1218:
636:
1237:
1199:
828:
1277:
493:
284:
1256:
66:
46:
208:
979:
1061:
1893:
Balmer, Oliver; Géneau, Céline E.; Belz, Elodie; Weishaupt, Bettina; Förderer, Gerda; Moos, Sebastian; Ditner, Nadine; Juric, Ivan; Luka, Henryk (2014). "Wildflower companion plants increase pest parasitation and yield in cabbage fields: Experimental demonstration and call for caution".
682:
breeding include the induction of phenotypic variation (e.g. in flower coloration, size and shape, foliage characteristics or plant height), higher flower yield, resistance to pests and diseases as well as tolerance to abiotic stress (e.g., extreme temperatures, drought or salinity).
714:
should be executed in late spring. In moderate climates, however, it is also possible to sow
Centaurea cyanus in early fall. In this case, plants will already start to flower in the following spring. Recommended spacing between plants is approx. 20 to 30 cm.
2551:
Depuis sa création en 1920, le Bleuet de France est le symbole de la mémoire et de la solidarité des français envers les anciens combattants, les victimes de guerre, les veuves et les orphelins. Il se porte sur le côté gauche, côté du cœur, chaque 8 mai et 11
2142:
Lockowandt L., Pinela J., Roriz C., Pereira C., Abreu R., Calhelha R., Alves M., Barros L., Bredol M., Ferreira I. (2019). "Chemical features and bioactivities of cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) capitula: The blue flowers and the unexplored non-edible part".
2554:[Since its creation in 1920, the Bleuet de France has been the symbol of the memory and solidarity of the French towards veterans, war victims, widows and orphans. It is worn on the left side, side of the heart, every May 8 and November 11.]
1568:
Le Corre V., Bellanger S., Guillemin J.-P., Darmency H. (2014). "Genetic diversity of the declining arable plant
Centaurea cyanus: Population fragmentation within an agricultural landscape is not associated with enhanced spatial genetic structure".
843:
are used in foods, including in spices. Their main purpose is to add colour to food. There are cheeses or oils that contain raw petals. Petals can also be added to salads, drinks, and desserts for garnishing purposes in raw or dried form.
304:
growing to 20–100 centimetres (8–39 in) tall, with grey-green branched stems. The leaves are lanceolate and 3–10 cm (1–4 in) long. The flowers are most commonly an intense blue colour and arranged in
813:
Deadheading will encourage the plant to produce more blooms. Cornflowers are often used for ornamental purposes and by cutting them, up to their third leaves, they will produce more blooms and grow a bigger stem.
1276:
801:
A seed harvesting machine is more efficient than collecting the seeds by hand, but it is costly. The main principle of such a machine is that it brushes the ripe seeds off the plant and creates a
1004:, not least because it was the same color as the Prussian military uniform. After the unification of Germany in 1871, it went on to become a symbol of the country as a whole. For this reason, in
2594:
1217:
2426:
1586:
Bellanger, Solène; Guillemin, Jean-Philippe; Touzeau, Solène; Darmency, Henri (2015). "Variation of inbreeding depression in
Centaurea cyanus L., a self-incompatible species".
448:, or they are threshed together with the cereal grains, contributing to the further spread of the species by the harvesting machinery and contaminated seed. The occurrence of
2055:
2192:
Karimi, Akbar; Khodaverdiloo, Habib; Rasouli-Sadaghiani, Habib (2018). "Microbial-Enhanced
Phytoremediation of Lead Contaminated Calcareous Soil by Centaurea cyanus L.".
2159:
Pirvu L., Dragomir C., Schiopu S., Mihul S. (2012). "Vegetal extracts with gastroprotective activity. Part. I. Extracts obtained from
Centaurea cyanus L. raw material".
795:
Seeds are harvested either by hand or, in an agricultural setting, with a seed harvesting machine. On average there are 97,000 seeds in a pound of cornflower seeds.
1816:
Carreck N., Williams I. (2002). "Food for insect pollinators on farmland: insect visits to flowers of annual seed mixtures". Journal of Insect
Conservation 6:13–23.
1236:
1000:'s forces, she hid her children in a field of cornflowers and kept them quiet by weaving wreaths for them from the flowers. The flower thus became identified with
1198:
540:
is very sweet with a sugar content of 34%. Due to its high sugar production of up to 0.2 mg sugar per day and flower, the species is highly appreciated by
874:. Especially the flower head finds application in herbal medicine, but leaves and seeds are also used for pharmacological purposes, albeit to a lesser extent.
2126:
Garbacki N., Gloaguen V., Damas J., Bodart P., Tits M., Angenot L. (1999). "Anti-inflammatory and immunological effects of
Centaurea cyanus flower-heads".
989:
In folklore, cornflowers were worn by young men in love; if the flower faded too quickly, it was taken as a sign that the man's love was not returned.
2610:
2080:
Rop O., Mlcek J., Jurikova T., Neugebauerová J., Vabkova J. (2012). "Edible
Flowers-A New Promising Source of Mineral Elements in Human Nutrition".
1187:
cookware. Its popularity in the United States, Canada, United
Kingdom and Australia was so high that it became the symbol of Corning Glass Works.
2916:
2628:
3138:
2991:
2394:
2434:
662:(such as 'Blue Boy' or 'Blue Diadem') are most commonly used for this purpose, but white, pink, lavender and black (actually a very dark
3099:
3009:
1783:
Pallutt, B.; Flatter, A. (1998). "Variability of weed competitiveness in cereals and consequences for the correctness of thresholds".
2478:
1076:
1065:
1845:"Olfactory attractiveness of flowering plants to the parasitoid Microplitis mediator: potential implications for biological control"
2854:
2367:
3260:
2929:
2867:
2617:
336:
flower (2n = 24). The genetic diversity within populations is high, although there could be a future decline in diversity due to
1053:
Due to its traditional association with
Germany, the cornflower has been made the official symbol of the annual German-American
3027:
1024:
wore it at the openings of the Austrian parliament since 2006. After the last general election 2017 they replaced it with the
2957:
2510:
2283:
3078:
1132:
408:
is recorded in arable fields as very rare and almost extinct, while in northeast Ireland, it was abundant before the 1930s.
3290:
3280:
3275:
3250:
2934:
1959:
2602:
1647:
635:
1405:
1255:
2815:
1090:
1086:
847:
Dried petals are also used in teas and other beverages. Blue cornflower petals are sometimes one of the ingredients in
2097:
3285:
2456:
2351:
2253:
1830:
1735:
1552:
Martin E., Dinç M., Duran A. (2009). "Karyomorphological Study of Eight Centaurea L. Taxa (Asteraceae) from Turkey".
1537:
1509:
1673:
452:
strongly decreased during the last decades due to improved seed cleaning, more intensive nitrogen fertilization and
3255:
3207:
670:
are also used, albeit to a lesser extent. There are varieties with blue, white, purple, pink or even black petals.
2996:
2903:
3032:
2565:
1390:
877:
In particular, extracts from the flower heads have anti-inflammatory properties used in the treatment of minor
3117:
2978:
1282:
Ukrainian stamp set: "Ukrainian Flowers" (2000), with cornflowers on the right. Painting by Kateryna Shtanko.
1162:
2538:
1039:
have used it symbolically, often sarcastically, to comment on the social and political climate of the time.
271:
in many other parts of the world, including North America and parts of Australia through introduction as an
3270:
2833:
2748:
1798:
Adamczewski, K.; Kierzek, R. (2010). "Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) cross resistant on ALS inhibitors".
654:, including pink and purple, have been selected for ornamental purposes. The species is also grown for the
2768:
992:
The blue cornflower was one of the national symbols of Germany. This is partly due to the story that when
3125:
2720:
896:
compounds. Furthermore, extracts of the flower head and vegetative parts of the plant were shown to have
24:
2735:
1757:
3245:
3112:
2681:
2029:
20:
3212:
2872:
1621:
611:
in cabbage fields at a density of 1 plant / m can result in a significant increase in parasitation of
65:
3265:
3240:
3019:
2952:
1844:
827:
2320:
2621:
1021:
694:
requires full sun and neutral (pH 6.6–7.5) to mildly alkaline (pH 7.6–7.8), moist and well-drained
337:
268:
2970:
2846:
2502:
Gardening with Heirloom Seeds: Tried-and-True Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for a New Generation
3295:
3104:
2794:
1929:
993:
805:
action that generates sufficient air velocity to hold and gather the seeds into the seed bunker.
3186:
2260:
The Cornflower was once the floral emblem of Germany (hence the German common name Kaiserblume).
2921:
2828:
2643:
2343:
1266:
1261:
2500:
382:. In the United Kingdom, it has declined from 264 sites to just 3 sites in the last 50 years.
2273:
1158:
743:
is recommended to prevent drying out of the soil and exposure of the root system to the sun.
353:
215:
182:
3166:
2335:
3058:
2895:
2802:
2201:
1903:
1859:
1595:
1075:
since 1969 and symbolizes daily bread to Estonians. It is also the symbol of the Estonian
8:
2338:
The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg Austria, 1848–1916
1984:
Hanf, Martin (1943). "Keimung von Unkrauterun unter verschiedenen Bedingungen im Boden".
1180:
1025:
655:
2692:
2205:
1907:
1863:
1599:
444:
produces around 800 seed per plant, which are either shed shortly before the harvest of
283:
3235:
3194:
3091:
2841:
2308:
2175:
Shiono M., Matsugaki N., Takeda K. (2005). "Structure of the blue cornflower pigment".
1875:
1482:
1109:
596:
579:
552:
252:
60:
3143:
1825:
Helmut Horn, Cord LĂĽllmann: Das groĂźe Honigbuch, Kosmos, Stuttgart, 3. Auflage, 2006,
389:
named it as one of 101 species it would actively work to bring 'back from the brink'.
3053:
2776:
2506:
2347:
2336:
2279:
2249:
1915:
1826:
1731:
1533:
1505:
1474:
1386:
1151:
1105:
1098:
831:
Raw cornflower petals used as a dessert decoration ingredient on strawberry ice cream
525:
492:
345:
2110:
Al-Snafi A. (2015). "The pharmacological importance of Centaurea cynus - A review".
1879:
1730:(Third ed.). Institute of Irish Studies and The Queen's University of Belfast.
3199:
2781:
2209:
1911:
1867:
1603:
1486:
1464:
1378:
1204:
1126:
1032:
948:
349:
317:, which in roses is red. Fruits are approx. 3.5 mm long with 2–3 mm-long
272:
2712:
966:(bacterium) would significantly enhance the biomass production and lead uptake of
3130:
3040:
2725:
2632:
2243:
1293:
1113:
1036:
848:
756:
318:
236:
103:
3176:
2983:
2944:
1607:
1422:
309:(capitula) of 1.5–3 cm diameter, with a ring of a few large, spreading ray
3086:
1169:
1054:
802:
772:
90:
3068:
2702:
2412:
1871:
1651:
1016:
ideas. It was worn as a secret symbol identifying members of the then-illegal
3229:
2820:
2666:
1223:
1173:
1117:
893:
871:
760:
651:
465:
461:
306:
198:
2213:
2004:"Centaurea Cyanus [sic]: Best Practices for Growing the Cornflower"
2003:
1525:
1478:
909:
881:
477:
437:
393:
375:
301:
3156:
723:
from up to 10 cm depth, but the best result is obtained at 1 cm
476:. In addition, the emergence of resistance against the herbicide class of
472:
and the use of more selective herbicides with a low effectiveness against
2965:
2880:
2758:
2675:
1677:
1242:
1147:
1047:
1043:
961:
932:
pigment that is also found in roses. Different anthocyanins derived from
929:
925:
885:
867:
780:
600:
568:
529:
513:
397:
314:
256:
3045:
1628:. Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
45:
2859:
1017:
1009:
736:
574:
248:
240:
149:
2885:
2191:
1184:
1135:
1116:, where it is said to have been the favourite flower of the founder,
901:
889:
863:
862:
contains a wide range of pharmacologically active compounds, such as
768:
720:
667:
659:
497:
453:
386:
368:
260:
207:
159:
139:
2637:
2569:
1469:
1452:
1097:, where it has since the dawn of the 20th century been a symbol for
3151:
3004:
2660:
1139:
1042:
The cornflower is also often seen as an inspiration for the German
1013:
997:
905:
764:
643:
512:
is used by several different insect species. Insects of the orders
469:
440:, one plant per m can cause a yield loss of up to 30 kg / ha.
433:
379:
313:
surrounding a central cluster of disc florets. The blue pigment is
129:
116:
2908:
2098:"Discovery Collection Orangery of Lady Grey - 15 Pyramid Tea Bags"
936:
are used as natural additives in food products, such as yoghurts.
251:, such as wheat, barley, rye, or oats), hence its name. It is now
2789:
1585:
1083:
1072:
1005:
1001:
897:
798:
Hand collecting can be time-consuming and yields are rather low.
624:
620:
584:
517:
445:
429:
401:
2526:
2807:
2743:
1143:
1094:
878:
776:
724:
711:
663:
533:
505:
333:
310:
290:
599:
was thus suggested as an alternative to the widespread use of
2395:"New far-right German party adopts former secret Nazi symbol"
983:
978:
840:
740:
739:
fertilization in mid-summer will increase flower production.
77:
1060:
371:
Europe, but is widely naturalized outside its native range.
952:
695:
425:
244:
247:
in cornfields (in the broad sense of "corn", referring to
2245:
Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe: Herbs
1892:
541:
460:
has become more common in cropland due to an increase in
1843:
Belz, Elodie; Kölliker, Mathias; Balmer, Oliver (2013).
1728:
Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland
2618:
sheet - Cornflower Centaurea briefing sheet.pdf archive
730:
2479:"FPĂ–-Mandatare tragen heute EdelweiĂź statt Kornblume"
2112:
International Journal of Pharmacy Review and Research
1504:(in German). Berne: Paul Haupt Verlag. p. 1152.
1450:
1104:
It is the official flower of the Swedish province of
480:
has been reported recently. Due to its strong roots,
19:"Cornflower" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1071:
The blue cornflower has been the national flower of
275:
in gardens and as a seed contaminant in crop seeds.
2301:
Pan-Germanism: Anti-Semitism in Mass-Style Politics
1930:"Breeding and Seed Production of Ornamental Crops"
1842:
1797:
1518:
1421:Keil, David J.; Ochsmann, Jörg (5 November 2020).
1035:. Because of its ties to royalty, authors such as
243:native to Europe. In the past, it often grew as a
1755:
1031:It was also the favourite flower of Louise's son
678:As for all ornamental plants, important goals of
374:It has been present in Britain and Ireland as an
3227:
1622:"Online atlas of the British & Irish flora:
727:depth. Germination occurs quickly after sowing.
686:
484:is difficult to control mechanically in spring.
702:is quite tolerant to drought once established.
487:
2392:
2242:Cleene, Marcel; Lejeune, Marie Claire (2002).
1782:
1532:. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 386–387.
1008:the blue cornflower is a political symbol for
385:In reaction to this, the conservation charity
2241:
1764:. Bayerische Landesanstalt fĂĽr Landwirtschaft
520:are particularly attracted by the flower. As
2505:. ReadHowYouWant.com, Limited. p. 165.
1499:
1420:
1124:
955:. Inoculation of the contaminated soil with
658:in Canada for use by florists. Doubled blue
1698:
1692:
982:Cornflower pictured in the coat of arms of
359:
1453:"Structure of the blue cornflower pigment"
1154:worn in the United Kingdom and in Canada.
566:was found to produce volatiles attracting
558:
352:still occurs occasionally, but results in
44:
2303:. Vol. 3/2. de Gruyter. p. 691.
2298:
1666:
1468:
839:can be eaten raw, dried or cooked. Dried
607:. Field experiments showed that planting
1785:Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
1500:Lauber, Konrad; Wagner, Gerhart (1996).
1451:Shiono M, Matsugaki N, Takeda K (2005).
1183:for the initial release of Corning Ware
1059:
1020:in Austria in the 1930s. Members of the
977:
826:
634:
491:
282:
206:
2498:
2492:
2333:
2220:
1725:
1719:
1699:Skeffington, M.S. (2015). "Cornflower (
1377:
583:), which is the most important pest of
416:
340:and intensive agriculture. In general,
3228:
2235:
2226:
1756:Gehring, K.; Seemann, W.; Thyssen, S.
1157:The cornflower is also the symbol for
1066:Conservative People's Party of Estonia
551:are one of the favourite foods of the
2642:
2641:
2568:. Als.ca. 31 May 2004. Archived from
2529:[Wearing French Cornflower].
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1640:
746:
3020:29d6f88d-7afd-4d62-a339-5ab3103c7f35
2271:
1983:
1614:
1524:
1299:
731:Fertilization and cultural practices
2342:. Purdue University Press. p.
939:
13:
2457:"Wirbel um Nazi-Blume bei der FPĂ–"
2393:Josie Le Blond (11 January 2019).
1943:
1744:
1676:. Plantlife.org.uk. Archived from
1648:"Action plan for Centaurea cyanus"
1414:
1385:. Frogmore: Paladin. p. 419.
1168:Cornflowers are sometimes worn by
1138:and, as such, a common symbol for
996:was fleeing Berlin and pursued by
790:
14:
3307:
2588:
2161:Romanian Biotechnological Letters
763:. However, it may be affected by
673:
378:(ancient introduction) since the
321:bristles. It flowers all summer.
3118:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:190310-1
2566:"The Cornflower - an ALS symbol"
2541:from the original on 24 May 2023
1916:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.04.008
1275:
1254:
1235:
1216:
1197:
900:effects due to their content of
627:) and ultimately cabbage yield.
64:
2558:
2519:
2471:
2449:
2419:
2413:"Anklänge an illegale NSDAPler"
2405:
2386:
2360:
2327:
2292:
2265:
2185:
2169:
2153:
2136:
2120:
2104:
2090:
2074:
2048:
2022:
1996:
1977:
1922:
1886:
1836:
1819:
1810:
1791:
1776:
1579:
1562:
1247:Group Portrait with Cornflowers
1190:
1172:, former pupils of the British
3261:Garden plants of North America
1986:Landwirtschaftliche JahrbĂĽcher
1650:. Ukbap.org.uk. Archived from
1546:
1493:
1444:
1399:
1371:
1358:
1306:
1179:A blue cornflower was used by
630:
591:) in central Europe. Planting
287:Flowering shoot of cornflower.
278:
259:, particularly by over-use of
1:
2603:UK Biodiversity Action Plan:
2299:Whiteside, Andrew G. (1993).
2145:Industrial Crops and Products
1351:
1163:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1082:It is also the symbol of the
973:
783:can cause relevant damage to
687:Soil and climate requirements
2527:"Porter le Bleuet de France"
2128:Journal of ethnopharmacology
2056:"Methods of seed harvesting"
2030:"Tall Blue Cornflower Seeds"
1800:Progress in Plant Protection
1787:(Special Issue 16): 333–344.
1209:Wheat Field with Cornflowers
1142:(especially the now defunct
771:if grown too tightly or by
710:For summer-blooming plants,
488:Fodder for insects and birds
428:in arable crops, especially
257:agricultural intensification
7:
3291:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3281:National symbols of Germany
3276:National symbols of Estonia
3251:Flora of the United Kingdom
2433:(in German). Archived from
2334:Unowsky, Daniel L. (2005).
1758:"Leitunkräuter in Getreide"
1608:10.1016/j.flora.2015.02.003
1364:Rosamond Richardson, 2017,
1287:
1077:Conservative People's Party
951:of soils contaminated with
888:properties are high due to
854:
822:
755:is not very susceptible to
528:species, it needs external
324:
218:, Chelan County, Washington
25:Cornflower (disambiguation)
10:
3312:
2415:. ORF.at. 30 October 2006.
1709:Irish Naturalists' Journal
1705:Chenopodium bonus-henricus
915:
808:
411:
214:(introduced species) near
18:
16:Species of flowering plant
2650:
2229:Traditional Folk Remedies
1872:10.1007/s10526-012-9472-0
1703:L.) and Good-king-henry (
1554:Turkish Journal of Botany
1108:and the school flower of
705:
255:in its native habitat by
188:
181:
61:Scientific classification
59:
52:
43:
36:
3286:Plants described in 1753
2278:. Lulu.com. p. 40.
2227:Howard, Michael (1987).
2194:CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water
1960:"How to Grow Cornflower"
1087:National Coalition Party
424:is considered a noxious
360:Distribution and habitat
338:population fragmentation
3256:Garden plants of Europe
2275:Mythical Flower Stories
994:Queen Louise of Prussia
947:has been evaluated for
817:
595:in cabbage fields as a
559:Control of insect pests
2631:1 January 2017 at the
2499:Coulter, Lynn (2009).
2272:Reid, Marilyn (2007).
2214:10.1002/clen.201700665
1431:Flora of North America
1409:Daylilies in Australia
1383:The Englishman's Flora
1366:Britain's Wildflowers.
1125:
1091:Liberal People's Party
1068:
986:
832:
639:
501:
294:
219:
23:. For other uses, see
2248:. Man & Culture.
1159:motor neurone disease
1131:is the symbol of the
1063:
981:
830:
638:
615:larvae, predation of
577:of the cabbage moth (
495:
354:inbreeding depression
286:
210:
1726:Hackney, P. (1992).
1312:Other names include
417:Weed in arable crops
227:, commonly known as
3271:Melliferous flowers
2620:) from Plantlife's
2537:] (in French).
2531:Le Bleuet de France
2206:2018CSAW...4600665K
1908:2014BiolC..76...19B
1864:2013BioCo..58..163B
1674:"Plantlife website"
1654:on 21 February 2009
1600:2015FMDFE.212...24B
1530:The Wild Flower Key
1181:Corning Glass Works
1152:Remembrance poppies
656:cut flower industry
573:, which is a major
293:in vertical section
2611:Briefing sheet on
2060:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
1896:Biological Control
1680:on 27 January 2010
1334:boutonierre flower
1150:), similar to the
1110:Winchester College
1069:
987:
920:The blue color of
833:
747:Pests and diseases
640:
617:Mamestra brassicae
613:Mamestra brassicae
605:Mamestra brassicae
580:Mamestra brassicae
553:European goldfinch
502:
348:species. However,
295:
233:bachelor's button,
220:
3246:Flora of Michigan
3223:
3222:
3054:Open Tree of Life
2644:Taxon identifiers
2535:French cornflower
2512:978-1-4587-2217-1
2459:. 29 October 2013
2372:www.ris.bka.gv.at
2285:978-1-84753-521-4
1701:Centaurea cynanus
1379:Grigson, Geoffrey
1300:Explanatory notes
1099:social liberalism
589:Brassica oleracea
526:self-incompatible
346:self-incompatible
205:
204:
3303:
3266:Medicinal plants
3241:Flora of Estonia
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3069:Centaurea_cyanus
3062:
3061:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3010:Centaurea~cyanus
3000:
2999:
2987:
2986:
2984:NBNSYS0000004503
2974:
2973:
2961:
2960:
2948:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2847:Centaurea cyanus
2837:
2836:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2749:centaurea-cyanus
2739:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2682:Centaurea cyanus
2671:
2670:
2669:
2652:Centaurea cyanus
2639:
2638:
2624:Centaurea cyanus
2613:Centaurea cyanus
2605:Centaurea cyanus
2597:Centaurea cyanus
2595:Flora Europaea:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2437:on 25 March 2018
2423:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2341:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2189:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2157:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:American Meadows
1956:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1624:Centaurea cyanus
1618:
1612:
1611:
1583:
1577:
1566:
1560:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1472:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1425:Centaurea cyanus
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1345:
1310:
1279:
1258:
1239:
1220:
1205:Vincent van Gogh
1201:
1133:11 November 1918
1130:
1127:bleuet de France
1033:Kaiser Wilhelm I
968:Centaurea cyanus
949:phytoremediation
945:Centaurea cyanus
940:Phytoremediation
934:Centaurea cyanus
922:Centaurea cyanus
898:gastroprotective
860:Centaurea cyanus
837:Centaurea cyanus
785:Centaurea cyanus
753:Centaurea cyanus
717:Centaurea cyanus
700:Centaurea cyanus
692:Centaurea cyanus
680:Centaurea cyanus
648:Centaurea cyanus
609:Centaurea cyanus
593:Centaurea cyanus
564:Centaurea cyanus
549:Centaurea cyanus
538:Centaurea cyanus
522:Centaurea cyanus
510:Centaurea cyanus
482:Centaurea cyanus
474:Centaurea cyanus
458:Centaurea cyanus
450:Centaurea cyanus
442:Centaurea cyanus
422:Centaurea cyanus
365:Centaurea cyanus
342:Centaurea cyanus
330:Centaurea cyanus
298:Centaurea cyanus
273:ornamental plant
265:Centaurea cyanus
224:Centaurea cyanus
212:Centaurea cyanus
194:
192:Centaurea cyanus
69:
68:
54:Centaurea cyanus
48:
38:Centaurea cyanus
34:
33:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3041:Observation.org
3039:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2942:MichiganFlora:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2646:
2633:Wayback Machine
2591:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2572:on 26 July 2009
2564:
2563:
2559:
2544:
2542:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2332:
2328:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2240:
2236:
2225:
2221:
2190:
2186:
2174:
2170:
2158:
2154:
2141:
2137:
2125:
2121:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2034:www.ufseeds.com
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1891:
1887:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1796:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1584:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1502:Flora Helvetica
1498:
1494:
1470:10.1038/436791a
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1294:Cornflower blue
1290:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1259:
1250:
1240:
1231:
1221:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1114:Dulwich College
1037:Theodor Fontane
976:
942:
918:
857:
835:The flowers of
825:
820:
811:
793:
791:Seed harvesting
775:. Furthermore,
749:
733:
708:
689:
676:
633:
597:companion plant
561:
500:on a cornflower
490:
419:
414:
362:
327:
288:
281:
237:flowering plant
201:
196:
190:
177:
63:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3296:Flora of Malta
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3204:
3200:wfo-0000008997
3191:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3050:
3037:
3024:
3014:
3001:
2988:
2975:
2962:
2949:
2939:
2926:
2913:
2900:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2763:
2753:
2740:
2730:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2672:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2636:
2635:
2608:
2600:
2590:
2589:External links
2587:
2584:
2583:
2557:
2518:
2511:
2491:
2470:
2448:
2418:
2404:
2385:
2368:"RIS Dokument"
2359:
2352:
2326:
2291:
2284:
2264:
2254:
2234:
2219:
2184:
2168:
2152:
2135:
2119:
2103:
2089:
2073:
2047:
2021:
2010:. 8 March 2019
1995:
1976:
1942:
1921:
1885:
1858:(2): 163–173.
1835:
1818:
1809:
1790:
1775:
1743:
1736:
1718:
1691:
1665:
1639:
1613:
1578:
1561:
1545:
1538:
1517:
1510:
1492:
1443:
1413:
1411:, May 17, 2021
1398:
1391:
1370:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1170:Old Harrovians
1123:In France the
1055:Steuben Parade
1046:symbol of the
975:
972:
941:
938:
917:
914:
872:aromatic acids
856:
853:
824:
821:
819:
816:
810:
807:
803:cross flow fan
792:
789:
773:powdery mildew
761:plant diseases
748:
745:
732:
729:
707:
704:
688:
685:
675:
674:Breeding goals
672:
652:pastel colours
632:
629:
619:eggs (e.g. by
560:
557:
489:
486:
466:winter cereals
462:crop rotations
456:use. However,
418:
415:
413:
410:
361:
358:
326:
323:
280:
277:
239:in the family
203:
202:
197:
186:
185:
179:
178:
174:C. cyanus
171:
169:
165:
164:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
50:
49:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3308:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2480:
2474:
2458:
2452:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2353:9781557534002
2349:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2322:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2255:9789077135044
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1992:(2): 169–259.
1991:
1987:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1931:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1831:3-440-10838-4
1828:
1822:
1813:
1806:(1): 285–290.
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1737:0-85389-446-9
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1627:
1626:(Cornflower)"
1625:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1571:Weed Research
1565:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1539:0-7232-2419-6
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:Rose, Francis
1521:
1513:
1511:3-258-05405-3
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1463:(7052): 791.
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:Sergei Osipov
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:Isaac Levitan
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1174:Harrow School
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1118:Edward Alleyn
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:Freedom Party
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
985:
980:
971:
969:
965:
963:
959:(fungus) and
958:
954:
950:
946:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:ascorbic acid
887:
883:
882:inflammations
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
852:
850:
849:Lady Grey tea
845:
842:
838:
829:
815:
806:
804:
799:
796:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
703:
701:
697:
693:
684:
681:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:with varying
649:
645:
637:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
576:
572:
570:
565:
556:
554:
550:
547:The seeds of
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
494:
485:
483:
479:
478:sulfonylureas
475:
471:
467:
464:dominated by
463:
459:
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367:is native to
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235:is an annual
234:
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184:
183:Binomial name
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2604:
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2570:the original
2560:
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2534:
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2473:
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1963:
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1191:In paintings
1178:
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1106:Östergötland
1103:
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960:
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910:caffeic acid
876:
868:anthocyanins
859:
858:
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812:
800:
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794:
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752:
751:In general,
750:
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647:
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604:
601:insecticides
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449:
441:
438:winter wheat
421:
420:
405:
394:County Clare
391:
384:
376:archaeophyte
373:
364:
363:
341:
329:
328:
302:annual plant
297:
296:
267:is now also
264:
232:
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223:
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173:
172:
160:
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2966:NatureServe
2881:iNaturalist
2676:Wikispecies
2431:www.kpoe.at
2374:(in German)
2317:|work=
2166::7169-7176.
2066:17 November
2040:21 February
2008:Best Plants
1935:22 November
1326:blue bonnet
1267:Cornflowers
1243:Igor Grabar
1228:Cornflowers
1148:World War I
1048:Blue Flower
962:Pseudomonas
957:Glomus spp.
930:anthocyanin
926:protocyanin
912:derivates.
886:Antioxidant
781:leafhoppers
698:. However,
631:Cultivation
623:beetles or
603:to control
569:Microplitis
530:pollination
514:Hymenoptera
315:protocyanin
307:flowerheads
279:Description
269:naturalised
263:. However,
104:Angiosperms
3230:Categories
3184:WisFlora:
3092:gcc-108710
3087:Plant List
2766:Calflora:
2576:5 November
2231:. Century.
2014:5 November
1969:5 November
1852:BioControl
1762:LfL Bayern
1684:5 November
1658:5 November
1392:0586082093
1352:References
1338:hurtsickle
1330:cornbottle
1314:bluebottle
1089:, and the
1010:pan-German
974:In culture
924:is due to
864:flavonoids
737:phosphorus
575:parasitoid
542:beekeepers
261:herbicides
253:endangered
241:Asteraceae
229:cornflower
150:Asteraceae
3236:Centaurea
2834:200023634
2736:286-138-1
2552:novembre.
2319:ignored (
2309:cite book
2182::791–791.
2150::496–503.
2133::235–241.
2087::6672–83.
2082:Molecules
1902:: 19–27.
1594:: 24–29.
1576::436–444.
1368:Pavilion.
1322:blue blob
1185:Pyroceram
1136:armistice
1026:edelweiss
902:quercetin
769:stem rust
721:germinate
668:cultivars
660:cultivars
644:cultivars
498:honey bee
454:herbicide
406:C. cyanus
387:Plantlife
369:temperate
216:Peshastin
168:Species:
161:Centaurea
140:Asterales
74:Kingdom:
21:Cornflour
3174:VASCAN:
3152:Tropicos
3066:PalDat:
3005:NSWFlora
2971:2.134974
2922:11247060
2909:190310-1
2756:BioLib:
2661:Wikidata
2629:Archived
2539:Archived
2484:24 March
2463:24 March
2441:24 March
2378:24 March
2117:379–384.
1880:17117503
1715:: 27–31.
1559::97–104.
1528:(1981).
1479:16094358
1381:(1975).
1288:See also
1140:veterans
1044:Romantic
1014:rightist
998:Napoleon
906:apigenin
894:phenolic
855:Medicine
823:Culinary
765:stem rot
741:Mulching
642:Several
571:mediator
470:rapeseed
434:rapeseed
380:Iron Age
325:Genetics
289:I. Disk-
146:Family:
130:Asterids
117:Eudicots
3213:1198327
3157:2700409
2953:MoBotPF
2860:3089561
2790:Ecocrop
2667:Q156921
2545:11 June
2202:Bibcode
1904:Bibcode
1860:Bibcode
1833:, S. 31
1768:26 July
1596:Bibcode
1487:4312804
1436:18 June
1318:bluecap
1270:, 1976.
1249:, 1914.
1230:, 1894.
1211:, 1890.
1084:Finnish
1073:Estonia
1006:Austria
1002:Prussia
916:Pigment
809:Pruning
625:spiders
621:carabid
585:cabbage
518:Diptera
446:cereals
430:cereals
412:Ecology
402:Ireland
400:H9) in
392:In the
350:selfing
334:diploid
311:florets
156:Genus:
136:Order:
78:Plantae
3167:462749
3164:uBio:
3144:3205-2
3100:PLANTS
3017:NZOR:
2958:277177
2821:153132
2808:467789
2744:ARKive
2733:APSA:
2713:100866
2710:APDB:
2690:AoFP:
2626:) page
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2177:Nature
2062:. 2017
2036:. 2021
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1632:22 May
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1095:Sweden
879:ocular
841:petals
777:aphids
725:sowing
712:sowing
706:Sowing
664:maroon
534:nectar
532:. The
506:pollen
319:pappus
300:is an
291:floret
249:grains
3208:WoRMS
3139:SANBI
3131:46174
3105:CECY2
3076:PFI:
3059:18501
3028:NZPCN
2997:41522
2935:36954
2917:IRMNG
2893:IPA:
2886:48159
2842:FoAO2
2816:EUNIS
2782:69GPL
2759:41509
2726:58282
2700:APA:
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2427:"KPĂ–"
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1876:S2CID
1848:(PDF)
1588:Flora
1483:S2CID
1018:NSDAP
984:Keila
928:, an
757:pests
735:High
524:is a
436:. In
344:is a
332:is a
124:Clade
111:Clade
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3187:3064
3177:2963
3113:POWO
3079:6095
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3033:3630
2992:NCBI
2930:ITIS
2904:IPNI
2896:5269
2873:9817
2868:GRIN
2855:GBIF
2795:4398
2769:1846
2721:APNI
2693:1950
2578:2009
2547:2023
2507:ISBN
2486:2018
2465:2018
2443:2018
2380:2018
2348:ISBN
2321:help
2280:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2068:2020
2042:2021
2016:2020
1971:2020
1937:2020
1827:ISBN
1770:2020
1732:ISBN
1686:2009
1660:2009
1634:2016
1534:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1475:PMID
1438:2024
1387:ISBN
1161:and
1012:and
964:spp.
953:lead
908:and
892:and
870:and
818:Uses
779:and
767:and
759:and
719:can
696:soil
516:and
504:The
468:and
432:and
426:weed
245:weed
3195:WFO
3126:RHS
2979:NBN
2945:269
2829:FNA
2803:EoL
2777:CoL
2703:622
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