Censorship in China

4295:. Qin et al. also point out that the Chinese government can monitor and predict upcoming collective action events, and can ask local governments to intervene and prevent violent conflicts. Qin et al. state that "Governments can use these methods to track and analyze online activities, to gauge public opinion, and to contain threats before they spread." Qin et al. also note that the central government limits its censorship to encourage people to express their opinions about the government's performance and public policies. Therefore, the government can receive feedback from the internet, which helps officials to get to know local issues and improve their work. Also, this article discusses some posts on Weibo that have accused local officials of corruption, which means some corruption cases can be predicted on social media, and the central government can supervise the local officials on the internet. 4934: 6286:

objectively while remaining on good terms with the government. Journalists do their best to resist government censorship by maintaining a relatively neutral balance of positive and negative tones in articles, reporting on officials who have already been officially removed from their positions, disparaging the CCP as an entity instead of targeting individual officials, and focusing blame on lower-ranking officials. News organizations encourage their journalists to report on more sensitive yet risky articles by promising journalists compensation even if their articles get cut by government officials before publication. Editors also try to ensure job security by continuing to employ a journalist under another position even when told by the CCP to fire that journalist for disobeying Party protocol.

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unions is available? This case of censorship, affecting a very specialized site with solely French-language content, shows the government attaches as much importance to the censorship of economic data as political content," the organization was quoted as saying. In 2016, after a series of policy mishaps in the backdrop of severe economic downturn in the country, regulators, censors and government officials have increased censorship. Officials, regulators and censors acting to stem the flow of money abroad by creating an environment of "zhengnengliang" (positive energy), have warned to commentators whose remarks or projections on the economy contradict optimistic official statements.

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analyzed for Chinese political sensitivity. Upon analysis, files deemed politically sensitive were used to invisibly train and build up WeChat's Chinese political censorship system. We also conducted analysis of WeChat's public-facing policy documents, made data access requests, and engaged with Tencent data protection representatives to assess whether those methods could also explain, or uncover, the content surveillance carried out towards international users' communications. We found that none of the information WeChat makes available to users explains the rationales for such surveillance or the transmission of content hashes from WeChat International to WeChat China.

5536:. These arrests served as an example to the rest of the "Big V's" as well as other Chinese internet users to be careful of what they expressed online; in fact, even five months after these arrests in August, there was a noticeable decrease in the number of posts and discussions from prominent online figures. On popular microblogging site Weibo, opinion leaders decreased their posts by around 40% from the previous year. By 2015, instances of censored posts from popular Weibo accounts included messages that were only mildly critical of the government – for example, the blocking of sarcastic comments in the wake of a widely viewed documentary about urban 5502:

improvement in technological access, there is now much more efficient communication regarding current events and government issues through social media, resulting in broader discussions amongst Chinese netizens on government policies and affairs. Subsequently, the government has implemented rules and preventative measures to counter the spread of negative public opinion regarding the CCP and governmental policies or actions. For example, Article 246. Section 1 in Criminal Law states that unlawful posts that are shared over 500 times or seen over 5000 times will result in the poster being charged with up to 3 years in prison.

4275:. Through regular, automated sampling of extant posts, the authors were able to analyze which were deleted over time. While drawing only from Internet-based sources, King et al. argued their data demonstrated that "despite widespread censorship of social media, we find that when the Chinese people write scathing criticisms of their government and its leaders, the probability that their post will be censored does not increase. Instead, we find that the purpose of the censorship program is to reduce the probability of collective action by clipping social ties whenever any collective movements are in evidence or expected." 5852: 4510:. This caused deaths and kidney damage in infants. On 13 February 2009, Li Dongdong, a deputy chief of the General Administration of Press and Publication, announced the introduction of a series of rules and regulations to strengthen oversight and administration of news professionals and reporting activities. The regulations would include a "full database of people who engage in unhealthy professional conduct" who would be excluded from engaging in news reporting and editing work. Although the controls were ostensibly to "resolutely halt fake news", it was criticized by Li Datong, editor at the 6312: 3952: 2356: 6192:, or forced labour and that company executives during an earnings conference call similarly avoided such references and "did not comment on the impact of the controversy on sales, except to state that around 20 stores in China were currently closed." Xu Guixiang, the Xinjiang spokesman, along with other Chinese media outlets, celebrities, and businesses have rejected the allegations from the companies and spoken in defense of their cotton industry in Xinjiang while simultaneously accusing Western companies of aiming to destabilize China through accusations of 6254:" to access blocked webpages. Tunneling is when information is transmitted using a different communications protocol than the usual. One example of tunneling is if internet user "A" in China emailed internet user "B" in America asking for the contents of a blocked webpage. Internet user "B" could then respond with an email containing the contents of that blocked webpage, allowing internet user "A" to access the censored information. This method can be generalized by Web-page-by-mail services; for example, if an internet user emails web@cnn.com with the 6219:, which had been pulled from bookshelves because of its themes (anti-government riots) being published so close to a period of actual riots. However, the book was allowed to be sold in China in a few years. Political scientist Richard Curt Kraus criticized Penguin for falsely portraying Mo Yan as a dissident in order to increase his marketability, as well as the underlying assumption that if the United States bans some work, that it must be genuinely obscene, but that if the Chinese government does the same, it is acting on purely political grounds. 5513:

need to suppress controversies, "mistaken viewpoints", and rumors on every public platform. Shortly after this conference, a nationwide Internet Cleaning-up Campaign (净网行动) was implemented, during which there was a widespread deletion of blogs containing views deviating from those of the Party. That same month in 2013, the government also made a concerted attack against "Big V's" (verified social media celebrities with large public influence) who had a history of online activism and rumor-mongering.

4197:, and the Chinese government was condemned internationally. Following the protests and subsequent massacre, news censorship was strengthened because government officials considered that free media had promoted the "turmoil" and represented a potential threat to the regime. After 1995, the Chinese government expanded internet access because it thought that a developed internet would have a positive effect on economic growth; it simultaneously adopted strategic censorship to control information. 5927:("old customs", "old culture", "old habits", and "old ideas"). If newspapers touched on sensitive topics like these, the journalists were subject to arrests and sometimes violence. Libraries in which there were books containing "offensive literature" would often be burned down. Television was regulated by the government and its goal was to encourage the efforts of chairman Mao Zedong and the CCP. Radio was the same way, and played songs such as, "The Great Cultural Revolution is Indeed Good". 2329: 6024:

restaurants and businesses preemptively removed supportive posters and notes to protect themselves. A newspaper article by Reuters also reported that a book publisher hastily made revisions to remove words and passages that were may have been problematic in light of the new law. The article also mentioned that other publishing houses and writers within the city halted sensitive projects while printers, distributors, and bookstores rejected controversial books.

5402: 15957: 4347:) across the country, who monitor comments on particular topics on the Chinese Internet and compile reports for relevant government or Party bodies if discussion crosses certain thresholds, which in turn decide if and how to respond. Additionally, the Cyberspace Administration of China, another Party body, monitors and censors Internet-based media and speech, and issues guidelines to online platforms outlining priorities for controlling discourse. 15967: 6247:

Service Providers from being able to access the internet users' IP addresses, data, activity, and physical location. As a result, the internet user can access blocked websites through this external server. VPNs are so widely used by Chinese netizens that many journalists, both within Party-sanctioned media outlets and private media outlets, are instructed by their editors and supervisors to use VPNs in order to access international news.

14705: 63: 5620:-produced content may not "incite subversion of state power or the overthrowing of the socialist system." Before releasing a large language model to the public, companies must seek approval from the CAC to certify that the model refuses to answer certain questions relating to political ideology and criticism of the CCP. Questions related to politically sensitive topics such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre or 4535:, issued instructions for the Chinese media to downplay social tensions on issues such as land prices, political reform and major disasters or incidents, and to ensure reporting does not show the CCP negatively. The CCP warned that the media must "ensure that the party and government do not become the targets or focus of criticism", and any mention of political reforms must reflect the government in a favorable light. 14717: 4287:

and Malesky subsequently concluded that controlling for such condoned criticism, the "strong" thesis of King, Pan & Roberts (2013)—that collective action potential is the primary trigger of censorship, and not a criticism of the government—failed to stand. Rather, while collective action may be a strong, or the strongest, condition for censorship, general criticism is also a major target as well.

5299:, there are more than 4,000 underground publishing factories around China. In 2008 there was one instance of burning of religious and politically incorrect books by local library officials. The banning of unapproved literature or books that have since fallen out of favor with the CCP continues, though critics claim this spotlight on individual titles only helps fuel book sales. 4260:

not publicized by the state, however; scholars outside of China generally tend to take two overarching views of its purpose: first, censorship primarily targets unauthorized criticisms of the party-state; and/or second, censorship primarily targets expression of sentiment that is conducive to organization of collective action (whether or not it is critical of the party-state).

5017:, the official newspaper of the CCP, as well as other journals. These writing teams are most often employed by the Central Propaganda Department, the Central Organization Department, and the Political and Legislative Affairs Committee. The main purpose of these writing groups is to spread the opinions and political thoughts of the CCP without these ideas being perceived as 6278:; this phrase has been broadly used to signify a subversive means of broaching topics not permitted by the government, and it has been used by netizens advocating for greater freedom of speech. The rise of online satire and code words used to mock or criticize the government or sociopolitical issues has formed a subculture on the Chinese Internet called "egao" (" 4384:

department's employees, who decide their fate based on the instructions listed in the censorship logs." This method is consistent with those documented by King, Pan & Roberts (2014) for other websites. Weibo has been reprimanded and forced to limit certain website functions by Chinese authorities as a consequence for failure to adequately censor content.

6282:"), which translates literally into "evil doings" in Chinese. These code words and phrases allow netizens to discuss topics ranging from government corruption to health and environment scandals to everyday society and culture. Through this subculture, Chinese netizens can broach sensitive issues on social media with less risk of government censorship. 4789:. A collection of brain teasers published in Sichuan in 1993 caused similar effects, and the three editors of the book were sentenced to 2–5 years. Hui Muslim protesters who violently rioted by vandalizing property during the protests against the book were let off by the Chinese government and went unpunished while Uyghur protesters were imprisoned. 4769:

Bible. Other Christian literature is also restricted; in January 2016, five people were arrested for simply "buying and selling officially forbidden Christian devotionals". They were sentenced to 3–7 years in jail. Distribution of Christian Bibles and other Christian materials through Cantonese language social media has been also prohibited.

5306:. Publishers such as New Century Press had freely published books about Chinese officials and forbidden episodes of Chinese history. Banned material including imported material such as that published by Mirror Books of New York City were sold in bookshops such as "People's Commune bookstore" patronized by shoppers from the mainland. 6184:

H&M published a statement on its website that stated it was "working together with our colleagues in China to do everything we can to manage the current challenges and find a way forward." Journalists noted that H&M's messaging reverted to careful self-censorship following these events. An article by Elizabeth Paton in

7224: 7202: 7180: 6837: 5021:. Writing teams consistently use the same pseudonyms to write about specific topics that they specialize in. For example, Ke Jiaoping is the pseudonym for a writing group that publishes articles about technological education and He Zhenhua is the pseudonym for a writing group that publishes articles opposing separatism. 4247:), the Chinese government does not support Internet users who use VPN to bypass Internet censorship and visit blocked websites within the Chinese mainland. In principle, it is forbidden for Internet users to use a VPN, but if they only do so without selling VPNs or making profits, the government will not investigate. 4375:, uses semi-automated methods to monitor content sent between accounts, including images, checking for politically sensitive material, and will block said material from reaching the intended recipient, even if the sending account is non-Chinese. Other companies may contract censorship out to independent firms. 4920:

leadership and government actors may be an effort to avoid embarrassment and maintain a positive image of the government." Historian Jeremy Brown said, "the initial cover-up of the virus in December and January in Wuhan allowed it to spread and fueled a global pandemic instead of containing it locally."

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corporations to comply with government regulations. King et el. again argued their work offered "rigorous support for the recent hypothesis that criticisms of the state, its leaders, and their policies are published, whereas posts about real-world events with collective action potential are censored."

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removed products from sale on its platforms. A Xinjiang government spokesman, Xu Guixiang, directly criticized H&M over its statement on Xinjiang cotton for allegedly politicizing the company's economic behavior. In response to the backlash from Chinese consumers, media, and government officials,

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to "drink tea" (unofficial and casual conversation in plain clothes and in public), or be summoned, detained, and possibly disappeared. Luqiu argues that the changing policies of the Chinese government about what is considered unacceptable to share and discuss on the internet has made the practice of

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Various individuals and organizations both in and outside of China sometimes voluntarily self-censor information that they share publicly by avoiding topics that are believed to be politically sensitive or controversial. These individuals and organizations often self-censor to avoid inviting unwanted

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Xi Jinping, there has been a big push to improve information technology and use the improved technology as a means to further promote propaganda and the CCP agenda. This initiative has been successful, and by the end of 2015, almost 700 million Chinese citizens had internet access. However, with this

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are occasionally censored by being "blacked out" during controversial segments. It is reported that CNN has made an arrangement that allowed their signal to pass through a Chinese-controlled satellite. Chinese authorities have been able to censor CNN segments at any time in this way. CNN's broadcasts

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released a message in a WeChat group, saying that "seven cases of SARS were diagnosed in the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and isolated in the emergency department of our hospital." An hour later, Li Wenliang announced in the WeChat group that "the latest news is that coronavirus infection has been

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in 2023, "n the 2010s, China placed a lot of data online as it attempted to hold local governments more accountable, but it is now being pulled because the data has turned out to be inadvertently revelatory. The use of procurement notices and population data by Western analysts to identify the scale

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The regulation of public opinion was tightened after the National Propaganda and Ideology Work Conference in August 2013. At the conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping underscored the importance of "ideological work" in strengthening and uniting China; more specifically, he strongly emphasized the

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Reporters have also suggested that China's internet censorship of foreign websites may also be a means of forcing mainland Chinese users to rely on China's own e-commerce industry, thus self-insulating their economy. In 2011, although China-based users of many Google services such as Google+ did not

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on 7 February, which caused a sensation in Chinese society. China's government began to restrict information about the epidemic beginning in early January, before the existence of a novel coronavirus had been confirmed. On WeChat, the mention of Li Wenliang was blocked starting on 9 February. At the

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are allowed to be printed in China but only in limited numbers and through a single press. Their sale is also restricted to officially sanctioned churches, with online sales restricted since at least April 2018. The Chinese government has fined churches for possession of unauthorized editions of the

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has published documents it said are from the Weibo censorship department between 2011 and 2014 that detailed the methodology: "... Sina's computer system scans each post using an algorithm designed to identify politically unacceptable content... osts are flagged by the algorithm and forwarded to the

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published an analysis of the data gathered in King, Pan & Roberts (2013), arguing that the sample included critical posts garnered through state-led consultation campaigns, wherein the Chinese government specifically solicited public comment on certain proposals, laws and regulations. Gueorguiev

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Further experiments conducted by King et al. (2014) demonstrated and recreated mechanisms of censorship of social media. The authors created social media accounts to publish text online, tracking what was and was not deleted, and additionally obtained social media censorship software used by private

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Mirrored web pages are another way to circumvent Internet censorship by the Great Firewall of China. A web page can be mirrored simply by recreating that page under a different URL. Because of the large scope of the Internet, it becomes near impossible for internet filters to identify and block all

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nodes (Tor nodes) are widely used by Chinese netizens in order to visit blocked web pages. Typically, Internet Service Providers can view an internet user's traffic and data; however, virtual private networks connect internet users to a server through an encrypted connection. This prevents Internet

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reported on a restaurant that had been warned by the police that it had violated the national-security law by displaying posters and messages supporting the protesters. As a result, the restaurant closed for in-person dining and only allowed staff inside to operate takeout services while some other

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Xi Jinping has personally consolidated power and control within the state and party to an extent far greater than his predecessors Hu and Jiang. Accordingly, the intensity and range of censorship in China has increased under his rule. Xi has overseen the increased coordination and consolidation and

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Censorship is part of knowledge production and education since 1949 and organized and sustained within universities, academies, and schools. In authoritarian countries, censorship is not "from afar", but censorship gains power precisely when members of these organizations respect the political red

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The Chinese government also employs people as "black PRs" to remove information from the Internet and criticize those who speak negatively about the government. Network operators are obligated by the Cyberspace Administration to assist the government in monitoring and removing "illegal information"

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In February 2007, the website of the French organization Observatoire International des Crises was banned in the PRC after it posted an article on the risks of trading with China. "How do you assess an investment opportunity if no reliable information about social tension, corruption or local trade

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Party History Research Office, has defined historical nihilism as that which "seek to distort the history of modern China's revolution, the CCP and the armed forces under the guise of reevaluating existing narratives", and thus countering such nihilism is "a form of political combat, crucial to the

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showing how major Hollywood studios and directors increasingly made decisions on elements like cast, plot, dialogue, and more to avoid antagonizing Chinese officials. The article criticizes these decisions as being made in the interest of profit making, as "American movies earned $ 2.6 billion in

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Scholars Lotus Ruan, Jeffrey Knockel, and Masashi Crete-Nishihata point out that since the outbreak, government officials have restricted the dissemination of information about the virus in order to reduce public fear. They also state that "on the other hand, censoring keywords critical of central

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as well as prevent in the disclosure and infringement of any important national or personal information. Song Minlei points out that censorship is conducive to the maintenance of China's "ideological security." Internet censorship, Song writes, can protect the mainstream ideology, such as the core

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system of governance under the CCP. This includes political censorship as well as censorship of content deemed obscene and harmful to public morality, although the latter justification can be used as a means to censor political topics as well. The more specific reasoning and logic of censorship is

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Textbooks headed for a Japanese school in China were seized by customs officials who objected to the way maps in the books depicted the Chinese mainland and rival Taiwan, an official said Tuesday. The maps showed the mainland and the island in different colors, said Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu

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In September 2020, China's Ministry of Culture and Tourism announced it was "strengthening the content review and onsite supervision" of television media, such as talk shows and period dramas, that explore cultural, historical, and political themes. In 2019, it had already begun censoring popular

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In this report, we present technical experiments which reveal that WeChat communications that are conducted entirely among non-China-registered accounts are subject to content surveillance. We found that documents and images that were transmitted entirely among non-China-registered accounts were

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that is intended to be sold on the open market. The GAPP has the legal authority to screen, censor, and ban any print, electronic, or Internet publication in China. Because all publishers in China are required to be licensed by the GAPP, that agency also has the power to deny people the right to

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Language is a sensitive matter in the PRC. But in the same way, false or unreal praise and devotion must be subjected to careful scrutiny in China. Since the 1960s, there are several articles in newspapers that have been criticized and censored consequently. The Chinese government has maintained

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of these websites. Meanwhile, some foreign websites are not blocked, but the government extends the loading time for these websites. By 2020, an estimated 12 million to 20 million Chinese internet users were using Virtual Private Networks (VPN) to bypass the internet blockade. In accordance with

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China's internet censorship is regarded by many as the most pervasive and sophisticated in the world. The system for blocking sites and articles is referred to as "The Great Firewall of China". According to a Harvard study conducted in 2002, at least 18,000 websites were blocked from within the

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In 2017, Bei Qin, David Strömberg, and Yanhui Wu published an article titled "Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda." This article, based on King, Pan, and Roberts' argument, explores the Chinese government's censorship goals by analyzing data from

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Officials had better luck last year beating up on an easier target, the foreign interloper Google, accusing the search engine of allowing too much porn to show up in results. By picking on a suspect foreign company, officials can raise their profile and buttress domestic competitors, all while

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reported on unusual weather in Guangdong province with the headline of "4 storms in June," which both journals insisted were due to carelessness. Some newspapers have therefore instructed their editors to refrain from using the numbers '6' and '4' in their reports during this sensitive period.

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On 4 June 2007, a person was able to place a small ad in a newspaper in southwest China to commemorate the anniversary of the Tiananmen Square protests reading "Paying tribute to the strong(-willed) mothers of 4 June victims". The accepting clerk claimed that she was ignorant of the event and

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Besides Internet censorship, Chinese citizens have devised methods to circumvent censorship of print media as well. As news organizations in China try to move away from the reputation of simply being mouthpieces for CCP propaganda, they face a difficult challenge of having to report the news

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Hollywood producers generally seek to comply with the Chinese government's censorship requirements in a bid to access the country's restricted and lucrative cinema market, with the second-largest box office in the world as of 2016. This includes prioritizing sympathetic portrayals of Chinese

5139:, the state-run China Central Television abruptly cut away from its coverage of Obama's address when he spoke of how "earlier generations faced down fascism and communism." Foreign animation is also banned from prime-time viewing hours (5 pm to 8 pm) to protect domestic animation production. 4454:

says that unwelcome views may be censored by authorities who exploit the vagueness in laws concerning publication of state secrets. Major media outlets receive guidance from the Chinese Department of Propaganda on what content is politically acceptable. The PRC bans certain content regarding

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Pornography has been illegal since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 and is a major target of censorship, but it is still commonly accessible within the country. Chinese media have reported on censors specifically hired by provincial authorities to screen movies confiscated from

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photo from the 1989 unrest sparked by Peking University students, though possibly, the students were feigning ignorance so as not to upset the party official who was monitoring the interview with clipboard in hand. The segment implied that the subject is not addressed in Chinese schools.

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The Chinese government censors the domestic internet community and foreign websites differently. For the domestic internet community, the propaganda department governs what type of content should be banned or deleted on the internet, and the system of social media or website conduct

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ranks the Chinese press as "not free", the worst possible ranking, saying that "state control over the news media in China is achieved through a complex combination of party monitoring of news content, legal restrictions on journalists, and financial incentives for self-censorship".

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CCP leadership and the security of socialism". In practice, the term is often applied to any narratives that challenge official views of historical events. Under Xi Jinping, the government began to censor digitized archival documents that contradict official depictions of history.

6125:'s Chinese-language Skype software filtered sensitive words and then logged these, with users' information to a file on computer servers which were insecure. In September 2007, activists in China had already warned about the possibility that TOM's versions have or will have more 4784:

Muslims, during which the Chinese police provided protection to the Hui Muslim protesters, and the Chinese government organized public burnings of the book. The Chinese government assisted them and gave into their demands because Hui do not have a separatist movement, unlike the

5915:, books and journals that were "extremely anti-revolutionary," as well as pictures of sex acts were banned. With regard to action stories, martial arts stories dealing with "outlandish" themes were to cease publication but materials of "good knights-errant" should be preserved. 5248:

for censors, citing "cultural sensitivities in some elements of the film" due to the appearance by a Hong Kong singer whose sexually explicit photographs leaked onto the internet. Films by PRC nationals cannot be submitted to foreign film festivals without government approval.

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Political scientist Margaret Roberts contends that most Chinese government internet censorship methods do not ban information outright but instead function "as a tax on information, forcing users to pay money or spend more time if they want to access the censored material."

4754:, for instance, is permitted to maintain a small number of places of worship for expatriates, but is forbidden from preaching or proselytizing to Chinese citizens, as are all foreigners. Foreigners caught proselytizing have been arrested and expelled from the country. 6042:" in July 2001, the Chairman of the HKJA said: "More and more newspapers self-censor themselves because they are controlled by either a businessman with close ties to Beijing, or part of a large enterprise, which has financial interests over the border." For example, 10963: 6055:

After the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law in July 2020, media, publishers, and libraries began censoring content perceived as promoting Hong Kong independence, as well as works by prominent democratic activists. International media outlets like

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capability. Skype president Josh Silverman said it was "common knowledge" that Tom Online had "established procedures to meet local laws and regulations ... to monitor and block instant messages containing certain words deemed offensive by the Chinese authorities."

6453: 4271:, and Margaret E. Roberts published research based on large-scale sampling of posts on a variety of Chinese social media, arguing that the primary motive for censorship is to quash potential for collective action, and not prevent criticism of the government 5334:

of the government and a reference to the currently persecuted Falun Gong spiritual movement. The government said through a state controlled newspaper that it "turns its spear point on China". Also banned is the track "Communist China" by British rock group

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self-censorship more necessary for individuals such as political satirists who want to avoid such consequences as being banned from online platforms or being contacted by the police. These perspectives on self-censorship by the interviewees are a part of

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reported on the CCP Propaganda Department's "hitherto unimaginable extent" of pressure to screen out any related content. The journal reported two incidents in 2008 which caused official concern, but which could not be proven to be deliberate challenges:

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was also pulled from screens in the country; reportedly for taking in too much money and seizing market share from domestic films. Furthermore, the official ban on most foreign films hardly affects Chinese citizens; such films can easily be acquired in

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In order to limit outside influence on Chinese society, authorities began to restrict the publishing of children's books written by foreign authors in China from early 2017, reducing the number of these kind of books from thousands to hundreds a year.

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Academic Frances Yaping Wang argues that the Chinese government has strategically censored issues and events when it wishes to de-escalate in its foreign policy dealings yet faces a potentially hostile domestic public reaction. In the aftermath of the

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in 2011. Interviewees described how, since 2011, they became increasingly cautious of the content they posted online and on social media in fear of repercussions from authorities. Most of the interviewees personally experienced being contacted by the

4166:, diversity of views and privately owned media were eliminated in 1949 when the CCP took control of China, bringing editorial freedom to a complete end. The official Chinese press serves as the CCP's "mouth and tongue" as well as its "eyes and ears." 6144:

have also been accused of this behavior, as the national-security law in Hong Kong reportedly prompted the schools to use code words and warning labels for sensitive courses related to China to protect the schools and their students. An article in

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SHUTTERSTOCK, THE WELL-KNOWN online purveyor of stock images and photographs, is the latest U.S. company to willingly support China's censorship regime, blocking searches that might offend the country's authoritarian government, The Intercept has

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Reportedly, the authorities have two reasons for this check on Avatar: first, it has taken in too much money and has seized market share from domestic films, and second, it may lead audiences to think about forced removal, and may possibly incite

4564:, the Chinese government ordered media outlets not to criticize the American president further and the CCP directed to the media to report on the United States in a less hostile manner. Generally, these limitations frustrated Chinese journalists. 13135: 5598:. In May 2022, outspoken market strategist Hong Hao's social media accounts in China (Weibo & WeChat) were suspended due to series of negative commentaries regarding the country's two-year slump on COVID-19 lockdowns and political tensions. 6074:

International companies and organizations have also self-censored sensitive topics to maintain and avoid negatively affecting business and professional relationships within China. For example, in 2020, various American politicians accused the

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During the Summer Olympics in Beijing, all Chinese TV stations were ordered to delay live broadcasts by 10 seconds, a policy that was designed to give censors time to react in case free-Tibet demonstrators or others staged political protests.

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always find the services entirely blocked, they were nonetheless throttled so that users could be expected to become frustrated with the frequent timeouts and switch to the faster, more reliable services of Chinese competitors. According to

5884:, carry out censorship of their articles or risk them being not disseminated in China, became public. Themes that were common elements of this censorship included: Cultural Revolution, Falun Gong, Mao Zedong, Tibet, Tiananmen, and Taiwan. 1733: 5482:. Google was planning to launch a censored version of its search engine in China, blocking information about human rights, democracy, religion, and peaceful protest, but it was terminated. Certain search engine terms are blocked as well. 4441:

for the reporting of "historical nihilists" and "illegal" comments about Chinese history. Netizens face jail time and other punishments if they are found to have posted content critical of China's leadership, policies and history.

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lines and politically sensitive topics. Censorship and self-censorship are closely related in politically controlled organizations like universities and schools in China. Educational institutions within China have been accused of

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country, and the number is believed to have been growing constantly. A more recent large-scale study published in 2021 revealed more than 311,000 domain names blocked. Of which 41,000 are blocked by accident. Banned sites include

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content as immoral, and regularly censor non-pornographic depictions of such content in mass media. Positive depictions of same-sex relationships in movies and television have been taken off the air by censors, and according to

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Publishers and other media in the Western world have sometimes used the "Banned in China" label to market cultural works, with the hope that censored products are seen as more valuable or attractive. The label was also used by

4354:(previously the State Administration for Press Publishing Radio Film & Television), which licensed and censored all content publishers within China, including in print, audio, and online formats, were taken over by the new 6222:

On the Internet, people use proxy websites that allow anonymous access to otherwise restricted websites, services, and information. Falun Gong and others have been working in the field of anti-censorship software development.

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In 2004, the Ministry of Culture set up a committee to screen imported online video games before they entered the Chinese market. It was stated that games with any of the following violations would be banned from importation:

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Sina Weibo, the dominant microblogging platform in China, has an internal censorship department that issues its own directives in line with government authority requirements and employs its own censors to monitor content. The

4010:(CCP). It is one of the strictest censorship regimes in the world. The government censors content for mainly political reasons, such as curtailing political opposition, and censoring events unfavorable to the CCP, such as the 5784:

In 2005, customs officials in China seized a shipment of textbooks intended for a Japanese school because maps in the books depicted mainland China and Taiwan using different colors, implying Taiwan was an independent state.

5764:. A study of about 200 Chinese games found out that over 180,000 words have been subject to blacklisting. Extending outside of purely political wordage, innocuous terms such as "enemies" and "words" were also being censored. 10953: 7573: 4609:

The Chinese government censors content it considers contrary to Chinese moral and cultural norms, or anything that the state finds to be contrary to the official state beliefs. Content censored on moral grounds has included

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While the government tolerates foreigners practicing their religion and attending services together, it takes a hard line against anything approaching proselytising or missionary work, a prohibition the Mormon Church takes

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Li Runshan in a writing circulated to local government departments. They were arrested ten days later and subsequently appeared in handcuffs at a "public warning meeting" attended by more than five hundred local officials.

4498:, the government allegedly issued guidelines to the local media for reporting during the Games: political issues not directly related to the games were to be downplayed and topics such as the Pro-Tibetan independence and 2995: 4586:

In 2006, the government censored what it viewed as excessive anti-Japanese sentiment online related to the disputed Senkaku Islands (termed in China as the Diaoyu islands). As part of China's efforts to reduce tensions

5266:, an annual event for independent Chinese filmmakers to showcases their latest works. It was understood by the organizers the government was concerned the festival would be used as a forum to criticize the government. 8912: 7339: 12737: 6443: 6052:, namely the editorial pages editor Danny Gittings, Beijing correspondent Jasper Becker, and China pages editor Willy Lam. Lam, in particular departed after his reporting had been publicly criticized by Robert Kuok. 15922: 13916: 9810:

Goyo G. Maestro, "El encubrimiento inicial del virus en Wuhan permitió que se propagara y alimentó la pandemia," ["The initial cover up of the virus in Wuhan allowed it to spread and nourish the pandemic"]

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Similarly, other search engines such as Baidu and Bing contain the same kinds of pornographic information, but CCTV completely ignores them. Netizens made screen captures to show that Baidu is no less vulgar than

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At the end of December 2019, Hong Kong media began to report several cases of unidentified pneumonia in Wuhan, China. At the same time, Chinese mainland media had no reports related to new unidentified pneumonia.

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guarantees freedom of religion for citizens, as it does the freedom of speech. In practice, however, there are strict regulations on religious practice and speech. Five state religions are officially recognized:

4427:. Although the Chinese government now officially denounces the Cultural Revolution, it does not allow Chinese citizens to present detailed histories of the suffering and brutality that ordinary people sustained. 5176: 4358:

under the authority of the State Council. Film and press work was transferred directly to the Publicity Department in the form of the State Film Administration and State Administration of Press and Publication.

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The CCP punished foreign journalists by failing to renew their credentials when foreign journalists criticized its policies. On 19 February 2020, China announced the revoking of the press credentials of three

2724: 1755: 4194: 2753: 2423: 5873:(關於當前意識形態領域情況的通報), prohibiting discussion of seven topics, was issued in May 2013. Included on the list of prohibited topics were: constitutional democracy, universal values of human rights, conceptions of 13454: 10875: 9469: 6269:

Netizens also have methods to express their opinions online without being censored by the government. The primary method is in the form of code words, metaphors, or plays on words. For example, the phrase

2740: 9692: 15190: 13127: 5532:(a Chinese TV channel), confessing that he "irresponsibly posted rumors about political and social issues online," and commending the new internet regulations passed under General Secretary Xi Jinping's 9906: 4614:, particularly extreme pornography; violence in films; "low-culture" and morally "problematic" performances, such as hip-hop or those featuring visibly tattooed artists and LGBTQ content on television. 15932: 2261: 1624: 11427: 8536: 5202:. Prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, the PRC administration announced that "wronged spirits and violent ghosts, monsters, demons, and other inhuman portrayals" were banned from audio visual content. 12571: 11065: 9788: 6031:

have been accused of practicing self-censorship in order to exchange for permission to expand their media business into the mainland market and for greater journalistic access in the mainland too.

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intellectuals.The document provided a range of approaches for various types of media, including banning, "clearing" (which referred to ceasing further publication), or preserving. Pursuant to the

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online. Moreover, the Cybersecurity Law that went into effect on 1 June 2017 forces internet providers to identify internet users, facilitating control and monitoring of public expression online.

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said that although CCP's Propaganda Department micro-manages what newspapers and other media do and do not report, the government remains concerned about unrest amid the economic slowdown and the

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In late December, social media networks were under official pressure to censor contents that related to the early warning of the virus. At the end of December, the Chinese livestreaming platform

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broke out in September, the Chinese government also denied speculation from media outlets that their desire for perfect games contributed towards the allegedly delayed recall of contaminated

1620: 14042: 11282: 11250: 9042: 7770: 5215:, can bypass the quota. Despite this, almost all internationally released foreign films are freely available in Chinese- and English-language versions through the counterfeit trade in DVDs. 14113: 13202: 10703: 10297: 2730: 864: 10592: 7916: 7017: 15460: 10152: 7681: 5224:

was not given permission to screen because it suggested that the government intends to use nuclear weapons on Taiwan. Films with sexually explicit themes have also been banned, including

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who was dismissed for criticizing state censorship. Li Datong said, "There really is a problem with fake reporting and reporters, but there are already plenty of ways to deal with that."

4209: 2649: 2317: 2292: 14144: 9383: 7953: 6004:, which the Chinese government describes as regulations meant to prevent "subversion of state power," "undermining of national unity," and infringing upon national honor and interests. 5746:

In addition, chat in Chinese video games is subject to similar or even wider restrictions as elsewhere on the Chinese Internet. For example, the chat in the English-language version of

4521: 4068:. The Chinese government asserts that it has the legal right to control the Internet's content within their territory and that their censorship rules do not infringe on their citizens' 2235: 10623: 15414: 14393: 14305: 10512: 8981: 5295:

publish, and completely shut down any publisher who fails to follow its dictates. Resultingly, the ratio of official-to-unlicensed books is said to be 40:60. According to a report in

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The State Council has the right to cut off network access or shut down internet access in response to incidents it deems a risk to national security. For example, in response to the

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Song Minlei 宋明磊, "当前我国网络审查的必要性——以维护政治安全和社会稳定为视角," [The necessity of network censorship in China—From the perspective of maintaining political security and social stability]

7196:

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Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Dalek, Jakub; Knockel, Jeffrey; Lin, Pellaeon; Marczak, Bill; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Gill, Phillipa; Polychronakis, Michalis (2021).

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For foreign-made films, this sometimes means controversial footage must be cut before such films can play in Chinese cinemas. Examples include the removal of a reference to the

13416: 13038: 12799: 9496: 5352:. The album got three tracks banned due to strict censorship in the People's Republic of China. The tracks that were omitted were "Nu-di-ty", "Speakerphone" and "Like a Drug". 2345: 12324: 11096: 10331: 7048: 4323:

plays a major role in censorship. It issues editorial guidelines for media nationwide, delineating topics that cannot be covered or must be covered in a certain way. In 2013,

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in producing cotton. As a result, these companies reportedly had contracts terminated and ties cut by Chinese celebrities while Chinese e-commerce companies like Alibaba and

4694:, one of the most popular video sites in China, removed most of American & British TV shows, and all foreign categories like "American drama" to comply with regulations. 15896: 7858: 5636:. As of early 2010, cell phone users in Shanghai and Beijing risk having their text messaging service cut off if they are found to have sent "illegal or unhealthy" content. 2104: 1821: 1630: 873: 794: 323: 13908: 12911: 7927: 4911:

confirmed and virus typing is in progress." On 3 January 2020, he was warned and admonished by Zhongnan Road Street police station of Wuchang District. Li Wenliang died of

4761:, and virtually all religious texts, publications, and websites relating to the group have been banned, along with information on the imprisonment or torture of followers. 15523: 11373: 8721: 8691: 2209: 2068: 1870: 12203: 10110: 6566: 16036: 14211: 14085:

Dynamic Internet Technology Inc. Alleges Skype Redirects Users in China to Censorware Version – Ten Days After Users Are Able To Download Freegate Software Through Skype

12509: 9574: 2568: 1588: 1435: 1379: 955: 6175:, and other large companies were criticized and boycotted in China by celebrities, social media platforms, and government media for expressing concern about the use of 4951:

are not allowed to be printed within mainland China; thus, China's censors can rip out unwanted contents from every imported publication by hand while clearing customs.

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as well as food safety issues such as "cancer-causing mineral water" were not to be reported on. However, the government claims that such a list does not exist. As the

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which automatically filters all sensitive content. Censors review the posts on social media, and the users must register by their real name. For foreign websites, the "

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of the 1970s, foreign literature and art forms, religious works and symbols, and even artifacts of ancient Chinese culture were deemed "reactionary" elements of the

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reported that it was required to filter messages passing through its service for words like "Falun Gong" and "Dalai Lama" before being allowed to operate in China.

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because it depicted two men holding hands and dancing together. An LGBT flag waved during an earlier performance by Switzerland that year was also blurred out. The

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News of the development is struggling to reach audiences in China, where transmissions of BBC World were mysteriously suspended when the station relayed the story.

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conducted several anonymous interviews with well-known political satirists residing in China to demonstrate how censorship has increased since the creation of the

4557: 4213: 2683: 2439: 1096: 13518: 13450: 12885: 11714: 10867: 9461: 16368: 16344: 11471: 10564: 9700: 8863: 7978: 5494:, some of the world's largest internet enterprises, benefited from the way China has blocked international rivals from the market, assisting domestic companies. 3756: 1860: 1806: 1729: 12658: 8450: 4241:"Implementation Rules for Provisional Regulations of the Administration of International Networking of Computer Information in the People's Republic of China" ( 16476: 15651: 9910: 7801: 4720: 4056:

The government has censorship over all media capable of reaching a wide audience. This includes television, print media, radio, film, theater, text messaging,

1781: 1769: 1595: 973: 968: 963: 909: 14507:

Lacharite, Jason (1 July 2002). "Electronic Decentralisation in China: A Critical Analysis of Internet Filtering Policies in the People's Republic of China".

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are three "Big V's" that were arrested between 21 and 23 August 2013 on charges of rumormongering and slander. In that same month, Chinese-American investor

4903:(YY 直播) started to censor content that contained specific keywords, for example, "Unknown Wuhan Pneumonia (不明武汉肺炎)" and "SARS outbreak in Wuhan (爆发SARS疫情)." 3880: 2815: 2719: 2513: 1924: 1677: 1341: 1331: 846: 10260: 8149:

Mao, Lin (2024). "From Trade War to New Cold War: Popular Nationalism and the Global Times on Weibo under Xi Jinping". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).

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Censorship makes researching certain topics more difficult, risky, or outright illegal. A confidential internal directive widely circulated within the CCP,

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Censorship in the PRC encompasses a wide range of subject matter. The motivations behind such censorship are varied; while some are stated outright by the

3334: 1474: 1044: 716: 13058: 12768: 12561: 11653: 11055: 10398: 9796: 6951: 6046:, who has business interests all over Asia, has been criticized over the departures of several China desk staff in rapid succession since he acquired the 5218:

All audio visual works dealing with "serious topics" such as the Cultural Revolution must be registered before distribution on the mainland. For example,

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period, the Nationalist government increasingly censored cultural products in an effort to oppose communist ideology. These efforts increased during the

3797: 3585: 3090: 2100: 1408: 13540: 11954: 11576: 8634: 8390: 8254: 16077: 13157: 12020:"Clearing the Air: Investigating Weibo Censorship in China: New Research to Show Censorship of Microbloggers Who Spoke out about Pollution Documentary" 10815: 9615: 8951: 7832: 5869: 3684: 2805: 2449: 2375: 1909: 1687: 9761: 5509:

blog posts over the period 2009-2013 found that many sensitive topics were discussed, including on ethnic conflict, political scandals, and protests.

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have voluntarily censored content for Chinese markets in order to be allowed to do business in the country. In October 2008, Canadian research group

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said the attack was "payback" for what it characterized as Western colonialism, accusing Charlie Hebdo of trying to incite a clash of civilizations.

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Simons, Margaret; Nolan, David; Wright, Scott (2017). "'We are not North Korea': propaganda and professionalism in the People's Republic of China".

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The State General Administration of Press and Publication and anti-porn and illegal publication offices have also played a role in screening games.

4841:. Similarly, China has been accused of using a double standard in attacking Google for "obscene" content that is also present on Chinese competitor 16031: 14039: 11272: 11240: 11150: 10695: 9030: 7762: 7309: 4416: 4043: 3783: 2444: 2117: 1419: 1348: 1337: 1327: 14105: 13184: 10584: 10516: 10293: 8593: 4181:. To stimulate the economy, the Chinese government relaxed its control on media, which promoted media commercialization, profits, and growth. The 4136:" cultural campaign. This program sought to censor cultural products deemed unwelcomed by the KMT, such as works by left-wing artists or writers. 16217: 15185: 10755: 7913: 7651: 7013: 6235:

in order to discuss social and political current events on online platforms and gain access to web pages blocked by the Great Firewall of China.

6016:, led many, especially activists, journalists, and others already subject to police scrutiny to practice self-censorship. A newspaper article by 4411:

The Chinese government regulates the creation and distribution of materials regarding Chinese history. Particular emphasis is placed on opposing

4400: 4351: 3801: 3761: 3105: 2312: 1396: 1089: 816: 676: 650: 13014: 10133: 9637: 8820: 8483: 7673: 7279: 5528:), one of the most popular liberal social commentators on Chinese social media, was also arrested. Three weeks after his arrest, he appeared on 4959:

On the twentieth anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Chinese media came under tremendous pressure from authorities.

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Shao, Peiren; Wang, Yun (1 June 2017). "How does social media change Chinese political culture? The formation of fragmentized public sphere".

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described these decisions as being sparked by schools like Harvard and Princeton getting funding from current and former students from China.

5383:—who became the subject of a ban issued by the CCP Central Propaganda Department after having posted an online video of her meeting with him. 16429: 15547: 15467: 15223: 13858: 12701: 11006: 9854: 8562: 7712: 5051: 4073: 2866: 2061: 1550: 1372: 762: 249: 14373: 14297: 12979: 12384: 8973: 8293: 8195: 16240: 10646: 9353: 5903:, which sought to regulate the media market through a combination of both mass political mobilization and state administrative action. The 4654: 4355: 3787: 3136: 2027: 1610: 14327: 16393: 15324: 14648: 13790: 12531: 11902: 11863: 11819: 11177: 10677: 9745: 9327: 9239: 9220: 9182: 9163: 9144: 9106: 7391: 5198: 4751: 4647: 4635: 4543: 4182: 4011: 3989: 3000: 2073: 1682: 1318: 1205: 1069: 12302: 10069: 9273: 9201: 9125: 15563: 15373: 12241: 6079:

of self-censoring movies to appease the Chinese government and its audiences and gain access to its market. An article in the magazine

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of the different mirrors of blocked webpages under their various non-specific URLs, increasing public access to censored information.

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In the late 2010s, a number of incidents in which Chinese authorities requested that Western publishers of academic journals, such as

4185:

were a turning point for Chinese censorship, especially after they were forcibly suppressed on 4 June 1989 following a declaration of

16552: 16447: 16282: 16235: 13388: 12795: 11088: 10323: 9884: 7252: 6913: 6176: 5743:. Consoles had been banned under a rule enacted in 2000 to combat the perceived corrupting influence of video games on young people. 5611: 4567:

Following the 1990 incident in which the Japanese Maritime Safety Agency intended to recognize as official a lighthouse built on the

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Tiffert, Glenn D. (April 2019). "Peering down the Memory Hole: Censorship, Digitization, and the Fragility of Our Knowledge Base".

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New Threads, a website for reporting academic misconduct in China such as plagiarism or fabrication of data, is banned in China.

5262:, which raised hopes that China is loosening censorship. However, in August 2014 government officials caused the shutdown of the 5205:

Access to the 12,000 movie screens in China is a powerful incentive for film makers, especially those producing material such as

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In 2018, a number of agencies underwent a reorganization designed to strengthen CCP control of media. Most of the duties of the

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ranks China 172nd out of 180 countries in regards to press freedom and terms it the "world's largest prison for journalists".

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A new standard world history textbook introduced in Shanghai high schools in 2006 supposedly omits several wars; it mentions

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Numerous content which have been blacked out has included references to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, the

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were reportedly imprisoned in China as of September 2014; China had "44 journalists in prison, more than any other country."

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State Council Instructions on How to Deal with Anti-revolutionary, Obscene, and Preposterous Books, Magazines, and Pictures

5303: 4592: 4499: 3736: 3716: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3538: 3017: 2418: 2406: 2400: 1831: 15263: 14263: 14017: 13881: 13694: 9739:"关于群众反应的涉及李文亮医生有光情况调查的通报," [Circular on the investigation of Dr. Li Wenliang's situation reflected by the masses] 6941:"Censoring Pornography: The Role of Sexual Media in the Fight for Freedom of Expression in the People's Republic of China" 5093:

are not widely available throughout China, but rather only in certain diplomatic compounds, hotels, and apartment blocks.

4856:, allowing Chinese to view such films to be financially accessible while keeping their money within the domestic economy. 4701:

Male actor's earrings and ponytails have been blurred due to the perception that they are rebellious and countercultural.

177: 29:

This article is about censorship in the People's Republic of China. For censorship in the Republic of China (Taiwan), see

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Wang, Youqing (2007). "Finding a Place for the Victims: The Problem in Writing the History of the Cultural Revolution".

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Tsai, Wen-Hsuan; Kao, Peng-Hsiang (2013). "Secret Codes of Political Propaganda: The Unknown System of Writing Teams".

7975: 5996: 5617: 5594:, the Chinese government restricted internet access in the region and shut down the social media platforms Twitter and 5568: 5132: 4221: 3885: 3609: 3509: 3347: 3291: 2955: 2949: 2766: 2355: 1816: 1716: 1298: 13767: 12854: 11625: 11479: 8855: 4916:

same time, topics related to criticism of the government's policies on dealing with the pandemic were being censored.

4837:

In recent years, censorship in China has been accused of being used not only for political protectionism but also for

4204:(中共中央宣传部; CCPPD) is the main official institution responsible for censorship work. Other departments, for example the 2328: 228: 16202: 16183: 15216: 15035: 14801: 14642: 12646: 12132: 11896: 11857: 11813: 9993: 8518: 8442: 8162: 8133: 7793: 6663: 6232: 6035: 5991: 5263: 5171:

China has a large diversity of different foreign films broadcast through the media and sold in markets. China has no

4630:, negative depictions of LGBTQ people are "common and pervasive" as of 2015. Global controversy erupted in 2018 when 4367:

Media outlets usually employ their own monitors to ensure political content does not cross Party lines. For example,

4303:

socialist value system, prevent the spread of harmful information abroad, and maintain national political stability.

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of censorship authorities, raising their efficiency, and under his leadership censorship practices have tightened.

4956:

strict control over both traditional and contemporary media to prevent any potential undermining of its authority.

4890: 4380: 4205: 4031: 3115: 2937: 2851: 2656: 601: 472: 187: 11924: 10930: 4595:, the Chinese government censored related keywords online and shut down internet chatrooms addressing the issues. 16661: 16277: 16122: 15681: 10268: 6325: 6193: 4329:, a CCP-run newspaper, noted that the Publicity Department employed over 2 million 'public sentiment analysts' ( 4316:

Multiple organs of both the CCP and the Chinese state exercise various degrees of responsibility for censorship.

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Liu Liming and Sheng Qiwen, "Study on Internet Users' Behavior of "Turning over the Wall," [网民"翻墙"行为研究]

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Li, Raymond (16 September 2008). "Censorship hammer comes down over scandal". South China Morning Post, p. A5.

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Self-censorship in a Chinese academic journal: an editor asks the article's author to remove a sentence about

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Gueorguiev, Dimitar D.; Malesky, Edmund J. (October 2019). "Consultation and Selective Censorship in China".

6359: 5965: 5640: 5547: 5356: 5109: 4988: 4330: 4003: 2644: 2042: 1712: 799: 544: 425: 355: 10807: 9597: 8935: 7824: 16692: 16581: 16532: 16527: 16363: 16334: 16265: 16227: 16159: 16070: 15308: 15209: 15180: 13003:"Confronting Online Scrutiny: Doing social science research in the context of internet censorship in China" 11682:"Cyber China: Upgrading Propaganda, Public Opinion Work and Social Management for the Twenty-First Century" 7596: 6867: 6001: 5392: 5226: 5172: 4877:

Private surveying and publication of geographic data (such as a map) without a permit is illegal in China.

4800:"to avoid conflicts with ethnic minorities". This is believed to refer to China's population of 20 million 4716: 4451: 4065: 4015: 3852: 3689: 3523: 3413: 3392: 3257: 3244: 2777: 2688: 2678: 2612: 1166: 1012: 1007: 728: 645: 561: 202: 13973: 13653:

Luqiu, Luwei Rose (2017). "The Cost of Humour: Political Satire on Social Media and Censorship in China".

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Luqiu, Luwei Rose (2017). "The Cost of Humour: Political Satire on Social Media and Censorship in China".

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Luqiu, Luwei Rose (2017). "The Cost of Humour: Political Satire on Social Media and Censorship in China".

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China passes only 20 foreign films each year for cinematic viewing and does not have a film rating system.

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The introduction of the national-security law in Hong Kong on 30 June 2020, which was implemented during

5591: 4639: 4190: 3844: 3504: 2978: 2972: 2617: 2332: 2222: 1156: 1134: 110: 11396: 11154: 8856:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang)" 8036:

Agence France-Presse (21 January 2011). "Propaganda arm orders pro-party reporting, say rights groups",

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comparing General Secretary Xi Jinping to the plump bear, as well as other characters from the works of

16636: 16611: 16127: 16012: 15841: 15806: 15761: 10072:[China revokes the press credentials of three Wall Street Journal reporters based in Beijing]. 8585: 7418:

We Chat, They Watch: How International Users Unwittingly Build up WeChat's Chinese Censorship Apparatus

6711: 5947:. Under Xi dissent has been stifled and censorship has been expanded. Later in August, all mentions of 5881: 5835: 5238: 4561: 4484: 3975: 3938: 3900: 3870: 3602: 3499: 2988: 2965: 2930: 2578: 2555: 1250: 493: 365: 245: 241: 9769: 7643: 4236:" prevents Chinese citizens from accessing particular websites with sensitive content by blocking the 16671: 16666: 16574: 16435: 15731: 15726: 15621: 15446: 15439: 15387: 15290: 15112: 15047: 14908: 13002: 12116: 8827: 8473: 7275: 6740: 6647: 6516: 6374: 5951:, a billionaire film director and actress, were scrubbed from Chinese platforms without explanation. 5877:

and civil society, pro-market neo-liberalism, and "nihilist" criticisms of past errors of the party.

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and negative developments about the Beijing Olympics. Due to the anti-censorship stance taken in the

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Jianchao, indicating that Beijing was concerned this might make Taiwan seem like a separate country.

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webpage, that internet user will receive an email containing the contents of that specific Webpage.

5211:

to consult and cooperate with Chinese censors. Taking a Chinese partner, as was done in the case of

16591: 16299: 16190: 16178: 16016: 15851: 15741: 15721: 15671: 15641: 15631: 15613: 15591: 15281: 15247: 14918: 14742: 13833: 12410: 9907:"敏感期審查嚴記者行文盡避「6」「4」 (Tighter Inspections During Sensitive Period – Journalists avoid '6' and '4')" 8013: 8000: 6303: 6158: 6126: 6048: 5804:

published an article entitled "Modernization and History Textbooks" in which he criticized several

5740: 5331: 5285: 5160: 5144: 4977:

Furthermore, the numbers cannot be used in the headlines lest the Publicity Department disapprove.

4797: 4268: 3811: 3704: 3443: 3372: 3360: 3146: 2887: 2871: 2349: 1786: 1255: 1027: 523: 120: 13850: 12969: 12681: 12230: 11569:"Google Plans to Launch Censored Search Engine in China, Leaked Documents Reveal · Ryan Gallagher" 10986: 9834: 9693:"Censored Contagion II: A Timeline of Information Control on Chinese Social Media During COVID-19" 8554: 7704: 5986:

attention or repercussions from the Chinese government. For example, in 2017 journalism professor

5654:

during the summer of 2007, text messaging was blocked to prevent the rallying of more protesters.

4132:

and included a national censorship apparatus established as part of the Kuomintang's "Arts of the

16373: 16327: 16149: 15981: 15937: 15816: 15811: 15691: 15509: 12680:

Klotzbücher, Sascha; Kraushaar, Frank; Lycas, Alexis; Vampelj Suhadolnik, Nataša (7 March 2021).

12380: 12198: 8285: 8187: 8154: 8117: 8054: 7507:"Reverse-engineering censorship in China: Randomized experimentation and participant observation" 6243: 6239: 6063: 5711: 5344: 5027: 4568: 4170: 4007: 3774: 3401: 3237: 2800: 2772: 2671: 2337: 1886: 1739: 1183: 611: 551: 503: 498: 395: 276: 261: 166: 100: 9345: 5851: 5812:

avoided mention of Chinese diplomatic failures leading up to the war and that depictions of the

16596: 16411: 16260: 15831: 15786: 15766: 15756: 15656: 15453: 15395: 15345: 15107: 15083: 15005: 11424:"GFWatch: A Longitudinal Measurement Platform Built to Monitor China's DNS Censorship at Scale" 6384: 6080: 5797: 5774: 5537: 5418: 4853: 4812: 4690:

The foreign TV shows and films on internet also become the target of censorship. In July 2017,

3933: 3895: 3699: 3484: 3477: 3423: 3220: 2627: 2588: 2549: 1581: 919: 626: 571: 443: 415: 410: 360: 266: 145: 14632: 11886: 11847: 11803: 10672: 9738: 9324: 9257: 9236: 9217: 9179: 9160: 9141: 9103: 7395: 5777:

PRC history by downplaying or avoiding mention of controversial historical events such as the

4776:("Sexual Customs") which insulted Islam and placed its authors under arrest after protests in 4646:, preventing any further airing of the Eurovision Song Contest in China. Censors had also cut 16616: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16102: 15856: 15771: 15751: 15636: 15626: 15352: 15168: 14903: 14855: 14838: 13279: 13276:

Revolution and Its Narratives: China's Socialist Literary and Cultural Imaginaries, 1949-1966

12618: 12294: 11443: 10077: 9462:"Regulators Target Google for Pornographic Content, CCTV Airs Fake Interview, Netizens React" 9198: 9122: 8685:

The Battle for China's Spirit: Religious Revival, Repression, and Resistance under Xi Jinping

6364: 6354: 5808:

textbooks used in mainland China. In particular, he felt that depictions in the books of the

5632:

According to Reporters without Borders, China has over 2,800 surveillance centers devoted to

5542: 5498: 5475: 5254: 5148: 4675:

China has historically sought to use censorship to protect the country's culture. During the

4023: 3572: 3408: 1934: 1002: 992: 904: 899: 621: 616: 576: 508: 453: 400: 380: 330: 235: 217: 212: 197: 192: 135: 125: 115: 105: 95: 90: 85: 52: 8053: 6538: 4583:

reports meant that the Chinese public continued to be aware of media reports on the issue).

4571:

by a right-wing Japanese group, the Chinese government censored news reports of protests by

4298:

Chinese scholars Liu Liming and Sheng Qiwen state that censorship helps to protect national

16358: 16317: 16241:

Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

15901: 15836: 15801: 15736: 15716: 15706: 15666: 15646: 15532: 15270: 15142: 15132: 15127: 15088: 15073: 14945: 14818: 14789: 11118: 10904: 9789:"Censored Contagion: How Information on the Coronavirus is Managed on Chinese Social Media" 8220: 6882: 6735: 6141: 5908: 5663: 5533: 5272: 5166: 5089: 4750:; faiths outside of these are illegal, although some are tolerated to varying degrees. The 4611: 4495: 4299: 4139:

In 1941, the Nationalist Government banned the second volume of the book "Inside Asia", by

4104: 3815: 3807: 3726: 3679: 3643: 3627: 3365: 3158: 2820: 2712: 2661: 2202: 2152: 1576: 1245: 1235: 1105: 586: 581: 566: 556: 483: 466: 430: 370: 312: 256: 222: 150: 140: 130: 30: 13882:"The New York Times moving some staff out of Hong Kong as security law brings media chill" 12354: 10868:"China lashes out at Western businesses as it tries to cut support for Hong Kong protests" 9876: 8534:

TV fans angry after foreign shows suddenly pulled from popular Chinese video-sharing sites

7248: 6339: 5752:

censors not only swear words but also words such as Taiwan, Tibet, Hong Kong, Falun Gong,

5348:

by Australian pop singer Kylie Minogue was released as a 10-track edition of the album by

4255:

Most broadly, the purpose of the censorship apparatus is to maintain the stability of the

8: 15911: 15861: 15821: 15796: 15776: 15711: 15686: 15676: 15584: 15078: 14796: 14735: 14550: 12936: 10958: 10837: 9004: 8125: 7962: 6448: 6379: 6369: 5105: 5062:

have been subject to censorship previously applied only to media for the general public.

5018: 4676: 4472: 4424: 4412: 3875: 3675: 3578: 3543: 3452: 3387: 3033: 2498: 2228: 1914: 1293: 1124: 771: 538: 513: 488: 448: 385: 349: 335: 317: 271: 62: 42: 10954:"China's library officials are burning books that diverge from Communist Party ideology" 8748: 6883:"How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression" 5643:, a dozen Chinese people were reportedly arrested for sending text messages about SARS. 16601: 16459: 16245: 15781: 15701: 15696: 15122: 15100: 14850: 14610: 14532: 14476: 14084: 13695:"Hong Kong's Security Law Scares Citizens Into Scrubbing Social Media, Self-Censorship" 13670: 13635: 13597: 13478:"Award-winning filmmaker Zhao Wei disappears from Chinese internet for reasons unknown" 13408: 13301: 13230: 13108: 12051: 11706: 11527: 10777: 10725: 10450: 10420: 10051: 9713: 9602: 8621: 8507: 8415: 8168: 7534: 7156: 7102: 6905: 6813: 6805: 6251: 6215: 6137: 6058: 6028: 5874: 5778: 5736: 5291: 5290:

China's state-run General Administration of Press and Publication (新闻出版总署) screens all

5232: 4847: 4820: 4627: 4480: 4150:

blocked newspapers from publishing the corruption allegations against finance minister

4061: 3694: 3528: 3184: 3170: 2639: 1856: 1724: 1660: 1634: 1305: 1283: 1275: 1084: 914: 420: 302: 289: 182: 155: 8790: 7506: 7480:"The business of censorship: Documents show how Weibo filters sensitive news in China" 7125:"Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda" 6027:

Although independent from the mainland's legal system and hence censorship laws, some

5816:

glossed over atrocities committed by the Boxer rebels. As a result of Yuan's article,

16195: 15966: 15040: 14975: 14960: 14923: 14828: 14813: 14638: 14614: 14602: 14536: 14524: 14480: 14233: 14169: 13674: 13639: 13601: 13550: 13412: 13309: 13291: 13235: 13194: 13112: 12160: 12128: 11892: 11853: 11809: 11777: 11710: 11402: 10481: 10144: 10055: 10043: 9999: 9989: 9607: 9263: 9091: 8943: 8760: 8626: 8514: 8158: 8129: 8085: 8077: 8067: 7526: 7106: 6861: 6817: 6795: 6715: 6659: 6605: 6090: 5840: 5707:(for "distorting history and damaging China's sovereignty and territorial integrity") 5471: 5322: 5085: 5081: 5013: 4512: 4069: 4057: 3839: 3489: 3459: 3252: 3190: 3141: 2856: 2359: 693: 14420: 14061: 11531: 11209: 8905:"China Bans Online Bible Sales as It Tightens Religious Controls – The Boston Globe" 7881: 7417: 7160: 6909: 5038:

of failing to apologize for publishing articles criticizing China's handling of the

16656: 16423: 16056: 15137: 14808: 14594: 14516: 14468: 14389: 14385: 13662: 13627: 13589: 13400: 13327: 13283: 13098: 12693: 12120: 12031: 11751: 11696: 11517: 10998: 10393: 10226: 10105: 10035: 9846: 9444: 8443:"China Is Banned From Airing Eurovision After Censoring Performance With Gay Theme" 8328: 8121: 7743: 7538: 7518: 7146: 7136: 7094: 6897: 6787: 6651: 5809: 5327: 4815:, Chinese state-run media attacked Charlie Hebdo for publishing cartoons insulting 4793: 4580: 4572: 4476: 4325: 4050: 3779: 3396: 2388: 1980: 1920: 1262: 1077: 806: 11701: 11002: 9850: 8661: 8114:

The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes

4970:

published an image of an injured person being taken to the hospital on 4 June and

16051: 15366: 15068: 15015: 14990: 14980: 14965: 14898: 14888: 14784: 14772: 14091: 14068: 14046: 13943:"Hollywood Is "Increasingly Normalizing" Self-Censorship for China, Report Finds" 13829: 13065: 13042: 12236: 11657: 11598: 11551: 11182: 10681: 10568: 9821: 9749: 9724: 9331: 9243: 9224: 9205: 9186: 9167: 9148: 9129: 9110: 9064: 8540: 8020: 7982: 7957: 7931: 7920: 7228: 7206: 7184: 6679: 6271: 5813: 5360: 5244: 5207: 4805: 4707:

scandals involving Chinese athletes in international sports are widely censored.

4704: 4403:

itself, others are surmised by observers both inside and outside of the country.

4388: 4229: 4174: 4147: 3834: 3438: 2366: 753: 14670: 14204:"H&M and Nike are facing a boycott in China over Xinjiang cotton statements" 13477: 12828: 11305: 7674:"Security squeeze in China's capital ahead of communist anniversary celebration" 6188:

commented on this statement saying that it did not explicitly reference cotton,

16646: 16621: 16405: 16307: 16114: 15331: 14271: 14009: 13513: 12697: 12562:"Genshin Impact players say Chinese game censors 'Taiwan' and 'Hong Kong' chat" 11755: 11544: 11335: 10319: 7986: 7041:"Chinese Social Media Censorship May Be More Selective Than Previously Thought" 6703: 5956: 5748: 5703: 5633: 5368: 5124:, South Park was entirely banned in the PRC following the episode's broadcast. 4542:(Nan Huirong, Xue Zhijing and Yang Qinyu) in Shanxi Province criticized County 4507: 4283: 4233: 4178: 4129: 3709: 3298: 3262: 3232: 3176: 2825: 2280: 2198: 2166: 1647: 1151: 14520: 13103: 13086: 12594: 10039: 10003: 6901: 6444:"China's Xi Jinping unveils his top party leaders, with no successor in sight" 5987: 5567:

From 2017 onwards, Chinese censors began removing all images of the character

4531:

revealed that the Politburo member responsible for the Propaganda Department,

16686: 16465: 15960: 15501: 15152: 14823: 14606: 14528: 14472: 13978: 13666: 13631: 13593: 13554: 13313: 13239: 13198: 13128:"Blunt instrument? What a list of banned articles says about China's censors" 12502:"China's free trade zone regulations set, ready for video game console sales" 12164: 12155: 12036: 12019: 11955:"Detained Chinese-American blogger confesses to 'irresponsible' online posts" 10148: 10139: 10047: 9611: 9295: 8947: 8764: 8630: 8333: 8316: 8089: 8063: 7886: 6708:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

6573: 6543: 6415: 6389: 6206: 5805: 5727: 5491: 5439: 5117: 4943: 4838: 4747: 4539: 4108: 4100: 4084: 3340: 2924: 2757: 2186: 1989: 1962: 1948: 1288: 1032: 894: 14374:"Becoming a cyber power: China's cybersecurity upgrade and its consequences" 13305: 13183:

Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Graham-Harrison, Emma; Kuo, Lily (11 April 2020).

10647:"China vows to crack down on unauthorized distribution of audiovisual works" 7763:"In China, Xi Jinping's Crackdown Extends to Dissenting Versions of History" 7566:"China punishes microblog platform Weibo for interfering with communication" 7522: 16537: 16441: 15555: 15539: 15380: 15338: 15030: 14985: 14883: 14878: 13759: 13545: 13189: 12850: 12679: 12566: 11888:

Critical Reading and Writing in the Digital Age: An Introductory Coursebook

11661: 11629: 11277: 11245: 11060: 11056:"Self-censorship hits Hong Kong book fair in wake of national security law" 8172: 7530: 6809: 6317: 6110: 5459: 5455: 5414: 5410: 5364: 5336: 5220: 5193: 5136: 4825: 4532: 4450:

Censorship in China is seen as a tool to maintain the rule of the CCP. The

4140: 3956: 3928: 3267: 3197: 2906: 2127: 2019: 1996: 1969: 1761: 1424: 14598: 14106:"China's National-Security Law Reaches Into Harvard, Princeton Classrooms" 13729:"Editing history: Hong Kong publishers self-censor under new security law" 13541:"Chinese law to ban comments that harm China's 'feelings' prompts concern" 13404: 12593:

Knockel, Jeffrey; Ruan, Lotus; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi (14 August 2017).

12124: 11805:

The Contentious Public Sphere: Law, Media, and Authoritarian Rule in China

11522: 11505: 7825:"China launches hotline for netizens to report 'illegal' history comments" 6655: 6600: 6598: 16507: 15970: 15095: 15020: 14970: 14940: 14933: 14893: 13909:"Hollywood 'kowtowing' to China takes heat from Washington. But why now?" 13451:"China Censors Ex-Premier's Article Ahead of Communist Party Anniversary" 13384: 13287: 13158:"Cambridge University Press pulls articles in China at Beijing's request" 12598: 11366:"China's Great Firewall is blocking around 311k domains, 41k by accident" 11123: 8890: 8478: 8353:"Meet the Chinese 'censors' who watch 700 pornographic movies every week" 7747: 7141: 7124: 6479: 6118: 6084: 6062:

also withdrew some of its staff from the city in anticipation of greater

6043: 5939:

In April 2021 Chinese authorities censored a tribute that former Premier

5801: 5521: 5451: 5447: 5355:

China has historically issued bans to music acts who proclaim support of

5349: 5101: 4907: 4735: 4642:

subsequently terminated its relationship with Mango TV's parent company,

4488: 4216:

until 2018), assist with censorship work. In 2013, CCP General Secretary

4186: 4146:

Following the 1942-1943 American dollar bond scandal, Nationalist leader

3565: 3447: 3353: 3206: 3121: 2783: 2746: 2734: 2241: 1696: 1511: 1497: 1022: 868: 820: 13613: 13611: 7151: 6840:[Study on Internet Users' Behavior of "Turning over the Wall"]. 6791: 5401: 2424:

State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense

16502: 16417: 15117: 15052: 14995: 14758: 10926: 10838:"Suspicious authorities shut down independent film festival in Beijing" 10211:

Vause, John (9 April 2008). "San Francisco Torch Relay Broadcast". CNN.

8049: 7794:"Chinese Court Orders Apology Over Challenge to Tale of Wartime Heroes" 6595: 6168: 6133: 6122: 6102: 6039: 5940: 5827: 5576: 5517: 5506: 5296: 5113: 5097: 4863:

Discussions of poverty in the country have been increasingly censored.

4781: 4684: 4464: 4423:

One example of this is the censorship of historical writings about the

4292: 4256: 4237: 4217: 4151: 4039: 4027: 3615: 3559: 3059: 2959: 2846: 2488: 2460: 2267: 2134: 2110: 2003: 1864: 1642:

Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission

1526: 1481: 1442: 1428: 1412: 1359: 877: 841: 832: 810: 766: 757: 15201: 9031:"5 Chinese Christians Jailed as Gov't Continues to Crackdown [ 7392:"China unveils three state administrations on film, press, television" 5739:

in the country was lifted in 2014 as part of the establishment of the

4173:" policy in 1978, which transformed China's economic structure from a 16651: 15576: 14950: 14928: 14234:"Uyghurs: Xinjiang cotton ban is self-defeating, China tells H&M" 13851:"Hong Kong's publishers self-censor in wake of national security law" 13608: 10808:"China anti-censorship hopes rise after state TV airs V for Vendetta" 8474:"China bans 'sissy' and 'effeminate' men under new macho media rules" 7332:"China's online censors tighten grip after brief coronavirus respite" 6511: 6275: 6274:" (Cao Ni Ma) is commonly used by netizens as a pun on a homophonous 6098: 5924: 5731:(for "smearing the image of China and endangering national security") 5525: 5467: 5380: 4680: 4662: 3494: 3319: 3097: 3082: 3055: 2572: 1955: 1890: 1749: 1601: 1542: 1455: 1230: 859: 14585:

Qiang, Xiao (15 April 2011). "The Battle for the Chinese Internet".

13185:"China clamping down on coronavirus research, deleted pages suggest" 12082:"Outspoken market analyst's Chinese social media accounts suspended" 11241:"Maroon 5 Dalai Lama tweet may have led to cancelled China concerts" 10696:"China Bans One of Its Own Films; Cannes Festival Gave It Top Prize" 8317:"China's XXX factor: Crackdown in the world's leading porn consumer" 5011:'writing group') to write articles under pseudonyms for the 4072:. Government officials have access to uncensored information via an 14328:"China attacks Western nations, firms over Xinjiang cotton boycott" 14072: 13007:

Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society

11769: 11398:

How Great is the Great Firewall? Measuring China's {DNS} Censorship

9441:"French website blocked for warning of risks of investing in China" 8974:"China bans online Bible sales amid crackdown on religious freedom" 7098: 6610: 6484: 6189: 5948: 5844: 5715:(for "intentionally blackening China and the Chinese army's image") 5443: 5431: 5372: 5302:

Publishing in Hong Kong was uncensored prior to the passage of the

5183: 4961: 4912: 4816: 4731: 4691: 4631: 4522:

20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4224:(中央网络安全和信息化委员会办公室; CAC), an independent network regulation agency. 3621: 2410: 2392: 2215: 2159: 1928: 1534: 1491: 1451: 850: 775: 16011: 15415:

Public Pledge on Self-Discipline for the Chinese Internet Industry

9638:"Coca-Cola not 'illegally mapping' China after all, officials say" 9406:"Beijing jumps onto Paris attack to feed state propaganda machine" 8081: 7505:

King, Gary; Pan, Jennifer; Roberts, Margaret E. (22 August 2014).

5781:, Cultural Revolution, and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. 5676:

Threatening national unity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity

16236:

Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR

15147: 14955: 14704: 12974: 11312:. Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Harvard Law School. 10134:"The Chinese authorities are concealing the state of the economy" 8936:"China Bans Online Bible Sales as It Tightens Religious Controls" 8024: 6784:

Censored: Distraction and Diversion Inside China's Great Firewall

6106: 5427: 5376: 5072:

Television programme censorship in the People's Republic of China

4981: 4786: 4777: 4517: 4438: 4372: 4096: 2982: 10182: 8821:"Congressional-Executive Commission on China 2010 Annual Report" 6411:"Google Executive Declines to Say If China Censors Its Citizens" 5330:

is banned in China, reportedly due to supposed criticism in its

4947:

ripped out by China's censorship departments. Publications like

4220:

upgraded the Internet censorship department and established the

16606: 14716: 14298:"H&M responds to a firestorm in China over Xinjiang cotton" 14170:"Nike, H&M face China fury over Xinjiang cotton 'concerns'" 13182: 13087:"Academic Censorship in China: The Case of the China Quarterly" 9376:"Charlie Hebdo Attack Shows Need for Press Limits, Xinhua Says" 8860:

U.S. State Department Office of International Religious Freedom

7998:

Al Guo, "First arrests made in tainted milk scandal", Page A4,

6210: 6180: 6172: 6164: 6146: 6114: 5961:

of the atrocities in Xinjiang helped spur the online cleanup."

5907:

resulted from multi-sided negotiations involving the state and

5757: 5753: 5651: 5595: 5555: 5529: 5479: 5463: 5435: 5406: 5259: 5058: 5056:

Since CCP general secretary Xi Jinping has consolidated power,

4996: 4900: 4823:

advocating limiting freedom of speech, while CCP-owned tabloid

4801: 4739: 4468: 4460: 4368: 4338: 3283: 3074: 3047: 1876: 1569: 1556: 1503: 1466: 1459: 1240: 12462:"Computer game cracked down on for discrediting China's image" 11626:"The Chinese Internet Crash of 2007 – Calamity or Capitalism?" 10101:"In Xi's China, even internal reports fall prey to censorship" 8055:"Imprisoning People for Words and the Power of Public Opinion" 7644:"Party history researcher warns against 'historical nihilism'" 5042:

and failing to "investigate and deal with those responsible".

4923: 4661:

men and other abnormal esthetics" to its rules using the slur

4538:

In April 2007, in the Jishan Article Case, three officials in

4467:, democracy, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, 3068:

Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization

2069:

State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission

15000: 14727: 13974:"In China, Shutterstock Censors Hong Kong and Other Searches" 12193:"China Puts Power of State Behind AI—and Risks Strangling It" 10616:"To Get Movies into China, Hollywood Gives Censors a Preview" 8791:"China Detains Three Americans Under Anti-Proselytizing Laws" 8416:"Eurovision 2018: Chinese channel barred from airing contest" 7597:"Russia-Ukraine war: In Chinese media, the US is the villain" 7068: 7066: 6981: 5843:

are seemingly unable to identify the context of the infamous

5761: 5644: 5572: 5077: 5076:

Foreign and Hong Kong news broadcasts in mainland China from

4842: 4765: 4758: 4743: 4658: 4528: 4456: 4092: 3721: 3324: 14359:

The Party and the Arty in China: The New Politics of Culture

13226:"Chinese Censorship Is Quietly Rewriting the Covid-19 Story" 10294:"South Park ban by China highlights Hollywood tightrope act" 10225:. Reporters without Borders. 28 January 2005. Archived from 9984:

Lam, Willy Wo-Lap, ed. (2018). "The CCP propaganda system".

9005:"China fines church for owning 'wrong' version of the Bible" 8384:

LGBT China Today: Surprising Progress yet Daunting Obstacles

8286:"China Has Banned Hip-Hop Culture and Tattoos From TV Shows" 6881:

King, Gary; Pan, Jennifer; Roberts, Margaret E. (May 2013).

5641:

during the severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome (SARS) outbreak

5031:

reporters based in Beijing. The government of China accused

14040:

Western tech giants must stop kowtowing to China's bullying

13688: 13686: 13684: 13389:"China in Xi's 'New Era': The Return to Personalistic Rule" 12686:

The Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies

12436:"Swedish video game banned for harming China's sovereignty" 11506:"Censorship and deletion practices in Chinese social media" 10991:

The Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies

9839:

The Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies

7449:"Learning China's Forbidden History, So They Can Censor It" 7123:

Qin, Bei; Strömberg, David; Wu, Yanhui (21 February 2017).

6993: 6969: 5968:

that would criminalize comments, clothing, or symbols that

4622: 4437:

In 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China launched a

4387:

Operators of some fact-checking websites in China admit to

4053:) in 2012, censorship has been "significantly stepped up". 13936: 13934: 13274:

Karl, Rebecca E.; Zhong, Xueping, eds. (4 February 2016).

13036:"China Warns Officials Against 'Dangerous' Western Values" 12592: 11989:"New (and Not So New) Trends in China's Online Censorship" 11304:

Zittrain, Jonathan; Edelman, Benjamin (March–April 2003).

10223:"News black-out on death of former top leader Zhao Ziyang" 9443:. Reporters Without Borders. 30 March 2007. Archived from 8749:"Assessing Human Rights in China: Why the Double Standard" 7063: 5923:

The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to get rid of the

4792:

In 2007, anticipating the coming "Year of the Pig" in the

4430:

Questioning folk-historical stories, such as those of the

3041:

Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture

11545:"China blocks access to Bloomberg and Businessweek sites" 9518:

winning points internally for backing a popular campaign.

8718:"The Mormon church's century-long mission to crack China" 6259: 6255: 6069: 5487: 5409:

announced its withdrawal from China, some people came to

5375:—which had concerts cancelled after a band member made a 4576: 13681: 11336:"Chinese firms to increase censorship of online content" 9665:"China gets public support to crackdown illegal mapping" 5864:

believed that 4 June was the date of a mining disaster.

5723:(for "smearing the image of China and the Chinese army") 4558:

United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade

13931: 12970:"Young clerk let Tiananmen ad slip past censors: paper" 12150:"China is shoring up the great firewall for the AI age" 11774:

The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism

11503: 9598:"Why China's Censors Are Deleting Videos About Poverty" 8617:"An Uproar Over a Chinese Doping Case, Except in China" 6567:

Speak No Evil: Mass Media Control in Contemporary China

5490:, local Chinese businesses such as Baidu, Tencent, and 5270:

characters in movies, such as changing the villains in

4371:, a popular messaging and social media platform run by 14291: 14289: 13791:"Press Freedom in Hong Kong Under Threat, Report Says" 13224:

Hvistendahl, Mara; Mueller, Benjamin (23 April 2023).

11849:

China's Socialist Rule of Law Reforms Under Xi Jinping

11394: 9532:"Confucius says no to 'subversive' blockbuster Avatar" 5820:

was temporarily shut down and its editors were fired.

5616:

In October 2023, the Chinese government mandated that

4721:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

13789:

Buckley, Chris; Forsythe, Michael (16 January 2015).

12409:. Xinhua News Agency. 26 January 2006. Archived from 11089:"On Hong Kong Shelves, Illicit Dirt on China's Elite" 9567:"China Presses Economists to Brighten Their Outlooks" 6097:

International corporations such as Google, Facebook,

4006:(PRC) is mandated by the country's ruling party, the 2514:

Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

13431: 12682:"Censorship and Self-censorship in Chinese Contexts" 8555:"China restricts access to foreign children's books" 7976:

China Milk Scandal Spreads; Hong Kong Girl Sickened"

6293: 5371:

had performed in a concert to benefit the movement,

4103:, some of the world's largest internet enterprises, 4091:

Other views suggest that Chinese businesses such as

3335:

Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs

883:

Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members

14631:Baker, Mona; Blaagaard, Bolette B. (10 June 2016). 14551:"What is Mirror Site? – Definition from Techopedia" 14286: 13844: 13842: 12532:"Ubisoft Gains on Console Sales as China Lifts Ban" 12494: 11925:"China's tragic crackdown on social media activism" 11306:"Empirical Analysis of Internet Filtering in China" 10752:"Dark Knight won't be on big screen in China – BBC" 10614:Cieply, Michael; Barnes, Brooks (14 January 2013). 9255: 8887:"China Puts Bibles in Hotel Rooms for the Olympics" 8255:"China bans depictions of gay people on television" 7394:. Xinhua News Agency. 16 April 2018. Archived from 6844:. Beijing Youth Research, no. 4: 37. Archived from 6231:Chinese citizens frequently use many techniques to 5131:In January 2009, during a television report of the 5120:," as well as the appearance of the Dalai Lama and 4154:, also one of Chiang's relatives through marriage. 3586:

Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits

1822:

Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation

13223: 12638: 12381:"Censorship on imported online games strengthened" 12355:"Thousands protest against S.China chemical plant" 12229: 12191: 12148: 11599:"Google's Project Dragonfly 'terminated' in China" 10261:"Haile Gebrselassie pulls out of Beijing marathon" 10180: 10132: 9069:. Vol. 32. 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Retrieved 25 May 2017. 10531:"Judi Dench continues to earn Academy's respect" 10176: 10174: 10172: 10170: 8884: 8509:Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution 8060:No Enemies, No Hatred: Selected Essays and Poems 7359: 7357: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 5887:During the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, 5859:as it could cause trouble with the "authorities" 5505:A study by American researchers of 13.2 billion 5367:—which had concerts cancelled after lead singer 4044:general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 13788: 11303: 11232: 10861: 10859: 10561:China censors "Pirates" for "vilifying Chinese" 10324:"Chinese media censor Obama's inaugural speech" 9783: 9781: 9779: 9687: 9685: 8283: 7879: 7384: 7247:Xu, Beina; Albert, Eleanor (17 February 2017). 7014:"It's OK To Protest In China, Just Don't March" 6786:. Princeton University Press. pp. 99–109. 4352:General Administration of Press and Publication 3762:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs 651:Internet censorship and surveillance by country 16477:Information operations and information warfare 16454:Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism 14630: 13849:Liu, Nicole; Woodhouse, Alice (18 July 2020). 12430: 12428: 12264:"Text message service cut off for 'bad' words" 12231:"China deploys censors to create socialist AI" 12052:"Winnie the Pooh film denied release in China" 11884: 11845: 10927:"The Underground Publishing Industry in China" 10482:"Why China turned against a blockbuster drama" 8660:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from 8252: 8188:"China terminates 700 sites in porn crackdown" 7504: 7276:"China 'employs 2 million to police internet'" 7122: 7072: 6999: 6987: 6975: 6880: 6152: 5943:had written for his mother in the small paper 5673:Violating basic principles of the Constitution 5196:that "vilifies and humiliates the Chinese" in 2989:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police 987:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1) 15997: 15592: 15217: 14743: 14361:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 130–134. 14192: 12723: 12721: 12719: 12113:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty 10167: 8308: 7354: 7233: 7118: 7116: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6644:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty 5052:Internal media of the Chinese Communist Party 4987:The CCP also often employs teams of writers ( 4618:unlicensed dealers for pornographic content. 4242: 4157: 3983: 3106:National Press and Publication Administration 1807:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health 670: 14164: 14162: 13848: 13328:"Living the Revolution: Television in China" 13080: 13078: 12931: 12929: 12796:"Beijing Seizes Japan Textbooks for Content" 12595:"Keyword Censorship in Chinese Mobile Games" 10856: 10613: 9776: 9682: 9346:"Ban Thwarts 'Year of the Pig' Ads in China" 9039:CBN.com – The Christian Broadcasting Network 8030: 7946: 7944: 7873: 6083:commented on an extensive 94-page report by 5889:investigations into the origins of the virus 5147:for not promoting socialist values, such as 4757:The Falun Gong is subject to suppression in 4655:National Radio and Television Administration 4394: 4356:National Radio and Television Administration 4169:The People's Republic of China adopted the " 3685:International Development Cooperation Agency 3137:National Radio and Television Administration 2303:Reform & Organizational Structure Office 2033:National Development & Reform Commission 1611:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 1475:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission 16394:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 13722: 13720: 13085:Wong, Mathew Y. H.; Kwong, Ying-ho (2019). 12730:"Where's Mao? Chinese Revise History Books" 12425: 11623: 11463: 10919: 10352: 9961:. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from 9931:. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from 9734: 9732: 9456: 9454: 8586:"'Sissy Pants' Celebrities Banned in China" 8440: 6226: 5720:Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour 5179:for all audiences to be allowed to screen. 5006: 4924:Media, communication and education controls 4752:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4593:2010 boat collision in the disputed islands 4012:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 1910:State Council (Central People's Government) 1520:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission 16004: 15990: 15599: 15585: 15548:Silenced: China's Great Wall of Censorship 15224: 15210: 14750: 14736: 14137:"Ivy League Schools Self-Censor For China" 14057: 14055: 13965: 13818: 13816: 12908:"An unlikely victim of China's censorship" 12716: 12292: 12227: 12104: 11846:Garrick, John; Bennett, Yan Chang (2016). 11746:. Special Issue on Social Media in China. 11499: 11497: 10607: 10579: 10577: 9988:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 172. 9435: 9433: 9431: 8746: 8649: 8346: 8344: 8215: 8213: 8185: 8014:China to introduce journalist "black list" 7680:. Agence France-Presse. 6 September 2019. 7113: 6842:China Academic Journals Full-text Database 6824: 6736:"Sixty years of news media and censorship" 6637: 6635: 6633: 5605: 5397:List of websites blocked in mainland China 4683:, which became targets for destruction by 4550: 4415:. The CCP's historical research body, the 3990: 3976: 998:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27) 677: 663: 16553:List of Hong Kong national security cases 16251:Independent Commission Against Corruption 14506: 14202:Wescott, Ben; He, Laura (26 March 2021). 14201: 14159: 13906: 13879: 13823:Freedoms eroded to please Beijing: report 13693:Khan, Natasha; Wang, Joyu (2 July 2020). 13273: 13102: 13084: 13075: 13052: 13029: 12926: 12228:McMorrow, Ryan; Hu, Tina (17 July 2024). 12035: 11700: 11617: 11521: 11210:"Kylie Minogue X China CD ALBUM (436290)" 11080: 10687: 10644: 10585:"Regulators now spooked by ghost stories" 10413: 9909:(in Chinese). 29 May 2009. Archived from 9832: 9529: 8389:(Report). Human Rights Watch. p. 3. 8332: 8314: 7951:China accused over contaminated baby milk 7941: 7363: 7150: 7140: 6473: 6471: 6250:Chinese netizens also use the method of " 6014:a wave of protests that escalated in 2019 5975: 5612:Artificial intelligence industry in China 5192:, and the omission of footage containing 4845:. The 2D version of the blockbuster film 4311: 4282:In 2019, however, Dimitar Gueorguiev and 3742:International Military Cooperation Office 3010:Office for Safeguarding National Security 1655:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work 1013:Highest state organ of power (Article 57) 16093:National Defense Mobilization Commission 15257:Burning of books and burying of scholars 13717: 13692: 12878:"Leading Publication Shut Down in China" 12793: 12223: 12221: 11741: 11679: 11238: 11176:Bodeen, Christopher (25 November 2008). 10895: 10893: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10013: 9729: 9451: 8676: 8151:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8099: 7246: 7011: 6835: 6094:pulling in $ 614 million there alone." 5850: 5767: 5698:Examples of banned games have included: 5400: 5379:post celebrating his 80th birthday, and 5199:Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End 4932: 4873:Restrictions on geographic data in China 4772:In 1989, China banned a book titled《性风俗》 3554:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs 3534:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement 2382:National Defense Mobilization Commission 1589:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission 16184:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police 15564:Party media takes the party's last name 15231: 14626: 14624: 14580: 14578: 14576: 14509:Australian Journal of Political Science 14103: 14052: 14010:"Facebook 'made China censorship tool'" 13813: 13727:Wu, Sarah; Zhou, Joyce (13 July 2020). 13125: 12110: 11841: 11839: 11837: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11494: 11422:Hoang, Nguyen Phong (4 November 2021). 11127:(in Chinese). China. 24 November 2008. 11121:[Mainland blocked GN'R album]. 11086: 11027: 10718: 10693: 10574: 10513:"'Departed' Banned From China Theaters" 10258: 10241: 10025: 9835:"Working Around the CCP's Insecurities" 9494: 9428: 8933: 8614: 8341: 8253:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (4 March 2016). 8210: 7992: 7733: 7619: 7617: 7038: 6781: 6641: 6630: 6477: 5970:hurt the feelings of the Chinese people 5954:According to James Palmer, writing for 5857:blocking of Knowledge in mainland China 5691:Infringing on others' legitimate rights 3830:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 2899:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission 2579:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police 1003:Protection of human rights (Article 33) 14: 16685: 16632:Picking quarrels and provoking trouble 16430:1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign 16138:provincial Public Security Departments 15606: 14502: 14500: 14498: 14496: 14494: 14492: 14490: 14454: 14452: 14450: 14448: 14446: 14415: 14413: 14411: 14134: 13971: 13940: 13888:from the original on 18 September 2020 13861:from the original on 18 September 2020 13726: 13506: 13475: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13263: 13261: 12758: 12644: 12017: 11982: 11980: 11737: 11735: 11285:from the original on 23 September 2016 11175: 10865: 10818:from the original on 27 September 2016 10694:Kristof, Nicholas D. (4 August 1993). 10571:, 17 June 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2017. 10479: 10461:from the original on 18 September 2020 10318: 8655: 8363:from the original on 19 September 2016 7822: 7715:from the original on 21 September 2019 7684:from the original on 22 September 2019 7274:Hunt, Katie; Xu, CY (7 October 2013). 7273: 7012:Vedantam, Shankar (9 September 2013). 6938: 6782:Roberts, Margaret E. (10 April 2018). 6564: 6468: 6441: 6070:International businesses and education 5918: 4796:, depictions of pigs were banned from 4650:because of the lead singer's tattoos. 4391:to avoid debunking propaganda claims. 4362: 3858:China and the World Trade Organization 3794:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens 2931:Public Security Organs People's Police 1225:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 15985: 15580: 15205: 14731: 14681:from the original on 26 November 2017 14584: 14431:from the original on 28 November 2017 14396:from the original on 17 November 2018 14356: 14295: 13986:from the original on 29 February 2020 13801:from the original on 29 December 2016 13757: 13652: 13617: 13579: 13488:from the original on 1 September 2021 13437: 13383: 12914:from the original on 25 December 2014 12888:from the original on 28 December 2016 12661:from the original on 25 December 2020 12542:from the original on 5 September 2014 12464:. Xinhua News Agency. 19 March 2004. 12361:from the original on 26 November 2009 12218: 12183: 12171:from the original on 26 December 2023 11421: 11190:from the original on 23 February 2009 11021: 10890: 10830: 10595:from the original on 17 February 2008 10385:"D'Oh! China bans Simpsons Primetime" 10334:from the original on 27 February 2009 10286: 10210: 10155:from the original on 5 September 2024 10010: 9662: 9002: 8850: 8848: 8715: 8596:from the original on 16 November 2021 8486:from the original on 15 November 2021 8381: 8096: 7882:"China bans reporting on 18 subjects" 7702: 7459:from the original on 29 February 2020 7282:from the original on 21 February 2020 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6748:from the original on 17 February 2024 6702: 6423:from the original on 27 November 2022 3277:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission 3226:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues 2966:State Security Organs People's Police 2522:Commission Against Corruption (Macau) 2455:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform 2288:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission 14621: 14573: 14371: 13953:from the original on 27 January 2021 13361:. 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Council on Foreign Relations. 7129:Journal of Economic Perspectives 6618:from the original on 2 July 2019 6492:from the original on 1 July 2019 6478:Bristow, Michael (8 June 2010). 6310: 6296: 4891:COVID-19 misinformation by China 4577:British Broadcasting Corporation 4381:Committee to Protect Journalists 4206:State Council Information Office 3950: 3116:State Council Information Office 2938:State Immigration Administration 2354: 2344: 2327: 2275:Discipline Inspection Commission 1797:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs 1008:Freedom of religion (Article 36) 701: 61: 16662:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 16548:Hong Kong national security law 16179:People's Courts Judicial Police 15461:Television programme censorship 15422:Restrictions on geographic data 14634:Citizen Media and Public Spaces 14270:. 31 March 2021. Archived from 14264:"Statement on H&M in China" 13972:Biddle, Sam (6 November 2019). 13507:Palmer, James (29 March 2023). 13476:Gibson, Liam (29 August 2021). 13001:Li, Yuqing (17 December 2020). 12387:from the original on 8 May 2013 12295:"China snoops on text messages" 12293:Richardson, Tim (2 July 2004). 12092:from the original on 1 May 2022 10952:Shih, Gerry (9 December 2019). 10296:. Al Jazeera. 10 October 2019. 9741:National Supervisory Commission 9356:from the original on 4 May 2019 9344:Lim, Louisa (6 February 2007). 9337: 9318: 9288: 9249: 9230: 9211: 9192: 9173: 9154: 9135: 9116: 9097: 9085: 9057: 9023: 8996: 8878: 8813: 8783: 8740: 8709: 8608: 8577: 8546: 8527: 8498: 8465: 8434: 8408: 8375: 8277: 8246: 8198:from the original on 2 May 2019 8179: 8062:. Translated by Louisa Chiang. 8042: 8007: 7906: 7847: 7816: 7785: 7754: 7727: 7703:Bland, Ben (4 September 2017). 7696: 7666: 7636: 7588: 7557: 7498: 7471: 7440: 7410: 7324: 7294: 7267: 7211: 7189: 7167: 7078: 7032: 7005: 6932: 6874: 6728: 6409:Fang, Lee (27 September 2018). 5583:being denied release in China. 5359:or otherwise interact with the 5304:Hong Kong national security law 5276:from Chinese to North Koreans. 4321:Publicity Department of the CCP 4210:Ministry of Culture and Tourism 4020:persecution of Uyghurs in China 3767:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office 3152:China Global Television Network 3132:Ministry of Culture and Tourism 2996:Bureau of Prison Administration 2556:People's Courts Judicial Police 2483:National Supervisory Commission 1564:Office of the General Secretary 16523:Central Case Examination Group 16256:Hong Kong Disciplined Services 15923:British Indian Ocean Territory 15291:Censorship of displaying blood 14757: 14390:10.4000/chinaperspectives.6731 13655:Global Media and Communication 13620:Global Media and Communication 13582:Global Media and Communication 12645:Walker, Ian (6 October 2020). 11808:. Princeton University Press. 11239:Phillips, Tom (17 July 2015). 11087:Buckley, Chris (18 May 2013). 10099:Kang, Dake (31 October 2022). 9795:. 3 March 2020. Archived from 8615:Pierson, David (3 July 2024). 8221:"China sinks Dead Man's Chest" 7823:Cadell, Cate (11 April 2021). 7736:The American Historical Review 6939:Prouté, Fanny (January 2019). 6672: 6558: 6531: 6504: 6435: 6402: 6279: 6233:circumvent Internet censorship 6163:In March 2021, apparel brands 5657: 5560: 5551: 5252:On 16 December 2012, the film 5001: 4992: 4939:1989 Tiananmen Square Protests 4804:(to whom pigs are considered " 4343: 4334: 4183:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 4134:Three Principles of the People 3886:China–European Union relations 3378:Special administrative regions 2563:Supreme People's Procuratorate 1802:Financial and Economic Affairs 13: 1: 16313:Commission Against Corruption 15318:Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh 12325:"The Great Firewall of China" 11702:10.1080/10670564.2016.1206281 11689:Journal of Contemporary China 11003:10.25365/JEACS.2020.1.189-213 10451:"文旅部：重点加强脱口秀等节目内容审核和现场监管-中新网" 9851:10.25365/JEACS.2020.1.215-237 8934:Johnson, Ian (5 April 2018). 8683:Cook, Sarah (February 2017). 8553:Feng, Emily (10 March 2017). 8513:. Stanford University Press. 8112:Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). 6395: 6360:2013 Southern Weekly incident 6238:Public relay servers such as 6121:released a new report saying 6088:China in 2019, with Disney's 5792:, a weekly supplement to the 5571:in response to the spread of 5497:More recently, under current 5279: 5110:the 2008 Chinese milk scandal 5065: 4928: 4866: 4434:, can be a criminal offense. 4406: 4306: 4114: 3906:China–United States relations 3891:China–Latin America relations 3752:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee 3348:HK & Macau Affairs Office 3091:Central Propaganda Department 2943:Local public security bureaus 2318:Offices Administration Agency 1827:Agriculture and Rural Affairs 16543:Grid-style social management 16533:Death sentence with reprieve 16528:Civil Servant-Family Pair Up 16364:Correctional Services Bureau 16266:National Security Department 16098:Ministry of National Defense 16071:United Front Work Department 16037:National Security Commission 14461:Media, Culture & Society 14357:Kraus, Richard Curt (2004). 13758:Zhang, Tao (November 2006). 12851:"History Textbooks in China" 12827:(in Chinese). Archived from 11624:Carter, Tom (5 March 2007). 11214:Esprit International Limited 10511:Lee, Min (18 January 2007). 9881:Council on Foreign Relations 9565:Wei, Lingling (4 May 2016). 9256:Harold Miles Tanner (2009). 8747:Peerenboom, Randall (2005). 8351:Wan, William (14 May 2013). 7761:Chin, Josh (2 August 2016). 7478:Wang, Yaqiu (3 March 2016). 7073:King, Pan & Roberts 2013 7000:King, Pan & Roberts 2013 6988:King, Pan & Roberts 2013 6976:King, Pan & Roberts 2013 6345:Resources in other libraries 6199: 6007: 6002:internet censorship in China 5839:segment, four students from 5579:, later leading to the film 5516:Yang Qiuyu, Zhou Lubao, and 5393:Internet censorship in China 5173:motion picture rating system 4854:copyright-infringing formats 4717:Freedom of religion in China 4710: 4452:Council on Foreign Relations 4445: 4109:blocked international rivals 4016:democracy movements in China 3853:China and the United Nations 3757:CCP International Department 3737:Ministry of National Defense 3664:Diplomatic missions of China 3524:Taiwan independence movement 3245:Publishing industry in China 2778:United Front Work Department 2623:Regular Disciplined Services 2613:Law enforcement in Hong Kong 2419:Ministry of Veterans Affairs 2401:Ministry of National Defense 1436:National Security Commission 1276:Harmonious Socialist Society 1167:Death sentence with reprieve 1141:Administrative Procedure Law 646:Freedom of speech by country 7: 16088:Ministry of Public Security 16042:Central Military Commission 14094:, TMCnet, 24 September 2007 11470:Bass, Sadie (8 July 2009). 9877:"Media Censorship in China" 8543:. South China Morning Post. 7792:Zhao, Kiki (28 June 2016). 7447:Yuan, Li (2 January 2019). 7308:. No. 3 October 2013. 7249:"Media Censorship in China" 6512:"Index 2024 – Global score" 6289: 6153:Xinjiang cotton controversy 5788:In a January 2006 issue of 5685:Damaging the nation's glory 5386: 4832: 4670: 4640:European Broadcasting Union 4432:Five Heroes of Mount Langya 3845:Community of Common Destiny 3635:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3505:Republic of China on Taiwan 2915:Ministry of Public Security 2236:Equipment Development Dept. 1403:Central Military Commission 10: 16709: 16637:Re-education through labor 16174:Judicial Administrative PP 16083:Ministry of State Security 12698:10.25365/JEACS.2020.1.9-18 12190:Lin, Liza (15 July 2024). 11756:10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.018 11744:Telematics and Informatics 11651:Google+ 'blocked in China' 8889:. CBN News. Archived from 6712:Cambridge University Press 6710:. Cambridge New York, NY: 6156: 5966:National People's Congress 5882:Cambridge University Press 5735:The historic ban of major 5682:Threatening state security 5661: 5609: 5390: 5313: 5283: 5164: 5158: 5069: 5049: 4884: 4870: 4714: 4648:Albania's 2018 performance 4602: 4591:immediately following the 4562:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 4455:independence movements in 4291:Chinese social media site 4158:People's Republic of China 4111:from the domestic market. 4004:People's Republic of China 3500:Political status of Taiwan 2950:Ministry of State Security 2650:Public Prosecutions Office 2450:Military reform since 2015 2062:Deputy Secretaries-General 1832:Social Development Affairs 1713:National People's Congress 1251:Primary stage of socialism 1219:Admission Oath (Article 6) 786:Current provincial leaders 28: 16672:Holistic security concept 16667:Xinjiang internment camps 16490: 16436:Persecution of Falun Gong 16386: 16298: 16226: 16113: 16024: 15951: 15910: 15870: 15612: 15481: 15431: 15360:Internet real-name system 15307: 15280: 15246: 15239: 15161: 15061: 14871: 14765: 14521:10.1080/10361140220148188 13104:10.1017/S1049096518002093 12117:Stanford University Press 11680:Creemers, Rogier (2017). 10985:Tian, Xi (7 March 2021). 10674:China Whacks The Departed 10183:"China's media crackdown" 10040:10.1017/s0305741013000362 9762:"压制负面新闻：机密文件揭露中国如何操纵疫情舆论" 8690:(Report). Freedom House. 8539:10 September 2019 at the 8505:Gao, Yuan (1 June 1987). 7930:24 September 2015 at the 7925:"The full list of edicts" 6902:10.1017/S0003055413000014 6741:Reporters Without Borders 6648:Stanford University Press 6517:Reporters Without Borders 6375:Chinese censorship abroad 6340:Resources in your library 5316:Music censorship in China 4973:Southern Metropolis Daily 4880: 4644:Hunan Broadcasting System 4636:Ireland's Eurovision song 4605:Blood censorship in China 4504:2008 Chinese milk scandal 4463:, the religious movement 4395:Subject matter and agenda 4243: 4202:CCP Propaganda Department 4164:Reporters Without Borders 4081:World Press Freedom Index 3881:China–Caribbean relations 3465:Mainland & Macau CEPA 3164:China Radio International 3111:China Film Administration 2298:Strategic Planning Office 2028:Cabinet-level departments 1120:Intellectual property law 16448:Anti-corruption campaign 16208:State Secrets Protection 16047:People's Liberation Army 15672:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 15374:List of blocked websites 14919:Content-control software 14473:10.1177/0163443716643154 13828:18 February 2008 at the 13667:10.1177/1742766517704471 13632:10.1177/1742766517704471 13594:10.1177/1742766517704471 12823: 12357:. Reuters. 1 June 2007. 12037:10.1177/0306422015605724 10728:. BBC. 28 January 2006. 10267:. London. Archived from 9538:. London. Archived from 8334:10.1177/0306422015622927 8227:. London. 10 July 2006. 8038:South China Morning Post 8001:South China Morning Post 7564:Li, Pei (10 June 2020). 7220:Legal System and Society 7198:Legal System and Society 6866:: CS1 maint: location ( 6838:"网民"翻墙"行为研究 - 中国期刊全文数据库" 6681:The China Monthly Review 6304:Freedom of speech portal 6240:virtual private networks 6227:Circumventing censorship 6159:Xinjiang cotton industry 6049:South China Morning Post 5997:National Security Police 5741:Shanghai Free-Trade Zone 5309: 5286:Book censorship in China 5161:Film censorship in China 4811:In response to the 2015 4598: 4569:disputed Senkaku islands 4250: 4244:中华人民共和国计算机信息网络国际联网管理暂行规定 4191:People's Liberation Army 4074:internal document system 3924:Administrative divisions 3705:Belt and Road Initiative 3402:Hong Kong SAR Government 3373:One country, two systems 3361:Hong Kong Liaison Office 3147:China Central Television 2657:Secretariat for Security 2333:People's Liberation Army 2074:most Central Enterprises 1817:Overseas Chinese Affairs 1256:Four Cardinal Principles 16123:Supervisory Commissions 15933:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15510:Censorship in Hong Kong 15174:Chinese issues overseas 14110:The Wall Street Journal 14090:1 December 2017 at the 14045:18 October 2019 at the 13699:The Wall Street Journal 13334:. Long Bow Group, Inc. 13041:6 February 2017 at the 12821:袁伟时 (11 January 2006). 12199:The Wall Street Journal 11656:19 January 2017 at the 11310:IEEE Internet Computing 10649:. China Media Project. 9596:Yuan, Li (4 May 2023). 9571:The Wall Street Journal 9380:The Wall Street Journal 9223:10 January 2017 at the 9147:10 January 2017 at the 9128:10 January 2017 at the 8155:Leiden University Press 8118:Oxford University Press 7956:19 October 2008 at the 7767:The Wall Street Journal 7523:10.1126/science.1251722 7368:. China Media Project. 7087:The Journal of Politics 6077:Hollywood film industry 6064:censorship in Hong Kong 5712:I.G.I.-2: Covert Strike 5688:Disturbing social order 5679:Divulging state secrets 5606:Artificial intelligence 5154: 4780:and Beijing by Chinese 4551:Foreign relations goals 4544:CCP Committee Secretary 4212:(formerly known as the 4008:Chinese Communist Party 3896:China–Pacific relations 3775:Chinese nationality law 2667:Unitary Police Services 2324:National armed forces: 1740:Council of Chairpersons 1596:Organization Department 1328:National Party Congress 1033:Socialist law tradition 910:Organization Department 16597:Judiciary of Hong Kong 16412:Anti-Rightist Campaign 16335:Public Security Police 16323:Unitary Police Service 16246:PLA Hong Kong Garrison 15396:Illegal flower tribute 15346:Green Dam Youth Escort 15264:List of censored books 15148:Suppression of dissent 14708:Quotations related to 14421:"How does a VPN work?" 14049:Opinion. The Guardian. 13947:The Hollywood Reporter 12853:. EastSouthWestNorth. 12626:Cite journal requires 12111:Laikwan, Pang (2024). 11451:Cite journal requires 11401:. pp. 3381–3398. 10903:. CECC. Archived from 10567:30 August 2017 at the 10070:"中方吊销《华尔街日报》三名驻京记者记者证" 9929:Journalists imprisoned 9330:9 January 2017 at the 9242:24 August 2020 at the 9204:9 January 2017 at the 9185:9 January 2017 at the 9166:9 January 2017 at the 9109:9 January 2017 at the 8019:13 August 2016 at the 7981:24 August 2020 at the 7176:Beijing Youth Research 6642:Laikwan, Pang (2024). 6385:Radio jamming in China 6081:The Hollywood Reporter 5976:Responses from society 5860: 5592:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 5538:air pollution in China 5422: 5419:illegal flower tribute 5326:by American rock band 5258:was aired unedited on 4980:30 journalists and 74 4952: 4839:economic protectionism 4813:Charlie Hebdo shooting 4494:In the lead-up to the 4312:Party and state bodies 3901:China–Russia relations 3871:China–Africa relations 3700:China Development Bank 3676:Foreign aid from China 3517:"Taiwan Province", PRC 3485:Cross-Strait relations 3478:Cross-Strait relations 3431:Mainland & HK CEPA 2872:People's organizations 2679:Public Security Police 2628:Hong Kong Police Force 2589:Judiciary of Hong Kong 2540:Supreme People's Court 2445:Military modernization 2223:Logistic Support Dept. 956:Previous constitutions 829:Communist Party leader 724:Leadership generations 16369:Macau Customs Service 16191:People's Armed Police 16103:Taiwan Affairs Office 15353:Golden Shield Project 14914:Conspiracy of silence 14904:Collateral censorship 14829:Speech and expression 14671:"China Digital Space" 14599:10.1353/jod.2011.0020 14372:Yuen, Samson (2015). 14038:John Naughton. 2019. 13482:www.taiwannews.com.tw 13405:10.1353/jod.2018.0022 13280:Duke University Press 12761:"China's Loyal Youth" 12125:10.1515/9781503638822 11601:. BBC. 17 July 2019. 11523:10.5210/fm.v17i3.3943 11153:. CNN. Archived from 10457:. 16 September 2020. 9820:20 April 2021 at the 9748:19 March 2020 at the 9723:19 March 2020 at the 7227:20 April 2021 at the 7205:20 April 2021 at the 7183:20 April 2021 at the 6656:10.1515/9781503638822 6365:Human rights in China 6355:Li Haoshi controversy 6157:Further information: 5854: 5768:Education and science 5499:CCP General Secretary 5404: 5227:Farewell My Concubine 5149:Story of Yanxi Palace 5050:Further information: 4936: 4885:Further information: 4819:, with the state-run 4727:Constitution of China 4034:, and aspects of the 4024:human rights in Tibet 3573:Taiwan Affairs Office 3424:Independence movement 3409:Politics of Hong Kong 2645:Court of Final Appeal 2606:Prosecutions Division 2601:Department of Justice 2594:Court of Final Appeal 2350:People's Armed Police 2043:National Audit Office 1674:Provincial committee 905:Collective leadership 900:Democratic centralism 781:Current state leaders 736:Hu–Wen Administration 54:Censorship by country 16359:Fire Services Bureau 16318:Macau Security Force 15847:United Arab Emirates 15533:Document Number Nine 15298:List of banned films 15271:Literary inquisition 15191:Muhammad controversy 15128:Naturalistic fallacy 15036:computer and network 14724:at Wikimedia Commons 14587:Journal of Democracy 14067:18 July 2014 at the 14016:. 23 November 2016. 13549:. 8 September 2023. 13393:Journal of Democracy 13288:10.2307/j.ctv11312w2 13064:21 July 2016 at the 12946:. WGBH Boston, PBS. 12798:. Associated Press. 12159:. 26 December 2023. 11776:. New York: Viking. 11550:12 July 2012 at the 10814:. 20 December 2012. 10784:. 4 September 2006. 10591:. 14 February 2008. 10359:The Washington Times 10143:. 5 September 2024. 9965:on 12 September 2014 9935:on 12 September 2014 9542:on 11 September 2011 9497:"China's Porn Trick" 9007:. Fox News Channel. 8797:. 15 February 1994. 7919:15 July 2018 at the 7338:. 11 February 2020. 7222:, no. 23 (2015): 165 7200:, no. 23 (2015): 166 7142:10.1257/jep.31.1.117 6614:. 8 September 2014. 6142:Princeton University 5798:Zhongshan University 5664:Video games in China 5438:services (including 5357:Tibetan independence 5167:List of banned films 5090:Bloomberg Television 4612:pornography in China 4300:information security 4070:right to free speech 3876:China–Arab relations 3808:Visa policy of China 3727:New Development Bank 3690:Ministry of Commerce 3453:Macau SAR Government 3366:Macau Liaison Office 3159:China National Radio 2842:Historical parties: 2662:Macau Security Force 2210:Political Work Dept. 1848:State representative 1792:Constitution and Law 1577:Central Guard Bureau 1246:Deng Xiaoping Theory 1023:Chinese legal system 838:State representative 800:Orders of precedence 763:20th Party Politburo 742:Xi–Li Administration 597:United Arab Emirates 31:Censorship in Taiwan 16693:Censorship in China 16582:Internet censorship 15874:limited recognition 15309:Internet censorship 15233:Censorship in China 15186:Internet censorship 14722:Censorship in China 14710:Censorship in China 14675:China Digital Times 12882:The Washington Post 12270:. 19 January 2010. 12024:Index on Censorship 11342:. 7 November 2011. 10959:The Washington Post 10872:The Washington Post 10680:10 May 2017 at the 10537:. 25 January 2007. 10322:(22 January 2009). 10028:The China Quarterly 9959:Netizens imprisoned 9466:China Digital Times 9382:. 12 January 2015. 8357:The Washington Post 8321:Index on Censorship 8004:(16 September 2008) 7989:(21 September 2008) 7966:(15 September 2008) 7963:The Daily Telegraph 7938:(15 September 2008) 6792:10.2307/j.ctvc77b21 6744:. 20 January 2016. 6449:The Washington Post 6380:Propaganda in China 6370:Mass media in China 6331:Censorship in China 6177:Uyghur forced labor 6021:Wall Street Journal 5919:Cultural Revolution 5737:video game consoles 5430:(from March 2009), 5413:'s headquarters in 5239:Memoirs of a Geisha 5106:2008 Tibetan unrest 5036:Wall Street Journal 5028:Wall Street Journal 4677:Cultural Revolution 4485:disparity of wealth 4425:Cultural Revolution 4413:historical nihilism 4363:Private enterprises 4214:Ministry of Culture 4107:from the way China 3654:Diplomatic missions 3626:Secretary-General: 3544:Chinese unification 3388:Hong Kong Basic Law 3258:Internet censorship 3216:Censorship in China 2973:Ministry of Justice 2499:Corruption in China 1871:Presidential Office 1510:Secretary-General: 1393:Central Secretariat 1294:Four Comprehensives 1098:Labour Contract Law 1028:Civil law tradition 865:Conference Chairman 754:4th Leadership Core 729:Succession of power 246:Democratic Republic 16627:Political offences 16602:Judiciary of Macau 16513:Capital punishment 16460:Operation Fox Hunt 16308:PLA Macau Garrison 16133:Public Security PP 15607:Censorship in Asia 15406:Wikimedia projects 15123:Moralistic fallacy 14861:banned video games 14844:banned televisions 14378:China Perspectives 14302:The New York Times 13795:The New York Times 13231:The New York Times 13160:. 18 August 2017. 13070:The New York Times 13047:The New York Times 12765:The New York Times 12734:The New York Times 12570:. 8 October 2020. 12538:. 1 January 2014. 11999:on 1 December 2017 11093:The New York Times 10700:The New York Times 10620:The New York Times 10519:on 13 August 2007. 10427:. 14 August 2006. 10397:. 14 August 2006. 10229:on 30 October 2007 10074:Xinhua News Agency 9603:The New York Times 9507:on 26 October 2012 8940:The New York Times 8833:on 3 November 2009 8664:on 14 October 2018 8622:The New York Times 8447:The New York Times 8027:, 13 February 2009 7936:New Zealand Herald 7912:Stephen Hutcheon, 7798:The New York Times 7748:10.1093/ahr/rhz286 7626:China Perspectives 7453:The New York Times 7178:, no. 4 (2020): 40 6216:The Garlic Ballads 6186:The New York Times 6138:Harvard University 6059:The New York Times 5875:media independence 5861: 5779:Great Leap Forward 5624:must be declined. 5561:qióng dǐng zhī xià 5434:(from July 2009), 5423: 5292:Chinese literature 5233:Brokeback Mountain 5135:of U.S. President 4953: 4821:Xinhua News Agency 4628:Human Rights Watch 4401:Chinese government 4002:Censorship in the 3695:Exim Bank of China 3529:Anti-Secession Law 3419:Pro-democracy camp 3185:China News Service 3171:Xinhua News Agency 2725:National Committee 2640:Judiciary of Macau 2569:Procurator-General 1782:Special Committees 1730:Standing Committee 1688:Deputy secretaries 1678:Standing committee 1621:Standing Committee 1582:Central Guard Unit 1380:Standing Committee 1284:Xi Jinping Thought 1241:Mao Zedong Thought 1157:Capital punishment 1135:Administrative law 874:Commander-in-chief 847:Head of government 772:14th State Council 16680: 16679: 16612:Life imprisonment 16339:Migration Service 16169:State Security PP 16013:National security 15979: 15978: 15916:other territories 15574: 15573: 15477: 15476: 15440:Censorship abroad 15199: 15198: 15181:Freedom of speech 15026:Strategic lawsuit 14976:National intranet 14924:Damnatio memoriae 14720:Media related to 14334:. 29 March 2021. 14240:. 29 March 2021. 14176:. 25 March 2021. 13913:Los Angeles Times 13297:978-0-8223-7461-9 13072:, 19 August 2013. 13068:, Chris Buckley, 12508:. 21 April 2014. 12413:on 14 August 2014 12058:. 6 August 2018. 11783:978-1-9848-7828-1 11632:on 21 August 2008 11575:. 1 August 2018. 11408:978-1-939133-24-3 10997:: 189–213 Pages. 10907:on 28 August 2008 10328:Los Angeles Times 10080:on 4 October 2020 9845:: 215–237 Pages. 9799:on 20 April 2021. 9772:on 20 April 2021. 9703:on 20 April 2021. 9447:on 28 April 2007. 9269:978-0-87220-915-2 8893:on 27 April 2007. 8472:Elliott, Josh K. 8073:978-0-674-06147-7 7678:The Straits Times 7398:on 13 August 2020 7302:"网络舆情分析师：要做的不是删帖" 6801:978-1-4008-9005-7 6721:978-1-009-29761-5 6326:Library resources 6091:Avengers: Endgame 5895:Historical trends 5841:Peking University 5794:China Youth Daily 5581:Christopher Robin 5323:Chinese Democracy 5086:BBC World Service 5082:CNN International 5040:COVID-19 pandemic 5009: 4937:A page about the 4513:China Youth Daily 4417:Central Committee 4126:Republic of China 4058:instant messaging 4036:COVID-19 pandemic 4000: 3999: 3939:Ethnic minorities 3840:Beijing Consensus 3780:Chinese passports 3620:Deputy Director: 3603:Foreign relations 3490:Chinese Civil War 3460:Politics of Macau 3253:Internet in China 3142:China Media Group 3081:Deputy Director: 3018:Urban Management 2767:Political parties 2754:Secretary-General 2741:Vice-Chairpersons 2475:Supervisory organ 2360:China Coast Guard 2194:Joint Staff Dept. 2105:supreme commander 2057:Secretary-General 2016:Secretary-General 1770:Secretary-General 1756:Vice-Chairpersons 1533:Deputy Director: 1488:Deputy Directors: 1369:Central Politburo 1349:General Secretary 1338:Central Committee 1198:Principal leaders 856:Congress Chairman 748:Xi Administration 744:(2012–2017) 738:(2002–2012) 694:Politics of China 687: 686: 283:Dutch East Indies 16:(Redirected from 16700: 16657:Two-faced person 16424:Shadian incident 16377: 16353: 16331: 16213:Cyberspace Admin 16057:Maritime Militia 16006: 15999: 15992: 15983: 15982: 15969: 15959: 15958: 15928:Christmas Island 15614:Sovereign states 15601: 15594: 15587: 15578: 15577: 15567: 15558: 15551: 15542: 15535: 15526: 15524:Press Censorship 15519: 15512: 15505: 15496: 15470: 15463: 15456: 15449: 15447:Music censorship 15442: 15424: 15417: 15408: 15399: 15390: 15383: 15376: 15369: 15362: 15355: 15348: 15341: 15334: 15327: 15320: 15300: 15293: 15273: 15266: 15259: 15244: 15243: 15226: 15219: 15212: 15203: 15202: 15138:Propaganda model 14766:Media regulation 14752: 14745: 14738: 14729: 14728: 14719: 14707: 14691: 14690: 14688: 14686: 14667: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14656: 14628: 14619: 14618: 14582: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14566: 14547: 14541: 14540: 14504: 14485: 14484: 14456: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14436: 14417: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14401: 14369: 14363: 14362: 14354: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14343: 14324: 14318: 14317: 14315: 14313: 14293: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14274:on 31 March 2021 14260: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14249: 14230: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14219: 14199: 14190: 14189: 14187: 14185: 14166: 14157: 14156: 14154: 14152: 14132: 14126: 14125: 14123: 14121: 14101: 14095: 14082: 14076: 14075:(3 October 2008) 14059: 14050: 14036: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14025: 14006: 14000: 13999: 13993: 13991: 13969: 13963: 13962: 13960: 13958: 13938: 13929: 13928: 13926: 13924: 13904: 13898: 13897: 13895: 13893: 13877: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13866: 13846: 13837: 13820: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13786: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13775: 13755: 13749: 13748: 13746: 13744: 13724: 13715: 13714: 13712: 13710: 13690: 13679: 13678: 13650: 13644: 13643: 13615: 13606: 13605: 13577: 13571: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13537: 13531: 13530: 13528: 13526: 13504: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13473: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13447: 13441: 13435: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13424: 13381: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13370: 13354: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13343: 13324: 13318: 13317: 13271: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13221: 13215: 13214: 13212: 13210: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13154: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13123: 13117: 13116: 13106: 13082: 13073: 13056: 13050: 13045:, Chris Buckley 13033: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13022: 12998: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12966: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12955: 12941: 12933: 12924: 12923: 12921: 12919: 12910:. UPI Asia.com. 12904: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12873: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12862: 12847: 12841: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12818: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12807: 12791: 12785: 12784: 12778: 12776: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12725: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12629: 12624: 12622: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12590: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12558: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12547: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12498: 12492: 12491: 12484: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12473: 12458: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12447: 12432: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12377: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12351: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12321: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12260: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12233: 12225: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12195: 12187: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12152: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12115:. Stanford, CA: 12108: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12078: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12015: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12004: 11995:. Archived from 11984: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11951: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11843: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11799: 11788: 11787: 11766: 11760: 11759: 11739: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11719: 11704: 11686: 11677: 11666: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11628:. Archived from 11621: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11565: 11559: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11525: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11478:. Archived from 11467: 11461: 11460: 11454: 11449: 11447: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11281:. 27 June 2016. 11269: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11206: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11173: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11157:on 10 March 2009 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11064:. 15 July 2021. 11052: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11032:. Archived from 11025: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10897: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10863: 10854: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10834: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10774: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10748: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10691: 10685: 10671:Josh Grossberg: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10581: 10572: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10497: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10394:Associated Press 10381: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10278: 10276: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10219: 10213: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10197: 10187: 10178: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10136: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10106:Associated Press 10096: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10023: 10008: 10007: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9913:on 20 July 2011. 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9830: 9824: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9785: 9774: 9773: 9758: 9752: 9743:, March 19, 2020 9736: 9727: 9718:, March 19, 2020 9711: 9705: 9704: 9689: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9669:Geospatial World 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9549: 9547: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9514: 9512: 9503:. Archived from 9492: 9486: 9485: 9479: 9477: 9468:. 20 June 2009. 9458: 9449: 9448: 9437: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9341: 9335: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9259:China: a history 9253: 9247: 9234: 9228: 9215: 9209: 9196: 9190: 9177: 9171: 9158: 9152: 9139: 9133: 9120: 9114: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9041:. 1 March 2017. 9035:] on Church" 9027: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8980:. 5 April 2018. 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8909:The Boston Globe 8901: 8895: 8894: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8852: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8832: 8826:. Archived from 8825: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8795:Associated Press 8787: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8731: 8729: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8696: 8689: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8550: 8544: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8512: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8395: 8388: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8348: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8236: 8217: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8109: 8094: 8093: 8057: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8011: 8005: 7996: 7990: 7973: 7967: 7948: 7939: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7621: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7595:Cheung, Rachel. 7592: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7361: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7306:The Beijing News 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7244: 7231: 7215: 7209: 7193: 7187: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7154: 7144: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7093:(4): 1539–1545. 7082: 7076: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6956: 6945: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6918: 6887: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6865: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6848:on 20 April 2021 6833: 6822: 6821: 6779: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6646:. Stanford, CA: 6639: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6602: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6582: 6571: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6406: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6281: 6244:The Onion Router 6136:schools such as 5988:Luwei Rose Luqiu 5931:Under Xi Jinping 5810:Second Opium War 5562: 5553: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4906:On 30 December, 4794:Chinese calendar 4657:added a ban on " 4581:Voice of America 4573:overseas Chinese 4496:Beijing Olympics 4477:police brutality 4345: 4344:yúqíng fēnxī shī 4336: 4326:The Beijing News 4246: 4245: 4079:As of 2024, the 4051:paramount leader 3992: 3985: 3978: 3957:China portal 3955: 3954: 3953: 3414:Pro-Beijing camp 3397:John Lee Ka-chiu 3054:Deputy Leaders: 3004: 2692: 2684:Judiciary Police 2675: 2433:Military history 2358: 2348: 2338:Theater commands 2331: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2137: 2130: 2006: 1999: 1992: 1981:State Councilors 1972: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1915:Li Qiang Cabinet 1776: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1356: 1263:Three Represents 1236:Marxism–Leninism 1162:Capital offences 1052:List of statutes 807:Paramount leader 795:National leaders 705: 689: 688: 679: 672: 665: 548: 480: 462: 439: 345: 327: 299: 286: 253: 250:Federal Republic 232: 174: 72: 65: 55: 45: 38: 37: 21: 16708: 16707: 16703: 16702: 16701: 16699: 16698: 16697: 16683: 16682: 16681: 16676: 16592:Judicial system 16486: 16382: 16371: 16347: 16345:Judicial Police 16325: 16294: 16222: 16150:Internet police 16128:People's Police 16109: 16020: 16017:law enforcement 16010: 15980: 15975: 15947: 15915: 15906: 15887:Northern Cyprus 15873: 15866: 15608: 15605: 15575: 15570: 15561: 15554: 15545: 15538: 15531: 15522: 15515: 15508: 15499: 15492:Southern Weekly 15488: 15473: 15466: 15459: 15452: 15445: 15438: 15427: 15420: 15413: 15404: 15393: 15386: 15379: 15372: 15367:Jingwang Weishi 15365: 15358: 15351: 15344: 15337: 15330: 15323: 15316: 15303: 15296: 15289: 15282:Film censorship 15276: 15269: 15262: 15255: 15248:Book censorship 15235: 15230: 15200: 15195: 15157: 15057: 15016:Self-censorship 14991:Prior restraint 14981:Newspaper theft 14966:Internet police 14899:Chilling effect 14889:Broadcast delay 14867: 14761: 14756: 14700: 14695: 14694: 14684: 14682: 14669: 14668: 14664: 14654: 14652: 14645: 14629: 14622: 14583: 14574: 14564: 14562: 14549: 14548: 14544: 14505: 14488: 14457: 14444: 14434: 14432: 14419: 14418: 14409: 14399: 14397: 14370: 14366: 14355: 14351: 14341: 14339: 14326: 14325: 14321: 14311: 14309: 14294: 14287: 14277: 14275: 14262: 14261: 14257: 14247: 14245: 14232: 14231: 14227: 14217: 14215: 14200: 14193: 14183: 14181: 14168: 14167: 14160: 14150: 14148: 14133: 14129: 14119: 14117: 14102: 14098: 14092:Wayback Machine 14083: 14079: 14069:Wayback Machine 14060: 14053: 14047:Wayback Machine 14037: 14033: 14023: 14021: 14008: 14007: 14003: 13989: 13987: 13970: 13966: 13956: 13954: 13939: 13932: 13922: 13920: 13905: 13901: 13891: 13889: 13878: 13874: 13864: 13862: 13855:Financial Times 13847: 13840: 13830:Wayback Machine 13821: 13814: 13804: 13802: 13787: 13783: 13773: 13771: 13756: 13752: 13742: 13740: 13725: 13718: 13708: 13706: 13691: 13682: 13651: 13647: 13616: 13609: 13578: 13574: 13564: 13562: 13539: 13538: 13534: 13524: 13522: 13505: 13501: 13491: 13489: 13484:. Taiwan News. 13474: 13470: 13460: 13458: 13449: 13448: 13444: 13436: 13432: 13422: 13420: 13385:Shirk, Susan L. 13382: 13378: 13368: 13366: 13355: 13351: 13341: 13339: 13326: 13325: 13321: 13298: 13272: 13259: 13249: 13247: 13222: 13218: 13208: 13206: 13181: 13177: 13167: 13165: 13156: 13155: 13151: 13141: 13139: 13124: 13120: 13083: 13076: 13066:Wayback Machine 13057: 13053: 13043:Wayback Machine 13034: 13030: 13020: 13018: 12999: 12995: 12985: 12983: 12978:. 6 June 2007. 12968: 12967: 12963: 12953: 12951: 12939: 12935: 12934: 12927: 12917: 12915: 12906: 12905: 12901: 12891: 12889: 12874: 12870: 12860: 12858: 12849: 12848: 12844: 12834: 12832: 12825: 12819: 12815: 12805: 12803: 12792: 12788: 12774: 12772: 12757: 12753: 12743: 12741: 12726: 12717: 12707: 12705: 12678: 12674: 12664: 12662: 12643: 12639: 12627: 12625: 12616: 12615: 12608: 12606: 12591: 12587: 12577: 12575: 12560: 12559: 12555: 12545: 12543: 12530: 12529: 12525: 12515: 12513: 12500: 12499: 12495: 12486: 12485: 12481: 12471: 12469: 12460: 12459: 12455: 12445: 12443: 12434: 12433: 12426: 12416: 12414: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12379: 12378: 12374: 12364: 12362: 12353: 12352: 12348: 12338: 12336: 12323: 12322: 12318: 12308: 12306: 12291: 12287: 12277: 12275: 12262: 12261: 12257: 12247: 12245: 12237:Financial Times 12226: 12219: 12209: 12207: 12188: 12184: 12174: 12172: 12147: 12146: 12142: 12135: 12119:. p. 174. 12109: 12105: 12095: 12093: 12080: 12079: 12075: 12065: 12063: 12050: 12049: 12045: 12016: 12012: 12002: 12000: 11985: 11978: 11968: 11966: 11953: 11952: 11948: 11938: 11936: 11923: 11922: 11918: 11908: 11906: 11899: 11883: 11879: 11869: 11867: 11860: 11844: 11835: 11825: 11823: 11816: 11800: 11791: 11784: 11767: 11763: 11740: 11733: 11723: 11721: 11717: 11695:(103): 85–100. 11684: 11678: 11669: 11658:Wayback Machine 11649: 11645: 11635: 11633: 11622: 11618: 11608: 11606: 11597: 11596: 11592: 11582: 11580: 11567: 11566: 11562: 11558:, 29 June 2012. 11552:Wayback Machine 11543: 11539: 11502: 11495: 11485: 11483: 11482:on 11 July 2009 11468: 11464: 11452: 11450: 11441: 11440: 11433: 11431: 11420: 11416: 11409: 11393: 11389: 11379: 11377: 11370:therecord.media 11364: 11363: 11359: 11349: 11347: 11334: 11333: 11329: 11319: 11317: 11302: 11298: 11288: 11286: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11256: 11254: 11237: 11233: 11223: 11221: 11208: 11207: 11203: 11193: 11191: 11183:The Independent 11174: 11170: 11160: 11158: 11149: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11132: 11117: 11116: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11085: 11081: 11071: 11069: 11054: 11053: 11049: 11039: 11037: 11036:on 4 April 2009 11026: 11022: 11012: 11010: 10983: 10979: 10969: 10967: 10950: 10946: 10936: 10934: 10925: 10924: 10920: 10910: 10908: 10899: 10898: 10891: 10881: 10879: 10864: 10857: 10847: 10845: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10821: 10819: 10806: 10805: 10801: 10791: 10789: 10776: 10775: 10771: 10761: 10759: 10750: 10749: 10745: 10735: 10733: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10692: 10688: 10682:Wayback Machine 10670: 10666: 10656: 10654: 10643: 10639: 10629: 10627: 10612: 10608: 10598: 10596: 10583: 10582: 10575: 10569:Wayback Machine 10558: 10554: 10544: 10542: 10529: 10528: 10524: 10509: 10505: 10495: 10493: 10478: 10474: 10464: 10462: 10449: 10448: 10444: 10434: 10432: 10419: 10418: 10414: 10404: 10402: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10351: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10320:Demick, Barbara 10317: 10313: 10303: 10301: 10292: 10291: 10287: 10274: 10272: 10257: 10253: 10246: 10242: 10232: 10230: 10221: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10205: 10195: 10193: 10185: 10179: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10114: 10097: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10068: 10067: 10063: 10024: 10011: 9996: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9966: 9953: 9952: 9948: 9938: 9936: 9923: 9922: 9918: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9875: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9831: 9827: 9822:Wayback Machine 9815:, June 16, 2020 9808: 9804: 9793:The Citizen Lab 9787: 9786: 9777: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9750:Wayback Machine 9737: 9730: 9725:Wayback Machine 9712: 9708: 9697:The Citizen Lab 9691: 9690: 9683: 9673: 9671: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9644:. 15 March 2013 9636: 9635: 9631: 9621: 9619: 9594: 9590: 9580: 9578: 9563: 9559: 9545: 9543: 9528: 9524: 9510: 9508: 9493: 9489: 9475: 9473: 9460: 9459: 9452: 9439: 9438: 9429: 9419: 9417: 9412:. 10 May 2013. 9410:The Japan Times 9404: 9403: 9399: 9389: 9387: 9374: 9373: 9369: 9359: 9357: 9342: 9338: 9332:Wayback Machine 9323: 9319: 9309: 9307: 9294: 9293: 9289: 9279: 9277: 9270: 9254: 9250: 9244:Wayback Machine 9235: 9231: 9225:Wayback Machine 9216: 9212: 9206:Wayback Machine 9197: 9193: 9187:Wayback Machine 9178: 9174: 9168:Wayback Machine 9159: 9155: 9149:Wayback Machine 9140: 9136: 9130:Wayback Machine 9121: 9117: 9111:Wayback Machine 9102: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9074: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9048: 9046: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9014: 9012: 9001: 8997: 8987: 8985: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8932: 8928: 8918: 8916: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8883: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8854: 8853: 8846: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8804: 8802: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8774: 8772: 8745: 8741: 8727: 8725: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8667: 8665: 8654: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8613: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8582: 8578: 8568: 8566: 8559:Financial Times 8551: 8547: 8541:Wayback Machine 8532: 8528: 8521: 8503: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8349: 8342: 8313: 8309: 8299: 8297: 8282: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8251: 8247: 8234: 8232: 8219: 8218: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8184: 8180: 8165: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8110: 8097: 8074: 8066:. p. 212. 8047: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8021:Wayback Machine 8012: 8008: 7997: 7993: 7983:Wayback Machine 7974: 7970: 7958:Wayback Machine 7949: 7942: 7932:Wayback Machine 7921:Wayback Machine 7911: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7878: 7874: 7864: 7862: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7829:www.reuters.com 7821: 7817: 7807: 7805: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7759: 7755: 7732: 7728: 7718: 7716: 7709:Financial Times 7701: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7622: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7593: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7445: 7441: 7427: 7425: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7362: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7285: 7283: 7272: 7268: 7258: 7256: 7245: 7234: 7229:Wayback Machine 7216: 7212: 7207:Wayback Machine 7194: 7190: 7185:Wayback Machine 7172: 7168: 7121: 7114: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7033: 7023: 7021: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6990:, pp. 3–5. 6986: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6943: 6937: 6933: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6885: 6879: 6875: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6849: 6834: 6825: 6802: 6780: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6704:Coble, Parks M. 6701: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6640: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6476: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6407: 6403: 6398: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6272:Grass Mud Horse 6229: 6202: 6161: 6155: 6072: 6029:Hong Kong media 6010: 5983: 5981:Self-censorship 5978: 5933: 5921: 5897: 5891:were censored. 5814:Boxer Rebellion 5770: 5666: 5660: 5630: 5614: 5608: 5569:Winnie the Pooh 5399: 5391:Main articles: 5389: 5318: 5312: 5288: 5282: 5245:The Dark Knight 5213:Kung Fu Panda 3 5208:Kung Fu Panda 3 5177:Chinese censors 5169: 5163: 5157: 5122:Winnie-the-Pooh 5100:, the death of 5074: 5068: 5054: 5048: 4931: 4926: 4893: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4835: 4723: 4713: 4673: 4607: 4601: 4553: 4448: 4409: 4397: 4389:self-censorship 4365: 4314: 4309: 4253: 4230:self-censorship 4175:planned economy 4171:Economic Reform 4160: 4148:Chiang Kai-shek 4122: 4117: 4060:, video games, 3996: 3967: 3963:Other countries 3951: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3934:Family planning 3919: 3911: 3910: 3867: 3849: 3835:Panda diplomacy 3826: 3771: 3748: 3733: 3672: 3660: 3605: 3595: 3594: 3564:Deputy Leader: 3550: 3480: 3470: 3469: 3444:Chief Executive 3439:Macao Basic Law 3435: 3393:Chief Executive 3384: 3330: 3329: 3309: 3308: 3301: 3286: 3249: 3212: 3100: 3085: 3077: 3062: 3050: 3036: 3026: 3025: 3014: 2998: 2985: 2962: 2927: 2909: 2901: 2893: 2892: 2888:Law enforcement 2877: 2876: 2861: 2835: 2737: 2715: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2686: 2669: 2636: 2618:Security Bureau 2585: 2575: 2552: 2534: 2533: 2532:Judicial organs 2528: 2518: 2510: 2495: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2440:Armed conflicts 2413: 2395: 2384: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2140: 2133: 2126: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2022: 2009: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1931: 1904: 1903: 1902:Executive organ 1898: 1893: 1867: 1850: 1849: 1812:Foreign Affairs 1768: 1752: 1720: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1671: 1545: 1537: 1529: 1514: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1469: 1450: 1445: 1423: 1415: 1387: 1347: 1322: 1321: 1314: 1278: 1271: 1227: 1213: 1212: 1186: 1184:Communist Party 1176: 1175: 1148: 1131: 1058: 1046:Legislation Law 1019: 989: 978: 946: 945: 925: 924: 889:Related systems 823: 719: 696: 683: 633: 632: 631: 542: 541: 471: 469: 457: 456: 434: 433: 342:Empire of Japan 339: 338: 321: 320: 293: 292: 280: 279: 239: 238: 226: 225: 164: 163: 80: 70: 53: 43: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16706: 16696: 16695: 16678: 16677: 16675: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16647:Soft detention 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16622:PLA Unit 61398 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16578: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16498:2011 crackdown 16494: 16492: 16488: 16487: 16485: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16463: 16457: 16451: 16445: 16439: 16433: 16427: 16421: 16415: 16409: 16406:Sufan movement 16403: 16397: 16390: 16388: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16380: 16379: 16378: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16355: 16354: 16342: 16315: 16310: 16304: 16302: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16292: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16269: 16268: 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14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14961:Heckler's veto 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14875: 14873: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14865: 14864: 14863: 14853: 14848: 14847: 14846: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14805: 14804: 14794: 14793: 14792: 14782: 14781: 14780: 14769: 14767: 14763: 14762: 14755: 14754: 14747: 14740: 14732: 14726: 14725: 14713: 14699: 14698:External links 14696: 14693: 14692: 14662: 14643: 14620: 14572: 14555:Techopedia.com 14542: 14515:(2): 333–346. 14486: 14467:(2): 219–237. 14442: 14407: 14364: 14349: 14319: 14285: 14255: 14225: 14191: 14158: 14127: 14096: 14077: 14051: 14031: 14001: 13964: 13930: 13899: 13872: 13838: 13812: 13781: 13764:Trend Magazine 13750: 13716: 13680: 13645: 13607: 13572: 13532: 13514:Foreign Policy 13499: 13468: 13442: 13430: 13387:(April 2018). 13376: 13357:Newth, Mette. 13349: 13319: 13296: 13257: 13216: 13175: 13149: 13118: 13097:(2): 287–292. 13074: 13051: 13049:, 13 May 2013. 13028: 12993: 12961: 12937:"The Tank Man" 12925: 12899: 12868: 12842: 12813: 12786: 12751: 12715: 12692:: 9–18 Pages. 12672: 12649:Genshin Impact 12637: 12628:|journal= 12585: 12553: 12536:Bloomberg News 12523: 12493: 12479: 12453: 12424: 12398: 12372: 12346: 12335:on 23 May 2011 12316: 12285: 12255: 12217: 12182: 12140: 12133: 12103: 12088:. 1 May 2022. 12073: 12043: 12010: 11976: 11946: 11916: 11897: 11877: 11858: 11833: 11814: 11789: 11782: 11761: 11750:(3): 694–704. 11731: 11667: 11643: 11616: 11590: 11560: 11537: 11493: 11462: 11453:|journal= 11414: 11407: 11387: 11357: 11327: 11296: 11264: 11231: 11201: 11168: 11142: 11119:"內地封殺 GN'R 唱片" 11110: 11079: 11047: 11020: 10977: 10944: 10929:. ZoneEuropa. 10918: 10889: 10855: 10829: 10799: 10769: 10743: 10717: 10686: 10664: 10637: 10606: 10573: 10552: 10522: 10503: 10472: 10442: 10412: 10376: 10345: 10311: 10285: 10271:on 13 May 2008 10251: 10240: 10214: 10203: 10166: 10124: 10091: 10061: 10009: 9994: 9976: 9946: 9916: 9898: 9868: 9825: 9802: 9775: 9753: 9728: 9706: 9681: 9655: 9629: 9588: 9557: 9522: 9487: 9450: 9427: 9397: 9367: 9336: 9317: 9287: 9268: 9248: 9229: 9210: 9191: 9172: 9153: 9134: 9115: 9096: 9084: 9066:Beijing Review 9056: 9022: 8995: 8965: 8926: 8896: 8877: 8844: 8812: 8782: 8739: 8708: 8675: 8648: 8607: 8576: 8545: 8526: 8519: 8497: 8464: 8433: 8407: 8374: 8340: 8307: 8276: 8245: 8209: 8178: 8163: 8141: 8134: 8095: 8072: 8041: 8029: 8006: 7991: 7968: 7940: 7905: 7872: 7846: 7815: 7784: 7753: 7742:(2): 550–568. 7726: 7695: 7665: 7635: 7613: 7587: 7556: 7497: 7470: 7439: 7409: 7383: 7353: 7323: 7293: 7266: 7232: 7210: 7188: 7166: 7135:(1): 117–140. 7112: 7099:10.1086/704785 7077: 7062: 7031: 7004: 6992: 6980: 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4925: 4922: 4882: 4879: 4871:Main article: 4868: 4865: 4834: 4831: 4712: 4709: 4672: 4669: 4600: 4597: 4552: 4549: 4508:infant formula 4447: 4444: 4408: 4405: 4396: 4393: 4364: 4361: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4284:Edmund Malesky 4252: 4249: 4234:Great Firewall 4179:market economy 4159: 4156: 4130:Nanjing period 4121: 4120:Republican era 4118: 4116: 4113: 4105:have benefited 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3959: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3918:Related topics 3917: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3805: 3791: 3777: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3710:Silk Road Fund 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3671: 3670: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3569: 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2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2281:Zhang Shengmin 2272: 2271: 2270: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2181:General Office 2175: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2167:Zhang Shengmin 2163: 2156: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2123: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2088:Military organ 2087: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2052:General Office 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2024: 2023: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1993: 1985: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1944: 1932: 1919: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1887:Vice President 1885: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1855: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1787:Ethnic Affairs 1779: 1778: 1777: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1753: 1744: 1727: 1721: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1700: 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58: 57: 49: 48: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16705: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16562: 16561: 16558: 16554: 16551: 16550: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16493: 16489: 16483: 16482:United States 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16467: 16466:709 crackdown 16464: 16461: 16458: 16455: 16452: 16449: 16446: 16443: 16440: 16437: 16434: 16431: 16428: 16425: 16422: 16419: 16416: 16413: 16410: 16407: 16404: 16401: 16398: 16395: 16392: 16391: 16389: 16385: 16375: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16351: 16346: 16343: 16340: 16336: 16333: 16332: 16329: 16324: 16321: 16320: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16301: 16297: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16267: 16264: 16263: 16262: 16259: 16258: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16233: 16231: 16229: 16225: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16192: 16189: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16161: 16158: 16157: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16144: 16141: 16140: 16139: 16136: 16135: 16134: 16131: 16130: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16120: 16118: 16116: 16112: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16080: 16079: 16078:State Council 16076: 16072: 16069: 16065: 16062: 16058: 16055: 16054: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16044: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16033: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16023: 16018: 16014: 16007: 16002: 16000: 15995: 15993: 15988: 15987: 15984: 15972: 15968: 15964: 15962: 15954: 15953: 15950: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15920: 15918: 15913: 15909: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15897:South Ossetia 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15879: 15877: 15875: 15869: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15619: 15617: 15615: 15611: 15602: 15597: 15595: 15590: 15588: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15565: 15560: 15557: 15553: 15550: 15549: 15544: 15541: 15537: 15534: 15530: 15525: 15521: 15518: 15514: 15513: 15511: 15507: 15503: 15502:Band in China 15498: 15495: 15493: 15487: 15486: 15484: 15480: 15469: 15465: 15462: 15458: 15455: 15454:Radio jamming 15451: 15448: 15444: 15441: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15430: 15423: 15419: 15416: 15412: 15407: 15403: 15397: 15392: 15389: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15371: 15368: 15364: 15361: 15357: 15354: 15350: 15347: 15343: 15340: 15336: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15322: 15319: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15310: 15306: 15299: 15295: 15292: 15288: 15287: 15285: 15283: 15279: 15272: 15268: 15265: 15261: 15258: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15249: 15245: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15227: 15222: 15220: 15215: 15213: 15208: 15207: 15204: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15171: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15164: 15160: 15154: 15153:Systemic bias 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15076: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15066: 15064: 15060: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14932: 14931: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14870: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14845: 14842: 14841: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14834:Student media 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14803: 14802:circumvention 14800: 14799: 14798: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14786: 14783: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14774: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14753: 14748: 14746: 14741: 14739: 14734: 14733: 14730: 14723: 14718: 14714: 14711: 14706: 14702: 14701: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14666: 14650: 14646: 14644:9781317537502 14640: 14637:. Routledge. 14636: 14635: 14627: 14625: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14588: 14581: 14579: 14577: 14560: 14556: 14552: 14546: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14503: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14495: 14493: 14491: 14482: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14455: 14453: 14451: 14449: 14447: 14430: 14426: 14422: 14416: 14414: 14412: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14379: 14375: 14368: 14360: 14353: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14323: 14307: 14303: 14299: 14292: 14290: 14273: 14269: 14268:H&M Group 14265: 14259: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14229: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14198: 14196: 14179: 14175: 14171: 14165: 14163: 14146: 14142: 14138: 14131: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14100: 14093: 14089: 14086: 14081: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14063: 14058: 14056: 14048: 14044: 14041: 14035: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14005: 13998: 13985: 13981: 13980: 13979:The Intercept 13975: 13968: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13937: 13935: 13918: 13914: 13910: 13903: 13887: 13883: 13876: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13845: 13843: 13836:, 2 July 2001 13835: 13831: 13827: 13824: 13819: 13817: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13785: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13754: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13723: 13721: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13676: 13672: 13668: 13664: 13661:(2): 134–36. 13660: 13656: 13649: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13614: 13612: 13603: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13588:(2): 123–38. 13587: 13583: 13576: 13560: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13547: 13542: 13536: 13520: 13516: 13515: 13510: 13503: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13472: 13456: 13452: 13446: 13440:, p. 26. 13439: 13434: 13418: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13380: 13364: 13360: 13353: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13323: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13270: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13232: 13227: 13220: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13191: 13186: 13179: 13163: 13159: 13153: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13122: 13114: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13081: 13079: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13055: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13037: 13032: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13004: 12997: 12981: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12965: 12949: 12945: 12938: 12932: 12930: 12913: 12909: 12903: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12872: 12856: 12852: 12846: 12831:on 8 May 2013 12830: 12826: 12817: 12801: 12797: 12790: 12783: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12755: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12676: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12650: 12641: 12633: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12589: 12573: 12569: 12568: 12563: 12557: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12527: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12497: 12489: 12483: 12467: 12463: 12457: 12441: 12437: 12431: 12429: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12386: 12382: 12376: 12360: 12356: 12350: 12334: 12330: 12329:Business Week 12326: 12320: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12289: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12259: 12243: 12239: 12238: 12232: 12224: 12222: 12205: 12201: 12200: 12194: 12186: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12157: 12156:The Economist 12151: 12144: 12136: 12134:9781503638815 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12107: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12077: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12038: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12014: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11983: 11981: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11904: 11900: 11898:9781317205807 11894: 11891:. Routledge. 11890: 11889: 11881: 11865: 11861: 11859:9781317354161 11855: 11852:. Routledge. 11851: 11850: 11842: 11840: 11838: 11821: 11817: 11815:9781400887941 11811: 11807: 11806: 11798: 11796: 11794: 11785: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11765: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11738: 11736: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11683: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11652: 11647: 11631: 11627: 11620: 11604: 11600: 11594: 11578: 11574: 11573:The Intercept 11570: 11564: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11541: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11498: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11466: 11458: 11445: 11429: 11425: 11418: 11410: 11404: 11400: 11399: 11391: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11361: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11331: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11300: 11284: 11280: 11279: 11274: 11268: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11235: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11205: 11189: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11172: 11156: 11152: 11146: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11120: 11114: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11083: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11051: 11035: 11031: 11028:Sheng, John. 11024: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10981: 10965: 10961: 10960: 10955: 10948: 10932: 10928: 10922: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10894: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10862: 10860: 10843: 10839: 10833: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10803: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10757: 10753: 10747: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10690: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10668: 10652: 10648: 10641: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10610: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10570: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10556: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10518: 10514: 10507: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10476: 10460: 10456: 10455:chinanews.com 10452: 10446: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10400: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10386: 10380: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10349: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10315: 10299: 10295: 10289: 10282: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10255: 10244: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10207: 10191: 10184: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10141: 10140:The Economist 10135: 10128: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10095: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9995:9781134847372 9991: 9987: 9980: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9920: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9823: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9806: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9735: 9733: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9686: 9670: 9666: 9659: 9643: 9639: 9633: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9592: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9561: 9554: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9457: 9455: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9401: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9321: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9261: 9260: 9252: 9245: 9241: 9238: 9233: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9214: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9195: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9176: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9146: 9143: 9138: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9119: 9112: 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8064:Belknap Press 8061: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8010: 8003: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7972: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7947: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7909: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7887:Asahi Shimbun 7883: 7876: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7358: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7214: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7117: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7067: 7050: 7046: 7045:BuzzFeed News 7042: 7035: 7019: 7015: 7008: 7002:, pp. 1. 7001: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6977: 6972: 6953: 6949: 6948:Mapping China 6942: 6935: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6869: 6863: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6731: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6683: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6665:9781503638815 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6579: 6575: 6574:Freedom House 6568: 6561: 6546: 6545: 6544:Freedom House 6540: 6534: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6474: 6472: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6438: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6416:The Intercept 6412: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6390:Yumin zhengce 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6319: 6308: 6305: 6294: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6224: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6207:Penguin Books 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5806:middle school 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5729: 5728:Battlefield 4 5725: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5648: 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3333: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3221:Radio jamming 3219: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2925:Wang Xiaohong 2922: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2895: 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