Central Alaskan Yupʼik

1606: 5694: 7220: 304: 5526:

community". This proposal for the Alaska Native Language Policy comes three years after Steven A. Jacobson's "Central Yupʼik and the Schools: A Handbook for Teachers", a guide for teachers which exemplifies differences and similarities between English and Yupʼik so that Yupʼik or English-speaking teachers might successfully engage English-speaking Eskimo Yupʼik students in a "bilingual-bicultural education" that teaches their native language.

227: 3009:"apparently about to hunt" is pronounced . Following standard linguistic convention, parentheses here demarcate feet, periods represent the remaining syllable boundaries, and apostrophes occur before syllables that bear stress. In this word the second, fourth, and sixth syllables are pronounced with long vowels as a result of iambic lengthening. Iambic lengthening does not apply to final syllables in a word. 4183:(first, second, and third). The third person is unmarked when cross-referencing subjects, and the verbs of dependent clauses may have two types of third person forms depending on whether some argument is co-refers with the subject of the verb in the independent clause (see "Co-reference across clauses" below). To the extent that subject and object agreement markers are not 636:, albeit with phonological and lexical differences that sometimes cause difficulty in cross-dialectal comprehension. Lexical differences exist somewhat dramatically across dialects, in part due to a historical practice of name taboo. Speakers may be reluctant to take on the lexicon of another dialect because they "often feel proud of their own dialects". 5186:. The environment in this sense includes topographical features (e.g., there is a contrast between upriver and downriver), the participants in the speech event (e.g., there is a contrast between proximity to the speaker and proximity to the hearer), and the linguistic context (one of these twelve categories is used for 3169:

is the primary strategy for word formation, and that an affix, when added to a word, does not unpredictably affect the forms of neighboring affixes. Because of the tendency to create very long verbs through suffixation, a Yupʼik verb often carries as much information as an English sentence, and word

2961:

system. Starting from the leftmost syllable in a word and moving rightward, syllables usually are grouped into units (termed "feet") containing two syllables each, and the second syllable of each foot is stressed. (However, feet in Yup'ik may also consist of a single syllable, which is almost always

1596:

developed a modern writing system for the language. Their work led to the establishment of the state's first bilingual school programs in four Yupʼik villages in the early 1970s. Since then a wide variety of bilingual materials has been published, including Steven Jacobson's comprehensive dictionary

5139:

Despite the greater freedom of word order, there seems to be a general preference for Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order (though VSO is also common, and pragmatic factors also play a significant role). This can be observed in circumstances where the inflectional system will not unambiguously determine

5513:

passed legislation mandating that if "a by at least 15 pupils whose primary language is other than English, shall have at least one teacher who is fluent in the native language". Then, during the mid-1970s, educational programs emerged in order to revive and sustain the Yupʼik language: MacLean

3001:

Iambic lengthening is the process by which the second syllable in an iambic foot is made more prominent by lengthening the duration of the vowel in that syllable. In Yup'ik, a bisyllabic foot whose syllables each contain one phonologically single vowel will be pronounced with a long vowel in the

4318:

as, or a different referent than, a 3rd-person subject of the independent clause. In some descriptive work on the language, when the subject of the independent clause is co-referential with the relevant argument in the dependent clause, the agreement in the dependent clause is said to reflect a

3060:

There are a variety of prosodic factors that cause stress to retract (move backward) to a syllable where it would not otherwise be expected, given the usual iambic stress pattern. (These processes do not apply, however, in the Norton Sound dialects.) The processes by which stress retracts under

5518:". However, "the statute addressed all languages other than English, and thus expanded bilingualism equally to immigrant languages," meaning that although the statute welcomed non-English languages into schools, its primary "aim" was to "promote English proficiency", not to keep Yupʼik alive. 5525:

community, "initiated a process to establish an Alaska Native Language Policy for schools in Alaska," which "states that schools have a responsibility to teach and use as the medium of instruction the Alaska Native language of the local community to the extent desired by the parents of that

5514:

notes that "In 1975, an Alaska State statute was enacted directing all school boards to '...provide a bilingual-bicultural education program for each school...which is attended by at least 8 pupils of limited English-speaking ability and whose primary language is other than English

4158:

In addition to the connective moods listed above, there are five so-called "quasi-connective" moods. Though these are adverbial adjuncts to main clauses and thus are similar in function to the connective moods, they inflect like nominals (they inflect with case, not agreement).

3129:

would be pronounced *, but because of the ban on hiatus at foot boundaries, stress retracts to the initial syllable, and consonant gemination occurs to increase the weight of that initial syllable, resulting in . This process is termed

3137:

Yup'ik also disallows iambic feet that consist of a closed syllable followed by an open one, i.e. feet of the form CVC.'CV(ː), where C and V stand for "consonant" and "vowel" respectively. To avoid this type of foot, stress retracts:

4995:

In Yupʼik, word order is freer because the rich inflectional system often serves to unambiguously identify thematic relations without recourse to word order. These Yup'ik sentences both mean "the dog bit the preacher", for instance.

6402: 587:

Of a total population of more than 23,000 people, more than 14,000 are speakers of the language. Children still grow up speaking Yupʼik as their first language in 17 of 68 Yupʼik villages, those mainly located on the lower

5500:

Note that Classes I and II lack distal forms due to an inherently non-distal meaning (these forms only locate things that are near to the speaker/hearer). Class III is purely anaphoric, and thus only has a distal form.

5162:

marks unpossessed ergative plurals as well as unpossessed absolutive plurals). In cases like this, the SOV preference comes into play, and the sentence is most readily interpreted as "the teachers like the children".

3816:"have" makes the resulting word a verb. These changes in grammatical category can apply iteratively, such that over the course of word formation, a word may become a noun, then a verb, then back to a noun, and so on. 3118:: the occurrence of adjacent vowels. Yup'ik disallows hiatus at the boundaries between feet: any two consecutive vowels must be grouped within the same foot. If two vowels are adjacent, and the first of these 1985:), but their occurrence is often predictable by regular phonological rules, and so in these cases is not marked in the orthography. Where long consonants occur unpredictably they are indicated with an 5657:"Supplementary Table 1. Native North American Languages and Residence in American Indian or Alaska Native Areas for the Population 5 Years and Over in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006-2010" 3844:

Yup'ik has a great number of grammatical moods. The moods can be categorized according to whether the clause in which they are found is independent or subordinate. There are four so-called

5095:) is sufficient to identify it as the thematic agent. Thus, to say "the preacher bit the dog" in Yup'ik, one would need change which noun gets ergative case and which gets absolutive: 4748:

The forms of these grammatical cases are variable, depending on the grammatical person and number of the head noun as well as the person and number of its possessor (if there is one).

6516: 2642:

The table above includes the allophones , , and . The voiceless labialized uvular fricative occurs only in some speech variants and does not contrast with its voiced counterpart

596:, and along the coast between the Kuskokwim River and Nelson Island. The variety of Yup'ik spoken by the younger generations is being influenced strongly by English: it is less 3107:(ends in a consonant), this syllable constitutes a monosyllabic foot and receives stress. Iambic footing continues left-to-right from the right edge of that foot. For example, 4426:

indicates that the arguments of each clause are co-referential. Some grammatical moods do not have associated agreement markers that contrast these two types of third person.

1316:) is distinct and highly divergent from mainland Yupʼik dialects. The only significant difference between Hooper Bay and Chevak dialects is the pronunciation of the initial 4306:

The participial and indicative share a set of agreement markers, and all the connective moods likewise share a common set (which is shared also with some possessed nouns).

7198: 7193: 7188: 5545:

in Yupʼik Language and Culture, as well as associate degrees in Native Language Education with a concentration in Yupʼik, and certificates in Yupʼik Language Proficiency.

5140:

which noun is the agent and which is the theme. This obtains, for instance, when both arguments of an indicative transitive verb are third person plural and unpossessed:

4756:

Possessed nouns, like all other nouns, inflect for number and case, but also show person and number agreement with their possessor. For example, consider a few forms of

4194:

pattern (where the sole argument of an intransitive verb is cross-referenced with the same morpheme that it would be if it were the object of a transitive verb) or an

3792:

Because post-bases are derivational morphemes, and thus can change the part of speech of a word, many verbs are built from noun stems, and vice versa. For example,

6597:

Woodbury, Anthony C. (1983). "Switch-reference, syntactic organization, and rhetorical structure in Central Yup'ik Eskimo". In John Haiman; Pamela Munro (eds.).

2878:

Occasionally these assimilation processes do not apply, and in the orthography an apostrophe is written in the middle of the consonant cluster to indicate this:

4433:, though McKenzie (2015) claims Yup'ik does not have the true characteristics of switch-reference, and that the Yup'ik system is better understood in terms of 153: 1335:

Even sub-dialects may differ with regard to pronunciation and lexicon. The following table compares some words in two sub-dialects of General Central Yupʼik (

4972:

Yup'ik has considerably more freedom of word order than English does. In English, the word order of subjects and objects with respect to a verb reflects the

6293: 3122:

be at the right edge of a foot (and thus stressed) given the usual iambic footing, the stress retracts to a preceding syllable. Without regressive accent,

2978: 2195:

is not phonetically a fricative, but behaves as one phonologically in Yup'ik (in particular with regard to voicing alternations, where it alternates with

3024:

is in line to receive stress, iambic lengthening cannot apply. Instead, one of two things may happen. In Norton Sound dialects, the consonant following

1597:

of the language, his complete practical classroom grammar, and story collections and narratives by many others including a full novel by Anna Jacobson.

3228:

of the word or augment its meaning. (Yup'ik does not have adjectives; nominal roots and postbases are used instead.) The third section is called an

2082:

boundary. The effect is that while phonetic vowel length may yield a surface contrast between words, phonetic length is predictable and thus not

5626: 7021: 6525: 6684: 5190:). This twelve-way contrast is cross-cut by a trinomial contrast in horizontal extension/motion: this determines whether the referent is 1625:

and exemplified in Jacobson's (1984) dictionary, Jacobson's (1995) learner's grammar, and Miyaoka's (2012) grammar. The orthography is a

314: 4190:

Depending on the grammatical mood of the verb and which grammatical persons are being cross-referenced, agreement may display either an

2970:"apparently about to hunt", every second syllable (save the last) is stressed. The most prominent of these (i.e., the syllable that has 17: 3065:

of stress in Miyaoka's (2012) grammar. When regression occurs, the syllable to which stress regresses constitutes a monosyllabic foot.

6156: 3258:

may be added, which usually indicate "the speaker's attitude towards what he is saying such as questioning, hoping, reporting, etc."

2070:, but the other three vowel qualities may occur phonetically short or long: . Phonetically long vowels come about when a full vowel ( 4198:

pattern (where the sole argument of an intransitive verb is cross-referenced with the same morpheme that it would be if it were the

4205:

Agreement markers vary in form depending on the grammatical mood of the verb. The two examples below illustrate this. In (1), the 1

4175:

may be cross-referenced (intransitive verbs agree with their sole argument, and transitive verbs agree with both arguments). Three

3205:

work on Yup'ik, there are four regions within nouns and verbs that are commonly identified. The first of these is often called the

6037: 7251: 6471: 5175:. That is, many of the spatial properties of things and events are linguistically encoded in great detail; this holds true for 5146:

can, in principle, mean either "the teachers like the children" or "the children like the teachers", since the case marking on

3270:

to separate morphemes, there is potential for confusion as to whether a morpheme is a suffix or an enclitic, so in glosses the

3177:. Because there are fewer parts of speech than in (e.g.) English, each category has a wider range of uses. For example, Yup'ik 1621:

While several different systems have been used to write Yupʼik, the most widely used orthography today is that adopted by the

7261: 6641: 6614: 6578: 6415: 3860:

of English, and are often translated as 'because', 'although', 'if' and 'while'. The form of a given mood may depend on the

5656: 2587: 2198: 1592:

missionaries, leading to a modest tradition of literacy used in letter writing. In the 1960s, Irene Reed and others at the

392:, the second most spoken aboriginal language in the United States. Yupʼik should not be confused with the related language 4418:, indicating that the argument of the dependent clause is a different referent than the subject of the independent clause 4314:

The form of 3rd-person agreement in dependent clauses may vary depending on whether that 3rd-person argument is the same

4195: 2662:

that typically occurs between two full vowels, excepting when it occurs adjacent to an inflectional suffix. For example,

2629: 2613: 507:

may refer to either the language as a whole, or the geographically central dialect of the language, more commonly called

440: 336: 6254:

Krauss, Michael E. 1974. Alaska Native language legislation. International Journal of American Linguistics 40(2).150-52.

6029: 3048:

pronounced *, which would be expected by iambic lengthening, but rather is pronounced , with gemination of the second

7014: 6494: 6166: 5971: 4474: 4191: 428: 2029:

has not occurred (see below), and between two vowels to indicate the lack of gemination of a preceding consonant. A

7246: 6677: 6657: 4760:"cup". The two leftmost nouns below are unpossessed, but the third is marked for a first person singular possessor 4548:), there are at least five other cases that are mostly-nonstructural: ablative-modalis (a historical syncretism of 2456: 2009:

the length is not predictable and so must be indicated with the apostrophe. An apostrophe is also used to separate

6884: 5575: 2484: 561: 393: 326: 584:; the difference between Yupʼik and Iñupiaq is comparable to that of the difference between Spanish and French. 7056: 5608:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013" 5538: 5534: 5564: 2655: 1622: 1593: 496: 6433:

Jacobson, Steven A. (1990). "Comparison of Central Alaskan Yupik Eskimo and Central Siberian Yupik Eskimo".

5990: 3092:"his own fish" is not pronounced *, which would be expected by iambic lengthening, but rather is pronounced 2985:

of the prominent syllable in a foot. When lengthening cannot apply, a variety of processes involving either

2971: 556:

in the west. Yup'ik lies geographically central relative to the other members of the Yupik language family:

7224: 7007: 3848:: the indicative, optative, interrogative, and participial; these typically are found on the main verbs of 3182: 2647: 2535: 2491: 2450: 276: 6332: 5607: 4776:

place of articulation). The final example marks plural number for both the noun itself and its possessor.

3142: 3126: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3006: 2942: 2938: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2857: 2845: 2838: 2819: 2815: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2726: 2722: 2707: 2703: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2643: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2192: 2168: 2071: 2063: 2055: 503:, which can be seen as a hybrid of the former two terms; there is, however, potential for confusion here: 6894: 6670: 5587: 5569: 2126: 6090:

Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Mary Niepokuj et Al.

5875:"Yuungnaqpiallerput – The Way We Genuinely Live – Masterworks of Yupʼik Science and Survival" 5732: 2620: 2512: 2414: 2407: 2156: 424: 373: 6872: 5559: 3856:

which occur on the verbs of adverbial clauses; the connective moods are the Yup'ik equivalent of many

1292: 618: 184: 7203: 6877: 4470: 3857: 2542: 2500: 2196: 1276: 452: 5693: 5554: 624: 178: 7256: 7101: 5510: 4769: 4630: 4537: 4458: 4319:"fourth" or a "reflexive third" person. Jacobson (1995) uses the following contrast to illustrate: 2823: 2785: 2432: 2340: 2333: 2140: 2026: 989: 894: 705:); spoken on Nelson Island, on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta, and in the Bristol Bay region of Alaska 7061: 7038: 7030: 6936: 6929: 5509:

Small changes have been made towards teaching Yupʼik to the native Alaskan Yupʼiks. In 1972, the

4168: 3833: 3111:"(s)he probably will eat" has the stress pattern , with stress on the first and third syllables. 2827: 2563: 2423: 2219:

are rare, and the greater part of the voicing contrasts among fricatives is between the laterals

1614: 1021: 658:

Unaliq sub-dialect; spoken by Unalirmiut (= Atnegmiut, Kuuyuŋmiut, Eŋlutaleġmiut etc.) tribes in

148: 143: 5733:"Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010" 5643: 5182:

There are twelve categories that define the orientation of a thing or event with respect to the

1613:

in Yupʼik. This uses a variant orthography with <gh> instead of <r> to indicate the

294: 7162: 5581: 5187: 5176: 4594: 4438: 4172: 3861: 3218: 3202: 3162: 3145:

has the stress pattern to avoid the iambic foot *(tən.'ʁiː) that would otherwise be expected.

2551: 2272: 713: 593: 419:

as primary means for word formation. There are a great number of derivational suffixes (termed

412: 6441:(2). International Journal of American Linguistics: The University of Chicago Press: 264–286. 475:

The Yup'ik language goes by various names. Since it is a geographically central member of the

7121: 7111: 6901: 6713: 4656: 3825: 3186: 2605: 2378: 2371: 2349: 1630: 1626: 1605: 1233: 1064: 1029: 1005: 779: 771: 633: 577: 405: 6588:

Reed, Irene; Miyaoka, Osahito; Jacobson, Steven A.; Afcan, Paschal; Krauss, Michael (1977),

6391: 6231: 6761: 6739: 6545:; Ali, Elizabeth (1996). "The Elaboration of Aspectual Categories: Central Alaskan Yupik". 5542: 4989: 4985: 4490: 3924: 3884:

only if the subject is third person), or on the phonological or morphological environment.

3221: 3174: 3115: 2958: 2243:. For some speakers, there is also a voicing contrast among the nasal consonants, which is 2075: 1978: 1610: 1225: 1138: 1013: 811: 763: 7136: 7086: 5707: 4517:

like English, where the subjects of intransitives and transitives are identical in form ("

1633:

used in alphabetical order are listed below, along with an indication of their associated

8: 7167: 7096: 6942: 6512: 4514: 2812: 2471: 2442: 2244: 2188: 2171:, and are found preceding uvular consonants (such as or ) and preceding the low vowel . 1576:, a native speaker, in about 1900, although the language is now mostly written using the 1186: 1056: 1037: 875: 835: 675: 565: 401: 6820: 6599:

Proceedings of a symposium on switch reference and universal grammar, Winnipeg, May 1981

4525:

ate the bread"), while the objects of transitives have a different case ("The moose saw

581: 7116: 7091: 6693: 6458: 6450: 6378: 6370: 5959: 5530: 4533: 4493:

of transitive verbs, while the subjects of transitive verbs have a different case (the

4450: 4180: 4176: 3978: 3873: 3849: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3210: 3190: 3154: 3017: 2387: 2267: 1982: 1266: 997: 973: 930: 902: 843: 795: 739: 597: 573: 460: 448: 108: 6825: 268: 7126: 6958: 6637: 6610: 6574: 6500: 6490: 6462: 6421: 6411: 6382: 6201: 6162: 6125: 5967: 4973: 4553: 4478: 4184: 3877: 3347: 3267: 3084:, and stress will retract to a syllable whose nucleus is the vowel before the elided 3033: 2809: 2576: 2528: 2364: 2277: 2184: 2180: 2133: 2083: 1880: 1217: 1170: 1154: 1076: 914: 886: 859: 827: 464: 397: 6477: 5992:

Alaskan Eskimo Languages population, dialects, and distribution based on 1980 Census

5533:

was launched at College Gate Elementary. Yup'ik language courses are offered at the

5521:

Later, during the 1987-8 school year, three organizations, including members of the

5179:(like English "this one", "that one") as well as spatial adverbs ("here", "there"). 3213:), which carries the core meaning of the word. Following the stem come zero or more 2678:

occurs between two full vowels and it not adjacent to the inflectional suffix. With

332: 7183: 7106: 7071: 7066: 7051: 6907: 6889: 6857: 6832: 6803: 6798: 6749: 6744: 6629: 6602: 6601:. Typological Studies in Language. Vol. 2. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 6554: 6442: 6362: 4773: 4482: 4454: 4430: 3864:

of the verb (e.g., the intransitive form of the participial mood suffix is usually

3829: 3241: 3178: 2925:

is only a stop by virtue of it being word-final: if another suffix is added, as in

2287: 2262: 1581: 1298: 1246: 1178: 1122: 1114: 981: 957: 867: 851: 819: 803: 723: 557: 545: 444: 207: 113: 4984:

does; this is because in English, the noun that comes before the verb must be the

1150:

Mixed dialects (i.e., those that share features of core and peripheral varieties)

600:, has a reduced inventory of spatial demonstratives, and is lexically Anglicized. 7146: 6948: 6849: 6808: 6788: 6731: 6566: 6558: 6542: 4486: 4217:

because the verb is in the indicative mood, while in (2) the agreement marker is

3755: 3749: 3628: 3622: 3484: 3395: 3104: 2982: 2963: 2918: 2801: 2320: 2282: 2059: 1589: 1198: 1106: 1098: 1072: 965: 943: 709: 667: 589: 476: 389: 369: 118: 100: 28: 7131: 5213:

for case and number) are presented in the following table from Miyaoka (2012).

7141: 7081: 7046: 6980: 6707: 4912:

Possessors are often optional, but when present are marked with relative case:

4565: 3725: 3225: 2745:

is pronounced in all contexts, and there are no labialized uvular fricatives.

2401: 2025:/ŋ/. Apostrophes are also used between two consonants to indicate that voicing 1280: 1250: 1162: 1130: 1090: 922: 787: 747: 686: 553: 436: 385: 281: 196: 171: 6129: 5874: 5172: 4429:

Some researchers have argued that the contrast in (3-4) exemplifies a type of

3036:. This also occurs outside of Norton Sound if the consonants before and after 580:

is also spoken. Yup'ik is bordered to the north by the more distantly related

525:, but represent the pronunciation of the word in the respective dialect), and 7240: 7076: 6963: 6953: 6504: 6425: 6205: 5986: 5681: 5522: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4541: 4494: 2569: 2557: 2519: 2506: 2477: 2326: 2312: 2300: 2104: 2051: 1569: 1209: 1048: 731: 60: 6837: 6813: 6778: 6005: 4600: 3705: 3327: 3072:

to occur long. Outside of Norton Sound, if the consonants before and after

2870:

Progressive voicing optionally occurs from voiceless fricatives to nasals:

2067: 1962: 1577: 951: 910: 659: 653: 549: 541: 432: 203: 6633: 4179:(singular, dual, and plural) are distinguished, as well as at least three 2913:) will become a plosive when it occurs at the end of a word. For example, 252: 6793: 6101: 6099: 5209:

To illustrate, the spatial demonstrative roots of Yup'ik (which are then

4698: 3359: 3271: 3259: 2115: 2097: 1084: 947: 755: 717: 416: 288: 6606: 6487:

Yupic Eskimo prosodic systems : descriptive and comparative studies

5964:

Boundaries and Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yupʼik Eskimo Oral Tradition

4509:("He buys the boat"), the verb is transitive, and it is now the object ( 4505:, "the boat") is in the absolutive case. By comparison, in the sentence 6454: 6374: 5686: 5664: 5210: 3371: 3233: 3166: 3029: 2990: 2853:

Progressive voicing assimilation occurs from fricatives to fricatives:

2793: 2111: 1986: 34:

Language of the Yupik family, spoken in western and southwestern Alaska

6999: 6294:"The latest language immersion program for Anchorage students: Yup'ik" 6212: 6119: 6096: 4152:

Used to form subordinate clauses (translated "being in the state of")

639:

The Yupʼik dialects, sub-dialects and their locations are as follows:

6766: 6756: 6662: 6195: 5995:. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks 1985. 4719:

Identifies a spatial or temporal route through which movement occurs

4501:("The boat is long") features an intransitive verb, and the subject ( 4434: 3254: 2894: 2797: 2789: 2148: 2078:(see below), or when two single vowels are brought together across a 1565: 381: 261: 245: 81: 2909:

may occur word-finally. Any other fricative (and in many cases also

2706:

tends to be pronounced as when following a consonant, and geminate

303: 6783: 6446: 6366: 6088:

Hayes, Bruce (1985). "Iambic and trochaic rhythm in stress rules".

4315: 4034:

Used for cosubordination, coordination, and in independent clauses

3868:, but when this mood is suffixed to a transitive verb, its form is 3158: 2248: 2079: 487:(for example, in Miyaoka's 2012 grammar of the language). The term 344: 4903:

cup-ABS.SG cup-ABS.PL cup-ABS.SG-1SG cup-ABS.SG-3SG cup-ABS.PL-3PL

4678:

Marks nominals demoted from relative case under valency reduction

4089:

Used to form subordinate clauses (translated "although, even if")

2818:

undergo voicing assimilation when adjacent to the voiceless stops

6771: 6404:

A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yupʼik Eskimo Language

5085:

The word order varies between these sentences, but the fact that

3081: 2986: 2949:(with geminate resulting from automatic gemination; see below). 2929:"like a big kayak" a fricative is found in place of that stop: . 1634: 1580:. Early linguistic work in Central Yupʼik was done primarily by 492: 340: 4732:

Marks a nominal that is similar/equivalent to another; commonly

4544:; collectively the ergative and genitive are usually called the 2941:

are elided between single vowels, if the first is a full vowel:

2893:

Another common phonological alternation of Yup'ik is word-final

2721:

Conversely, in the Hooper Bay-Chevak (HBC) dialect, there is no

6353:

Buckley, Eugene (1998). "Iambic Lengthening and Final Vowels".

6224: 5158:"children" does not distinguish ergative from absolutive case ( 3263: 2034: 2030: 1585: 1573: 480: 456: 377: 311: 232: 71: 4050:

Used to form subordinate clauses (translated "because, when")

2863:

Progressive voicing assimilation occurs from stops to nasals:

2702:

In Norton Sound, as well as some villages on the lower Yukon,

27:"Yup'ik language" redirects here. Not to be confused with the 6990:

2: Some linguists classify Sirenik as under a separate branch

6311: 4976:

of the subject and object. For example, the English sentence

4513:, "the boat") that bears the absolutive. This contrasts with 3606: 3597: 3114:

Another third prosodic factor that influences regressive is

3068:

The first of these processes is related to the inability of

427:

to form these polysynthetic words. Yupʼik has predominantly

5952: 4988:(the biter), while the noun following the verb must be the 3262:, enclitics are separated from the rest of the word with a 2804:); these processes are not represented in the orthography. 380:. Both in ethnic population and in number of speakers, the 5989:, Steven Jacobson, Lawrence Kaplan, and Jeff Leer (1985). 343:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

6987:

1: The Inuit language 'family' is a continuum of dialects

6136: 4187:, subject agreement linearly precedes object agreement. 4063:

Used to form subordinate clauses (translated "whenever")

4010:

Used to express wishes, requests, suggestions, commands,

2977:

The iambic stress system of Yup'ik results in predicable

2921:

fricative becomes a stop word-finally. Moreover, the of

2917:"big kayak" is pronounced , while "kayak" alone is ; the 2885:

Fricatives are devoiced word-initially and word-finally.

310:

Central Alaskan Yupik is classified as Vulnerable by the

6587: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6218: 6105: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 3173:

Three parts of speech are identified: nouns, verbs, and

685:

Kotlik sub-dialect; spoken by the Pastulirmiut tribe in

540:

Yupʼik is spoken primarily in southwestern Alaska, from

6393:

Central Yupʼik and the Schools: A Handbook for Teachers

6333:"Yup'ik Language and Culture Bachelor's Degree Program" 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 4900:

saskar-∅ saskar-t saskar-∅-ka saskar-nga-∅ saskar-ngi-t

4076:

Used to form subordinate clauses (translated "before")

6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 5980: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5710:. ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International 4906:"cup" "cups" {"my cup"} {"his/her cup"} {"their cups"} 4141:

Used to form subordinate clauses (translated "while")

608:

Yup'ik is typically considered to have five dialects:

495:, and is derived from /juɣ-piɣ/ "person-genuine". The 6274: 6257: 6068: 6066: 5888: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 4457:, and show agreement with the person and number of a 4128:

Used to form subordinate clauses (translated "when")

3161:

within a word is very high. The language is moreover

3061:

prosodically-conditioned factors are said to feature

6658:

Alaska Native Language Center: Central Alaskan Yupik

6175: 6121:

Study of the Chevak Dialect of Central Yup'ik Eskimo

6006:"ERIC – Education Resources Information Center" 5907: 5855: 2251:

word-medially, and consonant length is contrastive.

1153:

Nelson Island & Stebbins sub-dialect; spoken in

435:

follows the ergative pattern for the most part, but

6518:

Culture and Change for Iñupiat and Yupiks of Alaska

6044: 5202:(typically far away, indistinct, and invisible) or 5153: 5147: 5141: 5086: 4410:The intransitive agreement in the dependent clause 4115:Used to express indirect suggestions, admonishment 4102:Used to form subordinate clauses (translated "if") 3810: 3802: 3794: 3016:cannot occur long in Yup'ik, when a syllable whose 1546: 1539: 1527: 1520: 1508: 1501: 1489: 1482: 1470: 1463: 1451: 1444: 1432: 1425: 1413: 1406: 1394: 1387: 1375: 1368: 376:language group, spoken in western and southwestern 6063: 5752: 5627:"Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official" 4655:Marks nominals demoted from absolutive case under 3724: 2005:length is predictable and hence is not marked; in 535: 6117: 1047:Upper or Middle Kuskokwim sub-dialect; spoken in 632:dialect. All extant dialects of the language are 447:. The language grammatically distinguishes three 7238: 4653:Identifies a spatial or temporal starting point 4012:and occasionally to make declarative statements 3962:(after a consonant, if subject is third person) 2966:and must bear stress.) For example, in the word 652:(alternatively, Unaliq-Pastuliq); spoken around 4406:"She ate before she (herself) washed her face." 4362:"She ate before she (another) washed her face." 3828:of Yup'ik verbs involves obligatory marking of 3800:"I have fish" is a verb, despite the fact that 3052:to increase the weight of the second syllable. 2690:does not undergo the allophonic alternation: ( 1382:to study (intrans.); to teach someone (trans.) 5958: 4947: 4863: 4838: 4394: 4383: 4350: 4339: 4309: 4278: 4274: 4245: 4241: 3766: 3495: 3406: 2974:) is the rightmost of the stressed syllables. 1637:in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). 7015: 6678: 6435:International Journal of American Linguistics 6355:International Journal of American Linguistics 6197:A survey of switch-reference in North America 6193: 6158:Switch-Reference and Discourse Representation 5730: 5644:Glottopedia article on Central Alaskan Yupʼik 3266:. However, since hyphens are already used in 3193:fulfill the role that English adjectives do. 2993:apply to create a well-formed prosodic word. 6410:. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. 5966:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 5504: 4888: 4618:Identifies the subject of a transitive verb 3967:(after a vowel, if subject is third person) 2247:somewhat rare. Any consonant may occur as a 956:Yukon or Lower Yukon sub-dialect; spoken in 499:and Jacobson's (1995) learner's grammar use 5708:"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ess" 5700: 5206:(typically nearby, distinct, and visible). 4676:Identifies a spatial or temporal end point 4532:In addition to the absolutive and ergative 3103:Second, if the first syllable of a word is 7022: 7008: 6685: 6671: 6469: 6124:. eScholarship, University of California. 5637: 4992:(the individual or thing that is bitten). 2981:, a processes that serves to increase the 2714:"boat" of General Central Yup'ik (GCY) is 302: 6573:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6541: 5649: 4695:Identifies spatial or temporal locations 3426:"I wished very much to build a big boat" 3346: 1559: 942:Peripheral dialects; spoken on the upper 6626:A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) 6596: 6432: 6400: 6389: 6280: 6181: 6154: 5946: 5901: 5861: 5731:Siebens, Julie; Julian, Tiffany (2011). 5624: 4697:Indicates the standard of comparison in 4221:due to verb being in the optative mood. 3880:(e.g., the optative mood is marked with 1961:The vowel qualities /a, i, u/ may occur 1604: 1312:The last of these, the Nunivak dialect ( 521:in Chevak (these terms are cognate with 315:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 7029: 6623: 6511: 6352: 6268: 6057: 5849: 5104: 5049: 5026: 4943: 4939: 4928: 4880: 4859: 4855: 4834: 4830: 4809: 4792: 4788: 4379: 4335: 4290: 4233: 3973:(if subject is first or second person) 3754: 3748: 3627: 3621: 3483: 3394: 3040:are phonetically similar. For example, 2888: 2779: 2167:The vowel qualities are allophones of 2066:always manifests phonetically short in 722:Lower Kuskokwim sub-dialect; spoken in 483:, the language is often referred to as 337:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 7239: 6692: 6565: 6484: 6142: 6083: 6081: 6072: 5410:down/below there, toward river (bank) 5091:("dog") is marked with ergative case ( 4924: 2764:, there is no word-final fortition of 2737:. HBC does not have the allophone of 2191:that contrast in voicing. The phoneme 1515:weather, outside, universe, awareness 1208:Nushagak River sub-dialect; spoken in 411:Yupʼik, like all Eskimo languages, is 7003: 6666: 6571:The Languages of Native North America 6087: 5123: 5068: 5007: 4884: 4813: 4270: 2996: 2697: 2259: 1977:when vowel length is not a result of 4897:saskaq saskat saskaqa saskaa saskait 4481:of intransitive verbs bear the same 4403:eat-PST-IND.3SG wash.face-before-4SG 4359:eat-PST-IND.3SG wash.face-before-3SG 4299:close-OPT-1SG>3SG=wish window.ABS 3704: 3326: 3055: 2729:is used in its place, such that GCY 2670:" is pronounced (orthographically, 1089:Lake Iliamna sub-dialect; spoken in 513:Other endonyms are used regionally: 6078: 5341:across there, on the opposite bank 4464: 3839: 3819: 3526: 3517: 3358: 3032:if that consonant is not part of a 2897:. Among consonants, only the stops 2792:) that apply mostly predictably to 885:Bristol Bay sub-dialect; spoken in 708:Core dialects; spoken on the lower 572:in the Alaskan context) and on the 24: 5675: 5529:In 2018, Anchorage's first Yup'ik 5433:out there, toward exit, downriver 4375: 4331: 4237: 3649:"store" (lit. "place for buying") 3370: 2748:In the Nunivak dialect, one finds 1989:following consonant. For example, 1981:. Consonants may also occur long ( 1265:Hooper Bay sub-dialect; spoken in 443:pattern, depending on grammatical 25: 7273: 6651: 5194:(horizontally long or moving) or 5166: 5143:elitnauristet mikelnguut assikait 2619: 2612: 2586: 2562: 2550: 2541: 2534: 2511: 2499: 2490: 2483: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2406: 2386: 2377: 2370: 2348: 2339: 2332: 2155: 2139: 2132: 2125: 1572:was invented for the language by 1553:to sample or taste, attempt, try 560:is spoken to south and east, and 368:) is one of the languages of the 7219: 7218: 6232:"Central Yupʼik and the Schools" 6118:Woodbury, Anthony (1981-01-01). 5692: 5625:Chappell, Bill (21 April 2014). 4302:"I hope I will close the window" 3096:, which features the elision of 2203:; see below). Contrasts between 470: 372:family, in turn a member of the 225: 6346: 6325: 6304: 6286: 6248: 6187: 6155:Stirling, Lesley (1993-03-11). 6148: 6111: 6022: 5998: 5867: 5576:Lower Kuskokwim School District 5364:back/up there, away from river 5301:approaching (in space or time) 4980:means something different than 4515:nominative-accusative languages 3808:"fish" is a noun; the postbase 3209:(equivalent to the notion of a 3181:fulfills the role that English 2784:There are a variety of voicing 536:Geographic distribution and use 463:in the language, nor are there 388:. As of 2010 Yupʼik was, after 7252:Indigenous languages of Alaska 6161:. Cambridge University Press. 5724: 5618: 5600: 5539:University of Alaska Fairbanks 5535:University of Alaska Anchorage 5129:qimugta keggellrua agayulirtem 5074:Agayulirta keggellrua qimugtem 5032:Qimugtem keggellrua agayulirta 4006:(if subject is second person) 3134:in Jacobson's (1995) grammar. 2867:"it is an ear" is pronounced . 2772:(see below), and word-initial 2760:"they are slow" is pronounced 1759:represents /s/ word-initially 1600: 13: 1: 5594: 5565:Alaska Native Language Center 5198:and if non-extended, whether 4967: 4751: 4497:). For example, the sentence 4422:, while in (4) the agreement 3996:(if subject is first person) 3991:(if subject is third person) 3900:Common uses (not exhaustive) 3786:"the way I make a big kayak" 3196: 3076:are phonetically dissimilar, 2656:voiced labiovelar approximant 2174: 1623:Alaska Native Language Center 1594:Alaska Native Language Center 529:in the Yukon-Kuskokwim region 497:Alaska Native Language Center 439:can follow an ergative or an 408:likewise spoken in Chukotka. 384:form the largest group among 7262:Official languages of Alaska 6559:10.1515/flin.1996.30.1-2.111 6401:Jacobson, Steven A. (1995). 6390:Jacobson, Steven A. (1984). 5387:up/above there (vertically) 5171:Yup'ik has a rich system of 4960:man-REL.SG coffee.ABS.SG-3SG 4764:(pronounced in this case as 4603:object of a transitive verb 4400:Nere-llru-uq ermig-paileg-mi 4171:on verbs. Up to two nominal 4167:Yup'ik has a rich system of 4162: 2937:The voiced velar consonants 2654:before the schwa vowel. The 2648:voiceless alveolar affricate 2040: 1718:represents /χ/ word-finally 382:Central Alaskan Yupik people 82:Central Alaskan Yupik people 18:Central Yup'ik language 7: 5588:Kashunamiut School District 5570:Lower Yukon School District 5548: 4356:Nere-llru-uq ermig-pailg-an 4310:Co-reference across clauses 3280:angyarpaliyukapigtellruunga 3170:order is often quite free. 2710:as . For example, the word 2686:is an inflectional suffix, 998:Nunam Iqua or Sheldon Point 603: 10: 7278: 6470:Jewelgreen, Lydia (2008), 6034:Blackwell Reference Online 5135:"the preacher bit the dog" 3858:subordinating conjunctions 3378:-pa -li -yu -kapigte -llru 3157:morphology: the number of 3148: 2952: 2932: 2455: 2430: 2347: 2338: 2331: 2187:, but has a wide range of 1648: 26: 7214: 7176: 7155: 7037: 6972: 6921: 6848: 6730: 6723: 6700: 6624:Miyaoka, Osahito (2012). 5541:. The latter also offers 5505:Yupʼik language education 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 4728: 4715: 4691: 4672: 4649: 4646: 4611: 4589: 4586: 4576: 4572:Yup'ik grammatical cases 4471:morphosyntactic alignment 4449:Yup'ik nouns inflect for 4038: 3942:after /t/ (intransitive) 3904: 3888:Yup'ik grammatical moods 3785: 3648: 3541: 3536: 3425: 3100:and a monosyllabic foot. 2788:processes (specifically, 2682:"oar" by contrast, since 2604: 2470: 2441: 2400: 2319: 2286: 2281: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2179:Yup'ik does not contrast 2045: 1324:in Chevak in some words: 982:Marshall or Fortuna Ledge 570:St. Lawrence Island Yupik 564:is spoken to the west on 459:. There is no marking of 323: 301: 287: 275: 259: 243: 238: 220:Official language in 218: 213: 193: 164: 136: 97: 87: 77: 70:western and southwestern 66: 56: 49: 44: 39: 6485:Krauss, Michael (1985). 5511:Alaska State Legislature 5456:inside, upriver, inland 5132:dog.ABS bit preacher.ERG 5077:preacher.ABS bit dog.ERG 5035:dog.ERG bit preacher.ABS 4982:The preacher bit the dog 4978:The dog bit the preacher 4734:co-occurs with the verb 4597:of an intransitive verb 4536:(the latter of which is 4444: 2841:is pronounced (compare 2084:phonemically contrastive 1997:both contain a geminate 517:in the Nunivak dialect, 505:Central (Alaskan) Yup'ik 501:Central (Alaskan) Yup'ik 7247:Agglutinative languages 5560:Nunivak Cupʼig language 5284:aforementioned / known 5154: 5148: 5142: 5118: 5110: 5099: 5087: 5063: 5055: 5044: 5021: 5013: 5002: 4202:of a transitive verb). 4031:after certain suffixes 3811: 3803: 3795: 1615:voiced uvular fricative 1547: 1540: 1528: 1521: 1509: 1502: 1490: 1483: 1471: 1464: 1452: 1445: 1433: 1426: 1414: 1407: 1395: 1388: 1376: 1369: 1279:sub-dialect; spoken in 836:Nunapitchuk or Akolmiut 548:in the south, and from 509:General Central Yup'ik. 7163:American Sign Language 6592:, University of Alaska 5682:Central Alaskan Yupʼik 5582:Yupiit School District 5555:Chevak Cupʼik language 5177:demonstrative pronouns 4254:like-IND.TR-1SG>3SG 3852:. Yupʼik also has ten 3542:"(tell him) I'm fine" 3044:"on the footprint" is 3002:second syllable. Thus 2882:is pronounced , not . 2830:(right-to-left). Thus 2090:Yup'ik vowel phonemes 2050:Yup'ik contrasts four 2033:is used to separate a 2021:/nɣ/ from the digraph 1618: 1560:Writing and literature 699:General Central Yupʼik 614:General Central Yup'ik 562:Central Siberian Yupik 394:Central Siberian Yupik 354:Central Alaskan Yupʼik 325:This article contains 282:Central Alaskan Yup'ik 6634:10.1515/9783110278576 6628:. De Gruyter Mouton. 6590:Yupʼik Eskimo Grammar 6473:Central Alaskan Yupik 5578:(Yupʼik & Cupʼig) 5222:Translation of class 4723:along, via, by way of 4296:patu-la-ku=tuq egaleq 3537:"(he says) I'm fine" 2957:Yup'ik has an iambic 1627:Latin-script alphabet 1608: 712:, on the coast up to 634:mutually intelligible 485:Central Alaskan Yupik 124:Central Alaskan Yupik 40:Central Alaskan Yupik 6513:MacLean, Edna Ahgeak 5264:there (near hearer) 5244:here (near speaker) 4593:Identifies the sole 4582:English equivalents 4213:agreement marker is 3381:AUG make DES INT PST 3252:. Finally, optional 3232:, which carries the 3187:derivational affixes 3132:automatic gemination 2905:, and the fricative 2889:Word-final fortition 2834:is pronounced , and 2826:(left-to-right) and 2780:Voicing alternations 1965:; these are written 1611:Pledge of Allegiance 1420:to teach (intrans.) 544:in the north to the 295:Zentralalaska-Yup'ik 7031:Languages of Alaska 6943:Inuktitut syllabics 6895:St. Lawrence Island 6607:10.1075/tsl.2.16woo 6312:"2014–2015 Catalog" 6145:, pp. 234–235. 5960:Fienup-Riordan, Ann 5719:Name: Central Yupik 4579:Common function(s) 4573: 4475:ergative-absolutive 4257:"I like him/her/it" 3889: 3878:grammatical subject 3850:independent clauses 3660: 3553: 3437: 3282: 2874:is pronounced or . 2658:is an allophone of 2650:is an allophone of 2256: 2091: 2074:) is lengthened by 1496:to cook by boiling 566:St. Lawrence Island 402:St. Lawrence Island 7168:Inuk Sign Language 6694:Eskaleut languages 6194:McKenzie, Andrew. 5740:U.S. Census Bureau 5612:U.S. Census Bureau 5543:Bachelor's degrees 4963:"the man's coffee" 4571: 3905:Independent moods 3887: 3655: 3548: 3432: 3277: 3153:Yup'ik has highly 3012:Because the vowel 3007:/pisuqataɬiniluni/ 3004:pissuqatalliniluni 2997:Iambic lengthening 2979:iambic lengthening 2968:pissuqatalliniluni 2698:Dialect variations 2255:Yup'ik consonants 2254: 2235:, and the uvulars 2089: 1629:; the letters and 1619: 1328:in Hooper Bay but 1249:), once spoken in 628:, and the extinct 574:Chukotka peninsula 461:grammatical gender 364:, or indigenously 144:Proto-Eskimo–Aleut 93:19,750 (2013) 7234: 7233: 7204:Ninilchik dialect 6997: 6996: 6981:extinct languages 6959:Kaktovik numerals 6917: 6916: 6829: 6643:978-3-11-027857-6 6616:978-90-272-2866-6 6580:978-0-521-29875-9 6547:Folia Linguistica 6417:978-1-55500-050-9 5690:(25th ed., 2022) 5531:immersion program 5498: 5497: 4746: 4745: 4650:Ablative-modalis 4437:or long-distance 4393:wash.face-before- 4349:wash.face-before- 4212: 4208: 4156: 4155: 4039:Connective moods 3872:instead), on the 3854:connective moods, 3846:independent moods 3790: 3789: 3653: 3652: 3546: 3545: 3430: 3429: 3274:is used instead. 3143:/tʃaŋatənʁitutən/ 3056:Regressive stress 2669: 2640: 2639: 2580: 2165: 2164: 2017:, to distinguish 1959: 1958: 1651:Letter / digraph 1643:Letter / digraph 1557: 1556: 1261:Hooper Bay-Chevak 625:Hooper Bay-Chevak 558:Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq 479:and is spoken in 351: 350: 333:rendering support 329:phonetic symbols. 174:(Yukon-Kuskokwim) 16:(Redirected from 7269: 7222: 7221: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7001: 7000: 6945:(writing system) 6885:Central Siberian 6823: 6799:Kangiryuarmiutun 6728: 6727: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6647: 6620: 6593: 6584: 6567:Mithun, Marianne 6562: 6543:Mithun, Marianne 6538: 6537: 6536: 6530: 6524:, archived from 6523: 6508: 6481: 6476:, archived from 6466: 6429: 6409: 6397: 6386: 6341: 6340: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6300:. 27 April 2018. 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6255: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6236:www.alaskool.org 6228: 6222: 6219:Reed et al. 1977 6216: 6210: 6209: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6115: 6109: 6106:Reed et al. 1977 6103: 6094: 6093: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6061: 6055: 6042: 6041: 6036:. Archived from 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6010: 6002: 5996: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5905: 5899: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5715: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5604: 5517: 5216: 5215: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5125: 5106: 5090: 5070: 5051: 5028: 5009: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4930: 4926: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4815: 4811: 4794: 4790: 4574: 4570: 4534:structural cases 4483:grammatical case 4465:Grammatical case 4431:switch-reference 4396: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4352: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4292: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4210: 4206: 3890: 3886: 3840:Grammatical mood 3830:grammatical mood 3820:Verb conjugation 3814: 3806: 3798: 3768: 3758: 3752: 3728: 3708: 3661: 3654: 3631: 3625: 3608: 3599: 3554: 3547: 3528: 3519: 3497: 3487: 3438: 3431: 3408: 3398: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3330: 3283: 3276: 3260:Orthographically 3242:grammatical mood 3224:that change the 3185:do, and nominal 3179:grammatical case 3144: 3128: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3008: 2944: 2940: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2859: 2847: 2840: 2821: 2817: 2776:is pronounced . 2775: 2771: 2767: 2756:, such that GCY 2755: 2752:in place of GCY 2751: 2744: 2740: 2728: 2724: 2709: 2705: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2623: 2616: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2515: 2503: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2410: 2390: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2352: 2343: 2336: 2329: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2257: 2253: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2170: 2159: 2143: 2136: 2129: 2092: 2088: 2073: 2065: 2057: 1640: 1639: 1582:Russian Orthodox 1550: 1543: 1531: 1524: 1512: 1505: 1493: 1486: 1474: 1467: 1455: 1448: 1436: 1429: 1417: 1410: 1398: 1391: 1379: 1372: 1342: 1341: 1018:Negeqliim Painga 990:Mountain Village 582:Iñupiaq language 546:Alaska Peninsula 423:) that are used 317: 306: 297: 271: 255: 248: 231: 229: 228: 208:Yugtun syllabary 199: 175: 103: 37: 36: 21: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7257:Yupik languages 7237: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7210: 7172: 7151: 7102:Upper Kuskokwim 7033: 7028: 6998: 6993: 6968: 6949:Inuit phonology 6913: 6863:Central Alaskan 6844: 6826:Iñupiaq Braille 6719: 6696: 6691: 6654: 6644: 6617: 6581: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6497: 6480:on May 26, 2019 6418: 6407: 6349: 6344: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6240: 6238: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6097: 6086: 6079: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6045: 6030:"Yupik writing" 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5908: 5900: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5713: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5680: 5676: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5623: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5551: 5515: 5507: 5479:outside, north 5169: 5152:"teachers" and 5137: 5127: 5116: 5108: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5072: 5061: 5053: 5040: 5039: 5030: 5019: 5011: 4970: 4965: 4951: 4932: 4910: 4895: 4870: 4845: 4820: 4799: 4754: 4647:Non-structural 4599:Identifies the 4568:, and equalis. 4477:, meaning that 4467: 4447: 4408: 4398: 4390:ermig-paileg-mi 4387: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4343: 4324: 4312: 4304: 4294: 4283: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4226: 4165: 4120:Contemporative 4018:Co-subordinate 3914:(intransitive) 3842: 3822: 3779: 3770: 3760: 3739: 3730: 3718: 3710: 3695: 3686: 3658:qayarpaliyaraqa 3642: 3633: 3612: 3601: 3588: 3579: 3532: 3521: 3508: 3499: 3489: 3472: 3463: 3419: 3410: 3400: 3385: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3332: 3317: 3308: 3199: 3165:, meaning that 3151: 3140:cangatenrituten 3109:nerciqsugnarquq 3088:. For example, 3058: 2999: 2955: 2935: 2891: 2860:is pronounced . 2782: 2700: 2527: 2476: 2363: 2325: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2276: 2177: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2052:vowel qualities 2048: 2043: 2037:from its host. 1603: 1590:Moravian Church 1562: 1355: 1346: 1310: 1022:Russian Mission 606: 590:Kuskokwim River 552:in the east to 538: 477:Yupik languages 473: 356:(also rendered 331:Without proper 319: 318: 309: 293: 267: 251: 244: 226: 224: 221: 214:Official status 206:, formerly the 200: 195: 170: 160: 139: 132: 104: 101:Language family 99: 90: 89:Native speakers 35: 32: 29:Yupik languages 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7275: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7177:Non-Indigenous 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7159: 7157: 7156:Sign languages 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7062:Siberian Yupik 7059: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7027: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7004: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6937:Proto-Eskimoan 6933: 6930:Proto-Eskaleut 6925: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6873:Nunivak Cup'ig 6870: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6736: 6734: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6690: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6653: 6652:External links 6650: 6649: 6648: 6642: 6621: 6615: 6594: 6585: 6579: 6563: 6539: 6509: 6495: 6482: 6467: 6447:10.1086/466153 6430: 6416: 6398: 6387: 6367:10.1086/466357 6361:(3): 179–223. 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6324: 6303: 6285: 6273: 6256: 6247: 6223: 6211: 6186: 6174: 6167: 6147: 6135: 6110: 6095: 6077: 6062: 6043: 6040:on 2013-01-19. 6021: 5997: 5979: 5972: 5951: 5906: 5887: 5866: 5854: 5751: 5723: 5699: 5674: 5648: 5636: 5617: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5547: 5506: 5503: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5173:spatial deixis 5168: 5167:Spatial deixis 5165: 5117: 5109: 5098: 5097: 5062: 5054: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5020: 5012: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4974:thematic roles 4969: 4966: 4933: 4915: 4914: 4871: 4846: 4821: 4800: 4779: 4778: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4705:at, in, during 4702: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4507:Angyaq kiputaa 4466: 4463: 4446: 4443: 4412:ermig-pailg-an 4388: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4346:ermig-pailg-an 4344: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4311: 4308: 4284: 4266:patu-la-ku=tuq 4264: 4261: 4260: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4164: 4161: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4008: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3957: 3956:Interrogative 3953: 3952: 3949: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3841: 3838: 3821: 3818: 3796:neqe-ngqer-tua 3788: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3761: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3719: 3711: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3656:Example noun: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3549:Example noun: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3490: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3433:Example verb: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3401: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3333: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3278:Example verb: 3236:categories of 3198: 3195: 3150: 3147: 3057: 3054: 2998: 2995: 2972:primary stress 2954: 2951: 2945:is pronounced 2934: 2931: 2890: 2887: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2850: 2849: 2822:; this occurs 2781: 2778: 2733:is pronounced 2718:Norton Sound. 2699: 2696: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2375: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2346: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2176: 2173: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2153: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1602: 1599: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1525: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1506: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1468: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1430: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1411: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1352: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1274: 1258: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1206: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1087: 1045: 940: 939: 938: 883: 696: 695: 694: 683: 641: 605: 602: 568:(often called 554:Nunivak Island 537: 534: 472: 469: 437:verb agreement 386:Alaska Natives 349: 348: 335:, you may see 321: 320: 308: 307: 299: 298: 291: 285: 284: 279: 273: 272: 265: 257: 256: 249: 241: 240: 239:Language codes 236: 235: 222: 219: 216: 215: 211: 210: 201: 197:Writing system 194: 191: 190: 189: 188: 182: 176: 166: 162: 161: 159: 158: 157: 156: 142: 140: 137: 134: 133: 131: 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 107: 105: 98: 95: 94: 91: 88: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 68: 64: 63: 58: 57:Native to 54: 53: 51:Yugtun, Cugtun 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7274: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7227: 7226: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7057:Central Yupik 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7013: 7011: 7006: 7005: 7002: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6965: 6964:Yugtun script 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6954:Inuit grammar 6952: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6878:Chevak Cup’ik 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6531:on 2012-03-07 6527: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6496:0-933769-37-7 6492: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6405: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6313: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6282: 6281:Jacobson 1984 6277: 6271:, p. 13. 6270: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6251: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6221:, p. 64. 6220: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6190: 6183: 6182:Woodbury 1983 6178: 6170: 6168:9780521402293 6164: 6160: 6159: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6114: 6108:, p. 18. 6107: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6007: 6001: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5987:E. Irene Reed 5983: 5975: 5973:0-585-12190-7 5969: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5947:Jacobson 1995 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5902:Jacobson 1984 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5876: 5870: 5863: 5862:Jacobson 1984 5858: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5524: 5523:Alaska Native 5519: 5512: 5502: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5228:Non-extended 5217: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5196:non-extended, 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5149:elitnauristet 5144: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5115: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5089: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5060: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5004: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4950: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4920: 4913: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4868:"his/her cup" 4866: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4816: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4785: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629:Identifies a 4628: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4546:relative case 4543: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499:Angyaq tak'uq 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4473:of Yupʼik is 4472: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4386: 4372: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4342: 4328: 4320: 4317: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4282: 4267: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4230: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133:Simultaneous 4132: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4021:Appositional 4020: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977:Used to form 3976: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3947:(transitive) 3946: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3923:Used to form 3922: 3920: 3919:(transitive) 3918: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3735:AUG make NMLZ 3733: 3732:-pa -li -yara 3729: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3435:assirtua-gguq 3424: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3163:agglutinative 3160: 3156: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3083: 3066: 3064: 3053: 3047: 3035: 3031: 3019: 3010: 3005: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2930: 2928: 2927:qayar-pag-tun 2924: 2920: 2916: 2901:, the nasals 2896: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824:progressively 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2763: 2759: 2746: 2736: 2732: 2725:phoneme, and 2719: 2717: 2713: 2695: 2693: 2673: 2664:/tʃali-vig-∅/ 2657: 2649: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2335: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2245:typologically 2227:, the velars 2200: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2061: 2053: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570:Yugtun script 1568:known as the 1567: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271:Naparyaarmiut 1268: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1234:Portage Creek 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065:Crooked Creek 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:Pilot Station 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 954: 953: 950:, and around 949: 945: 941: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 895:Clark's Point 892: 888: 884: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:Lower Kalskag 777: 773: 772:Upper Kalskag 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720: 719: 715: 714:Nelson Island 711: 707: 706: 704: 700: 697: 692: 688: 684: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:Neviarcaurluq 661: 657: 656: 655: 651: 648: 647: 646: 643: 642: 640: 637: 635: 631: 627: 626: 621: 620: 615: 611: 601: 599: 595: 594:Nelson Island 591: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 533: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 471:Language name 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413:polysynthetic 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:Central Yupik 359: 355: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 328: 322: 316: 313: 305: 300: 296: 292: 290: 286: 283: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 264: 263: 258: 254: 250: 247: 242: 237: 234: 223: 217: 212: 209: 205: 202: 198: 192: 186: 183: 180: 177: 173: 169: 168: 167: 163: 155: 152: 151: 150: 147: 146: 145: 141: 135: 125: 122: 121: 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 106: 102: 96: 92: 86: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 65: 62: 61:United States 59: 55: 52: 48: 43: 38: 30: 19: 7223: 7122:Upper Tanana 7112:Lower Tanana 6976: 6935: 6928: 6906: 6867: 6862: 6838:Uummarmiutun 6814:Utkuhiksalik 6779:Inuvialuktun 6762:North Baffin 6714:Mednyj Aleut 6712: 6625: 6598: 6589: 6570: 6550: 6546: 6533:, retrieved 6526:the original 6517: 6486: 6478:the original 6472: 6438: 6434: 6403: 6392: 6358: 6354: 6347:Bibliography 6336: 6327: 6315:. Retrieved 6306: 6297: 6288: 6283:, p. 1. 6276: 6269:MacLean 2004 6250: 6239:. Retrieved 6235: 6226: 6214: 6196: 6189: 6177: 6157: 6150: 6138: 6120: 6113: 6089: 6058:Buckley 1998 6038:the original 6033: 6024: 6012:. Retrieved 6000: 5991: 5982: 5963: 5954: 5904:, p. 6. 5878:. Retrieved 5869: 5864:, p. 5. 5857: 5850:Miyaoka 2012 5743:. Retrieved 5739: 5726: 5718: 5712:. Retrieved 5702: 5685: 5677: 5669: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5630: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5528: 5520: 5508: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5470:kiug-/kiu͡g- 5469: 5464: 5459: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5306: 5289: 5274: 5267: 5254: 5247: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5181: 5170: 5159: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5121: 5113: 5102: 5092: 5084: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5066: 5058: 5047: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5005: 4994: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4937: 4934: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893:"their cups" 4892: 4878: 4876:saskar-ngi-t 4875: 4872: 4867: 4853: 4851:saskar-nga-∅ 4850: 4847: 4842: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4770:assimilating 4765: 4761: 4757: 4755: 4747: 4735: 4733: 4722: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4699:comparatives 4696: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4666: 4663: 4654: 4639: 4635: 4598: 4554:instrumental 4545: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4468: 4461:if present. 4448: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4392: 4389: 4373: 4371:Nere-llru-uq 4370: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4329: 4327:Nere-llru-uq 4326: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4288: 4285: 4268: 4265: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4231: 4228: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4199: 4189: 4166: 4157: 4136: 4123: 4110: 4107:Indirective 4097: 4094:Conditional 4084: 4071: 4058: 4045: 4028: 4024: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3979:wh-questions 3970: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3932:Participial 3916: 3915: 3911: 3881: 3869: 3865: 3862:transitivity 3853: 3845: 3843: 3823: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3791: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3747: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3712: 3703: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3657: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3620: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3550: 3530: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3482: 3479: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3434: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3393: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3369: 3366: 3357: 3354: 3345: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3325: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3279: 3253: 3244:(on verbs), 3240:(on nouns), 3234:inflectional 3229: 3219:derivational 3217:, which are 3214: 3206: 3200: 3183:prepositions 3172: 3152: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3045: 3011: 3003: 3000: 2976: 2967: 2956: 2946: 2936: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2871: 2864: 2854: 2842: 2839:/qiluɣ-tu-q/ 2835: 2831: 2828:regressively 2796:consonants ( 2786:assimilation 2783: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2741:, such that 2734: 2730: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2691: 2671: 2666:"work-place- 2641: 2211:and between 2178: 2166: 2108:(unrounded) 2101:(unrounded) 2049: 2027:assimilation 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1942: 1924: 1906: 1888: 1872: 1864: 1852: 1844: 1832: 1824: 1812: 1804: 1792: 1784: 1772: 1764: 1751: 1743: 1731: 1723: 1710: 1702: 1690: 1682: 1670: 1662: 1620: 1578:Latin script 1563: 1534:lamp, light 1434:elitnaurista 1357: 1348: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1302: 1297:; spoken in 1293: 1284: 1270: 1260: 1254: 1242: 1229: 1226:New Stuyahok 1221: 1213: 1202: 1195:Qaluuyarmiut 1194: 1190: 1182: 1174: 1166: 1158: 1142: 1139:South Naknek 1134: 1126: 1118: 1110: 1102: 1094: 1080: 1068: 1060: 1052: 1042:Marayaarmiut 1041: 1033: 1025: 1017: 1014:Pitkas Point 1009: 1001: 994:Asaacaryaraq 993: 986:Masserculleq 985: 977: 969: 961: 952:Lake Iliamna 934: 926: 918: 906: 898: 890: 879: 871: 863: 855: 847: 839: 831: 823: 815: 812:Kwigillingok 807: 799: 791: 783: 775: 767: 764:Goodnews Bay 759: 751: 743: 735: 727: 702: 698: 690: 679: 671: 663: 654:Norton Sound 650:Norton Sound 649: 644: 638: 629: 623: 617: 613: 610:Norton Sound 609: 607: 586: 578:Naukan Yupik 569: 550:Lake Iliamna 542:Norton Sound 539: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 491:is a common 488: 484: 474: 451:: singular, 433:case marking 425:productively 420: 410: 406:Naukan Yupik 374:Eskimo–Aleut 365: 361: 357: 353: 352: 324: 260: 149:Proto-Eskimo 123: 50: 6794:Inuinnaqtun 6745:Kalaallisut 6740:Greenlandic 6143:Mithun 1999 6073:Krauss 1985 5318:over there 5184:environment 5119:agayulirtem 4826:saskar-∅-ka 4738:"resemble" 4640:John's book 4590:Absolutive 4587:Structural 4081:Concessive 4068:Precessive 4055:Constative 3925:declarative 3908:Indicative 3826:conjugation 3272:equals sign 3203:descriptive 2865:ciut-ngu-uq 2846:/qiluɣ-a-a/ 2816:/v,z,l,ɣ,ʁ/ 2606:Approximant 2001:(/pː/). In 1601:Orthography 1332:in Chevak. 1187:Toksook Bay 1085:Stony River 1081:Cellitemiut 1057:Chuathbaluk 1038:Scammon Bay 978:Ingirraller 880:Tuntutuliaq 876:Tuntutuliak 872:Tuulkessaaq 848:Kuiggayagaq 824:Naparyarraq 752:Mamterilleq 718:Bristol Bay 676:St. Michael 431:alignment: 417:suffixation 339:instead of 289:Glottopedia 154:Proto-Yupik 138:Early forms 7241:Categories 7097:Holikachuk 7039:Indigenous 6535:2010-06-04 6241:2015-06-04 6130:1078287179 6092:: 429–446. 5745:2023-07-26 5714:2017-07-08 5687:Ethnologue 5665:Census.gov 5595:References 5155:mikelnguut 5111:keggellrua 5056:keggellrua 5045:Agayulirta 5022:agayulirta 5014:keggellrua 4968:Word order 4957:kuuvviar-a 4935:kuuvviar-a 4752:Possession 4716:Perlative 4659:reduction 4487:absolutive 4420:nerellruuq 4414:in (3) is 4251:assik-a-qa 4229:assik-a-qa 4196:accusative 3927:sentences 3775:ABS.SG 1SG 3667:Postbases 3560:Postbases 3444:Postbases 3289:Postbases 3197:Morphology 3167:affixation 3063:regression 2991:gemination 2858:/inaχ-vik/ 2813:fricatives 2798:fricatives 2794:continuant 2680:/tʃav-utə/ 2313:labialised 2301:labialised 2189:fricatives 2175:Consonants 1987:apostrophe 1883:with /ʁʷ/ 1427:elicarista 1396:elitnauraq 1267:Hooper Bay 1191:Nunakauyaq 1159:Cevvʼarneq 1061:Curarpalek 1030:St. Mary's 1002:Nunam Iqua 974:Holy Cross 931:Twin Hills 919:Manuquutaq 903:Dillingham 844:Oscarville 840:Nunapicuar 816:Kuigilnguq 796:Kongiganak 744:Atmaulluaq 740:Atmautluak 691:Qerrulliik 441:accusative 396:spoken in 7147:Tsimshian 7117:Tanacross 7092:Deg Xinag 6979:indicate 6767:Inuttitut 6757:Inuktitut 6505:260177704 6463:144786120 6426:883251222 6383:145804018 6206:915142700 5236:Proximal 5225:Extended 5211:inflected 5122:preacher. 5048:preacher. 5025:preacher. 4692:Locative 4673:Allative 4631:possessor 4626:Genitive 4615:Ergative 4612:Relative 4566:perlative 4540:with the 4538:syncretic 4521:slept", " 4489:) as the 4459:possessor 4435:obviation 4173:arguments 4169:agreement 4163:Agreement 4137:-nginanrr 3985:Optative 3951:(Varied) 3834:agreement 3673:Enclitic 3566:Enclitic 3450:Enclitic 3295:Enclitic 3255:enclitics 3222:modifiers 3215:postbases 3175:particles 3159:morphemes 3155:synthetic 3090:/nəqə-ni/ 2943:/tuma-ŋi/ 2915:qayar-pak 2895:fortition 2820:/p,t,k,q/ 2790:devoicing 2674:), since 2478:voiceless 2472:Fricative 2443:Affricate 2327:voiceless 2041:Phonology 1879:does not 1566:syllabary 1415:elitnauri 1377:elitnaur- 1358:Kusquqvak 1354:Kuskokwim 1230:Cetuyaraq 1218:Koliganek 1175:Negtemiut 1171:Nightmute 1155:Chefornak 1119:Qarrʼunaq 1077:Sleetmute 1069:Qipcarpak 1010:Tuutalgaq 946:, on the 944:Kuskokwim 935:Ingricuar 915:Manokotak 891:Alaqnaqiq 887:Aleknagik 864:Kuinerraq 860:Quinhagak 832:Napaskiaq 828:Napaskiak 800:Kangirnaq 716:, and in 710:Kuskokwim 598:synthetic 421:postbases 415:and uses 262:Glottolog 246:ISO 639-3 187:(Nunivak) 78:Ethnicity 7225:Category 7137:Gwichʼin 7127:Tsetsaut 7087:Denaʼina 6922:See also 6890:Chaplino 6833:Qawiaraq 6809:Netsilik 6804:Kivalliq 6784:Siglitun 6750:Tunumiit 6724:Eskimoan 6569:(1999). 6515:(2004), 5962:(1994). 5590:(Cupʼik) 5584:(Yupʼik) 5572:(Yupʼik) 5549:See also 5537:and the 5204:proximal 5192:extended 5188:anaphora 5088:qimugtem 5064:qimugtem 5003:Qimugtem 4843:"my cup" 4805:saskar-t 4784:saskar-∅ 4729:Equalis 4601:definite 4595:argument 4562:locative 4558:allative 4556:cases), 4550:ablative 4542:genitive 4495:ergative 4479:subjects 4439:anaphora 4316:referent 4192:ergative 4185:fusional 4146:Stative 4085:-ngrrarr 3551:kipusvik 3355:-kapigte 3226:category 3127:/jupiaq/ 3042:/tuməmi/ 3030:geminate 2855:inarrvik 2836:qilugtuq 2762:cukaatut 2758:cukaitut 2273:Postalv. 2268:Alveolar 2249:geminate 2122:Non-low 2080:morpheme 2068:duration 1983:geminate 1881:contrast 1635:phonemes 1631:digraphs 1529:kenurraq 1439:teacher 1408:elicari- 1401:student 1389:elicaraq 1363:meaning 1303:Mikuryar 1299:Mekoryuk 1255:Igyagiiq 1222:Qalirneq 1179:Stebbins 1143:Qinuyang 1123:Levelock 1115:Kokhanok 1111:Illiamna 1095:Igyagiiq 1034:Negeqliq 1026:Iqugmiut 958:Alakanuk 927:Tuyuryaq 868:Tuluksak 852:Platinum 820:Napakiak 808:Kuiggluk 804:Kwethluk 768:Mamterat 760:Ekvicuaq 728:Akiacuaq 724:Akiachak 604:Dialects 576:, where 465:articles 429:ergative 398:Chukotka 345:Help:IPA 269:cent2127 181:(Chevak) 165:Dialects 109:Eskaleut 7199:Russian 7194:Tagalog 7189:Spanish 7184:English 7107:Koyukon 7072:Tlingit 7067:Inupiaq 7052:Alutiiq 6977:Italics 6908:Sirenik 6858:Alutiiq 6821:Iñupiaq 6789:Aivilik 6772:Inuktun 6553:(1–2). 6455:1265132 6375:1265684 6337:uaf.edu 6298:adn.com 5614:. 2015. 5233:Distal 5100:qimugta 4953:angute- 4938:coffee. 4917:angute- 4873:saskait 4823:saskaqa 4742:(none) 4686:(none) 4667:(none) 4657:valency 4638:(as in 4621:(none) 4607:(none) 4491:objects 4289:window. 4200:subject 4181:persons 4177:numbers 4059:-gaq(a) 4042:Causal 3876:of the 3812:-ngqerr 3670:Ending 3563:Ending 3504:IND 1SG 3447:Ending 3415:IND 1SG 3412:-u -nga 3292:Ending 3268:glosses 3149:Grammar 3034:cluster 3018:nucleus 2987:elision 2953:Prosody 2933:Elision 2880:at'nguq 2843:qilugaa 2672:calivik 2278:Palatal 2181:voicing 2116:rounded 2105:Central 2060:reduced 1584:, then 1548:naspaa- 1541:uigtua- 1370:elicar- 1349:Kuigpak 1294:Nunivak 1247:extinct 1203:Tununeq 1199:Tununak 1167:Niugtaq 1127:Liivlek 1107:Iliamna 1103:Igyaraq 1099:Igiugig 1073:McGrath 1053:Anyaraq 970:Imangaq 966:Emmonak 962:Alarneq 929:), and 907:Curyung 899:Saguyaq 874:), and 668:Golovin 619:Nunivak 493:endonym 449:numbers 341:Unicode 6902:Naukan 6868:Yugtun 6640: 6613: 6577: 6503: 6493: 6461: 6453: 6424: 6414: 6381: 6373: 6317:3 July 6204: 6165: 6128: 6014:3 July 5970: 5880:3 July 5460:qau͡g- 5368:pau͡g- 5268:tamat- 5219:Class 5200:distal 4848:saskaa 4818:"cups" 4802:saskat 4781:saskaq 4774:uvular 4768:after 4758:saskaq 4736:ayuqe- 4511:angyaq 4503:angyaq 4451:number 4286:egaleq 4269:close- 4111:-cu(a) 4072:-pailg 3936:-lriar 3897:Forms 3874:person 3866:-lriar 3638:ABS.SG 3501:-tu -a 3310:angyar 3303:angyar 3264:hyphen 3250:number 3248:, and 3246:person 3230:ending 3124:Yupiaq 3116:hiatus 3105:closed 3094:neq'ni 2983:weight 2964:closed 2959:stress 2872:errneq 2810:voiced 2802:nasals 2735:qaygiq 2731:qasgiq 2716:angsaq 2712:angyaq 2684:/-utə/ 2646:. The 2579:ateral 2529:voiced 2365:voiced 2288:Uvular 2263:Labial 2076:stress 2062:vowel 2058:. The 2056:/aiuə/ 2046:Vowels 2035:clitic 2031:hyphen 2007:Yupʼik 2003:Yupiaq 1995:Yupʼik 1991:Yupiaq 1979:stress 1657:Notes 1586:Jesuit 1574:Uyaquq 1491:kenir- 1484:ayuqe- 1477:elbow 1472:cingun 1465:ikusek 1446:aiggaq 1337:Yugtun 1330:Cupʼik 1326:Yupʼik 1314:Cupʼig 1285:Cevʼaq 1281:Chevak 1277:Chevak 1251:Egegik 1243:Egegik 1183:Tapraq 1163:Newtok 1135:Nakniq 1131:Naknek 1091:Egegik 923:Togiak 856:Arviiq 792:Qipnek 788:Kipnuk 784:Qalqaq 776:Qalqaq 748:Bethel 703:Yugtun 687:Kotlik 672:Cingik 645:Yup'ik 630:Egegik 527:Yugtun 523:Yup'ik 519:Cup'ik 515:Cup'ig 489:Yup'ik 481:Alaska 457:plural 455:, and 404:, nor 390:Navajo 378:Alaska 366:Yugtun 312:UNESCO 233:Alaska 230: 185:Cupʼig 179:Cupʼik 172:Yugtun 114:Eskimo 72:Alaska 67:Region 45:Yupʼik 7142:Haida 7082:Ahtna 7047:Aleut 6850:Yupik 6732:Inuit 6708:Aleut 6701:Aleut 6529:(PDF) 6522:(PDF) 6459:S2CID 6451:JSTOR 6408:(PDF) 6379:S2CID 6371:JSTOR 6009:(PDF) 5736:(PDF) 5670:Yupik 5660:(xls) 5488:qakm- 5442:cakm- 5437:un'g- 5396:pakm- 5384:VIII 5378:ping- 5322:au͡g- 4990:theme 4986:agent 4797:"cup" 4772:to a 4485:(the 4445:Nouns 4281:=wish 4232:like- 4209:>3 4098:-k(u) 4027:, or 3940:-ngur 3938:, or 3804:neqe- 3772:-q -a 3721:-yara 3691:kayak 3688:qayar 3684:kayak 3681:qayar 3664:Stem 3581:kipus 3574:kipus 3557:Stem 3523:=gguq 3514:=gguq 3465:assir 3458:assir 3441:Stem 3367:-llru 3286:Stem 3191:roots 3120:would 3082:elide 3080:will 3028:will 2947:tumai 2919:velar 2903:/mnŋ/ 2899:/tkq/ 2832:ekvik 2692:cavun 2321:Nasal 2307:plain 2295:plain 2283:Velar 2201:] 2197:[ 2185:stops 2098:Front 2072:/aiu/ 2013:from 1947:/ŋ̊/ 1935:/xʷ/ 1911:/n̥/ 1869:/m̥/ 1857:/ʁʷ/ 1837:/ɣʷ/ 1687:/tʃ/ 1522:naniq 1503:cella 1458:hand 1345:Yukon 1214:Iquaq 1210:Ekwok 1049:Aniak 948:Yukon 736:Akiaq 732:Akiak 680:Taciq 592:, on 370:Yupik 358:Yupik 204:Latin 119:Yupik 7077:Eyak 6638:ISBN 6611:ISBN 6575:ISBN 6501:OCLC 6491:ISBN 6422:OCLC 6412:ISBN 6319:2015 6202:OCLC 6163:ISBN 6126:OCLC 6016:2015 5968:ISBN 5882:2015 5493:kex- 5483:qag- 5476:XII 5465:qam- 5424:kan- 5419:cam- 5401:pik- 5391:pag- 5373:pam- 5361:VII 5350:akm- 5332:ing- 5281:III 5275:tau- 5248:mat- 5103:dog. 5067:dog. 5006:dog. 4923:man- 4879:cup- 4854:cup- 4829:cup- 4808:cup- 4787:cup- 4709:than 4664:from 4552:and 4529:"). 4469:The 4455:case 4374:eat- 4330:eat- 4277:> 4244:> 4124:-llr 4046:-nga 3917:-gar 3912:-gur 3832:and 3824:The 3726:NMLZ 3716:make 3603:-vik 3594:-vik 3468:good 3461:good 3403:-nga 3338:make 3313:boat 3306:boat 3238:case 3211:root 3207:stem 2939:/ɣŋ/ 2923:-pak 2808:The 2800:and 2774:/xʷ/ 2768:and 2754:/ai/ 2750:/aː/ 2708:/jː/ 2652:/tʃ/ 2644:/ʁʷ/ 2402:Stop 2239:and 2231:and 2223:and 2215:and 2207:and 2169:/iu/ 2112:Back 1993:and 1963:long 1953:/j/ 1929:/ŋ/ 1917:/f/ 1899:/v/ 1893:/n/ 1873:u͡rr 1849:/m/ 1829:/ɬ/ 1817:/u/ 1809:/l/ 1797:/t/ 1789:/k/ 1777:/s/ 1769:/i/ 1756:/z/ 1748:/x/ 1736:/χ/ 1728:/ɣ/ 1715:/ʁ/ 1707:/ə/ 1695:/q/ 1675:/p/ 1667:/a/ 1654:IPA 1646:IPA 1609:The 1588:and 1510:ella 1453:unan 1004:), 911:Ekuk 660:Elim 453:dual 445:mood 400:and 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