Censorship in Venezuela

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escalated into a series of human rights violations. Upon his arrival, Costero was informed of an alleged "exit ban" from the country. An unidentified officer kept him waiting for hours, eventually forcing him to sign a statement indicating he was under investigation and had not been mistreated during his time at SAIME. Matters took a turn for the worse when, without warning, he was arrested by the Scientific, Penal and Criminal Investigation Corps (CICPC) and taken for questioning. The interrogation focused on his personal life, finances, affiliation with Wikimedia, and his association with Santiago De Viana, a Knowledge editor who focused on political topics. It emerged that De Viana had been a target of defamation, accused of corruption and links to drug trafficking. Costero was also mentioned in these defamation attempts. These incidents are believed to stem from a targeted campaign that began after the 2019 blackout, intensifying against Costero, De Viana, and Wikimedia Venezuela by the year's end. Despite his release, Costero faced movement restrictions and continued denial of his basic rights. On November 11, 2022, lawyers from Espacio Público attempted to access the case file but faced obstruction from judicial authorities. Multiple irregularities piled up, including a lack of clarity about specific charges and a rejected protection request filed in January 2023. Despite a court ruling that no harm was inflicted on Costero, it's clear that his rights to due process, freedom of association, free expression, and free movement were violated. These events vividly illustrate the judicial persecution against Costero and De Viana. Costero's defense has repeatedly demanded full access to the case file, emphasizing that his rights have already been severely breached. Freedom of association and expression are vital for a democratic society's progression. The Venezuelan state is urged to respect and guarantee these fundamental rights, in line with its international commitments.

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classified documents and legislative records that bar anyone inquiring from seeing the actual groundwork of the assembly. The administration under Mr. Maduro has recently said that it is important for the government to keep such things classified to protect children. Private and community media outlets have been barred from hosting press conferences and covering assembly activities. There is no coverage of the representative accomplishments, actions taken, or any form of news to validate their words. Instead of encouraging a diverse landscape of opinion and opposition, anything published that is not aligned with government ideals is denounced and discredited, so politicians rely on social media. Citizens, government officials, and media sources alike are all practicing self-censorship in fear of prosecution and ridiculous accusations. Before a tweet has been sent, the politician sending it has politically charged motivations and has to consider the ramifications if he publishes anything dissenting with the government. Otherwise he could face the same fate as Sarmiento. On December 6, 2015, Venezuelans had elections for the National Assembly. For the first time in many years the opposition took majority. The new opposition majority has promised to restore transparency to the government and to limit Mr. Maduro's ability to exercise his extensive powers.

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Most of the television channels and the radio stations that cover the country's situation are state-run, this gives the government control over the majority of the information that circulates. Social media has allowed politicians, activists, journalists and civilians, to record and publish incidents of injustices perpetrated by the Venezuelan authorities on countless occasions, especially during the opposition's protests or demonstrations where the National Bolivarian Guard (GNB) and the National Bolivarian Police (PNB) often attack civilians without accountability. These type of incidents are very unlikely to appear on television, broadcast on radio or printed in newspapers because of the restrictions and control that the government has on national traditional media, whereas it is harder to control what gets published on social media because the government does not have control over social media platforms. When printing paper stopped being available, some newspapers turned to social media communication to share the news. According to Venezuelan journalist Jorge Lander, social media channels are "basically the only windows Venezuelans have to know what's going on in the country."

2090:"Sarmiento's statements were made at a time when Venezuela was facing a high number of cases of mosquito-transmitted diseases." Amongst other shortages, medical shortages were debilitating hospitals across the country and the government was unable to provide sufficient medical attention for many patients. There are depleted resources such as medical instruments, drugs, and a lack of basic hospital amenities such as sheets. When Doctor Sarmiento declared the reason of death unknown for the eight deceased in the Maracay Hospital, he simultaneously drew more attention to these problems. Eleven days after the outbreak, doctors were finally able to compile enough resources to discover the cause of death. The death was eventually attributed to chikungunya, a mosquito-borne virus that has treatable symptoms. Some officials who were investigating the deaths reported that the fatal incident was an unidentified hemorrhagic fever. However, after analyzing samples in nongovernmental labs report that there is little doubt that it is chikungunya. 1253: 2082:, immediately accused the doctor of launching a terrorist campaign fueled by anxiety. Not much longer after that Maduro himself publicly condemned the doctor for waging biological and psychological warfare on Venezuela. Both government authorities then asked prosecutors to open an investigation against Sarmiento on grounds of terrorism and for being a "spokesman of the fascist opposition". The Attorney General then appointed a prosecutor for the case with the support of the National Assembly. The official statement from the government on the issue was that this was that they would condemn "media terrorism by right-wing factors of the health sector" and that "psychological terrorism would be severely punished." Two days following his statements, Ángel Sarmiento fled the country and has not returned since. 1268:). The law is intended to exercise control over content that could "entice felonies", "create social distress", or "question the legitimate constituted authority". The law indicates that the website's owners will be responsible for any information and contents published, and that they will have to create mechanisms that could restrict without delay the distribution of content that could go against the aforementioned restrictions. The fines for individuals who break the law will be of the 10% of the person's last year's income. The law was received with criticism from the opposition on the grounds that it is a violation of freedom of speech protections stipulated in the Venezuelan constitution, and that it encourages censorship and self-censorship. 1812: 1427: 1542: 920:, was cancelled in 2009 after the Venezuelan government reportedly said that it would revoke Unión Radio's license if Bocaranda's criticism was allowed to continue on air. Janan Abanhassan and Andrés Cañizález stated in 2016 that the website was born from the censorship that forced Bocaranda off the radio; they named Bocaranda as a "leader of public opinion in Venezuela" for "becoming the spokesperson for the truth, for disseminating the information under investigative support and for having trust and credibility in Venezuelan society". 19: 1368: 1991:"Reporters Without Borders condemns the decision of the Venezuela Supreme Court to rule an appeal by Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV) against the loss of its license as "inadmissible". The appeal, lodged on 9 February 2007, was rejected on 18 May, putting a stop to any further debate. President Hugo Chávez said on 28 December 2006 that he would oppose renewal of the group's broadcast license, accusing the channel of having supported the 11 April 72: 2064:. The Teachers' Association of USB responded by saying: "The regime's tribunal is a pretender and silences the freedom of speech once more in Venezuela. USB academics are affected because the university is forced to stop a screening. We expect domestic and international support." Tovar-Arroyo described the ban of his documentary as a "success without precedent", because now students will want to watch the documentary more. 2930:... portal web del periodista Nelson Bocaranda Sardi nace por un hecho de censura que sufre dicho periodista, y se ve en la obligación de salir del aire con su programa radial Runrunes ... es un líder en la opinión pública venezolana por convertirse en el vocero de la verdad, por difundir las informaciones bajo sustento investigativo y por poseer confianza y credibilidad en la sociedad venezolana. 1275:, began ordering ISPs to block websites that provide the black market exchange rate. ISPs must comply within 24 hours or face sanctions, which could include the loss of their concessions. Within a month ISPs had restricted access to more than 100 URLs. The order is based on Venezuela's 2004 media law which makes it illegal to disseminate information that could sow panic among the general public. 1561:, the largest telecommunications provider in the country. NetBlocks identified a major network disruption affecting the telecommunications infrastructure, which coincided with other restrictions affecting Venezuelans’ ability to communicate and access information during the previous 24 hours. The cause is believed to be an attempt to suppress a Knowledge article that listed newly appointed 1971:(Ley de Responsabilidad de Radio y Televisión in Spanish) entered into force in December 2004. Its stated aim is to "strike a democratic balance between duties, rights, and interests, in order to promote social justice and further the development of the citizenry, democracy, peace, human rights, education, culture, public health, and the nation's social and economic development." 1147:

control without shutting it down completely." By partially blocking the internet, the government has been able to perform a concealed censorship that often affects the opposition. The population knows that the government interferes with the internet and the communications, but they lack the means to access the evidence that would support their claims.

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media outlets have ventured into the digital arena. Due to the comparatively low barriers to entry, new businesses have appeared in this environment as well. It is in this atmosphere that Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and similar platforms have become the final refuge for independent voices and freedom of expression.

1284:, CONATEL verifies that ISPs do not allow their subscribers to access content which is "an aggression to the Venezuelan people" and "causes unstabilization", in their criteria. El País also warns that Conatel could force ISPs to block web sites in opposition to the government's interests. It was also reported by 1725:... Local and international media have found it increasingly difficult to operate in Venezuela due to government obstruction. Police and armed pro-government gangs have detained, harassed and attacked journalists. Assaults have taken place in broad daylight, and pro-government gangs have stolen media equipment. 1724:

Local and international journalists covering the protests have been attacked, beaten, arrested and sprayed with tear gas, and have had their equipment confiscated and stolen. ... Journalists covering the story told the CPJ that the authorities have been firing tear gas into the crowds at close range.

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De Viana became particularly susceptible to defamation due to a pseudonym he used on Knowledge, closely linked to his real name. From this, an anonymous blog launched a defamation campaign, labeling him as a "Knowledge blackmailer." These unverified reports also linked the editors to drug trafficking

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Twitter has been targeted and criticized by the Venezuelan government under both Chavez's and Maduro's administrations because it is a major tool used to circulate information that would otherwise be censored, and because it has been a known tool used by opposition leaders to communicate and organize

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Social media has been censored by the Bolivarian government on multiple occasions. The Bolivarian government stated that it must "conquer the fourth generation war" against them, with the government monitoring the Facebook, Instagram and Twitter profiles of their workers. In one case, the Ministry of

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Even left-leaning media outlets have been the target of censorship. Since January 2019, Aporrea.org, which publishes information both in favor and against the government, but which in recent years has published more content critical of the government and its officials, has been blocked in state ISPs.

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would pressure media organizations until they failed by preventing them from acquiring necessary resources. The Venezuelan government would manipulate foreign exchange rates for media organizations so that they could no longer import their resources or fine them heavily. The government would then use

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After the closure of the TV station in 2007, the station launched a new channel named RCTV International that was broadcast on cable/satellite TV. Following its move to cable, RCTV relaunched itself as RCTV International, in an attempt to escape the regulation of the Venezuelan media law. In January

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The Venezuelan press workers union denounced that in 2019, 40 journalists had been illegally detained as of 12 March; the National Assembly Parliamentary Commission for Media declared that there had been 173 aggressions against press workers as of 13 March. The commission planned to report

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In 1998, independent television represented 88% of the 24 national television channels while the other 12% of channels were controlled by the Venezuelan government. By 2014, there were 105 national television channels with only 48 channels, or 46%, representing independent media while the Venezuelan

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Social media has played a pivotal role in the fight for democracy and human rights in Venezuela. "As Nicolás Maduro's authoritarian government has overseen Venezuela's collapse into unprecedented economic and humanitarian crisis since 2014, it has tried to restrict citizens’ access to information."

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The Venezuelan government has been able to partially block internet access to citizens by using a system that allows them to restrict selected content that may threaten their power over the country. "In the 21st century, autocrats have devised specific techniques to put the internet under political

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are protected. Article 57 states that "Everyone has the right to freely express his or her thoughts, ideas or opinions orally, in writing or by any other form of expression, and to use for such purpose any means of communication and diffusion, and no censorship shall be established." It also states

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Supporters of the law and detractors have debated its significance in terms of freedom of expression and journalism in the country. Some complained about the fact that it limits violent and sexual content on television and radio during daytime hours in order to protect children. For example, Human

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On October 17, 2022, Óscar Costero, a renowned Wikipedian, visited the main office of the Administrative Service of Identification, Migration, and Immigration (SAIME) in Caracas due to online complications renewing his passport. What initially seemed like a routine administrative procedure quickly

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found no evidence of Internet filtering in the political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas. Recently, OpenNet Initiative stated that actions by the Venezuelan government suggests that the government promotes self-censorship, information control and that changes in Venezuelan law

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media landscape, the Venezuelan people widely use the internet to participate in forums that allow independent expression, particularly social networks. As a result of the government's ongoing siege against private media—which includes the takeover of newspapers by progovernment owners—traditional

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said that during "the leadership of President Chávez and now Mr. Maduro, the accumulation of power in the executive branch and the erosion of human rights guarantees have enabled the government to intimidate, censor, and prosecute its critics" and reported that broadcasters may be censored if they

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US freelance journalist Cody Weddle and his Venezuelan coworker Carlos Camacho were detained for half a day on 6 March after Weddle house was raided and his equipment confiscated by military counterintelligence forces. US diplomats demanded Venezuelan authorities for Weddle's release. Weddle was

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was attacked for the third time while covering clashes when he was shot by the National Guard. Two reporters were injured on 5 June after being shot with buckshot coming from a National Guard vehicle and reported it to Lieutenant Colonel Rafael Quero Silva of the National Guard, who denied their

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that were covering events in Santa Fe were retained by the National Guard. The team of reporters were accused of being "fake journalists", had to show their ID's to the National Guardsmen and had their pictures taken. They were later released without further complications. In another incident, a

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In September 2014, the President of the State Bar Association of Medical Doctors in Aragua, Ángel Sarmiento, pronounced on the radio eight people dead of the same unknown disease in a hospital in Maracay. All of the deceased patients exhibited the same symptoms which include, fever, respiratory

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Tension arose from an editorial conflict over Juan Guaidó's Knowledge biography. Editors couldn't agree on whether Guaidó should be recognized as Venezuela's president. This "edit war" prompted the government to temporarily block Knowledge access in the country. While Wikimedia Venezuela sought

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Also during the 2014 Venezuelan protests, images on Twitter were reported to be unavailable for at least some users in Venezuela for 3 days (12–15 February), with claims that the Venezuelan government blocked them, indicating that it appeared to be an attempt to limit images of protests against

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originally stated that Venezuela did not fit the categories of either "surveillance", "censorship", "imprisonment" or "disinformation" but later warned of "rising censorship in Venezuela's Internet service, including several websites and social networks facing shutdowns". They condemned actions

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The NGO Espacio Público has actively defended Oscar Costero's rights, demanding case transparency. The organization underscores freedom of expression and association's significance, highlighting their importance in a democratic society's existence. The Costero and De Viana case illustrates the

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was "a series to try to disfigure a true leader and a Latin American and world hero", while CONATEL tweeted to Venezuelans that they should inform the commission "if any cable operator insults the legacy of Hugo Chavez transmitting the series ‘El Comandante,’ ... #NobodySpeaksIllOfChavezHere".

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Social media outlets are important to democracy. In recent years there has been little to no published information regarding parliamentary affairs. This includes the legislative agenda, appropriations, records of representatives’ votes, and session scripts. Aside from that, the government has

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In October 2022, Oscar Costero was arbitrarily detained when trying to renew his passport. During detention, he was questioned about his personal life, finances, and relations with Wikimedia and Santiago De Viana. This act was denounced by the NGO Espacio Público, which deemed the detention a

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in which he was briefly removed from office. According to the government the license expired on 27 May 2007, a date contested by RCTV, which insists its license is valid until 2022. Without waiting for the 27 May or the Supreme Court's decision, Hugo Chávez on 11 May awarded RCTV's channel 2

1521:, Chief Technology Officer of Zello, Alexey Gavrilov, said that after they opened four new servers for Venezuela, it still appeared that the same direct blocking from CANTV is the cause of the Zello outage. The government said Zello was blocked due to "terrorist acts" and made statements on 1045:

off the air. CONATEL accuses these channels of "collaborated with the dissemination of a message that incited the assassination of the president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro Moros." The decision to remove these channels was criticized by OAS Secreatary General

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report that Venezuela's internet was ranked as "not free", citing the blockage of social media applications, political content being blocked, attacks of online reports by law enforcement and the arrests of internet users. Since late-2017, the Venezuelan government censored the website

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Between 29 and 30 January, at least eleven press personnel were arrested. On the evening of 29 January, four journalists were arrested by the Maduro government while reporting near the Miraflores presidential palace—Venezuelan journalists Ana Rodríguez of VPI TV and Maiker Yriarte of

1778:, a journalist who had graduated the previous week, died after being shot in the chest with a metal sphere by a National Guardsman. On 18 May, four journalists were attacked by the National Guard and had their equipment stolen, including Eugenio García of Spain, Herminia Rodríguez of 5519:"Estoy profundamente preocupada por la presunta detención del reputado periodista @LuisCarlos por parte de los servicios de inteligencia venezolanos, y por su bienestar. La misión técnica de @ONU_derechos que se encuentra en Caracas pidió a las autoridades acceso urgente a Díaz" 1975:

Rights Watch argued that these limits are not fair for broadcasters, "making it necessary for them to present a sanitized version of the news during the day". It also suggested that "insult laws" in articles 115, 121 and 125 of the bill could result in political censorship.

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decreed that there will be "regulation of the emission of messages of hatred and intolerance (and) strong penalties when it is in presence of a crime of hatred and intolerance", singling out opposition politicians while also threatening those who criticized her brother,

1763:, Yessica Sumoza, was robbed of her equipment in Caracas, while in Aragua, local police struck reporter Gaby Aguilar in the face with a stone. Alexander Medina of Radio Fe y Alegría, meanwhile, was surrounded by authorities in San Fernando, Apure, who threatened to 833:

to give the troubled organization a "generous" offer to purchase the company. Following the buyout, the front company would promise that the staff would not change but would slowly release them and change their coverage to be in favor of the Venezuelan government.

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During 23 February clashes, there were numerous reports of Venezuelan authorities and paramilitaries attacking press workers, including workers of the Associated Press, Ecos del Torbes, La Prensa de Lara, Telemundo, TVVenezuela, VIVOplay, VPItv and others.

1932:, who was detained in El Helicoide since 17 November 2018 charged of espionage, rebellion and security violations, was allowed to leave Venezuela on 16 March. He must report to court every 15 days and he cannot speak to the media about his detention. 1474:, stated that the arrests of Twitter users in Venezuela was a measure to instill fear among those using social media that were critical against the government. In October 2014, eight Venezuelans were arrested shortly after the death of PSUV official 733:

that "Censorship restricting the ability of public officials to report on matters for which they are responsible is prohibited." According to Article 58, "Everyone has the right to timely, truthful and impartial information, without censorship..."

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was arrested in 1987 and sentenced to three years in prison after he reported on corruption. In January 1988, thousands of press workers marched in Caracas to denounce the censorship of the Lusinchi administration. Some reporters received

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Following nearly 83 years of printing newspapers to the Venezuelan public, on 17 March 2016, the newspaper released its final edition of its physical newspaper, discontinuing the use of printed material. On its final front-page editorial,

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2010 CONATEL concluded that RCTV met that criterion (being more than 90% domestic according to CONATEL), and reclassified it as a domestic media source, and therefore subject to the requirements to broadcast state announcements, known as

6393: 941:'s radio program, one of the most listened-to programs in the country. Other programs have been temporarily canceled or received censorship warnings, including a threat to close private television and radio stations if they recognized 1451:

their activism . "Governments view Twitter as both a threat and an opportunity. Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez equated using Twitter to terrorism before he joined the website himself and became the most followed user in Venezuela."

3540:, the OpenNet Initiative is a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa 760:

According to the National Union of Press Workers of Venezuela, 115 media outlets have been shut down between 2013 and 2018 during Nicolás Maduro's government, including 41 printed means, 65 radio outlets and 9 television channels.

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Like any other social media platform, Twitter has its significant limitations, like the spread of false information. However, Venezuelans must take their chances, otherwise they might not receive any accurate information at all.

1159:(Conatel) after Conatel restricted access to websites with the unofficial market rate and "demanded social networks, particularly Twitter, to filter images related to protests taking place in Venezuela against the government". 1647:' editor Rodolpho Schmidt was arrested in 1986 and only released after the paper agreed to remove Schmidt and other critics as well as ceasing stories on corruption. Editor Victor Manuel Gonzalez of the small region newspaper 1504:

On 1 May 2019 the same group reported blocks of the Twitter, Google and Bing services by state-run CANTV provider. Blocks followed Guaidó's public speech and were lifted minutes before Maduro's scheduled speech was started.

977:(AFP) for manipulating information about the protests. After an opposition Twitter campaign asked participants of the Oscar ceremony to speak out in support of them, for the first time in decades, private television channel 2056:(USB) specifically, as well as at public universities and other public spaces in general, in response to the request of a prosecutor investigating it as an alleged hate crime or as inciting hate crimes, established in the 1703:. While covering protests on 14 May, a group of reporters said they were assaulted by the National Guard saying they were fired at and that the National Guard attempted to arrest a reporter. On 27 May 2014, a reporter for 1014:

was taken off air by CONATEL following a news report accusing the Venezuelan government of selling passports and visas to persons from Middle Eastern countries with dubious backgrounds for profits through its embassy in

1074:"has become the biggest propaganda apparatus for the military intervention" in Venezuela. According to the National Union of Workers of the Press, three television channels were removed in the months up to August 2017. 1143:, Venezuela's internet was ranked as "partly free", with the report stating that social media, apps, political and social content had been blocked, while also noting that bloggers and Internet users had been arrested. 5474: 1770:

During protests on 8 May, there were 19 reports of attacks on journalists, with 5 instances involving protesters attempting to rob reporters, while the other 15 reports involved Venezuelan authorities and colectivos.

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admitted that the government blocked digital outlets, saying "Just because you have the power and ability to communicate with the population, doesn't give you the power to say whatever you feel like saying."

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It is disallowed for websites to publish the black market currency exchange rate, as the government claims that this contributes to severe economic problems the country is currently reported to be facing.

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was sanctioned by the state-run CONATEL on 22 May 2018, with the violation of Article 27 of the Social Responsibility in Radio, Television and Electronic Media being cited by the Venezuelan government.

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was taken off the air by CONATEL (the Venezuelan government agency appointed for the regulation, supervision and control over telecommunications) for "promoting violence". Mr. Maduro then denounced the

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INFORME DE LA SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS AMERICANOS Y DEL PANEL DE EXPERTOS INTERNACIONALES INDEPENDIENTES SOBRE LA POSIBLE COMISIÓN DE CRÍMENES DE LESA HUMANIDAD EN VENEZUELA

802:, which removed Pérez Jiménez, newspapers began to disseminate the abuses that occurred during his administration. For at least two decades after coup, press freedom in Venezuela maintained stability. 1359:

for up to about half a million citizens. Multiple sources claimed that the Venezuelan government blocked Internet access. Internet access was reported to be available again one day and a half later.

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accounts. On 3 July 2014, during a protest near the Catholic University of Táchira, an NTN24 reporter said he was arrested, beaten and had his passport and ID taken by National Police officers.

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Algunas radios y televisoras privadas del país han recibido una amenaza por parte de Conatel si reconocen al diputado Juan Guaidó como presidente encargado o interino de Venezuela.

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journalists Johan Álvarez and Alexandra Villán were hit by a car in Caracas when riding a motorcycle after the journalists published an undercover report about several problems of

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as "president number 51 of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela." The collected data also showed that a number of local websites had been recently restricted, indicating that

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linking to a highly critical recording posted to SoundCloud consistent with the pattern of brief, targeted filtering of other social platforms during the presidential crisis.

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In May 2015, Juan Carlos Alemán, a Venezuelan official speaking on television, announced that the Venezuelan government was in the process of removing the use of servers from

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government and the "communitarian channels" it funded accounted for 54% of channels, or the 57 remaining channels. Freedom House has also stated that there is "systematic

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stated that they were required to support the Bolivarian government and that officials who support the opposition on social media would have their employment terminated.

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precarious state of freedom of expression in certain regions, spotlighting the challenges faced by those contributing to free and objective information dissemination.

7143: 5426: 4998: 4742: 1987:(Radio Caracas Television)'s terrestrial broadcast licence expired, with the government declining to renew it. An article by Reporters Without Borders stated that: 1229:

blocked several pornographic websites until 15 October with a HTTP block. In March 2021 VEsinFiltro reported that once again six pornographic websites were blocked.

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Polish journalist, Tomas Surdel, was briefly detained, threatened, and beaten, by FAES forces during the blackout, according to the Venezuelan press workers union.

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Urban Agriculture forced public employees in August 2017 to email their social media usernames to managers and supervisors. In January 2019, anonymous officials of

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journalists on 20 April, near La India, beating them with sticks while also throwing rocks and bottles at them. Another journalist captured the attack on film.

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explained that the government agency that has the responsibility of distributing newsprint had not attempted to sell the necessary resources to the newspaper.

6531: 4392: 3504: 3269:"Venezuela blocks 2 Colombian television networks in new action against international media organizations | Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas" 6227: 6139: 5183: 5155: 4520: 6618: 6466: 5214: 5055: 3341: 2181: 5787: 2113: 2024:. TV Chile, an international channel of Chilean state television, had failed to respond to a January 14 deadline for clarifying the nature of its content. 1968: 927: 6819: 6744: 6684: 6536: 3792: 3026: 926:

Since 22 January 2019, Conatel has repeatedly advised against the promotion of violence and the disavowing of institutional authorities, according to the

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reported 87 attacks against press freedom between 1984 and 1987. The Lusinchi government especially attacked the press after his affair with his mistress

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Telemundo journalist Daniel Garrido was detained for eight hours by SEBIN on 26 February and was later irregularly released on a side street in Caracas.

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The CPJ offered advice on how to avoid aggression, how to react to tear gas and how to contact the organization to report any attacks on journalists.

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has been highly critical of international media organisations during his press conference, saying that it was "hard to neutralize the lying power of

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The Press and Society Institute of Venezuela found at least 350 cases of violations of freedom of expression during the first seven months of 2019.

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Reporters Without Borders said that the media in Venezuela is "almost entirely dominated by the government and its obligatory announcements, called

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Following Maduro's election, 55 newspapers in Venezuela stopped circulation due to difficulties and government censorship between 2013 and 2018.

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were removed from cable and satellite TV for broadcasting the concert. Access to YouTube was also blocked for CANTV users during the concert.

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stated that, "I can confirm that Twitter images are now blocked in Venezuela" adding that "e believe it's the government that is blocking".

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by state-run internet provider CANTV for a duration of 40 minutes. The outage followed the sharing of a tweet made by opposition leader

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problems, and a rash. Soon after his public statement he was denounced and discredited by public officials. The governor of Aragua,

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reporter was robbed by a Bolivarian National Police officer. The following day, more than 50 government sympathizers attacked three

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was assaulted by the National Police again who tried to take his camera while covering protests in the Las Minitas neighborhood in

1695:

of a shotgun while he covering protests in Las Mercedes. A week after being attacked in Las Mercedes, the same photojournalist for

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violation of due process. Additionally, it's alleged that Costero was baselessly accused of money laundering and inciting hatred.

794:

government. Authorities monitored information entering and leaving Venezuela in both the English and Spanish languages, including

6414: 5676: 4192: 4155: 2123: 2039: 7238: 7213: 7093: 6461: 7198: 7007: 5454: 3793:"Aprueban ley que regula contenidos de Internet y medios en Venezuela (new law regulates contents on the Internet in Venezuela) 2061: 1252: 923:

In 2017, the Maduro government removed 46 radio stations from the air according to the National Union of Workers of the Press.

790:, the censorship of the press, alongside acts of repression such as torturing and killing opponents, were used to maintain his 605: 7263: 7098: 6506: 5742: 4764: 4664: 7137: 7118: 5844: 4612: 3828: 3166: 1627: 1208: 316: 7248: 7228: 7208: 7183: 7148: 6456: 5595: 3963: 2357:(in Spanish). NTN24. Durante el gobierno de Maduro se han cerrado 115 medios de comunicación, según el SNTP. 2 November 2018 4251: 3392: 7012: 6912: 6663: 186: 6982: 6628: 6451: 3909: 1802: 1403: 1086: 678: 527: 291: 7063: 6571: 1089:. Conatel removed 24 Horas once again during the 23 February conflicts in the Venezuelan frontier, no reason was given. 7294: 7253: 6992: 6952: 3454:

Puyosa, Iria, Venezuela's 21st Century Authoritarianism in the Digital Sphere. Toda Peace Institute. Policy Brief, (62)

1304: 6972: 5086: 3699: 2256: 237: 7073: 7032: 6275: 6097: 3232: 3141: 2889: 2696: 350: 216: 7188: 6977: 6679: 1517:

announced that CANTV blocked the use of its walkie-talkie app which is used by the opposition. In an interview with

799: 7320: 7284: 6987: 6917: 6882: 4945: 3811: 3479: 2234: 1811: 1717: 1167: 1097: 810: 610: 481: 196: 7243: 6556: 6254: 7017: 6962: 6932: 6794: 4941: 2178: 1554: 615: 600: 468: 6922: 5063: 3589: 2943: 1851: 1636:

reported that websites, including Knowledge and voting information websites, were blocked beginning on 28 July.

1545:

NetBlocks report of the developing incident of blocking of Knowledge in Venezuela by CANTV as of 12 January 2019

1120:

In a country where all government branches act in compliance with the interests of the ruling party, ensuring a

1078: 7218: 7158: 7133: 7123: 7113: 7078: 7037: 6942: 6653: 6576: 4418: 1002:

was to be aired for the first time, the Bolivarian government censored the episode with Mr. Maduro saying that

671: 485: 445: 384: 6714: 5493: 4126:"Director del Cicpc habría amenazado con cárcel y solicitud de Interpol a funcionarios que no apoyen a Maduro" 3553:

and because their classifications focus on technical filtering, they do not include other types of censorship.

902:(CONATEL), ordered the intervention of 32 radio and 2 television stations, decision that received the name of 7258: 7223: 7128: 7083: 6862: 6709: 6566: 3954:, Eleonora Delgado, Adriana Chirinos, and Cesar Lira, El Nacional, 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014. 2128: 1891:

described as "arguably the best-known journalist in the Spanish-speaking world", was detained along with his

1562: 553: 434: 364: 27: 4916: 2665: 2329: 1672:

reporter and her workmates denounced being attacked with stones while covering a pro-government protests at

7168: 7022: 7002: 6957: 6907: 6887: 6872: 6779: 6501: 6268: 4566: 4027: 2377:"Balance Semanal IPYSve | Hechos intimidatorios y limitaciones de acceso: el patrón de la censura en julio" 2118: 2038:

In 2019, after a campaign in media outlets and social media by progovernment movements, the pro-government

1941: 654: 570: 211: 6877: 6852: 5622:"173 agresiones a trabajadores de la prensa contabiliza Comisión de Medios de la Asamblea Nacional #13Mar" 4735:"Reportero gráfico de La Patilla es empujado y golpeado por un PNB: le rompieron el casco de un "cachazo"" 3590:"Venezuela says it's working on a way to kill Google and Mozilla so no one knows about its currency crash" 3102: 2478: 6897: 6729: 5648:"Tras bloqueo a medio digital: Arrollado periodista venezolano que realizó trabajo sobre crisis de Cantv" 4371: 3219: 1749:

On 6 May during a women's march, reporters were attacked by state authorities throughout the country. In

1443: 1356: 1238: 773: 119: 6892: 5702: 3770:"Ley-de-Responsabilidad-Social-en-Radio-Televisión-y-Medios-Electrónicos.pdf | Advertising | Television" 2004:

This government action fueled student demonstrations and contentious forms of political demonstrations.

5128:"Al menos 3 periodistas heridos y uno robado deja la brutal represión de la "gloriosa" GNB este #18May" 2909: 1775: 502: 374: 254: 250: 6719: 6511: 4335: 3745: 5922: 5297:"Sntp denuncia que dos periodistas franceses y otro venezolano también están detenidos en Miraflores" 4817:"Múltiples agresiones contra reporteros: Tres heridas por perdigón y un intento de detención (Fotos)" 2972:"Para el régimen informar es delito: 49 medios han sido cerrados durante el 2017 por orden de Maduro" 2157: 1933: 1906: 1882: 1819: 1591:

clarity about the block's reasons, access was restored a week later without an official explanation.

1467: 1151: 998: 954: 891:

In 2001, there were 500 independent radio stations in Venezuela and only 1 state-sanctioned station.

787: 721: 710: 542: 537: 414: 399: 179: 34: 936: 6297: 6113: 5363:"Apevex condena brutal ataque a periodistas en frontera de Venezuela. Lista de agresiones el 23Feb" 4181:

Practicing successful twitter public diplomacy: A model and case study of US efforts in Venezuela."

2430: 2133: 1665: 1352: 965: 532: 129: 6406: 4310:"Netizen Report: Leaked Documents Reveal Egregious Abuse of Power by Venezuela in Twitter Arrests" 884:

The radio station Radio Suave of Isa Dobles was shut down after it covered the trial of President

6997: 6847: 6305: 5427:"Sebin libera a Daniel Garrido, periodista de Telemundo, tras ocho horas de detención arbitraria" 2556: 2209: 1466:

In 2014, multiple Twitter users were arrested and faced prosecution due to the tweets they made.

560: 512: 507: 404: 285: 270: 175: 109: 5184:"Venezuela: Periodistas son detenidas en plena transmisión en vivo por el Sebin [Video]" 4705:"Impactantes imágenes: la agresión al reportero de La Patilla, captada por las cámaras de NTN24" 1426: 1186:

and using Venezuelan satellites in order to have more control over the internet of Venezuelans.

7173: 6340: 6325: 4050:"Vuelve internet a San Cristóbal donde manifestaciones y disturbios no cesan | el Informe" 1757:, Alexander Olvera was kicked by a National Guardsman while covering a protest. A reporter for 1691:

was assaulted by National Police who tried to take his camera and hit him in the head with the

1329: 843: 635: 580: 452: 424: 419: 369: 275: 154: 757:" encouraged toward the remaining private media due to pressure by the Venezuelan government. 6355: 6330: 6310: 5791: 4975: 3914: 3622: 3466: 3429: 3053:"César Miguel Rondón se despide de la radio y transmitirá programa por Periscope e Instagram" 1738: 1733: 1212: 725: 630: 625: 585: 517: 462: 409: 389: 339: 244: 226: 221: 206: 201: 144: 134: 124: 114: 104: 99: 94: 61: 4999:"Robos, golpes y hasta intento de linchamiento denunció el SNTP contra la prensa este #6May" 4098:"Espionaje socialista: Gobierno vigilará a trabajadores públicos a través de redes sociales" 3314:"Denuncian que Conatel ordenó eliminar el canal de 24 Horas de Chile de las cableoperadoras" 2342:

pressure from the central government on private media ... fosters systematic self-censorship

1831: 6704: 6315: 5518: 4313: 2284: 1913:

was arrested at his home by SEBIN forces, and taken along with his electronic equipment to

1530: 1339:, to prevent its citizens accessing the country's exchange rates. Maduro, however, accused 1031: 974: 717:

and classified Venezuela's freedom of information in the "very difficult situation" level.

595: 590: 575: 565: 492: 475: 439: 379: 321: 265: 231: 159: 149: 139: 8: 6371: 6320: 6087: 5085:

Organización de Estados Americanos, ed. (2018). "TORTURA COMO CRIMEN DE LESA HUMANIDAD".

2999: 2561: 1750: 1570: 1081:, was removed from Venezuela's cable and satellite television operators by the state-run 547: 522: 497: 457: 394: 358: 344: 326: 280: 169: 71: 51: 6089:

Digital technologies for democratic governance in Latin America: opportunities and risks

3293: 2767: 2355:"Durante el gobierno de Maduro se han cerrado 115 medios de comunicación, según el SNTP" 1910: 1835: 1264:

approved a law named "Social Responsibility in Radio, Television and Electronic Media" (

855: 6345: 5188: 5107: 4521:"Venezuela Blocks Knowledge After Maduro 'Ousted' From Article, Internet Watchdog Says" 4081: 3079:"Conatel amenaza con cerrar a medios privados que llamen a Guaidó presidente encargado" 2881: 2608: 2517: 2458: 2301: 2108: 2057: 2033: 1854:. The two Venezuelan journalists were released; the Chilean journalists were deported. 1573:

could be the underlying cause for what may be a tightening regime of internet control.

1171: 1163: 1093: 1051: 814: 736: 429: 311: 298: 191: 164: 5981:"Venezuela Healthcare Crisis: Under Maduro, Medical Shortages Reaching Critical Level" 5243:"Sntp denuncia detención arbitraria de periodistas de TVVenezuela, VPI TV y TVN Chile" 5215:"Régimen de Maduro ha detenido a 11 trabajadores de la prensa en las últimas 24 horas" 4393:"Streaming services disrupted in Venezuela as Guaido speaks following public uprising" 1541: 1343:

of fueling an economic war against his government and manipulating the exchange rate.

1308: 7042: 6947: 6203: 6147: 6093: 6013: 5956: 5813:"Entrevista Ángel Sarmiento Presidente del Colegio Médico del estado Aragua - Vuclip" 5401: 3550: 3480:"Enemies of the Internet | Entities at the heart of censorship and surveillance" 2921: 2885: 2613: 2488: 2440: 2305: 2079: 6228:"157 legislators call for "free, transparent and democratic" elections in Venezuela" 5455:"U.S. journalist briefly detained, then released in Venezuela amid continued unrest" 5392:"Univision's Jorge Ramos detained in Venezuela after Maduro interview, network says" 5156:"Reportera gráfica de La Patilla resultó herida con bomba lacrimógena #20May (Foto)" 2850:"En cinco años, 55 medios impresos dejaron de circular en Venezuela - LaPatilla.com" 1332: 1055: 1011: 838: 825: 5760:"TSJ prohíbe proyección de documental contra el chavismo en universidades públicas" 5739: 5727: 4364:"NetBlocks: "Por primera vez durante la crisis Twitter fue bloqueado en Venezuela"" 3919: 3593: 2293: 2013: 1996:

frequency by decree to a new public service channel, Televisora Venezolana Social (

1692: 1526: 1367: 1101: 909: 895: 18: 5367: 3563: 1822:

was detained by the Maduro administration in February 2019 after a live interview.

6063:"In Venezuela, doctor flees after being accused of terrorism amid fever outbreak" 5746: 5571:"Nach Freilassung in Venezuela: Deutscher Billy Six auf dem Weg nach Deutschland" 4009: 3970: 3947: 3700:"Maduro ordena cierre de la emisora Radio Caracas Radio (RCR) – Guia de la Radio" 2823: 2578: 2483: 2185: 1921: 1754: 1673: 1482:, providing IP addresses and other details to the Venezuelan intelligence agency 809:

administration starting having an antagonistic relationship with the press . The

754: 745: 6171: 5788:"Prohíben proyección en la USB del documental Chavismo: la peste del siglo XXI" 2643: 1936:

had previously considered the allegations unproven and called for his release.

1042: 885: 806: 6260: 5740:"Supreme Court rules RCTV's appeal against loss of its license 'inadmissible'" 1793:

was injured in Chacaíto after being shot in the leg with a tear gas canister.

1779: 1669: 1566: 1498: 993: 958: 942: 849: 821: 7314: 6207: 6151: 6017: 5960: 5405: 3886: 3618: 3342:"Sacaron del aire canal 24 horas por transmitir ingreso de ayuda humanitaria" 2925: 2854: 2617: 2492: 2444: 2324: 1842:—were detained while on-air and covering the 13 January detention of Guaidó. 1653: 1190: 1140: 1027: 879: 830: 791: 729: 5337:"Les deux journalistes de "Quotidien" racontent leur détention au Venezuela" 4281:"Venezuela: ya son siete los tuiteros detenidos por "opiniones inadecuadas"" 3854:"ANC cubana regulará uso de redes sociales para sancionar "delitos de odio"" 3721:"Balance Especial IPYSve | 881: la lista de la censura digital en Venezuela" 3027:"Censura a emisoras, televisoras y plataformas arreció desde el 22 de enero" 2260: 978: 5677:"Arrollados dos periodistas del portal Punto de Corte en la avenida Baralt" 5396: 4843:"Herido por perdigones reportero gráfico de @La_Patilla en Táchira (Fotos)" 4156:"Social media outage and disruptions in Venezuela amid incident in Caracas" 4082:"The Role and Impact of Social Media in Protesting Oppression in Venezuela" 4003:"Denuncian que en el Táchira no hay agua, internet, ni servicio telefónico" 3977:, Eleonora Delgado, El Nacional, 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014. 2697:"Venezuela's El Universal criticized for being tamed by mystery new owners" 2435: 2153:"Clasificación Mundial de la Libertad de Prensa RSF 2023 | Tabla de países" 1914: 1887: 1875:—a Colombian photographer, a Colombian companion, and a Spanish companion. 1864: 1847: 1475: 1047: 5056:"Asesinan a manifestante en Las Mercedes durante protestas del 10 de mayo" 4971:"Oficialistas golpearon con botellas y palos a periodistas de El Nacional" 3549:

Due to legal concerns ZOpenNet Initiative does not check for filtering of

3367:"Sacaron del aire Nat Geo y Antena 3 por transmitir el Venezuela Aid Live" 3194:"Outraged with series about Chavez's life, Venezuela prez orders a remake" 2912:[Nelson Bocaranda Sardi as leader of public opinion in Venezuela] 2297: 1983:

In May 2007, controversies on press freedom were further exacerbated when

1892: 930:

imposed in 2004. Some radio programs have been ordered off air, including

805:

Into the 1980s, press freedom in Venezuela began to deteriorate, when the

5949:"Opposition in Venezuela Now Has to Fix the Ills That Led to Its Victory" 4791:"PNB agrede nuevamente a reportero de @La_Patilla en Las Minitas (Video)" 4634:"VPN usage in Venezuela soars in the aftermath of presidential elections" 4444:"Zello se actualizó para ayudar a los venezolanos (Entrevista Exclusiva)" 795: 6195: 2944:"Venezuela's journalists migrate online to escape government censorship" 1266:

Ley de Responsabilidad Social en Radio, Televisión y Medios Electrónicos

989:

showed solidarity with the opposition "dreamers" when he won his award.

961:

and his government took control of almost the entire broadcast sector".

5845:"Report: Even low-profile critics in Venezuela being muzzled by courts" 5431: 5301: 5247: 5219: 5160: 5132: 5031: 5003: 4130: 4102: 3858: 3676: 3649: 3537: 3505:"Reporters without Borders warn about Internet censorship in Venezuela" 3318: 2976: 2017: 1962: 1790: 1682: 1494: 1471: 1435: 1340: 1336: 1038: 986: 982: 702: 5494:"Venezuela releases American journalist after full day in custody:..." 5027:"Sntp denuncia que al menos 19 reporteros fueron agredidos este #8May" 3814:, John Otis, Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), 12 December 2013. 2910:"Nelson Bocaranda Sardi como líder de la opinión pública en Venezuela" 2604:"Caracas Journal; A President, a Liaison and a Lot of Political Clout" 1807:

Censorship and media control during the Venezuelan presidential crisis

1402:

One of the largest outages was reported on 21 January 2019 during the

1280: 1114:

Censorship and media control during the Venezuelan presidential crisis

5897: 5763: 4661:"Agredieron a periodista de Globovisión durante protesta en Altamira" 4638: 4340: 4252:"Empresa de telecomunicaciones de Venezuela niega bloqueo de Twitter" 2405:"Chavista Jesús Faría admite bloqueo a medios digitales en Venezuela" 1929: 1859: 1815: 1759: 1632: 1550: 1490: 1407: 1375: 1371: 1261: 1200: 1121: 706: 4012:("They claim that in Tachira no water, internet, or phone service") 1459:

shortages and the world's highest inflation rate. Twitter spokesman

1077:

Canal 24 Horas, a news channel owned by Chile's public broadcaster,

6436: 3950:("Táchira without Internet militarized after 16 days of protests") 3941:"Táchira militarizada y sin Internet luego de 16 días de protestas" 3910:"Venezuela cracks down on the Internet's hugely popular Bitly site" 3533: 3298: 3255:"Caracol TV y RCN ya no se ven en Venezuela por orden del gobierno" 3220:

Venezuela may have given passports to people with ties to terrorism

3198: 2746:"Otro avance chavista: se queda con el diario más vendido del país" 2155:[RSF World Press Freedom Index 2023 | Table of countries]. 2021: 1764: 1656:

after reporting on corruption of the government and police forces.

1297: 1256:

Social Responsibility in Radio, Television and Electronic Media Law

1063: 913: 5084: 4869:"Reportan dos periodistas gráficos heridos con perdigones en Lara" 4470:"Zello: la "aplicación terrorista" de los estudiantes venezolanos" 4419:"Venezuela Cuts Off Internet, Blocks Communication For Protestors" 1271:

In November 2013 the Venezuelan telecommunications regulator, the

5869:"Maduro denuncia guerra biológica contra Venezuela | Globovisión" 4567:"Oscar Costero: Wikipedista bajo investigación - Espacio Público" 4284: 4028:"Venezuela's Internet Crackdown Escalates into Regional Blackout" 3672:"El Nacional Web responde sobre proceso sancionatorio de Conatel" 3483: 2820:"Venezuela newspaper prints final edition due to failing economy" 2043: 1677: 1522: 1415: 1411: 1383: 1379: 1289: 1183: 1016: 3452:

Venezuela's 21st Century Authoritarianism in the Digital Sphere.

2790:"Renuncia Jefa de Investigación de Últimas Noticias por censura" 2666:"In Venezuela's latest media shift, El Universal newspaper sold" 1850:, and Chilean journalists Rodrigo Pérez and Gonzalo Barahona of 2282:

Corrales, Javier (April 2015). "The Authoritarian Resurgence".

1700: 1525:

about radical opposition after monitoring staged messages from

1179: 1175:

may target websites in government information control efforts.

1026:

On April 10, 2017, among anti-government protests, Argentina's

888:'s divorce, later reappearing on air without Dobles' program. 2576:

Ewell, Judith (March 1989). "Debt and Politics in Venezuela".

1863:, and their Venezuelan producer were detained for two days at 1037:

On August 24, 2017, CONATEL removed two Colombian TV channels

6250: 5703:"Arrollados dos periodistas del medio digital Punto de Corte" 5652: 5475:"Venezuela expels German ambassador, detains U.S. journalist" 4496:"Knowledge blocked in Venezuela as internet controls tighten" 4209:"Venezuelans Blocked on Twitter as Opposition Protests Mount" 3989:("Venezuela: Táchira remained militarized without internet") 3882:"Venezuela Passes 'Anti-Hate Law' to Clamp Down on the Media" 3083: 1951: 1895:

crew members during an interview with Maduro on 25 February.

1558: 1553:

internet observatory had collected technical evidence of the

1514: 1483: 1439: 1396: 1293: 1226: 969: 5546:"Polish journalist beaten by Venezuelan police: press union" 22:

Press freedom rankings of Venezuela (high value = not free).

5738:

Reporters Without Borders (2007) press releases: Americas,

3746:"Bloquean nuevamente sitios web pornográficos en Venezuela" 2046:

court, ordered the ban of the screening of the documentary

1997: 1984: 1020: 6038:"Virus mortal se extiende en Venezuela, gobierno lo niega" 5596:"Venezuela releases German journalist Billy Six from jail" 3120:"Señal del canal NTN24 fue sacada de la parrilla de cable" 2513:"Freed Venezuelan Press Airs Scandals Under Ousted Regime" 1639: 1355:, it was reported that Internet access was unavailable in 3987:"Venezuela: Táchira se quedó militarizada y sin internet" 3106: 1868: 1839: 1594: 1071: 1070:

by sowing hate every day". Mr. Maduro also said that the

1067: 1059: 5271:"Periodistas chilenos fueron deportados desde Venezuela" 3829:"El régimen venezolano estrecha el cerco sobre internet" 1418:

was reported to be blocked by state-run provider CANTV.

5318:"Au Venezuela, la presse étrangère dans le collimateur" 4765:"PNB agrede a reportero gráfico de @La_Patilla (Video)" 4016:, Informe21, 20 February 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014. 3645:"Denuncian que Cantv bloqueó acceso a web de El Pitazo" 3534:"Summarized global Internet filtering data spreadsheet" 945:

as acting president or interim president of Venezuela.

4679:"GNB retuvo y fichó a fotógrafos de lapatilla (Video)" 778:

admitted that the government blocked digital outlets.

4942:"CPJ Safety Advisory: Covering Protests in Venezuela" 3103:"Venezuela takes actions against critical TV station" 1438:

and other information of Venezuelan Twitter users to

6140:"Propaganda and self-censorship in Venezuelan media" 4613:"Knowledge's Venezuelan editors under investigation" 4211:, Patricia Laya, Sarah Frier and Anatoly Kurmanaev, 3615:"Venezuela Country Report | Freedom on the Net 2017" 2114:

Law on Social Responsibility on Radio and Television

1969:

Law on Social Responsibility of Radio and Television

1963:

Law on Social Responsibility of Radio and Television

1789:

During the 20 May protests, a graphic journalist of

928:

Law on Social Responsibility on Radio and Television

5839: 5837: 5389: 4226:"Twitter confirma bloqueo de imágenes en Venezuela" 4199:(AP), 14 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014. 4183:

CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy Paper 6 (2012)

3993:, Terra, 20 February 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014. 3393:"YouTube blocked during Venezuela Aid Live concert" 3294:"Venezuela takes two Colombian TV channels off air" 2907: 2768:"Venezuelan opposition TV channel Globovision sold" 2235:"Venezuela: Halt Censorship, Intimidation of Media" 1716:In the early days of the protests on 12 April, the 1273:

National Commission of Telecommunications (CONATEL)

713:ranked Venezuela 159th out of 180 countries in its 3973:("Táchira dawns without Internet for second day") 3822: 3820: 2918:Comunicación: Estudios venezolanos de comunicación 2723:"Is Venezuela's Government Silencing Globovision?" 1720:(CPJ) issued an advisory to journalists, stating: 1576: 1555:blocking of all editions of Knowledge in Venezuela 3543: 3528: 3526: 3122:("NTN24 channel signal was taken from the wire") 2903: 2901: 1034:was taken off air by the orders made by CONATEL. 701:refers to all actions which can be considered as 7312: 6086:Anita, Breuer; Yanina, Welp, eds. (2014-01-01). 5834: 5544:Ellsworth, Brian; Orozco, Jose (15 March 2019). 3024: 1300:and possible regulation of YouTube and Twitter. 6438:Internet censorship and surveillance by country 6290: 5543: 4965: 4963: 4893:. Ultimas Noticias. 3 July 2014. Archived from 4809: 4304: 4302: 4215:, 14 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014. 3817: 1489:On 27 February 2019, internet monitoring group 957:reported that following "years of 'media war,' 660:Internet censorship and surveillance by country 42:Note: Freedom House rank limited to 100 (worst) 5510: 5492:Sequera, Vivian; Pons, Corina (7 March 2019). 3964:"Táchira amanece sin Internet por segundo día" 3523: 3467:"Inside the Battle to Get News to Venezuelans" 3167:"No Oscars Show for Broadcast TV in Venezuela" 2898: 6422: 6276: 4193:"Twitter reports image blocking in Venezuela" 2935: 2908:Abanhassan, Janan; Cañizález, Andrés (2016). 1621: 1612: 1557:. The restrictions were being implemented by 1319: 679: 6395:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6172:"Refworld | Venezuela: Critics Under Threat" 4960: 4299: 4275: 4273: 3416: 3414: 3233:"CNN en Español kicked off air in Venezuela" 3130:, 13 February 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014. 2463:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1857:Two French journalists from French TV show, 1335:banned several internet websites, including 6085: 5491: 4917:"Detienen corresponsal de NTN24 en Táchira" 4891:"Detienen corresponsal de NTN24 en Táchira" 4025: 3581: 3094: 3025:González Mendoza, Isaac (31 January 2019). 2658: 2636: 2259:. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from 2052:, directed by Gustavo Tovar-Arroyo, at the 1288:that there will be possible automations of 1225:In October 2020, VEsinFiltro reported that 1162:Previous research conducted in 2011 by the 6429: 6415: 6283: 6269: 5112:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3812:"Venezuela forces ISPs to police Internet" 2688: 2249: 686: 672: 6137: 5383: 4936: 4934: 4270: 3411: 3142:"Fears grow of Venezuela media crackdown" 3000:"Conoce el artículo 27 de la Ley Resorte" 2997: 1430:A communication from General Director of 1157:National Commission of Telecommunications 1083:National Commission of Telecommunications 900:National Commission of Telecommunications 5619: 5516: 5472: 5390:Daniels, Joe Parkin (26 February 2019). 5053: 5047: 4361: 3139: 2875: 2281: 2049:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century 1810: 1585: 1540: 1425: 1366: 1303:Following the election establishing the 1251: 948: 817:began to be disseminated by the media. 17: 5435:(in European Spanish). 26 February 2019 5209: 5207: 2941: 2630: 2428: 2124:List of journalists killed in Venezuela 1640:Attacks and threats against journalists 1549:In the evening of 12 January 2019, the 7313: 5946: 5782: 5780: 5757: 5305:(in European Spanish). 30 January 2019 5251:(in European Spanish). 29 January 2019 5223:(in European Spanish). 31 January 2019 5054:Jorge M., María Emilia (10 May 2017). 4931: 4631: 4607: 4561: 4416: 3807: 3805: 3322:(in European Spanish). 24 January 2019 3230: 2998:Venezuela, Conatel (31 January 2019). 2743: 2737: 2676:from the original on 24 September 2015 2601: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2554: 2179:"Constitution of Venezuela in English" 1867:on 30 January. Three press workers of 1796: 1603: 1595:Detention and violation of due process 1232:On 5 July 2022, pro-government deputy 1107: 6410: 6264: 5674: 5078: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4150: 4148: 4106:(in European Spanish). 11 August 2017 4092: 4090: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 3587: 3462: 3460: 3140:Schipani, Andres (16 February 2014). 3100: 2980:(in European Spanish). 30 August 2017 2966: 2964: 2720: 2575: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2479:"The Press: The Uncensorable Newsman" 2429:Ledezma, Eurídice (2001-09-21). 2399: 2397: 2312: 2237:. Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2013 2027: 1978: 1786:and Kevin Villamizar of El Nacional. 1628:2024 Venezuelan presidential election 1493:reported the blocking of Twitter and 1434:, William Castillo Bolle, giving the 1209:2018 Venezuelan presidential election 5517:Bachelet, Michelle (12 March 2019). 5473:Sheridan, Mary Beth (6 March 2019). 5204: 3826: 3653:(in European Spanish). 11 April 2018 3192:S., Alex Vasquez (2 February 2017). 2878:Financial Times World Desk Reference 2869: 2694: 2569: 2208:. Human Rights Watch. Archived from 1260:In December 2004, the government of 1085:(Conatel) on 24 January, during the 5777: 4026:O'Brien, Danny (20 February 2014). 3802: 2637:Pomerantsev, Peter (23 June 2015). 2590: 1803:2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis 1680:. On 22 April 2014, reporters from 1404:2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis 1087:2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis 873: 781: 13: 5164:(in European Spanish). 20 May 2017 5136:(in European Spanish). 18 May 2017 4584: 4538: 4417:Bajack, Frank (21 February 2014). 4145: 4087: 4067: 3680:(in European Spanish). 22 May 2018 3457: 3231:Almasy, Steve (16 February 2017). 3191: 2961: 2876:Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). 2531: 2394: 2275: 2072: 1659: 1486:in order to arrest Twitter users. 1305:2017 Constituent National Assembly 14: 7332: 6253:, official web site in Spanish. ( 6244: 5923:"Venezuela: Critics Under Threat" 5898:"Venezuela: Critics Under Threat" 5758:Flores, Jordan (9 October 2019). 5675:Marra, Yohana (1 February 2020). 4362:Carballo, Betzimar (2019-02-27). 4134:(in European Spanish). 2019-01-26 2858:(in European Spanish). 2018-09-15 2145: 2093: 1957: 6220: 6188: 6164: 6131: 6106: 6079: 6055: 6030: 5998: 5973: 5940: 5915: 5890: 5861: 5805: 5751: 5732: 5720: 5695: 5668: 5640: 5620:Escalona, José (13 March 2019). 5613: 5588: 5563: 5537: 5447: 5419: 5355: 5289: 5263: 5235: 5176: 5148: 5120: 5019: 4991: 4946:Committee to Protect Journalists 4909: 4883: 4861: 4835: 4783: 4757: 4727: 4697: 4084:(2019). Open Access Theses. 763. 3243:from the original on 2017-03-27. 2794:Colegios Nacional de Periodistas 2701:Committee to Protect Journalists 2555:Bamrud, Joachim (October 1988). 1909:, Venezuelan–Spanish journalist 1871:were also arrested by SEBIN and 1718:Committee to Protect Journalists 1711: 1346: 1307:, the president of the assembly 1204:, blocking it with DNS methods. 1168:Internet censorship in Venezuela 811:Inter American Press Association 70: 6044:(in Spanish). 16 September 2014 4671: 4653: 4632:Castro, Chiara (31 July 2024). 4625: 4513: 4488: 4462: 4436: 4410: 4385: 4355: 4328: 4244: 4218: 4202: 4186: 4173: 4118: 4042: 4019: 3996: 3980: 3957: 3934: 3902: 3874: 3846: 3827:Meza, Alfredo (13 March 2014). 3786: 3762: 3738: 3713: 3692: 3664: 3637: 3607: 3556: 3497: 3472: 3444: 3385: 3359: 3334: 3306: 3286: 3261: 3247: 3224: 3213: 3185: 3159: 3133: 3113: 3071: 3045: 3018: 2991: 2842: 2826:. 18 March 2016. Archived from 2812: 2782: 2760: 2721:Rueda, Manuel (12 March 2013). 2714: 2695:Otis, John (30 December 2014). 2505: 2471: 2422: 2067: 1577:Human rights violations in 2022 1362: 1278:According to Spanish newspaper 841:became President of Venezuela, 767:In 2022, pro-government deputy 6114:"World Report 2014: Venezuela" 5947:Neuman, William (2015-12-08). 5707:Agencia Carabobeña de Noticias 5371:(in Spanish). 25 February 2019 4336:"Twitter blocked in Venezuela" 3588:Lopez, Linette (26 May 2015). 3373:(in Spanish). 22 February 2019 3257:. El Nacional. 24 August 2017. 2970: 2942:Primera, Maye (26 June 2014). 2744:Lozano, Daniel (4 June 2013). 2557:"Free elections, unfree press" 2431:"General Marcos Pérez Jiménez" 2369: 2347: 2227: 2191: 2188:1999 Constitution of Venezuela 2172: 916:website after his radio show, 715:World Press Freedom Index 2023 1: 5656:(in Spanish). 1 February 2020 5277:(in Spanish). 30 January 2019 5192:(in Spanish). 13 January 2019 4741:. 12 May 2014. Archived from 4711:. 12 May 2014. Archived from 4663:. Globovision. Archived from 3101:Brice, Arthur (5 June 2009). 3059:(in Spanish). 29 January 2019 2139: 1054:. On the same day, President 5985:International Business Times 5343:(in French). 5 February 2019 5324:(in French). 30 January 2019 5062:(in Spanish). Archived from 4370:(in Spanish). Archived from 3469:. Time. Retrieved 2020-02-20 2119:Freedom of speech by country 1942:International Criminal Court 1571:recent political instability 1536: 1470:, executive director of the 1170:was "non-existent" In 2012, 992:When a TV series portraying 655:Freedom of speech by country 7: 6291:Censorship in South America 4979:(in Spanish). 20 April 2017 4871:. El Universal. 5 June 2014 2920:(in Spanish) (174): 13–19. 2602:Riding, Alan (1988-01-23). 2102: 2040:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 800:1958 Venezuelan coup d'état 798:telephone lines. Following 786:During the dictatorship of 35:Reporters Without Borders' 10: 7337: 6196:"Inciting self-censorship" 5745:September 2, 2007, at the 2085: 2031: 1800: 1622:2024 presidential election 1613:Repercussions and response 1533:trap against authorities. 1421: 1320:Currency exchange websites 1111: 877: 740:criticize the government. 7277: 7051: 6840: 6672: 6444: 6369: 6296: 6144:Christian Science Monitor 6138:Acosta-Alzuru, Carolina. 2320:"Venezuela - 2014 Scores" 2158:Reporters Without Borders 1940:these aggressions to the 1934:Reporters Without Borders 1907:2019 Venezuelan blackouts 1152:Reporters Without Borders 968:, Colombian news channel 955:Reporters Without Borders 722:Constitution of Venezuela 711:Reporters Without Borders 6482:Central African Republic 5035:(in Spanish). 9 May 2017 5007:(in Spanish). 6 May 2017 4919:. Informe21. 3 July 2014 3348:(in Spanish). 2019-02-23 2586:(536): 121–124, 147–149. 2411:(in Spanish). 2022-07-05 2161:(in Spanish). 2023-05-03 2134:2014 Venezuelan protests 2054:Simón Bolívar University 2042:of Venezuela, through a 1666:2014 Venezuelan protests 1649:El Espectador de Guayana 1508: 1353:2014 Venezuelan protests 1096:concert on 22 February, 1050:and Colombian President 966:2014 Venezuelan protests 912:and his son created the 7321:Censorship in Venezuela 6968:Palestinian territories 5873:archivo.globovision.com 5577:(in German). 2019-03-17 1774:On 10 May, 27-year-old 1195:Freedom on the Net 2017 1137:Freedom on the Net 2014 898:, then director of the 699:Censorship in Venezuela 7138:YouTube video blocking 7089:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3536:, 29 October 2012 and 2002: 1823: 1776:Miguel Castillo Bracho 1727: 1546: 1447: 1444:Gustavo González López 1387: 1357:San Cristóbal, Táchira 1257: 1247: 1127: 1010:On February 12, 2017, 918:Los Runrunes de Nelson 44: 5523:@mbachelet on Twitter 3057:NTN24 | www.ntn24.com 2298:10.1353/jod.2015.0031 2199:"WORLD REPORT | 2014" 1989: 1902:deported afterwards. 1814: 1734:Mother of All Marches 1722: 1687:photojournalist from 1586:Knowledge controversy 1544: 1442:General Commissioner 1429: 1406:. Internet access to 1370: 1255: 1118: 949:Television censorship 726:freedom of expression 703:suppression in speech 63:Censorship by country 21: 7028:United Arab Emirates 5726:Human Rights Watch, 4314:Global Voices Online 2285:Journal of Democracy 2062:Constituent Assembly 1668:, on 15 February, a 1664:At the start of the 1645:El Diario de Caracas 1330:Venezuelan President 975:Agence France-Presse 788:Marcos Pérez Jiménez 606:United Arab Emirates 30:Freedom of the Press 6810:Trinidad and Tobago 6255:English translation 6230:. November 12, 2015 6067:news.sciencemag.org 5728:"2003 World Report" 5066:on 25 February 2021 3532:OpenNet Initiative 3450:Puyosa, I. (2019). 3087:. 24 January 2019. 2884:. pp. 618–21. 2639:"Beyond Propaganda" 2562:Index on Censorship 1797:Presidential crisis 1604:Defamation campaign 1108:Internet censorship 1079:Televisión Nacional 932:Cesar Miguel Rondón 255:Democratic Republic 37:Press Freedom Index 6735:Dominican Republic 6120:. 18 December 2013 6118:Human Rights Watch 5953:The New York Times 5927:Human Rights Watch 5902:Human Rights Watch 4571:espaciopublico.ong 4450:. 22 February 2014 4258:. 14 February 2014 4232:. 15 February 2014 4179:Yepsen, Erika A. " 4008:2020-09-06 at the 3969:2014-03-10 at the 3946:2014-03-10 at the 3922:. December 5, 2013 3799:, 20 December 2010 3568:OpenNet Initiative 3538:"Country Profiles" 3399:. 22 February 2019 2882:Dorling Kindersley 2770:. BBC. 14 May 2013 2609:The New York Times 2518:The New York Times 2184:2016-03-09 at the 2129:2007 RCTV protests 2109:Media of Venezuela 2058:Law against Hatred 2034:Law against Hatred 2028:Law Against Hatred 1979:Broadcast licences 1928:German journalist 1832:Caracol Televisión 1824: 1782:, Andry Rincón of 1547: 1448: 1388: 1386:on 21 January 2019 1374:showing blocks of 1258: 1211:, the website for 1172:OpenNet Initiative 1164:OpenNet Initiative 1094:Venezuela Aid Live 1052:Juan Manuel Santos 737:Human Rights Watch 45: 7308: 7307: 6404: 6403: 6376:other territories 6006:"Maduro's muzzle" 5709:. 2 February 2020 4667:on April 9, 2014. 4287:. 1 November 2014 3890:. 8 November 2017 3551:child pornography 3302:. 24 August 2017. 2215:on 25 August 2019 2080:Tareck El Aissami 1993:2002 coup attempt 1563:National Assembly 1527:"Internet trolls" 1166:report said that 1155:performed by the 709:. 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3435: 3433: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3146:Financial Times 3138: 3134: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2981: 2969: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2940: 2936: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2874: 2870: 2861: 2859: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2824:Fox News Latino 2818: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2672:. 5 July 2014. 2664: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2600: 2591: 2579:Current History 2574: 2570: 2553: 2532: 2523: 2521: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2335: 2333: 2332:on June 7, 2015 2318: 2317: 2313: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2186:Wayback Machine 2177: 2173: 2164: 2162: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2105: 2096: 2088: 2075: 2073:Ángel Sarmiento 2070: 2036: 2030: 1981: 1965: 1960: 1922:Gazeta Wyborcza 1809: 1801:Main articles: 1799: 1714: 1674:Plaza Venezuela 1662: 1642: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1539: 1511: 1424: 1365: 1349: 1322: 1314:Jorge Rodriguez 1309:Delcy Rodríguez 1250: 1236: 1133: 1129: 1116: 1110: 1030:and Colombia's 951: 934: 882: 876: 820:Both President 784: 771: 755:self-censorship 692: 642: 641: 640: 551: 550: 480: 478: 466: 465: 443: 442: 351:Empire of Japan 348: 347: 330: 329: 302: 301: 289: 288: 248: 247: 235: 234: 173: 172: 89: 79: 62: 52: 41: 40: 23: 12: 11: 5: 7334: 7324: 7323: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7269:United Kingdom 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7109:Czech Republic 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6582:Western Sahara 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6246: 6245:External links 6243: 6241: 6240: 6219: 6187: 6163: 6130: 6105: 6098: 6078: 6054: 6029: 5997: 5972: 5939: 5914: 5889: 5860: 5833: 5817:vu6.vuclip.com 5804: 5790:(in Spanish). 5776: 5762:(in Spanish). 5750: 5731: 5719: 5694: 5667: 5639: 5612: 5600:Deutsche Welle 5587: 5562: 5536: 5509: 5461:. 6 March 2019 5446: 5418: 5382: 5354: 5288: 5262: 5234: 5203: 5175: 5147: 5119: 5077: 5046: 5018: 4990: 4959: 4930: 4908: 4882: 4860: 4834: 4808: 4782: 4756: 4745:on 13 May 2014 4726: 4715:on 13 May 2014 4696: 4670: 4652: 4624: 4583: 4537: 4512: 4487: 4476:. 6 March 2014 4461: 4435: 4409: 4384: 4354: 4327: 4316:. 17 July 2015 4298: 4269: 4243: 4217: 4213:Bloomberg News 4201: 4185: 4172: 4144: 4117: 4086: 4066: 4041: 4018: 3995: 3979: 3956: 3933: 3901: 3873: 3845: 3816: 3801: 3785: 3761: 3737: 3712: 3691: 3663: 3636: 3606: 3580: 3555: 3542: 3522: 3496: 3471: 3456: 3443: 3410: 3384: 3358: 3333: 3305: 3285: 3260: 3246: 3223: 3212: 3184: 3173:. 3 March 2014 3158: 3132: 3112: 3093: 3070: 3044: 3017: 2990: 2960: 2934: 2897: 2890: 2868: 2841: 2811: 2781: 2759: 2736: 2713: 2687: 2657: 2644:Foreign Policy 2629: 2589: 2568: 2530: 2504: 2487:. 1958-02-03. 2470: 2421: 2393: 2368: 2346: 2311: 2274: 2248: 2226: 2190: 2171: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2032:Main article: 2029: 2026: 1980: 1977: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1958:Legal barriers 1956: 1948:Punto de Corte 1828:Beatriz Adrián 1798: 1795: 1767:the reporter. 1713: 1710: 1661: 1658: 1641: 1638: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1538: 1535: 1510: 1507: 1468:Alfredo Romero 1423: 1420: 1364: 1361: 1348: 1345: 1333:Nicolás Maduro 1321: 1318: 1249: 1246: 1207:Following the 1117: 1109: 1106: 1056:Nicolás Maduro 1012:CNN en Español 950: 947: 886:Jaime Lusinchi 878:Main article: 875: 872: 839:Nicolás Maduro 826:Nicolás Maduro 807:Jaime Lusinchi 783: 780: 694: 693: 691: 690: 683: 676: 668: 665: 664: 663: 662: 657: 649: 648: 644: 643: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 611:United Kingdom 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 482:Russian Empire 473: 460: 455: 450: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 361: 355: 342: 337: 324: 319: 314: 309: 296: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 242: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 197:Czech Republic 194: 189: 184: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 76: 75: 67: 66: 58: 57: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7333: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7301: 7298: 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6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6815:United States 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532:Guinea-Bissau 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6389:French Guiana 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6272: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6229: 6223: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6200:The Economist 6197: 6191: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6101: 6099:9780415836135 6095: 6092:. Routledge. 6091: 6090: 6082: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6010:The Economist 6007: 6001: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5879:on 2015-12-22 5878: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5823:on 2015-12-22 5822: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5498: 5495: 5480: 5476: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5386: 5370: 5369: 5368:El Carabobeño 5364: 5358: 5342: 5338: 5323: 5319: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5115: 5109: 5090: 5089: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4918: 4912: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4870: 4864: 4849:. 27 May 2014 4848: 4844: 4838: 4823:. 14 May 2014 4822: 4818: 4812: 4797:. 19 May 2014 4796: 4792: 4786: 4771:. 12 May 2014 4770: 4766: 4760: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4628: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4374:on 2019-03-07 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4056:on 2016-03-03 4055: 4051: 4045: 4029: 4022: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3988: 3983: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3798: 3797:El Tiempo.com 3794: 3789: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3701: 3695: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3619:Freedom House 3616: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3486:on 2014-03-12 3485: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3431: 3427: 3426:Freedom House 3423: 3417: 3415: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3275:on 2019-07-28 3274: 3270: 3264: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3221: 3216: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2904: 2902: 2893: 2891:9780789488053 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2857: 2856: 2855:LaPatilla.com 2851: 2845: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2800:on 2015-01-18 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2769: 2763: 2747: 2740: 2724: 2717: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2466: 2460: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2356: 2350: 2343: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2325:Freedom House 2321: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2278: 2263:on 2014-03-03 2262: 2258: 2252: 2236: 2230: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2091: 2083: 2081: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2001: 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