Celtae
7083:7 June
7074:
7047:7 June
7038:
6916:
6842:
6811:
6749:
6711:
6537:
6507:
6447:
6374:9 June
6365:
6144:, and
6033:Imbolc
5960:Brigid
5845:druids
5824:, and
5822:Ogmios
5798:Sirona
5709:, and
5658:Gawain
5605:Strabo
5559:Minor.
5498:Florus
5496:, and
5486:Strabo
5423:druids
5411:bronze
5379:enamel
5359:Viking
5345:, and
5230:Under
5069:barter
5017:Cloaks
4999:tunics
4948:mouth.
4941:Satyrs
4872:captus
4837:oppida
4734:, and
4732:spatha
4685:Caesar
4683:Under
4664:Apollo
4623:Keltoi
4616:Κελτοί
4609:Celtae
4535:, and
4529:druids
4467:, the
4455:and a
4425:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4357:Biatec
4319:Ankara
4288:Thrace
4243:Thrace
4196:Danube
4134:. The
4113:France
4105:Umbria
4035:Pyrene
3968:, the
3916:, and
3870:Strabo
3797:Vetton
3746:Meseta
3706:, and
3662:Iberia
3652:Iberia
3579:Romans
3506:Strabo
3488:Caesar
3484:Strabo
3159:Copper
3143:Iberia
3063:Danube
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2862:) and
2852:Breton
2850:, and
2830:, and
2826:, the
2796:Celtic
2789:Jaille
2782:Gallia
2777:Volcae
2773:*walha
2769:wælisċ
2761:walha-
2724:) and
2699:Modern
2688:Celtae
2682:Keltoi
2676:Κελτοί
2668:Keltoi
2611:*galno
2557:Iberia
2545:Gallic
2541:Strabo
2532:Celtae
2469:ceilid
2455:Keltoi
2445:Keltoi
2414:Keltoi
2406:Κελτοί
2347:Breton
2345:, and
2317:, and
2258:, the
2254:, the
2248:Romans
2241:druids
2171:Turkey
2063:, and
2047:; the
2033:Europe
1979:, see
1763:Slavic
1742:Baltic
1692:Breton
1672:Celtic
1656:Dacian
1612:Others
1392:Europe
1265:Europe
1259:Yuezhi
1113:Europe
1100:Steppe
1011:Europe
868:Maykop
822:Samara
778:Kurgan
595:Avesta
377:Ablaut
373:Accent
320:Mysian
292:Dacian
253:Italic
201:Celtic
193:Slavic
186:Baltic
154:Extant
97:
85:
75:
73:
65:
53:
17987:Celts
17794:Para-
17720:Sefes
17610:Nerii
17575:Leuni
17500:Baedi
17467:Uraci
17457:Titii
17422:Belli
17400:Celts
17232:Celts
17213:Tylis
17083:Serdi
16645:Carni
16275:Sagii
16108:Aedui
16020:Meldi
16010:Leuci
15920:Vātes
15871:Druid
15792:Gauls
15703:Celts
15554:Ulaid
15520:Déisi
15459:Kings
15446:Irish
15438:Clans
15419:Irish
15363:Túath
15254:Ogham
15124:Gaels
15008:Lists
14829:Noric
14744:Mixed
14724:Irish
14706:Welsh
14370:Bando
14363:Sport
14264:Wales
14180:Music
14113:Torcs
14103:Mazes
14033:Wales
13859:Cymru
13854:Wales
13737:Music
13660:Vates
13655:Túath
13605:Druid
13534:Welsh
13524:Irish
13110:Scots
13092:Irish
13087:Gaels
13082:Welsh
13029:Gauls
13019:Gaels
12990:Names
12962:
12954:
12946:
12927:Celts
12832:, on
12803:– in
12600:. In
12231:2000.
12160:2001.
12070:(4).
11903:. In
10997:II.28
10451:(PDF)
10444:(PDF)
10423:S2CID
10220:Kelly
10209:, 64.
9889:S2CID
9414:(PDF)
9407:(PDF)
8824:(PDF)
8809:(PDF)
8126:S2CID
7900:S2CID
7822:(PDF)
7803:(PDF)
7281:–95.
7235:(PDF)
7228:(PDF)
7177:Galli
7007:(PDF)
6992:(PDF)
6962:Welsh
6958:Scots
6950:Irish
6884:Welsh
6876:Scots
6872:Irish
6787:(PDF)
6780:(PDF)
6760:(PDF)
6743:(PDF)
6722:(PDF)
6705:(PDF)
6409:(PDF)
6398:(PDF)
6208:north
5991:Macha
5987:Mabon
5983:Macán
5867:in a
5810:Epona
5802:Borvo
5786:Lugus
5670:Macha
5178:, to
5086:potin
5078:bells
5013:linen
4906:bards
4895:Ogham
4888:cumal
4868:caeth
4864:cacht
4793:druid
4756:Roman
4736:Epona
4593:Scots
4589:Irish
4565:Wales
4561:Welsh
4477:Picts
4473:Scoti
4469:Gaels
4427:Gaels
4418:Picts
4376:Egypt
4283:Serdi
4275:Sofia
4267:Greek
4259:Latin
4239:Serdi
4216:Tisza
4144:Milan
4121:Italy
4097:Italy
3942:into
3738:Gauls
3575:Rhône
3544:Gauls
3464:Rhine
3433:Gauls
3421:Greek
3028:circa
2880:Spain
2848:Welsh
2840:Irish
2787:*
2745:*
2731:Gaule
2718:Gauls
2685:) or
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