2796:
2179:
2647:
2469:
1914:
2263:
2388:
2638:. Still the Centre Party campaigned hard against the Hitler administration and managed to preserve their former vote of roughly 11 per cent. The government parties NSDAP and DNVP however jointly won 52 per cent of the vote. This result shattered the Centre Party's hopes of being indispensable for obtaining a majority in parliament. The party was now faced with two alternatives – either to persist in protesting and risk reprisals like Communists and Social Democrats, or to declare their loyal cooperation, in order to protect their members. As shown by subsequent events, though deeply uncomfortable with the new government, the party opted for the latter alternative.
2042:
2811:
2709:
attacked the Nazi-led coalition government in print, and leading
Catholics were brutally mistreated by the SA. (...) Not surprisingly, it was fear of the complete destruction of its lay organisations and the reversal of all the progress that Catholic laymen had made towards gaining equality of status with Protestants that provided the major impetus behind the agreement of the Centre to dissolve itself in return for a Concordat in which the new regime would commit itself – with how little sincerity would soon become apparent – to preserving the integrity of the Catholic community and its institutions.
3018:
2244:. As a result of the party's flexibility, it participated in every government between 1919 and 1932, both with parties to their left and to their right. The Centre mainly provided the ministers for finance and labour and, on four occasions, the Chancellor. However, this also damaged the party's prospects because it was increasingly associated with all of the conflicts, problems, and failures of the Republic. The Centre had a share of the odium attached to the so-called "Weimar Establishment" which was blamed, especially on the right, for the German defeat in World War I in the
2034:
2252:
7637:
332:
1982:, if the Vatican persuaded the Centre Party to accept his bill. Despite this agreement, the Centre Party rejected the budget and Bismarck called new elections. He also published the letters with the Vatican, intending to drive a wedge between Catholic voters loyal to the Pope and the Centre Party with the slogan: "The Pope against the Centre!" Windhorst managed to avert this by reaffirming the Party's autonomy, which the Pope had accepted, and by interpreting the published letters as expressions of papal confidence in the party.
1702:
38:
1903:
4564:
1683:
2531:
BVP tried to re-establish a working parliament by cooperation with the
National Socialists, since the three parties together had attained 53% of the seats. When Papen called upon the people to "reject the dictatorship of a single party", the Centre Party agreed "without reservation", but it also stated that "with the same resolution we reject the dictatorship of the nameless party, now in power … even if cloaked with the illusion of non-partisanship".
384:
1400:
2575:
critics by calling it a "duty of conscience" to try to achieve a constitutional government. Though Papen did not expect the negotiations to succeed, he was nonetheless concerned as a success would have led to a presidential crisis, as
Hindenburg was unwilling to have a coalition parties dictate the administration. In September he ended all speculations by dissolving the Reichstag again, almost immediately after its first meeting.
2619:
Hitler intended to minimise non-Nazi participation, but feigned a willingness to cooperate with the Centre and blamed Papen and
Hugenberg for denying cabinet posts to the Centre. When Kaas requested a broad outline of his government's objectives, Hitler used the questionnaire presented by Kaas to declare the talks a failure and obtain the President's approval for calling for new elections for the third time in about half a year.
4576:
2687:
preserve our soul, but on the other hand a rejection of the
Enabling Act would result in unpleasant consequences for fraction and party. What is left is only to guard us against the worst. Were a two-thirds majority not obtained, the government's plans would be carried through by other means. The President has acquiesced in the Enabling Act. From the DNVP no attempt of relieving the situation is to be expected."
6287:
6178:
6150:
6122:
6094:
6066:
5659:
5625:
5591:
5529:
5497:
5465:
5433:
5401:
5369:
5337:
5305:
5242:
5210:
5178:
5146:
5114:
5082:
5050:
5018:
4986:
4954:
4922:
4890:
4858:
4826:
162:
6342:
6315:
6206:
5981:
5948:
5915:
5882:
5849:
5804:
5738:
5705:
5274:
2738:. Brüning called the Act the "most monstrous resolution ever demanded of a parliament" and was sceptical about Kaas's efforts: "The party has difficult years ahead, no matter how it would decide. Sureties for the government fulfilling its promises have not been given. Without a doubt, the future of the Centre Party is in danger and once it is destroyed it cannot be revived again."
2763:
without any major impact. At that time, the Centre Party was weakened by massive defections by party members. Loyal party members, in particular civil servants, and other
Catholic organisations were subject to increasing reprisals, despite Hitler's previous guarantees. The party was also hurt by a declaration of the German bishops that, while maintaining their opposition to
2480:
1694:
2562:", which they considered up to the times and tested by experience, against Papen's "omnipotent state and independent leadership", while the Nazis would only accept a coalition that would serve their purpose of achieving total dominance. Not expecting a successful conclusion, Hitler used the Centre negotiations in order to put pressure on the Papen administration.
4729:, keeping national debt low and strong social security systems. The party supports the integration of immigrants residing legally in Germany while protecting German national identity and ensuring compulsory laws for immigrants to learn German, understand German culture and undergo a values test before acquiring citizenship. It also calls for strong
2165:, which guaranteed what the Centre had been fighting for since its founding: equality for Catholics and autonomy for Catholic Church throughout Germany. The party was less successful in the school question. Although religious education remained an ordinary subject in most schools, the comprehensive, inter-denominational schools became default.
2602:" (an alliance involving willing members of both left-wing and right-wing parties), which failed. Schleicher then revived Papen's proposed coup d'état, which the Centre Party refused to condone, as did the other parties. Under these circumstances, Hindenburg refused to back the coup, and Schleicher accordingly resigned on 28 January 1933.
2429:("Notverordnung") through article 48 of the Constitution. This allowed him to circumvent parliament, as long as the Social Democrats - who feared another election - tolerated this practice. For this way of government based on both the President and cooperation of parliament, Brüning coined the term "authoritarian democracy".
2367:, advocated a move towards the right and a closer cooperation with the national movements. The middle-ground emphasised their loyalty to the Church and rejected both extremes. To mediate the tension between the wings and to strengthen their ties with the Bishops, the party in September 1928 did not elect the two favourites
2754:
intimidate any opposition while the
Communist and some Social Democratic members of the Reichstag had been imprisoned and were thus prevented from voting. In the end, the Centre voted as planned in favour of the Enabling Act, as did all the other parties apart from the SPD. The act was passed on 23 March 1933.
4707:
In stark contrast to pro-parliamentary and pro-republican factions of the Centre, there were also anti-republican and anti-democratic factions, which argued that Weimar democracy promoted anti-Catholic values such as secularism, individualism and materialism. The party's right wing was represented by
4675:
Left-wing factions of the Centre Party were committed to republicanism and pressured the
Zentrum to identify itself as a pro-republican party; however, the party instead adopted a vague label of being a "constitutionial party", which was "ready to collaborate with any legal government" of any form of
2618:
Though seeing their adversaries Papen and
Hugenberg join forces with Hitler, the Centre Party still did not give up building a broad coalition government. Since the new administration was still lacking a majority in parliament, the Centre was ready to support it, either by toleration or by coalition.
2782:
By July, the Centre was the only non-Nazi party that still even nominally existed; the SPD and KPD had been banned outright, while the others had been browbeaten into dissolving themselves. On 1 July, Papen and Kaas agreed that as part of the concordat, German priests would stay out of politics. As
2762:
The passing of the
Enabling Act did not, as Kaas had suggested, prevent the Centre Party's demise. As promised during the negotiations, a working committee chaired by Hitler and Kaas was supposed to inform about further legislative measures. However, it met only three times (31 March, 2 and 7 April)
2745:
ruled out participating in acts of revolution. The proponents argued that a "national revolution" had already occurred with Hitler's appointment and the presidential decree suspending civil rights. The Enabling Act would contain the revolutionary forces and move the government back to a legal order.
2129:
minister for culture, attempted to decree a total separation of church and state, forcing religion out of schools. This stirred up a wave of protest among the Catholic population, and bishops, Catholic organisations and the Centre Party itself united to combat the "red danger". This conflict bridged
4651:
During the Weimar era, the Centre Party was socially and economically heterogenous and included groups of various political views and interests, including republicans and monarchists, and was considered to represent the entire "political microcosm of Weimar Catholic society". It included industrial
2546:" via presidential decree. Now, the National Socialists proposed to end this direct rule by forming a coalition with the Centre Party, promising an equal share in government. Since this went too far for the Centre's national leadership, the negotiations were transferred to the national level, where
2514:
dissolved. In the subsequent elections, the Centre Party campaigned on two fronts, against both the Papen government and National Socialists and reaffirmed their stance as the "constitution party" opposed to "any measure contrary to constitution, justice and law" and "unwilling to yield to terror".
1965:
had defended the party against Bismarck's accusation of being a "denominational party" in describing the Centre as "a political party with a comprehensive political programme and open to anyone, who accepts it". However, few Protestants took up this offer and the Centre remained, by the composition
1673:
adopted more lenient policies, the club renamed itself "Fraction of the Centre" in order to open itself up to include non-Catholics. This name stemmed from the fact that in the Landtag the Catholic representatives were seated in the centre, between the Conservatives on the right and the Liberals on
2703:
Yet the party wanted a Concordat not least because of the massive intimidation to which it had been subjected since the end of February 1933. This included violent attacks on Centre Party meetings during campaigning for the elections of 5 March 1933, during one of which the Centre Party politician
2557:
The negotiations were bound for failure, since the aims of the two groups were largely incompatible. The Centre argued that the vote of July had "called Hitler not to dictatorship but to responsibility, to getting in line with law and constitution". They hoped to "build a strong government without
2530:
and National Socialists together had won the majority of seats, no government coalition could be formed without one of them. Papen tried to justify his authoritarian style of government by pointing out that parliament could no longer function properly. Countering this reasoning, the Centre and the
2459:
as Chancellor, a member of the Centre's right wing and former cavalry captain. The intention was to break the connection of the Centre with the other republican parties or to split the party and integrate it into a comprehensive conservative movement. However, the Centre refused to support Papen's
2708:
was severely beaten by Nazi stormtroopers (on 22 February). One after another in the spring and early summer of 1933, Catholic lay organisations were being forcibly closed down or merged with their Nazi counterparts, Catholic journalists and newspaper editors were arrested, especially if they had
2506:
advised the President to recognise this connection by basing the government on a coalition with the rising right-wing parties, the "logical result of current development". This would force the radicals to "take their share in responsibility" and "acquainting them with international politics". The
2497:
In regard to the government, the Centre Party rejected a "temporal solution", such as Papen's presidial cabinets, and rather advocated a "total solution", i.e., a government according to the rules of the constitution. Since the Centre considered Papen's administration of being "in a dangerous way
1747:
There were also more general demands such as for a more federal, decentralised state, a limitation of state expenditure, a just distribution of taxes, the financial strengthening of the middle classes and the legal "removal of such evil states, that threaten the worker with moral or bodily ruin".
2574:
dismissed as "illusionary" the attempt to "uphold the constitution and the legal order" with a man such as Hitler with his "unconditional propensity to evil". Instead of "driving out the devil by Belzebub", the Centre should act as the parliament's conscience. The party leadership answered their
1985:
As the Kulturkampf declined, debates about the character of the party emerged culminating in the Centre dispute, in 1906, after Julius Bachem had published the article "We must get out of the tower!" He called upon Catholic politicians to fulfill Windthorst's word and get out of their perpetual
4712:
or Hermann Port, who sought cooperation with conservative parties. Because of the extreme ideological heterogeneity of the party, it simultaneously participated in pro- and anti-republican coalitions on the local level. In attempt to solve internal dissent, the party would increasingly appoint
4652:
workers and smallholders, broad middle class (including both the agrarian and urban middle classes), as well as entrepreneurs, civil servants and clerics, and lastly a small but influential group of Catholic aristocracy. The uniting element of the factions of the Centre Party was commitment to
2694:, the main reason why the Centre Party voted for the Enabling Act despite questioning the sincerity of Hitler's guarantees was because of the intimidation that it was subjected to. The party was further pressured by the fact that on 26 June 1933, all of the Reichstag and Landtg deputies of the
2686:
Kaas was aware of the doubtful nature of such guarantees but when the Centre Party assembled on 23 March to decide on their vote, Kaas advised his fellow party members to support the bill, given the "precarious state of the party". He described his reasons as follows: "On the one hand we must
2677:
The Centre Party, whose vote was going to be decisive, was split on the issue of the Enabling Act. Chairman Kaas advocated supporting the bill in parliament in return for government guarantees. These mainly included respecting the President's Office retaining veto power, religious liberty, its
2586:
Kaas advised President Hindenburg not to continue Papen's "administration of conflict"; he advocated "national concentration including the National Socialists", but did not comment on an alternative Chancellor, since he considered that the "personal prerogative of the President". Hindenburg's
2698:
were placed in custody by Heinrich Himmler. This was also followed by the Nazi troops forcefully disbanding the Catholic trade unions, and Catholic civil servants being threatened with dismissals. In light of the increasing oppression, most members of the Centre Party believed that they were
2753:
In the end the majority of Centre parliamentarians supported Kaas's proposal. Brüning and his followers agreed to respect party discipline by also voting in favour of the bill. The Reichstag assembled under turbulent circumstances. SA men served as guards and crowded outside the building to
2578:
Papen's act did not end the negotiations between the Centre and the NSDAP. In fact, it made further meetings possible, since the Centre Party's leadership blamed the failure not on the parties' incompatibility but on Papen calling for new elections. Since the NSDAP vote dropped again in the
1973:
in church matters, the Centre party steered a course independent of the Holy See on secular matters. This became apparent in the "septennat dispute" of 1886. Since the Centre Party rejected Bismarck's military budget, the Chancellor negotiated with the Holy See and promised to abolish some
2554:. During that period the anti-Nazi polemics ceased in order not to disturb the negotiations. Since the NSDAP was the larger party, the Centre was willing to accept a Nazi as Chancellor, provided he could gain the trust of the President, which at that time seemed quite a difficult task.
4684:; some left-wing Centre factions were also supportive of cooperation with right-wing nationalist trade unions on pragmatic basis. Along with "republican-democratic" wings of the party, the Centre Party also had socialist factions. Catholic socialism was promoted by politicians such as
2014:, made another attempt at transcending the party's exclusively Catholic character and uniting Germany's fragmented party spectrum. In 1920 he advocated the formation of a broad Christian middle-party, that would transcend denominations and social classes and which could push back the
2673:
that would have vested the government with legislative powers for a period of four years. As the bill required a two-thirds majority in order to pass and the coalition parties only controlled 340 of the 647 seats (52.5 percent), the government needed the support of other parties.
1713:
and policies, including plans for dissolving all monasteries in Prussia, made it clear that a reorganisation of the group was urgently needed in order to protect Catholic minority rights, enshrined in the 1850 constitution, and to bring them over to the emerging nation state.
4700:, and believed that the atheism of socialism "was not an essential ingredient but only a transient phase". The Catholic socialists of the Centre Party presented various positions, such as promoting a "third way" between capitalism and socialism based on the papal encyclical
2779:. Prominent members were frequently arrested and beaten, and pro-Centre civil servants were fired. As the summer of 1933 wore on, several government officials — including Papen — demanded that the Centre either dissolve or be closed down by the government.
2787:, who felt the party should at least have waited until after the conclusion of negotiations. The day after, the government issued a law outlawing the formation of new political parties, thereby making the NSDAP the only legally permitted party in Germany.
2583:, the Centre Party considered their strategy successful and resumed negotiations, this time under the slogan of forming a "Notgemeinschaft" ("community of need"), even though the Centre, BVP, and NSDAP together no longer formed a majority in parliament.
4724:
In an updated policy platform in 2022, the Centre Party declares its objective is to protect the "Christian-Jewish roots of Europe and defend the free-democratic basic order of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany." The party supports a
1748:
With such a manifesto, the number of Catholic representatives in the Prussian Diet rose considerably. In December 1870, they formed a new "Centre" faction, also called the "Constitution Party" to emphasise its adherence to constitutional liberties.
2770:
The issue of the concordat prolonged Kaas's stay in Rome, leaving the party without an effective chairman: On 5 May Kaas finally resigned from his post and the party now elected Brüning as his successor. The party adopted a tempered version of the
1638:, which was convened to draw up a German constitution, a "Catholic club" was formed. This was not yet a comprehensive party, but a loose union aimed at protecting the Church's liberties in a future Germany, supported by many petitions from the "
2354:
During the years of the Weimar Republic, debates about the Catholic character of the party, as described above, persisted. The left-wing of the party, led by Erzberger and Wirth, had close ties to the Catholic workers' associations led by
2225:. The formation of the new Christian People's Party in Rhineland (May 1920) caused considerable concern among the Centre leadership. Seeing the exodus of conservative Catholics caused by a sharp left turn of the Centre at the end of war,
2775:; pro-Centre papers now declared that the party's members, or "retinue", would fully submit itself to Brüning. It was not enough, however, to relieve the growing pressure that it and other parties faced in the wake of the process of
1986:
minority position by an effort to increase Protestant numbers among their representatives in parliament. His proposal was met with passionate opposition by the greater part of Catholic public, especially since it also included the
2406:, from the moderate-conservative wing of the party, was appointed as Chancellor with a cabinet that, apart from the missing Social Democrats, was virtually unchanged. Brüning was confronted with economic crises exacerbated by the
2682:
signed by German states and the existence of the Centre Party. Via Papen, Hitler responded positively and personally addressed the issues in his Reichstag speech but he repeatedly put off signing a written letter of agreement.
2611:
2884:("Emergency Community to Save the Peace in Europe"), an initiative intended to prevent rearmament. Wessel resigned from her post and in November 1952 left the party. Immediately afterwards, Wessel and Heinemann turned the
4635:
movement. The party adopted a new program in 2008 in which it stated rejection for the traditional left and right divide of politics and called for a "value-oriented" platform guided by the principles of Christianity and
2565:
The negotiations were also met with criticism from within the Centre Party. Some rejected them as "currying favour with the National Socialists" and giving credence to Hitler's strategy of legality. Catholic journalists
1729:
Preservation of the Church's autonomy and rights, as accepted by the constitution. Defense against any attack on the independence of Church bodies, on the development of religious life and on the practice of Christian
2432:
By this time, the party had become increasingly ambivalent toward democracy. Many elements of the party, including Kaas, had come to believe that only an authoritarian regime could protect the position of the Church.
2001:
published the Cologne Program (Kölner Programm), which proposed the re-formation of the Zentrum under a new name (Christliche Volkspartei, CVP). This proposal was rejected, with only a few regions adopting it for the
2937:. Despite its marginal numbers, the party emphasises continuity to its history by sometimes referring to itself as the "oldest political party of Germany". According to its statutes the official name of the party is
2872:. In 1949, she was one of the Centre's representatives in the Bundestag and also was elected chairwoman of the party, the first woman ever to lead a German party. In 1951, she vocally opposed Adenauer's policy of
2841:
had been the new state's first Minister-President, and it participated in the state government until 1958, when it left the state parliament. Until 1959, the Centre was also represented in the state parliament of
2614:
and bankers during a feverish night in which the outcome was unclear to all participants. On 30 January 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor with Papen as Vice-Chancellor and Hugenberg as minister for economics.
2278:(DDP) were the base of the Weimar Republic but lost their majority in the 1920 elections. After this, majority governments were rare as they required the support of the Weimar Coalition and the national liberal
2899:
Meanwhile, the survivors of the Centre Party tried to forge an alliance of small parties of Christian persuasion, to offer an alternative to disappointed CDU/CSU voters, but they gained only the support of the
2460:
government in any way and criticised him for "distorting and abusing good old ideals of the Centre, acting as the representative of reactionary circles". Papen forestalled being expelled by leaving the party.
6470:
Promoting the political and cultural ideals of Germany's Catholic minority, the Zentrum had been the spearhead of Political Catholicism ever since its founding in the second half of the nineteenth century.
4713:
Catholic priests and clerics to leading positions, as opposed to non-clerical politicians associated with certain interest groups witin the party. This practice led to the appointment of figures such as
1926:
1864:("cultural struggle") against the Catholic Church. Catholics fought back vigorously and with near-unanimity. The Centre party gained greater support from the Catholic population. Following Bismarck's
1464:
1447:
7136:Über einem Foto einer Abtreibungsklinik ist der Schriftzug „Abtreiben macht frei" zu lesen – in Anlehnung an die Aufschrift „Arbeit macht frei" über dem Tor des Vernichtungslagers Auschwitz-Birkenau.
1811:. The party was named the Centre Party due to the fact that in Parliament the Catholics sat between the Liberals on the left and the Conservatives on the right as opposed to the party adhering to
6384:
2414:
payments. His course of strict budget discipline, with severe cuts in public expenditure, and tax increases made him extremely unpopular among the lower and middle classes as well as among the
2130:
internal tensions within the party and secured its continual existence despite the turmoil of the revolution. The party however was weakened by its Bavarian wing splitting off and forming the
1584:" that, emerging in the early 19th century after the turmoil of the Napoleonic wars, had changed the political face of Germany. Many Catholics found themselves in Protestant dominated states.
2929:
Since its demise on the national level, the party focuses on local politics, while maintaining the same positions as in the post-war period. The party is represented in some city councils in
2587:
negotiations with Hitler failed, but so did Kaas's attempt to form a coalition in parliament. By avoiding a clear statement, Hitler managed to pin the blame for this failure on the DNVP's
2833:
of Cologne endorsed the new party, the party lost its position as the party of the Catholic population. For some time, however, the party managed to hold on to regional strongholds in
1615:, who called upon Catholics to "stand united" for their common goals, "religious liberty and political and civil equality of the denominations". The conflict relaxed after 1840, with
2542:
had just lost its majority. An alternative majority could be not found and the Papen administration had seized this opportunity to assume control of Germany's largest state in the "
1930:
1524:
For most of the Weimar Republic, the Centre Party was the third-largest party in the Reichstag and a bulwark of the Republic, participating in all governments until 1932. Following
2795:
2064:
to push for a repeal of the last remnants of anti-Jesuit laws. In 1916, the Reichstag adopted a resolution introduced by the Centre Party, calling on the government to follow the
7468:
Anderson, Margaret Lavinia, and Kenneth Barkin. "The myth of the Puttkamer purge and the reality of the Kulturkampf: Some reflections on the historiography of Imperial Germany."
2282:(DVP). Social Democrats and DVP found it hard to agree on economic policy while Social Democrats disagreed with the Centre Party on issues like religious schools or a nationwide
2316:
administration, comprising the Centre, both Liberal parties and the Social Democrats, which lasted until November, when the Social Democrats left the coalition and the Centre's
1521:(Centre) originally came from the fact that Catholic representatives would take up the middle section of seats in parliament between the social democrats and the conservatives.
2248:, as well as for the humiliations of the Versailles Treaty and reparations. Erzberger himself, who had signed the armistice, was assassinated by right-wing extremists in 1921.
2558:
touching the substance of the constitution", to create "clear responsibilities" and to "preclude anti-constitutional experiments". The Centre advocated a return to Brüning's "
2203:
1674:
the left. Faced with military and constitutional issues, where there was no definite Church position, the group soon disintegrated and disappeared from parliament after 1867.
2335:. In the second round, combining the support of the Weimar coalition parties, he gained 45.3% of the vote and finished a close second to the victorious right-wing candidate
2750:. Even Brüning thought it would be "decisive which groups of the NSDAP will be in power in the future. Will Hitler's power increase or will he fail, that is the question."
2229:
proposed his "Essen program" (September 1920) that promised Germany to become "Christian, democratic, German, and social" and a plan to form a broad-based Christian party.
2213:
The Centre Party, whose pragmatic principles generally left it open to supporting either a monarchical or republican form of government, proved one of the mainstays of the
2494:, their energies were directed mainly against the renegade Papen. Some Centre politicians were soothed by Hitler's strategy of legality into downplaying the Nazi threat.
7977:
2519:
brought further losses to the mainstream parties and gains to the extremist parties. The National Socialists supplanted the Social Democrats as the largest party in the
1890:. The Centre party remained a party of opposition to Bismarck, but after his resignation in 1890, it frequently supported the following administrations' policies in the
2425:, in which the four parties of the former Grand coalition lost their majority. After this, Brüning based his administration entirely on the support of the presidential
2006:; the party instead adopted the Berlin Guidelines (Berliner Leitsätze), which were more moderate but failed at making the Zentrum attractive for Protestant voters too.
2534:
After Papen failed to get Hitler's support for his administration, the Centre began their own negotiations with the National Socialists. They started in the state of
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1938:
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Blackbourn, David. "The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg,"
2410:
and had to tackle the difficult tasks of consolidating both budget and currency when faced with rising unemployment, and of also negotiating changes to the
8087:
2594:
Since the cabinet had refused to support Papen's planned coup d'état by a permanent dissolution of the Reichstag, in December Hindenburg appointed General
6946:
2183:
1942:
7117:
2191:
8296:
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8985:
1026:
126:
2293:
formed a minority government in a coalition with the DDP and the DVP. In May 1921 the Weimar Coalition once again joined forces with the Centre's
9010:
8733:
7970:
6186:
6158:
6130:
6102:
6074:
2199:
1954:
7219:
Knapp, Thomas A. (1969). "The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner: A Case Study in Political and Social Consensus in the Weimar Republic".
9000:
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7708:
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Ross, Ronald J. "Critic of the Bismarckian Constitution: Ludwig Windthorst and the Relationship Between Church and State in Imperial Germany,"
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Both groupings were not unaffected by Hitler's self-portrayal as a moderate seeking cooperation as opposed to the more revolutionary SA led by
2571:
2207:
2195:
1946:
1918:
548:
7670:
7017:
4637:
2950:
1934:
4704:, or advocating economical socialism with a strongly religious character, rejecting the secular currents of socialism and social democracy.
1543:, the party was reconstituted, but could not rise again to its former importance, as most of its members joined the new interdenominational
2825:(CDU), a new party formed as a Christian party comprising both Catholics and Protestants. As many former Centre party politicians, such as
1183:
6920:
2865:, largely due to the massive CDU landslide that year, the party dropped out of the Bundestag completely and it did not return until 2022.
2324:
was appointed chancellor and formed a coalition between the Centre, both Liberal parties, the BVP and, for the first time, the right-wing
1532:, which granted legislative powers to Hitler's government. Nevertheless, the party was pressured into dissolving itself on 5 July, as the
8556:
8125:
8049:
7723:
5537:
1665:. In reaction this led to a doubling of Catholic representatives in the subsequent elections and the formation of a Catholic club in the
1551:(CSU). The Centre Party continued on as a marginal party and concentrated its efforts on regional politics, mainly based in the state of
274:
6651:
The German Right, 1918–1930: Political Parties, Organized Interests, and Patriotic Associations in the Struggle against Weimar Democracy
2297:
as Chancellor, but this minority government collapsed again in November 1922. After this, the Centre participated in the non-affiliated
9030:
8990:
8783:
7963:
7122:
7039:"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg"
6484:"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg"
1599:
and the religious affiliation of children resulting from these. This led to serious aggressions against the Catholic population of the
1158:
7535:
Jones, Larry Eugene. "Catholic conservatives in the Weimar Republic: the politics of the Rhenish-Westphalian aristocracy, 1918–1933."
2972:. It is the first time since 1957 that the party has held a seat in the Bundestag. Witt subsequently left in August of the same year.
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6389:
4798:
4017:
1421:
2348:
8191:
7663:
8970:
8693:
8013:
7813:
7793:
7601:
Drury, Marjule Anne. "Anti-Catholicism in Germany, Britain, and the United States: A review and critique of recent scholarship."
5544:
3059:
9015:
8743:
8652:
8372:
8289:
8059:
8054:
8008:
7773:
7703:
6768:
2646:
2178:
2095:
1822:
in Bavaria, the "Bavarian Patriotic Party", with a particularistic-conservative bent, since 1887 called the "Bavarian Centre".
1721:
called on Catholics to unite and, in October, priests, representatives of Catholic federations and the Catholic gentry met at
8773:
8723:
8577:
8407:
8330:
8223:
7324:
7274:
6972:
6886:
6659:
6606:
6457:
6448:
6430:
5473:
5345:
4599:
4147:
3705:
2954:
2822:
2580:
1792:
1168:
1031:
9025:
8980:
8778:
8305:
8233:
8186:
7686:
4717:
in 1928. The party then became subject to the broader shift to the right of the Weimar society in late 1920s caused by the
1544:
1515:, and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities. The party name
1414:
1127:
347:
7463:
8975:
8248:
8181:
7901:
5560:
5553:
3695:
1623:
1596:
4668:, as well as Catholic workers' associations and Catholic trade unions, led by the Centre's laborist politicians such as
8813:
8763:
8571:
8419:
8324:
8039:
7713:
6786:
5505:
4677:
2623:
2150:
2118:
2015:
1818:
Also in other German states Catholic parties were formed, cooperating with the Prussian Centre Party in the Reichstag:
1036:
1021:
1913:
8926:
8632:
8437:
8354:
8282:
8171:
7519:
7387:
7379:
7299:
7185:
7160:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5745:
5712:
5679:
5667:
5633:
5599:
5567:
5441:
4488:
4227:
4155:
3825:
3805:
3735:
3117:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2516:
2441:
2332:
2325:
2157:
was elected president of the National Assembly. The party actively cooperated with Social Democrats and left-liberal
1548:
1178:
1041:
2021:
The Polish minority in the German Empire formed one of the largest Catholic groups, but the Centre Party pursued an
7868:
7831:
6994:
6322:
6295:
6265:
6242:
5313:
4619:
Although the party's ideology has shifted throughout its existence, it has consistently presented itself through a
4592:
3403:
3032:
2999:
2468:
1877:
1016:
641:
8243:
7955:
7549:
Lutz, Ralph Haswell. "The Collapse of German Democracy under the Brüning Government March 30, 1930–May 30, 1932."
7399:"The Christian Trade Unions During the Last Years of Imperial Germany and the First Months of the Weimar Republic"
6814:
Lutz, Ralph Haswell. "The Collapse of German Democracy under the Brüning Government March 30, 1930-May 30, 1932."
8930:
8703:
8589:
8431:
8342:
7778:
6446:
Spenkuch, Jorg L.; Tillmann, Philipp (2017). "Elite Influence? Religion and the Electoral Success of the Nazis".
4075:
2076:
1153:
1101:
8910:
2436:
The Centre consistently supported Brüning's government and in 1932 vigorously campaigned for the re-election of
2339:
with 48.3%. In May 1926 Chancellor Luther resigned and Marx again assumed the chancellorship. In June 1928, the
8808:
6740:
6703:
4401:
3685:
2896:
GVP), that failed badly in the elections of 1953. In 1957, the GVP dissolved, and most members joined the SPD.
2072:
1654:
1626:
brought new opportunities for German Catholics. In October, the bishops had their first meeting in 40 years in
1081:
836:
691:
8938:
8897:
8656:
4681:
4266:
3476:
3451:
3186:
2387:
2057:
1950:
846:
706:
147:
8718:
7655:
4309:
2915:, first in parliament since 1951 and in the 1957 the general elections, but the results were disappointing.
2810:
2262:
8077:
7934:
7878:
7022:
6007:
6000:
5988:
5955:
5922:
5889:
5856:
5823:
5811:
5409:
5377:
5281:
5250:
5218:
5186:
5154:
5122:
5090:
5058:
5026:
4994:
4962:
4930:
4898:
4866:
4834:
4631:
before adopting a right-wing identity at the end of the decade and post-World War Two defining itself as a
4206:
4105:
3785:
3541:
2889:
2422:
2340:
2222:
2142:
2003:
367:
174:
8607:
8443:
8366:
6622:
2114:
appointed representatives from the Centre party, the Social Democrats and the left-liberals as ministers.
8536:
8516:
8486:
7803:
7542:
Kohler, Eric D. "The Successful German Center-Left: Joseph Hess and the Prussian Center Party, 1908–32."
6216:
4802:
4755:
4494:
4275:
4170:
2520:
2511:
1555:. The party was unrepresented on the German federal level from 1957 to 2022, when Federal representative
1358:
1116:
1011:
1006:
956:
771:
716:
48:
6369:
2910:
2726:
A considerable number of parliamentarians opposed the chairman's course, among these former Chancellors
8265:
8115:
8003:
7906:
7808:
4733:
and national security policies to combat violent crime and terrorism and supports German membership of
4520:
4335:
4316:
4198:
4090:
3083:
2923:
2695:
2527:
2490:
Following Brüning's resignation, the Centre Party entered the opposition. Though they also opposed the
2344:
2302:
2131:
2111:
2084:
1784:
1661:, yet two years later the minister for culture, von Raumer, issued decrees directed mainly against the
1173:
1163:
1001:
896:
607:
212:
6731:
Im Dienst am Staat von Weimar: das Zentrum als regierende Partei in der Weimarer Demokratie: 1923-1930
4419:
4287:
2232:
The party was an ideologically diverse coalition of Catholic politicians, comprising republicans like
2041:
8803:
8748:
7863:
4751:
4391:
4302:
4282:
4219:
4183:
3755:
3088:
2313:
1891:
1752:
1512:
1198:
1106:
1091:
1056:
996:
8666:
3506:
2328:(DNVP). The Centre, the BVP and the DNVP jointly supported legislation to expand religious schools.
1751:
Three months later, early in 1871, the Catholic representatives to the new national parliament, the
911:
8218:
8176:
8148:
8097:
7986:
7788:
4730:
4697:
4510:
4462:
4243:
3956:
3950:
3845:
3134:
2742:
2279:
2146:
2049:
1788:
1760:
1321:
1259:
1111:
1086:
736:
595:
429:
399:
2421:
In 1930, Brüning's failure to gain a majority for his policies in parliament prompted him to call
2102:, was appointed Chancellor, but he could not overcome the dominance of the military leadership of
8922:
8876:
8595:
8526:
8496:
8413:
8348:
8196:
8143:
7929:
7924:
7873:
7858:
7850:
7783:
6547:
The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871-1887
4473:
4297:
4211:
4178:
4131:
3745:
3725:
3656:
3491:
3486:
3247:
3112:
3007:
2980:
2961:
2559:
2275:
2158:
1564:
491:
3069:
8872:
8758:
8646:
8624:
8583:
8425:
8336:
8228:
7916:
7836:
4721:
and dissatisfaction with the Weimar political system, which also included the Catholic groups.
4100:
3258:
3214:
2930:
2919:
2873:
2834:
2803:
2610:
Meanwhile, Papen had formed an intrigue to oust his successor. He conferred with Hugenberg and
2499:
2347:. The Grand Coalition of 1923 was revived, this time including the BVP and the Social Democrat
2110:. When a parliamentary system of government was introduced in October 1918, the new chancellor
2011:
1987:
1658:
1552:
1348:
1188:
1096:
646:
585:
466:
302:
112:
8662:
7504:
Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer
6649:
6416:
4139:
1961:
The Kulturkampf had reinforced the Catholic character of the Centre Party, but even during it
921:
9020:
8708:
8107:
7768:
7751:
7733:
7646:
Website of the European Christian Political Movement, of which the Zentrumspartei is a member
7512:
A Microcosm of Society or the Key to a Majority in the Reichstag? The Centre Party in Germany
4726:
4709:
4657:
4653:
4624:
4539:
4505:
4292:
3945:
3715:
3282:
3277:
2635:
2290:
2245:
2187:
2154:
2126:
2066:
2045:
2022:
1865:
1855:
1796:
1608:
1581:
1326:
831:
570:
528:
441:
404:
187:
3912:
3017:
2479:
2343:
resulted in losses for the government parties and in gains for the Social Democrats and the
2320:
became chancellor of a cabinet of the remaining parties. In January 1925 the non-affiliated
676:
8031:
7246:
Knapp, Thomas (1975). "The Red and the Black: Catholic Socialists in the Weimar Republic".
6924:
4620:
3835:
3815:
3795:
3384:
3364:
3042:
2670:
2654:
1827:
1804:
1800:
1718:
1686:
1643:
1635:
1616:
1529:
1238:
1231:
961:
424:
352:
260:
8206:
3887:
3651:
3413:
8:
8934:
8880:
8860:
8798:
8738:
8388:
8082:
7896:
7823:
4568:
4344:
4328:
4235:
4032:
4007:
3997:
3765:
3621:
3471:
3337:
3100:
3037:
2976:
2595:
2452:
2437:
2336:
2162:
2103:
1990:
and other Catholic organisations. No side could win the upper hand, when the outbreak of
1528:'s rise to power in early 1933, the Centre Party was among the parties who voted for the
1477:
1404:
1399:
1353:
1343:
1309:
1304:
1299:
941:
555:
523:
434:
375:
342:
288:
182:
6596:
3591:
2821:
After the war, the party was refounded, but it was confronted with the emergence of the
2727:
2547:
2440:, calling him a "venerate historical personality" and "the keeper of the constitution".
2403:
2391:
2033:
8914:
8788:
8636:
8601:
8510:
8449:
8360:
8153:
7636:
7480:
Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification
7426:
7074:
7066:
6729:
6503:
4661:
4532:
4483:
4468:
4396:
4364:
4027:
4002:
3935:
3611:
3516:
3496:
3461:
3446:
3230:
3124:
3105:
3064:
2251:
2233:
2149:, the Centre Party gained 91 representatives, being the second largest party after the
2091:
2083:, came to support a negotiated settlement, and Erzberger was key in the passage of the
2080:
1808:
1666:
1650:
881:
580:
331:
197:
3907:
3877:
8884:
8670:
7798:
7760:
7515:
7418:
7383:
7320:
7295:
7270:
7181:
7156:
7058:
6882:
6782:
6746:
6736:
6709:
6699:
6655:
6602:
6564:
6483:
6426:
4701:
4693:
4500:
4386:
4012:
3940:
3596:
3571:
3431:
2658:
2309:
2135:
1962:
1922:
1906:
1847:
1780:
1504:
1375:
1338:
1245:
1203:
976:
856:
821:
711:
701:
696:
671:
543:
131:
7078:
6860:
Martin R. Menke, "Misunderstood Civic Duty: The Center Party and the Enabling Act."
4676:
the government. The leftists of the Centre Party also promoted cooperation with the
3347:
2079:. As the war continued, many of the leaders of the Centre's left wing, particularly
1611:. At that time, one of the founding fathers of Political Catholicism was journalist
766:
681:
8918:
8027:
7985:
7410:
7228:
7092:
7050:
6874:
6764:
6495:
6461:
4718:
4685:
4628:
4478:
4047:
3961:
3775:
3626:
3566:
3481:
3408:
3398:
3391:
3342:
3263:
3159:
2877:
2838:
2799:
2714:
2691:
2588:
2539:
2415:
2407:
2274:
The parties of the Weimar Coalition (Social Democrats, Centre and the left-liberal
2218:
2107:
1768:
1710:
1662:
1370:
1331:
1266:
1252:
1061:
966:
876:
801:
731:
726:
661:
590:
508:
456:
446:
414:
409:
8950:: are currently only in the state parliaments of Bavaria and Rhineland-Palatinate.
7317:
The Weimar Century: German Emigres and the Ideological Foundations of the Cold War
7267:
The Weimar Century: German Emigres and the Ideological Foundations of the Cold War
3586:
3531:
3466:
2772:
2543:
1854:
or having a greater loyalty towards the Pope than to the German nation. After the
1701:
1612:
906:
751:
686:
58:
37:
8793:
6583:
German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics, 1870-1914
4689:
4669:
4525:
4443:
4110:
4080:
4037:
3987:
3977:
3930:
3636:
3631:
3606:
3174:
3129:
2826:
2776:
2735:
2705:
2551:
2472:
2456:
2411:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2241:
2226:
2214:
2122:
2007:
1998:
1764:
1588:
1508:
1492:
1480:
1451:
1392:
1316:
1148:
891:
796:
656:
538:
481:
451:
4546:
4085:
3501:
2984:
1560:
936:
8500:
8376:
8274:
8253:
7340:
4580:
4431:
4406:
4379:
4022:
3982:
3892:
3855:
3646:
3581:
3576:
3242:
3047:
2861:, the party (with the aid from the regional CDU) only retained three seats. In
2662:
2631:
2627:
1979:
1851:
1722:
1294:
1273:
1051:
931:
866:
861:
816:
776:
741:
651:
565:
496:
7414:
7232:
7054:
6947:"Beitritt von Uwe Witt: Deutsche Zentrumspartei wieder im Bundestag vertreten"
6499:
3546:
3526:
3436:
2037:
Georg von Hertling, Chancellor of Germany (1 November 1917-30 September 1918).
1066:
8964:
8753:
8713:
8530:
7685:
7650:
7568:
Beleaguered Tower: The Dilemma of Political Catholicism in Wilhelmine Germany
7422:
7062:
6778:
6774:
6750:
6568:
4640:. The party supports the traditional family unit and is generally opposed to
4515:
4057:
3902:
3882:
3661:
3521:
3511:
3456:
3377:
3221:
3200:
3052:
2934:
2901:
2869:
2814:
2784:
2567:
2510:
As Papen was faced with almost uniform opposition by the parties, he had the
2121:, conflict arose between the party and the new Social Democratic government.
1873:
1488:
1363:
1224:
971:
951:
886:
826:
721:
619:
560:
513:
503:
476:
8768:
7497:
Class and Religious Identity: The Rhenish Center Party in Wilhelmine Germany
6713:
4424:
2747:
1902:
8828:
8540:
8520:
8490:
8474:
8163:
7944:
7939:
7888:
7203:
German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918-1933
4665:
4632:
4411:
4095:
4042:
3992:
3897:
3666:
3616:
3561:
3369:
3332:
3296:
3270:
2843:
2830:
2731:
2445:
2317:
2301:'s "government of the economy", together with both liberal parties and the
2298:
2294:
2267:
2255:
2237:
1881:
1740:
1639:
1540:
1536:
became the only legally permitted party in the country shortly thereafter.
1525:
1076:
946:
926:
916:
871:
841:
761:
746:
602:
461:
419:
202:
6696:
Die katholischen Arbeitervereine Westdeutschlands in der Weimarer Republik
1846:
In the age of nationalism, Protestant Germans, whether Conservative (like
8818:
8613:
8466:
8455:
8399:
8069:
7460:
Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany
4714:
3972:
3641:
3601:
3551:
3536:
3441:
3237:
3179:
3095:
3078:
2507:
Centre would then act as the party of opposition to this administration.
2503:
2483:
2376:
2368:
2356:
2321:
2071:'s recommendation on the use of submarines. The OHL's policy of resuming
1991:
1975:
1917:
Centre Party Member of Reichstag (First line sitting from left to right:
1886:
1860:
1841:
1759:. The party not only defended the Church's liberties, but also supported
1498:
851:
811:
756:
666:
533:
518:
471:
7616:
7430:
3312:
2634:
and civil rights had been suspended by President Hindenburg through the
1627:
8480:
8238:
8135:
7606:
7554:
7490:
7473:
7398:
7070:
7038:
6507:
6465:
4052:
3966:
3253:
3194:
2491:
1966:
of its members, politicians and voters, an essentially Catholic party.
1869:
1682:
1604:
1533:
1121:
806:
575:
486:
119:
7514:. Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45. Routledge. pp. 38–52.
1997:
After the war, there were many proposals on how the reform the party.
8823:
8314:
8023:
7995:
7695:
6422:
4759:
3357:
3289:
3154:
2987:
joined the party. However, Meuthen left the party in September 2023.
2969:
2854:
2783:
it turned out, the party dissolved on 5 July — much to the dismay of
2679:
2599:
2283:
2075:
was supposed to break the deadlock of the war but instead led to the
2061:
1670:
1600:
1071:
901:
383:
246:
4696:, who argued that Marx's criticism of capitalism is consistent with
2939:
Deutsche Zentrumspartei – Älteste Partei Deutschlands gegründet 1870
1591:
and a Protestant state was the "Colonian Church conflict", when the
7530:
The German Center Party 1870-1933: A Study in Political Catholicism
7018:"Ex-AfD-Chef Jörg Meuthen verlässt Zentrum und räumt Scheitern ein"
6021:
4641:
4438:
2965:
1812:
1556:
108:
2463:
8847:
7611:
Zeender, John K. "Recent Literature on the German Center Party,"
3556:
3169:
2941:(German Centre Party – Oldest Party in Germany founded in 1870).
2535:
2331:
In the same year, Wilhelm Marx was the Centre's candidate in the
2099:
1776:
1592:
1484:
614:
7594:
Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Confessions of a Fellow Traveler,"
7510:
Elvert, Jürgen (2004). Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (eds.).
6601:(1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. pp. 61–62.
4656:. The party had a left wing, represented by politicians such as
1733:
Effectual implementation of parity for recognised denominations.
8210:
7630:
6214:
4322:
3207:
2918:
In 1988, the right wing of the party split off and formed the "
2764:
2699:
powerless to prevent the NSDAP from gaining power. Evan wrote:
2669:
The government confronted the newly elected Reichstag with the
2650:
2426:
1772:
322:
1897:
2359:. Some politicians on the right wing of the party, including
1657:
granted liberties, which in parts even exceeded those of the
1631:
232:
225:
8088:
Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD)
2767:, modified the ban on cooperation with the new authorities.
1642:
federations for religious liberty". The later demise of the
6803:
Heinrich Bruning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic
4734:
4372:
3303:
3164:
2448:, but shortly afterwards dismissed Brüning on 30 May 1932.
1970:
239:
2880:, the former Minister of the Interior. The two formed the
8850:; instead, an associated party CSU is participating here.
6534:
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
1725:
and drew up an election programme. The main points were:
2829:, were founding members or joined the CDU, and Cardinal
1779:. The Centre's main leader was the Hannoverian advocate
1705:
The official flag of the Centre Party between 1870–1933.
1693:
1646:
proved to be a major setback for Political Catholicism.
7645:
7580:
Zeender, John K. "The German Center Party, 1890-1906."
6514:
1580:
The Centre Party belongs to the political spectrum of "
8093:
Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL)
2605:
2221:. This combination, however, lost its majority in the
2025:
course causing enmity between it and Polish minority.
1634:
to found the "Catholic Federation of Germany". In the
1570:
8045:
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
7719:
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
2968:
joined the party while still holding his seat in the
2217:, continuing the cooperation with SPD and DDP in the
1736:
Rejection of any attempt to de-Christianise marriage.
4627:
profile. Until the 1920s, it was seen to occupy the
8859:: are currently not in the state parliament of the
7254:(3). Catholic University of America Press: 386–408.
6675:
2975:The party also got its first representation in the
2678:involvement in culture, schools and education, the
2168:
1830:in 1869, and merged into the Centre Party in 1888.
8050:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)
7724:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)
7709:Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP)
7582:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
6728:
2882:Notgemeinschaft zur Rettung des Friedens in Europa
2790:
1630:and the local "Catholic Federations" assembled in
6973:"Mitteilung zum Parteiaustritt von Uwe Witt, MdB"
8962:
8846:: does not participate in the state election in
8304:
8239:National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
6726:
6445:
6418:Christian Democracy in Western Europe: 1820–1953
1894:, particularly in the field of social security.
8909:: is currently not in the state parliaments of
7573:Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891,"
6805:. Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp 278–288.
2904:. The two parties joined forces under the name
2464:Between coup d'état and authoritarian democracy
2258:, Chancellor of Germany (1923-1925, 1926-1928).
2182:Presidium of the Zentrum, 1920, amongst others
2052:(1919-1920), Chancellor of Germany (1920-1921).
1677:
8996:Parties represented in the European Parliament
8896:: is currently not in the state parliament of
6693:
6558:
1826:The Catholic People's Party was formed in the
1495:. Formed in 1870, it successfully battled the
8290:
8055:Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD)
7989:in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
7971:
7671:
7489:Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec. 1975), pp. 821–850
7289:
7175:
6995:"Ex-AfD-Chef Meuthen wechselt in neue Partei"
4745:
4638:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
4600:
1978:-related laws and to support the Pope in the
1669:. In 1858, when the "New Era" governments of
1422:
8871:: is currently not in state parliaments of
6881:. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 87–88.
4544:
4530:
4429:
4377:
4342:
4333:
4307:
4273:
4264:
3389:
3355:
3310:
3301:
3287:
3268:
3228:
3219:
3205:
2048:, President of the Reichstag (1918) and the
1937:second line-standing-left to right: Graf v.
1884:parties, he also abandoned the unsuccessful
1516:
1511:. It soon won a quarter of the seats in the
1496:
145:
124:
7319:. Princeton University Press. p. 130.
7269:. Princeton University Press. p. 123.
6654:. Cambridge University Press. p. 140.
2598:as Chancellor. Schleicher tried to form a "
2289:Following the 1920 elections, the Centre's
1898:Attempts to broaden appeal beyond Catholics
8297:
8283:
8249:National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB)
8060:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD)
7978:
7964:
7704:General German Workers' Association (ADAV)
7678:
7664:
7635:
7373:
7036:
6520:
6481:
4607:
4593:
2868:This demise is at least partly because of
2138:and also took a more conservative course.
1429:
1415:
1159:Christian Democrat Organization of America
330:
36:
8009:Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD)
7409:(2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 89–109.
7314:
7290:Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (2004).
7264:
7176:Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (2004).
7155:. Princeton Legacy Library. p. 118.
7146:
7144:
4680:and advised Weimar Catholics to join the
2817:, leader of the Centre Party (1949-1952).
2451:President Hindenburg, advised by General
2382:
2173:
1595:government interfered in the question of
9006:Political parties in the Weimar Republic
8187:Christian Social People's Service (CSVD)
8040:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
7714:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
7214:
7212:
7150:
2809:
2794:
2645:
2478:
2467:
2386:
2261:
2250:
2177:
2060:, the party also used the debates about
2040:
2032:
2028:
1912:
1901:
1700:
1692:
1681:
8986:Christian democratic parties in Germany
8234:Greater German People's Community (GVG)
7292:Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45
7178:Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45
6414:
5545:National Socialist German Workers Party
2990:
549:Friendly separation of church and state
9011:Political parties of the German Empire
8963:
7509:
7294:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 43.
7221:International Review of Social History
7180:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 42.
7141:
7015:
6561:Die deutsche Zentrumspartei, 1917-1923
2117:After the fall of the monarchy in the
9001:Political parties established in 1870
8685:Minor parties (without representation
8278:
8172:German National People's Party (DnVp)
7959:
7659:
7245:
7218:
7209:
7200:
6879:The Third Reich in History and Memory
6873:
6763:
6757:
6698:(1. Aufl ed.). Essen: Klartext.
6647:
6458:Midwest Political Science Association
6449:American Journal of Political Science
6015:
5992:
5749:
5541:
4148:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
3706:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
2955:European Christian Political Movement
2949:The current chairman of the party is
2719:The Third Reich in History and Memory
2591:, who had rejected Kaas's proposals.
1793:Burghard Freiherr von Schorlemer-Alst
1587:The first major conflict between the
1169:European Christian Political Movement
1032:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
8244:German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP)
7396:
6681:
2394:, Chancellor of Germany (1930-1932).
1850:) or Liberal, accused the Centre of
1607:and culminated in the arrest of the
7499:(Marquette University Press, 2000).
7016:Streib, Daniel (8 September 2023).
6482:Blackbourn, David (December 1975).
4740:
3696:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2953:. The party is affiliated with the
2757:
2606:Hitler government and new elections
1767:in general, in particular those of
1571:Before and during the German Empire
1472:) and also known in English as the
1027:Christian Democratic People's Party
13:
7445:
7153:Hindenberg and the Weimar Republic
6850:The German Center Party, 1870-1933
6838:The German Center Party, 1870-1933
2653:'s Reichstag speech promoting the
2455:, appointed the Catholic nobleman
166:
14:
9042:
9031:Formerly banned political parties
8991:History of Catholicism in Germany
8192:Conservative People's Party (KVP)
7907:German Social Reform Party (DSRP)
7804:National-Social Association (NSV)
7622:
7588:
7453:Windthorst: A Political Biography
7380:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
7118:"Rechtliche Schritte vorbehalten"
5573:
5571:
5511:
5509:
5479:
5477:
5447:
5445:
5415:
5413:
5383:
5381:
5351:
5349:
5319:
5317:
5287:
5285:
5256:
5254:
5230:
5228:
5198:
5196:
5166:
5164:
5134:
5132:
5102:
5100:
5070:
5068:
5038:
5036:
5006:
5004:
4974:
4972:
4942:
4940:
4910:
4908:
4878:
4876:
4846:
4844:
4814:
4812:
4692:, as well as the Catholic priest
4156:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
3736:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
2979:on 10 June 2022, when the former
2926:" (CPD) joined the Centre Party.
2876:and joined forces with the CDU's
1783:and other major figures included
1487:. It was most Influential in the
1179:Conservative Christian Fellowship
1042:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
8014:Communist Party Opposition (KPO)
8004:Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
7814:Progressive People's Party (FVP)
7794:Free-minded People's Party (FVP)
7482:(Harvard University Press; 2012)
7455:(Oxford University Press, 1981).
7205:. 979-8-8908-7883-0. p. 85.
6340:
6313:
6286:
6285:
6204:
6177:
6176:
6149:
6148:
6121:
6120:
6093:
6092:
6065:
6064:
5979:
5946:
5913:
5880:
5847:
5802:
5736:
5703:
5658:
5657:
5624:
5623:
5590:
5589:
5528:
5527:
5496:
5495:
5464:
5463:
5432:
5431:
5400:
5399:
5368:
5367:
5336:
5335:
5304:
5303:
5272:
5241:
5240:
5209:
5208:
5177:
5176:
5145:
5144:
5113:
5112:
5081:
5080:
5049:
5048:
5017:
5016:
4985:
4984:
4953:
4952:
4921:
4920:
4889:
4888:
4857:
4856:
4825:
4824:
4574:
4562:
3404:Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
3016:
2944:
2853:, it won ten seats in the first
2169:Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
2077:United States entry into the war
1909:, leader of the party 1874-1891.
1398:
1017:Christian Democratic and Flemish
382:
161:
160:
7864:German Conservative Party (DkP)
7789:German Free-minded Party (DFsP)
7774:Democratic People's Party (DVP)
7376:Die Revolution 1918/19 in Baden
7354:
7333:
7308:
7283:
7258:
7239:
7194:
7169:
7110:
7085:
7030:
7009:
6987:
6965:
6939:
6913:
6904:
6895:
6867:
6854:
6842:
6830:
6821:
6808:
6795:
6720:
6687:
6641:
6615:
6611:– via Archive Foundation.
6377:
6357:
2791:Refounding and post-war history
2741:The opponents also argued that
2704:and former government minister
2690:According to English historian
2641:
2475:, Chancellor of Germany (1932).
1931:Anton von Dejanicz-Gliszczynski
1624:German revolutions of 1848–1849
1154:Centrist Democrat International
1037:Christian Social People's Party
8971:1870 establishments in Germany
8126:Christian People's Party (CVP)
8078:Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)
7935:Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)
7577:(1992) 77#290 pp 237–54 online
7563:(1979) 21#3 pp 483–506. online
7367:
7248:The Catholic Historical Review
6901:Zeender, (1984), pp. 428-441.
6629:(in German). 17 September 2014
6623:"Bayerische Volkspartei (BVP)"
6588:
6575:
6552:
6539:
6526:
6475:
6439:
6408:
6341:
6314:
6205:
5980:
5947:
5914:
5881:
5848:
5803:
5737:
5704:
5273:
4495:Die Freischwebende Intelligenz
4402:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
4228:German National People's Party
3686:Addresses to the German Nation
2849:On the national level, in the
2326:German National People's Party
2240:as well as right-wingers like
2119:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2073:unrestricted submarine warfare
1833:
1:
9016:Politics of the German Empire
8197:German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)
8144:German Democratic Party (DDP)
8116:Bavarian People's Party (BVP)
7930:German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)
7859:Free Conservative Party (FKP)
7651:Catholic Encyclopedia article
7561:Journal of Church & State
6770:The Coming of the Third Reich
6627:Deutsches Historisches Museum
6401:
4708:figures such as the cardinal
4489:Criticism of multiculturalism
4267:Bibliothek des Konservatismus
2058:German entry into World War I
1951:Clemens Heereman von Zuydwyck
1567:and joined the Centre Party.
148:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
8306:Political parties in Germany
8229:German Socialist Party (DSP)
8182:People's Justice Party (VRP)
7879:Conservative Party (Prussia)
7869:Christian Social Party (CSP)
7837:Imperial Liberal Party (LRP)
7832:National Liberal Party (NLP)
7779:German People's Party (DtVP)
7689:until the end of World War I
7687:Political parties in Germany
7458:Anderson, Margaret Lavinia.
7451:Anderson, Margaret Lavinia.
7201:Jones, Larry Eugene (1988).
7023:Badische Neueste Nachrichten
6415:Fogarty, Michael P. (1957).
5869:
5866:
5719:
5716:
3786:The Concept of the Political
2922:". In 2003 the evangelical "
2888:into a political party, the
2486:, leader of the Centre Party
2090:The same year, the Centre's
1739:Preservation or founding of
1678:Soest programme and founding
1659:Frankfurt draft constitution
1619:'s accession to the throne.
1559:and European representative
7:
9026:Social conservative parties
8981:Centrist parties in Germany
8219:German Workers' Party (DAP)
8149:German People's Party (DVP)
8098:German Farmers' Party (DBP)
7769:German Progress Party (DFP)
7374:Schmidgall, Markus (2012).
6862:Journal of Church and State
6217:Territory of the Saar Basin
4756:Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
4484:Conservatism in Switzerland
4276:Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung
4171:Ecological Democratic Party
2894:Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei,
2626:were already marred by the
1547:(CDU) and, in Bavaria, the
1184:Centre for European Studies
1117:Popular Republican Movement
1012:Christian Democratic Appeal
87:; 79 years ago
10:
9047:
8976:Catholic political parties
8719:Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei
8699:Animal Protection Alliance
8266:Weimar paramilitary groups
7613:Catholic Historical Review
7596:Catholic Historical Review
7495:Bredohl, Thomas Matthias.
7151:Dorpalen, Andreas (2016).
7037:Blackbourn, David (1975).
6339:
6332:
6312:
6305:
6284:
6277:
6259:
6252:
6203:
6196:
6175:
6168:
6147:
6140:
6119:
6112:
6091:
6084:
6063:
6056:
6019:
5978:
5971:
5945:
5938:
5912:
5905:
5879:
5872:
5846:
5839:
5801:
5794:
5735:
5728:
5702:
5695:
5656:
5649:
5622:
5615:
5588:
5581:
5526:
5519:
5494:
5487:
5462:
5455:
5430:
5423:
5398:
5391:
5366:
5359:
5334:
5327:
5302:
5295:
5271:
5264:
5239:
5232:
5207:
5200:
5175:
5168:
5143:
5136:
5111:
5104:
5079:
5072:
5047:
5040:
5015:
5008:
4983:
4976:
4951:
4944:
4919:
4912:
4887:
4880:
4855:
4848:
4823:
4816:
4749:
4746:German Reichstag/Bundestag
4644:. It has given support to
4521:Philosophical anthropology
4336:Studienzentrum Weikersheim
4317:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
4310:Institut für Staatspolitik
2924:Christian Party of Germany
2823:Christian Democratic Union
2581:elections of November 1932
2308:In August 1923, the DVP's
2085:Reichstag Peace Resolution
1839:
1785:Karl Friedrich von Savigny
1575:
1545:Christian Democratic Union
1174:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
1022:Christian Democratic Party
303:Heads of State Governments
16:Political party in Germany
8837:
8687:above the district level)
8684:
8623:
8564:
8554:
8465:
8398:
8386:
8312:
8262:
8224:German Social Party (DSP)
8205:
8162:
8154:German State Party (DStP)
8134:
8106:
8068:
8022:
7994:
7915:
7902:German Social Party (DSP)
7897:German Reform Party (DRP)
7887:
7849:
7822:
7759:
7750:
7732:
7694:
7551:Pacific Historical Review
7478:Bennette, Rebecca Ayako.
7470:Journal of Modern History
7415:10.1080/00346765400000024
7233:10.1017/S0020859000003564
7055:10.1017/S0018246X00008906
6816:Pacific Historical Review
6727:Ruppert, Karsten (1992).
6500:10.1017/S0018246X00008906
5815:
5671:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4752:Reichstag (German Empire)
4303:Hans Filbinger Foundation
4283:Forum of German Catholics
4220:German Conservative Party
3756:Prussianism and Socialism
2890:All-German People's Party
2442:Hindenburg was re-elected
2184:Aloys Löwenstein-Wertheim
1761:representative government
1755:, also formed a "Centre"
1199:Center for Public Justice
1057:Croatian Democratic Union
997:American Solidarity Party
338:
320:
315:
301:
287:
273:
259:
245:
218:
208:
196:
173:
156:
141:
118:
107:Straberger Weg 12 41542,
103:
64:
54:
44:
35:
23:
8814:Socialist Equality Party
7615:(1984) 70#3 pp 428–441.
7544:Central European History
7403:Review of Social Economy
7360:every voter had 30 votes
6549:(Washington, D.C., 1998)
6385:Christian People's Party
6350:
4698:Catholic social teaching
4511:Pan-European nationalism
3846:Germany Abolishes Itself
2998:This article is part of
2802:, Minister-President of
2743:Catholic social teaching
2375:, but rather the cleric
2266:Cabinet with Chancellor
2161:(DDP) in drawing up the
2147:Weimar National Assembly
2134:(BVP), which emphasised
2050:Weimar National Assembly
1945:(not Centre party), Dr.
1927:Johann Anton von Chamaré
1858:, Bismarck launched the
1789:Hermann von Mallinckrodt
1322:Christian libertarianism
1260:Sollicitudo rei socialis
596:Environmental protection
400:Catholic social teaching
8580:(15/16; not in Bavaria)
7874:German Fatherland Party
7598:(2013) 99#4 pp 623–648.
7464:excerpt and text search
7397:Dill, Marshall (1954).
7315:Greenberg, Udi (2014).
7265:Greenberg, Udi (2014).
6694:Haffert, Claus (1994).
6595:Robson, Stuart (2007).
6559:Morsey, Rudolf (1966).
4569:Conservatism portal
4479:Conservatism in Austria
4420:Süddeutsche Monatshefte
4298:Hanns Seidel Foundation
4288:Gerhard Löwenthal Prize
4212:Free Conservative Party
4199:Bavarian People's Party
4179:Family Party of Germany
4132:Alternative for Germany
3746:The Decline of the West
3009:Conservatism in Germany
2962:Alternative for Germany
2696:Bavarian People's Party
2624:elections in March 1933
2560:authoritarian democracy
2303:Bavarian People's Party
2276:German Democratic Party
2159:German Democratic Party
2151:Social Democratic Party
2132:Bavarian People's Party
1815:in the modern context.
1711:anti-Catholic sentiment
1470:Deutsche Zentrumspartei
1164:European People's Party
1002:Austrian People's Party
198:Political position
73:; 153 years ago
29:Deutsche Zentrumspartei
8927:North Rhine-Westphalia
8774:Marxist–Leninist Party
8759:German Communist Party
8555:Represented in the 16
8392:(96 seats for Germany)
8121:Centre Party (Zentrum)
7799:Free-minded Union (FV)
7742:Centre Party (Zentrum)
7472:54.4 (1982): 647-686.
7043:The Historical Journal
6801:Patch, William L. Jr.
4648:movements in Germany.
4545:
4531:
4430:
4378:
4343:
4334:
4308:
4274:
4265:
3390:
3356:
3311:
3302:
3288:
3269:
3229:
3220:
3206:
2931:North Rhine-Westphalia
2920:Christian Centre Party
2874:West German rearmament
2835:North Rhine-Westphalia
2818:
2807:
2804:North Rhine-Westphalia
2724:
2666:
2487:
2476:
2395:
2383:Brüning administration
2333:presidential elections
2271:
2259:
2210:
2174:In the Weimar Republic
2136:autonomy of the states
2053:
2038:
2012:Christian trade unions
1988:Christian trade unions
1958:
1939:Friedrich von Praschma
1910:
1878:National Liberal party
1741:denominational schools
1706:
1698:
1690:
1553:North Rhine-Westphalia
1549:Christian Social Union
1517:
1497:
1469:
1455:
1189:European Ideas Network
467:Economic progressivism
146:
125:
8709:Basic Income Alliance
8254:Tannenberg Union (TB)
7809:Democratic Union (DV)
7584:(1976) 66#1 pp 1–125.
7546:23.4 (1990): 313-348.
7528:Evans, Ellen Lovell.
6864:51.2 (2009): 236-264.
6581:Helmut Walser Smith,
4727:social market economy
4710:Michael von Faulhaber
4658:Constantin Fehrenbach
4654:Political Catholicism
4540:Theory of generations
4506:Liberalism in Germany
4293:German Burschenschaft
4244:German People's Party
3542:Moeller van den Bruck
3283:Social market economy
2813:
2798:
2701:
2649:
2636:Reichstag Fire Decree
2630:'s terror, after the
2482:
2471:
2390:
2291:Constantin Fehrenbach
2280:German People's Party
2265:
2254:
2246:Stab-in-the-back myth
2188:Constantin Fehrenbach
2181:
2155:Constantin Fehrenbach
2127:Free State of Prussia
2067:Oberste Heeresleitung
2046:Constantin Fehrenbach
2044:
2036:
2029:In war and revolution
1916:
1905:
1856:First Vatican Council
1797:August Reichensperger
1704:
1696:
1685:
1609:Archbishop of Cologne
1582:Political Catholicism
1474:Catholic Centre Party
1327:Christian nationalism
1112:Polish People's Party
1082:National Action Party
571:Social market economy
529:Person Dignity Theory
442:Consistent life ethic
405:Christian corporatism
188:Political Catholicism
71:13 December 1870
8931:Rhineland-Palatinate
8784:Verjüngungsforschung
8032:Democratic Socialist
7925:Saxon People's Party
7605:70.1 (2001): 98-131
6648:Jones, L.E. (2020).
4625:politically Catholic
4621:Christian democratic
3836:Moral und Hypermoral
3816:Fascism in Its Epoch
3796:On the Marble Cliffs
3385:German reunification
3365:German Confederation
2991:Ideology and beliefs
2773:leadership principle
2734:and former minister
2153:(SPD). The Centre's
1828:Grand Duchy of Baden
1809:Georg Count Hertling
1805:Franz von Ballestrem
1801:Peter Reichensperger
1719:Peter Reichensperger
1687:Peter Reichensperger
1655:constitution of 1850
1617:Frederick William IV
1503:waged by Chancellor
1478:Christian democratic
1239:Graves de communi re
1232:Populorum progressio
8739:Democracy in Motion
8389:European Parliament
8387:Represented in the
8313:Represented in the
8177:Economic Party (WP)
8083:Agricultural League
7553:(1941) 10#1: 1-14.
7539:18.1 (2000): 60-85.
7093:"Grundsatzprogramm"
6598:The First World War
6585:(2014), p. 197-198.
6532:Christopher Clark,
5994:did not participate
5817:did not participate
5751:did not participate
5673:did not participate
4463:Böckenförde dilemma
4345:Tradition und Leben
4329:Queen Louise League
4140:Bündnis Deutschland
3766:Ideology and Utopia
3338:Anti-Socialist Laws
3038:Christian democracy
2977:European Parliament
2721:, (2015), pp. 87-88
2657:, delivered at the
2612:industrial magnates
2596:Kurt von Schleicher
2517:July 1932 elections
2502:parties", chairman
2453:Kurt von Schleicher
2438:Paul von Hindenburg
2351:became chancellor.
2337:Paul von Hindenburg
2286:with the Holy See.
2163:Weimar Constitution
1994:ended the dispute.
1460:German Centre Party
1405:Christianity portal
1344:Religious democracy
1310:Christian socialism
1305:Christian communism
1300:Christian anarchism
1007:Christian Democracy
556:Religious pluralism
524:Option for the poor
376:Christian democracy
343:Politics of Germany
289:European Parliament
183:Christian democracy
26:German Centre Party
8939:Schleswig-Holstein
8898:Schleswig-Holstein
8657:Schleswig-Holstein
7784:Liberal Union (LV)
7487:Historical Journal
6927:on 15 January 2008
6827:Patch, pp 278–291.
6488:Historical Journal
6466:10.1111/ajps.12328
6016:Volkstag of Danzig
4662:Matthias Erzberger
4581:Germany portal
4533:Stahlhelm-Fraktion
4469:European New Right
4397:Deutsche Rundschau
4207:Conservative Party
3507:Jünger (Friedrich)
3259:Political theology
2819:
2808:
2667:
2500:radical right-wing
2488:
2477:
2396:
2272:
2260:
2234:Matthias Erzberger
2211:
2096:Minister-President
2092:Georg von Hertling
2081:Matthias Erzberger
2054:
2039:
1959:
1911:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1667:Landtag of Prussia
1651:Kingdom of Prussia
1563:defected from the
1458:), officially the
1194:Schuman Foundation
581:Sphere sovereignty
8958:
8957:
8911:Baden-Württemberg
8680:
8679:
8557:state parliaments
8550:
8549:
8537:Party of Progress
8272:
8271:
8028:Social Democratic
7987:Political parties
7953:
7952:
7845:
7844:
7326:978-0-691-15933-1
7276:978-0-691-15933-1
7097:Zentrumspartei.de
6953:. 18 January 2022
6888:978-1-4087-0643-5
6875:Evans, Richard J.
6765:Evans, Richard J.
6661:978-1-108-49407-6
6608:978-1-4058-2471-2
6536:(2006) pp 568-576
6432:978-1-351-38672-2
6383:As member of the
6363:As member of the
6348:
6347:
6215:Landesrat of the
6212:
6211:
6013:
6012:
5547:sole legal party.
4702:Quadragesimo anno
4617:
4616:
4501:German militarism
3806:The Questionnaire
3414:Völkisch movement
3135:Historical School
3130:Right-Hegelianism
2851:elections of 1949
2659:Kroll Opera House
2341:general elections
2310:Gustav Stresemann
2016:Social Democrats'
1963:Ludwig Windthorst
1943:Philipp Schmieder
1923:Ludwig Windthorst
1907:Ludwig Windthorst
1848:Otto von Bismarck
1781:Ludwig Windthorst
1644:National Assembly
1636:National Assembly
1505:Otto von Bismarck
1439:
1438:
1376:Ethical socialism
1339:Liberal democracy
1246:Quadragesimo anno
1204:Paneuropean Union
1092:Nationalist Party
544:Religious liberty
361:
360:
348:Political parties
275:State parliaments
142:Paramilitary wing
9038:
8951:
8942:
8901:
8888:
8863:
8851:
8625:Regional parties
8562:
8561:
8396:
8395:
8299:
8292:
8285:
8276:
8275:
8264:Related topics:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7957:
7956:
7824:National liberal
7757:
7756:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7657:
7656:
7642:
7639:
7634:
7633:
7631:Official website
7566:Ross, Ronald J.
7525:
7441:
7439:
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7351:
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6980:
6975:. 23 August 2022
6969:
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6960:
6958:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6923:. Archived from
6917:
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6545:Ronald J. Ross,
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4764:
4763:
4741:Election results
4719:Great Depression
4686:Heinrich Mertens
4629:political centre
4609:
4602:
4595:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4550:
4536:
4474:Collective guilt
4435:
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4383:
4369:
4348:
4339:
4313:
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3776:Man and Technics
3771:
3761:
3751:
3741:
3731:
3726:Das Ressentiment
3721:
3711:
3701:
3691:
3582:Ritter (Joachim)
3577:Ritter (Gerhard)
3409:Oster conspiracy
3395:
3392:Historikerstreit
3361:
3343:Carlsbad Decrees
3316:
3307:
3293:
3278:Social hierarchy
3274:
3264:Prussian virtues
3234:
3225:
3211:
3160:Christian values
3020:
3010:
2995:
2994:
2960:In 2022, former
2914:
2878:Gustav Heinemann
2839:Rudolf Amelunxen
2800:Rudolf Amelunxen
2785:Cardinal Pacelli
2758:End of the party
2728:Heinrich Brüning
2722:
2715:Richard J. Evans
2692:Richard J. Evans
2661:, following the
2589:Alfred Hugenberg
2548:Heinrich Brüning
2540:Weimar Coalition
2416:Prussian Junkers
2408:Great Depression
2404:Heinrich Brüning
2392:Heinrich Brüning
2219:Weimar Coalition
2010:, leader of the
1520:
1502:
1467:
1450:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1402:
1395:
1371:Social democracy
1332:Theoconservatism
1267:Centesimus annus
1253:Laborem exercens
1062:Democratic Rally
642:Arizmendiarrieta
591:Environmentalism
509:Multiculturalism
457:Dignity of labor
447:Cultural mandate
415:Communitarianism
410:Christian ethics
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45:Federal Chairman
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8902:
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8889:
8867:
8864:
8855:
8852:
8842:
8833:
8804:The Republicans
8794:Party of Reason
8686:
8676:
8643:BVB/Free Voters
8619:
8546:
8461:
8391:
8382:
8317:
8308:
8303:
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7728:
7690:
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7628:
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7591:
7522:
7448:
7446:Further reading
7435:
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7390:
7370:
7365:
7364:
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6954:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6930:
6928:
6921:"Parteisatzung"
6919:
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6557:
6553:
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6531:
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6521:Schmidgall 2012
6519:
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4748:
4743:
4670:Adam Stegerwald
4613:
4575:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4554:
4553:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4444:Welt am Sonntag
4414:
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4352:
4351:
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4252:
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4201:
4186:
4184:The Republicans
4173:
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4124:
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4115:
4071:
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3926:
3918:
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3903:Strauss (Botho)
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3150:
3142:
3141:
3089:State Socialism
3028:
3008:
2993:
2947:
2908:
2886:Notgemeinschaft
2857:. However, in
2837:. In 1945, its
2827:Konrad Adenauer
2793:
2777:Gleichschaltung
2760:
2736:Adam Stegerwald
2723:
2713:
2706:Adam Stegerwald
2644:
2608:
2552:Gregor Strasser
2550:conferred with
2473:Franz von Papen
2466:
2457:Franz von Papen
2423:early elections
2412:war reparations
2400:Grand Coalition
2385:
2373:Adam Stegerwald
2365:Franz von Papen
2361:Heinrich Brauns
2314:Grand Coalition
2242:Franz von Papen
2227:Adam Stegerwald
2215:Weimar Republic
2204:Sebastian Bauer
2176:
2171:
2031:
2008:Adam Stegerwald
1999:Heinrich Brauns
1900:
1844:
1838:
1795:, the brothers
1765:minority rights
1680:
1597:mixed marriages
1589:Catholic Church
1578:
1573:
1509:Catholic Church
1493:Weimar Republic
1481:political party
1463:
1446:
1435:
1393:Politics portal
1391:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1317:Christian right
1289:
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1218:
1210:
1209:
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1149:Catholic Action
1143:
1135:
1134:
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1102:Patriotic Union
991:
983:
982:
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791:
783:
782:
781:
636:
628:
627:
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539:Public morality
482:Just war theory
452:Culture of life
394:
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325:.zentrumspartei
321:
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82:(original form)
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8799:The Third Path
8796:
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8749:Feminist Party
8746:
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7761:Social liberal
7754:
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7624:
7623:External links
7621:
7620:
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7609:
7603:Church History
7599:
7590:
7589:Historiography
7587:
7586:
7585:
7578:
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7557:
7547:
7540:
7537:German History
7533:
7526:
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7507:
7502:Cary, Noel D.
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7394:
7388:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7353:
7332:
7325:
7307:
7300:
7282:
7275:
7257:
7238:
7227:(2): 159–179.
7208:
7193:
7186:
7168:
7161:
7140:
7126:. 27 June 2018
7109:
7084:
7049:(4): 821–850.
7029:
7008:
6997:. 10 June 2022
6986:
6964:
6951:zentrumspartei
6938:
6912:
6910:Evans, (1981).
6903:
6894:
6887:
6866:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6820:
6807:
6794:
6788:978-0141009759
6787:
6756:
6741:
6719:
6704:
6686:
6684:, p. 101.
6674:
6660:
6640:
6614:
6607:
6587:
6574:
6551:
6538:
6525:
6513:
6494:(4): 821–850.
6474:
6438:
6431:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6376:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6283:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6225:Election year
6219:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6174:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6146:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6118:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6090:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6029:Election year
6017:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5800:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5621:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5587:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5429:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5333:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5301:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5238:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5206:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5142:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5014:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:Election year
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4694:Wilhelm Hohoff
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4571:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4542:
4537:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4458:
4456:Related topics
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4432:Verlag Antaios
4427:
4422:
4417:
4409:
4407:Junge Freiheit
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4375:
4370:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4340:
4331:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4271:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4204:
4190:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4145:
4137:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4008:von Schleicher
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3856:Finis Germania
3852:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3792:
3782:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3692:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:von Treitschke
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:Jünger (Ernst)
3499:
3494:
3492:von Hildebrand
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3367:
3362:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3294:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3212:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2989:
2946:
2943:
2792:
2789:
2759:
2756:
2711:
2663:Reichstag fire
2643:
2640:
2632:Reichstag fire
2607:
2604:
2465:
2462:
2384:
2381:
2349:Hermann Müller
2223:1920 elections
2192:Helene Drießen
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2143:1919 elections
2030:
2027:
1980:Roman question
1899:
1896:
1852:Ultramontanism
1840:Main article:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1717:In June 1870,
1697:View of Soest.
1679:
1676:
1653:, the revised
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1295:Christian left
1291:
1290:
1288:Related topics
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1107:People's Party
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:National Party
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1052:Civic Platform
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
638:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
625:
624:
623:
622:
612:
611:
610:
608:in Catholicism
600:
599:
598:
593:
583:
578:
573:
568:
566:Social justice
563:
558:
553:
552:
551:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
500:
499:
494:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
379:
378:
372:
371:
359:
358:
356:
355:
350:
345:
339:
336:
335:
318:
317:
313:
312:
307:
305:
299:
298:
293:
291:
285:
284:
279:
277:
271:
270:
265:
263:
257:
256:
251:
249:
243:
242:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
179:
177:
171:
170:
158:
154:
153:
143:
139:
138:
127:Windthorstbund
122:
116:
115:
105:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:(current form)
83:
68:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
49:Christian Otte
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
28:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9043:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8949:
8945:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8789:The Humanists
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8714:Bavaria Party
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8683:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8654:
8651:
8648:
8644:
8641:
8638:
8635:(85; only in
8634:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8622:
8615:
8612:
8609:
8606:
8603:
8600:
8597:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8585:
8582:
8579:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8565:Major parties
8563:
8560:
8558:
8553:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8518:
8515:
8512:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8488:
8485:
8482:
8479:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8467:Minor parties
8464:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8400:Major parties
8397:
8394:
8390:
8385:
8378:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8316:
8311:
8307:
8300:
8295:
8293:
8288:
8286:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8267:
8261:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7993:
7988:
7981:
7976:
7974:
7969:
7967:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7838:
7835:
7833:
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7807:
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7707:
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7608:
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7565:
7562:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7521:0-7146-5650-X
7517:
7513:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7488:
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7481:
7477:
7475:
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7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7389:9783866447271
7385:
7381:
7377:
7372:
7371:
7357:
7342:
7336:
7328:
7322:
7318:
7311:
7303:
7301:0-203-65539-7
7297:
7293:
7286:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7261:
7253:
7249:
7242:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7215:
7213:
7204:
7197:
7189:
7187:0-203-65539-7
7183:
7179:
7172:
7164:
7162:9780691651378
7158:
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7119:
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7056:
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7019:
7012:
6996:
6990:
6974:
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6942:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6890:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6824:
6818:(1941): 1-14.
6817:
6811:
6804:
6798:
6790:
6784:
6780:
6779:Penguin Press
6776:
6775:New York City
6772:
6771:
6766:
6760:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6733:
6732:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6678:
6663:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6644:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6610:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6591:
6584:
6578:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6542:
6535:
6529:
6523:, p. 28.
6522:
6517:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6442:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6391:
6386:
6380:
6371:
6366:
6365:Federal Union
6360:
6356:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5725:
5722:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5539:
5538:November 1933
5536:
5535:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5484:
5481:
5475:
5474:November 1932
5472:
5471:
5452:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5420:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5388:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5356:
5353:
5347:
5346:December 1924
5344:
5343:
5324:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5292:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5261:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4770:Constituency
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:law and order
4728:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4646:right to life
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Pan-Germanism
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4259:Organizations
4256:
4255:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Strauss (Leo)
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:Intellectuals
3423:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:German Empire
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:In Treue fest
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3201:Germanisation
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:Revolutionary
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:Paternalistic
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:Ritter School
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2945:Small revival
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:Saxony-Anhalt
2932:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2906:Federal Union
2903:
2902:Bavaria Party
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:Helene Wessel
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2815:Helene Wessel
2812:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2765:Nazi ideology
2755:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:Fritz Gerlich
2563:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:Prussian coup
2541:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:dependent on
2495:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:In 1930, the
2393:
2389:
2380:
2379:as chairman.
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:Wilhelm Elfes
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2123:Adolf Hofmann
2120:
2115:
2113:
2112:Max von Baden
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:1919 election
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:Loyal to the
1967:
1964:
1956:
1955:Julius Szmula
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1876:and from the
1875:
1874:protectionism
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:Joseph Görres
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1489:German Empire
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1225:Rerum novarum
1222:
1221:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:Organizations
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:New Democracy
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
987:
986:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
962:von der Leyen
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
787:
786:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
737:Nell-Breuning
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
632:
631:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Social Gospel
559:
557:
554:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:Neo-Calvinism
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:Mixed economy
502:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
477:Human dignity
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
390:
389:
385:
381:
380:
377:
374:
373:
369:
365:
364:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
337:
333:
328:
319:
314:
306:
304:
300:
292:
290:
286:
278:
276:
272:
264:
262:
258:
250:
248:
244:
241:
234:
227:
221:
217:
214:
211:
207:
204:
201:
199:
195:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
178:
176:
172:
159:
155:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
133:
128:
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
84:
70:
69:
67:
63:
60:
59:Joseph Görres
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
39:
34:
22:
19:
9021:Pope Pius IX
8947:
8923:Lower Saxony
8906:
8893:
8877:Lower Saxony
8868:
8856:
8843:
8829:Values Union
8729:Centre Party
8728:
8665:(9; only in
8655:(4; only in
8645:(5; only in
8527:Family Party
8497:Family Party
8164:Conservative
8120:
7945:Danish Party
7940:Polish Party
7851:Conservative
7741:
7612:
7602:
7595:
7581:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7550:
7543:
7536:
7529:
7511:
7503:
7496:
7486:
7479:
7469:
7459:
7452:
7434:. Retrieved
7406:
7402:
7375:
7356:
7344:. Retrieved
7335:
7316:
7310:
7291:
7285:
7266:
7260:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7224:
7220:
7202:
7196:
7177:
7171:
7152:
7135:
7128:. Retrieved
7121:
7112:
7100:. Retrieved
7096:
7087:
7046:
7042:
7032:
7026:(in German).
7021:
7011:
6999:. Retrieved
6989:
6979:11 September
6977:. Retrieved
6967:
6955:. Retrieved
6950:
6941:
6929:. Retrieved
6925:the original
6915:
6906:
6897:
6878:
6869:
6861:
6856:
6849:
6844:
6837:
6832:
6823:
6815:
6810:
6802:
6797:
6769:
6759:
6730:
6722:
6695:
6689:
6677:
6665:. Retrieved
6650:
6643:
6631:. Retrieved
6626:
6617:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6577:
6560:
6554:
6546:
6541:
6533:
6528:
6516:
6491:
6487:
6477:
6469:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6417:
6410:
6379:
6359:
6270:
5993:
5816:
5750:
5672:
5542:
4723:
4706:
4690:Vitus Heller
4682:Reichsbanner
4674:
4666:Joseph Wirth
4650:
4645:
4633:conservative
4618:
4547:Überfremdung
4493:
4461:
4412:Kreuzzeitung
4321:
4236:German Party
4192:
4191:
4166:Centre Party
4165:
4126:
3998:von Radowitz
3941:von Bismarck
3872:Commentators
3854:
3844:
3834:
3824:
3814:
3804:
3794:
3784:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3750:(1918, 1922)
3744:
3734:
3724:
3716:Degeneration
3714:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3432:Benedict XVI
3371:
3348:
3333:20 July plot
3297:Subsidiarity
3271:Sittlichkeit
3193:
3188:Gemeinschaft
3187:
3101:Cameralistic
3070:
2985:Jörg Meuthen
2983:co-chairman
2974:
2959:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2917:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2867:
2848:
2844:Lower Saxony
2831:Josef Frings
2820:
2806:(1945-1947).
2781:
2769:
2761:
2752:
2740:
2732:Joseph Wirth
2725:
2718:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2671:Enabling Act
2668:
2655:Enabling Act
2642:Enabling Act
2621:
2617:
2609:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2572:Ingbert Naab
2564:
2556:
2538:, where the
2533:
2525:
2509:
2496:
2489:
2450:
2446:Adolf Hitler
2435:
2431:
2420:
2402:fell apart.
2399:
2397:
2353:
2330:
2318:Wilhelm Marx
2307:
2299:Wilhelm Cuno
2295:Joseph Wirth
2288:
2273:
2268:Wilhelm Marx
2256:Wilhelm Marx
2238:Joseph Wirth
2231:
2212:
2208:Lorenz Blank
2196:Felix Porsch
2140:
2116:
2089:
2065:
2055:
2020:
1996:
1984:
1968:
1960:
1949:, Dr. Frhr.
1947:Felix Porsch
1919:Paul Letocha
1885:
1882:Conservative
1859:
1845:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1777:Hannoverians
1769:German Poles
1756:
1750:
1746:
1716:
1708:
1648:
1621:
1586:
1579:
1561:Jörg Meuthen
1541:World War II
1538:
1530:Enabling Act
1526:Adolf Hitler
1523:
1507:against the
1473:
1459:
1443:Centre Party
1442:
1440:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1126:
1077:Kataeb Party
1047:Centre Party
1046:
702:John Paul II
635:Philosophers
603:Subsidiarity
492:Conservative
462:Distributism
420:Conservatism
203:Centre-right
104:Headquarters
18:
8948:Free Voters
8873:Brandenburg
8819:Statt Party
8754:Free Saxony
8647:Brandenburg
8614:Free Voters
8456:Free Voters
8318:(733 seats)
7917:Regionalist
7889:Antisemitic
7641:(in German)
7368:Works cited
7123:domradio.de
6388: [
6368: [
4773:Party list
4715:Ludwig Kaas
4526:Remigration
4106:Wackenroder
4091:von Savigny
4076:Böckenförde
4048:von Westarp
3951:von Gerlach
3925:Politicians
3597:von Salomon
3399:The Junkers
3238:Medievalism
3215:Imperialism
3180:Meritocracy
3175:Aristocracy
3125:Romanticism
3096:Prussianism
3079:Neue Rechte
3065:Nationalist
2951:Klaus Brall
2909: [
2504:Ludwig Kaas
2484:Ludwig Kaas
2377:Ludwig Kaas
2369:Joseph Joos
2357:Joseph Joos
2322:Hans Luther
2094:, formerly
2023:anti-Polish
2018:influence.
1992:World War I
1976:Kulturkampf
1935:Albert Horn
1887:Kulturkampf
1861:Kulturkampf
1842:Kulturkampf
1835:Kulturkampf
1499:Kulturkampf
1274:Laudato si'
1067:Fianna Fáil
897:Mikołajczyk
790:Politicians
586:Stewardship
519:Neo-Thomism
472:Familialism
430:Progressive
152:(1924–1930)
130: [
8965:Categories
8809:The Urbans
8769:Wir Bürger
8694:Alliance C
8584:The Greens
8481:Die PARTEI
8426:The Greens
8337:The Greens
6957:18 January
6742:3770051661
6735:. Droste.
6705:388474187X
6633:19 January
6563:. Droste.
6425:Revivals.
6402:References
6234:Seats won
6038:Seats won
6020:See also:
5514:4,424,905
5506:March 1933
5482:4,230,545
5450:4,589,430
5418:4,127,000
5386:3,712,152
5354:4,118,849
5322:3,914,379
5290:3,845,001
5259:5,980,216
5223:1,996,800
5191:2,179,800
5159:1,875,300
5127:1,455,100
5095:1,468,500
5063:1,342,100
5031:1,516,200
4999:1,282,000
4967:1,182,900
4935:1,328,100
4903:1,341,300
4871:1,446,000
4776:Seats won
4750:See also:
4425:Der Türmer
4081:von Gierke
4053:Wilhelm II
4028:von Storch
4013:Stresemann
4003:Rauschning
3946:Fehrenbach
3878:Kubitschek
3679:Literature
3627:Sloterdijk
3313:Volksgeist
3254:Patriotism
3248:Organicism
3243:Monarchism
3195:Geopolitik
3149:Principles
3060:Monarchism
3027:Ideologies
2748:Ernst Röhm
2680:concordats
2528:Communists
2492:Nazi Party
2345:Communists
2108:Ludendorff
2104:Hindenburg
1925:, Graf v.
1870:free trade
1868:turn from
1605:Westphalia
1534:Nazi Party
1122:VMRO-DPMNE
977:Windthorst
882:Mazowiecki
822:De Gasperi
672:Dooyeweerd
662:Chesterton
576:Solidarity
534:Popularism
487:Liberalism
393:Principles
165:600 (2022
157:Membership
120:Youth wing
78:1870-12-13
8824:V-Partei3
8315:Bundestag
8207:Völkische
8024:Socialist
7996:Communist
7696:Socialist
7423:0034-6764
7063:0018-246X
6931:6 January
6751:797422863
6682:Dill 1954
6569:963771636
6423:Routledge
6271:3,246,511
5442:July 1932
5203:105 / 397
5171:100 / 397
5139:102 / 397
5075:106 / 397
4979:100 / 397
4760:Bundestag
4415:(Defunct)
4368:(Defunct)
4018:vom Stein
3988:von Papen
3962:Hugenberg
3957:Goerdeler
3888:Safranski
3647:Steinbuch
3572:von Ranke
3517:Koselleck
3482:Heidegger
3452:von Galen
3358:Freikorps
3349:Erklärung
3290:Sonderweg
3155:Authority
3106:Socialist
2970:Bundestag
2855:Bundestag
2600:Querfront
2521:Reichstag
2512:Reichstag
2312:formed a
2284:Concordat
2087:of 1917.
2062:war bonds
2056:With the
1892:Reichstag
1773:Alsatians
1753:Reichstag
1671:Wilhelm I
1601:Rhineland
1513:Reichstag
1465:‹See Tfd›
1448:‹See Tfd›
1217:Documents
1072:Fine Gael
957:Vogelsang
952:Tindemans
922:Pöttering
802:Andreotti
772:Vogelsang
717:Lamennais
353:Elections
281:0 / 1,884
261:Bundesrat
247:Bundestag
8935:Saarland
8907:The Left
8881:Saarland
8861:Saarland
8744:dieBasis
8602:The Left
8450:The Left
8361:The Left
8108:Catholic
8070:Agrarian
7734:Catholic
7617:in JSTOR
7491:in JSTOR
7436:25 March
7431:29767502
7341:"policy"
7079:39447688
6877:(2015).
6767:(2003).
6714:32830554
6667:25 March
6327:156,615
6300:129,162
6115:18 / 120
6087:15 / 120
6059:17 / 120
6022:Volkstag
5644:254,322
5638:295,533
5610:217,078
5584:10 / 402
5576:727,505
5543:Banned.
5522:73 / 647
5490:70 / 584
5458:75 / 608
5426:68 / 577
5394:61 / 491
5362:69 / 493
5330:65 / 472
5314:May 1924
5298:64 / 459
5267:91 / 423
5235:91 / 397
5107:96 / 397
5043:98 / 397
5011:99 / 397
4947:94 / 397
4915:93 / 397
4883:91 / 397
4851:63 / 382
4839:724,000
4819:36 / 382
4807:315,777
4642:abortion
4439:Die Welt
4023:Stoecker
3936:Ancillon
3931:Adenauer
3913:Weißmann
3893:Sarrazin
3662:Voegelin
3637:Spengler
3632:Spaemann
3622:Sieferle
3612:Schlegel
3607:Schelsky
3567:Plessner
3462:Gogarten
3071:Völkisch
3033:Agrarian
3000:a series
2966:Uwe Witt
2712:—
2444:against
2145:for the
1813:centrism
1730:charity.
1709:Growing
1628:Würzburg
1593:Prussian
1557:Uwe Witt
1468:German:
1349:Buddhist
912:Pastrana
857:Korfanty
847:Ketteler
797:Adenauer
777:Williams
767:Tischner
727:Maritain
722:Leo XIII
712:Korfanty
707:Ketteler
697:Habsburg
677:Gebhardt
657:Berggrav
368:a series
366:Part of
209:Religion
175:Ideology
109:Dormagen
8915:Bavaria
8848:Bavaria
8839:Notes:
8637:Bavaria
8598:(15/16)
8592:(12/16)
8586:(15/16)
8574:(16/16)
8136:Liberal
7752:Liberal
7575:History
7570:(1976),
7462:(2000)
7346:16 June
7130:29 June
7102:11 June
7071:2638516
7001:10 June
6848:Evans,
6836:Evans,
6508:2638516
6335:14 / 30
6308:14 / 30
6280:14 / 30
6255:16 / 30
6247:92,252
6199:10 / 72
6191:31,522
6171:10 / 72
6163:31,336
6143:11 / 72
6135:30,230
6107:26,096
6079:21,114
6051:21,262
5974:0 / 622
5941:0 / 614
5908:0 / 603
5875:0 / 669
5842:0 / 672
5797:0 / 519
5789:19,035
5731:0 / 518
5723:15,933
5698:0 / 518
5690:19,832
5684:11,978
5652:0 / 519
5618:3 / 509
5604:55,835
4392:COMPACT
4365:Antaios
4193:Defunct
4123:Parties
4111:Wagener
4096:Schmitt
4070:Jurists
4038:Wagener
4033:Strauss
3908:Stürmer
3652:Tönnies
3617:Schmitt
3602:Scheler
3557:Novalis
3447:Gadamer
3370:German
3327:History
3170:Elitism
3043:Liberal
2964:member
2536:Prussia
2427:decrees
2305:(BVP).
2270:, 1927.
2141:In the
2100:Bavaria
1880:to the
1757:faction
1663:Jesuits
1649:In the
1576:Origins
1518:Zentrum
1485:Germany
1476:, is a
1456:Zentrum
1354:Islamic
990:Parties
942:Strauss
932:Schuman
917:Pethrus
907:Quadros
892:Metsola
877:Martens
817:Caldera
747:Pius XI
732:Mounier
615:Welfare
425:Liberal
316:Website
253:0 / 736
219:Colours
90: (
76: (
65:Founded
55:Founder
8885:Saxony
8857:Greens
8671:Saxony
8667:Bremen
8616:(2/16)
8610:(3/16)
8604:(8/16)
7607:online
7555:online
7532:(1981)
7518:
7506:(1996)
7474:online
7429:
7421:
7386:
7323:
7298:
7273:
7184:
7159:
7077:
7069:
7061:
6885:
6785:
6749:
6739:
6712:
6702:
6658:
6605:
6567:
6506:
6429:
6394:(CVP).
6228:Votes
6194:13.41
6166:14.63
6138:15.28
6110:14.27
6082:12.81
6054:13.88
6032:Votes
5966:6,087
5933:4,010
5927:1,297
5900:3,127
5894:1,823
5861:2,076
5834:3,757
5828:1,489
5783:4,020
5517:11.25
5485:11.93
5453:12.44
5421:11.81
5262:19.67
4790:Votes
4784:Votes
4758:, and
4387:Cicero
4323:PEGIDA
4231:(DNVP)
4127:Active
4058:Winnig
4043:Weidel
3971:
3955:
3860:(2017)
3850:(2010)
3840:(1969)
3830:(1966)
3820:(1963)
3810:(1951)
3800:(1939)
3790:(1932)
3780:(1931)
3770:(1929)
3760:(1919)
3740:(1918)
3730:(1913)
3720:(1892)
3710:(1837)
3700:(1820)
3690:(1806)
3592:Rüstow
3562:Pieper
3547:Müller
3527:Löwith
3522:Lorenz
3512:Klages
3487:Herder
3472:Hamann
3467:Görres
3457:Gehlen
3442:Freyer
3437:Blüher
3252:
3231:Kultur
3208:Heimat
2651:Hitler
2622:These
2125:, the
1921:, Dr.
1775:, and
1539:After
1452:German
1403:
1364:Mormon
1359:Jewish
967:Wałęsa
947:Sturzo
887:Merkel
867:Kuyper
842:Joseph
827:Erhard
762:Sturzo
687:Görres
682:Gilson
652:Belloc
647:Baader
435:Social
309:0 / 16
295:0 / 96
267:0 / 69
237:
230:
223:
8919:Hesse
8339:(117)
8333:(153)
8327:(206)
7427:JSTOR
7075:S2CID
7067:JSTOR
6504:JSTOR
6460:: 3.
6456:(1).
6392:]
6372:]
6351:Notes
6330:43.2
6303:46.4
6275:42.8
6250:47.7
5389:12.1
5357:13.6
5325:13.4
5293:13.6
5226:16.4
5194:19.4
5162:19.8
5130:18.8
5098:19.1
5066:18.6
5034:20.1
5002:22.6
4970:23.2
4938:23.1
4906:24.8
4874:27.9
4842:18.6
4359:Media
4247:(DVP)
4223:(DkP)
4215:(FKP)
4202:(BVP)
4187:(REP)
4174:(ÖDP)
4159:(CSU)
4151:(CDU)
4135:(AFD)
4101:Stahl
4086:Möser
3993:Petry
3898:Stein
3667:Weber
3587:Röpke
3552:Nolte
3532:Lübbe
3497:Hoppe
3477:Hegel
3372:Reich
3118:Young
2913:]
2069:(OHL)
1723:Soest
1632:Mainz
972:Weber
937:Söder
927:Prodi
872:Letta
837:Groen
812:Buzek
757:Stein
752:Röpke
742:Pesch
692:Groen
620:State
233:White
226:Black
134:]
8937:and
8883:and
8734:DAVA
8724:BüSo
8704:APPD
8669:and
8507:PMUT
8475:Volt
8428:(12)
8422:(14)
8416:(15)
8410:(23)
8369:(10)
8363:(28)
8357:(43)
8351:(77)
8345:(91)
8211:Nazi
8209:and
8030:and
7516:ISBN
7438:2024
7419:ISSN
7384:ISBN
7348:2022
7321:ISBN
7296:ISBN
7271:ISBN
7182:ISBN
7157:ISBN
7132:2018
7104:2022
7059:ISSN
7003:2022
6981:2022
6959:2022
6933:2008
6883:ISBN
6783:ISBN
6747:OCLC
6737:ISBN
6710:OCLC
6700:ISBN
6669:2024
6656:ISBN
6635:2023
6603:ISBN
6565:OCLC
6427:ISBN
6323:1932
6296:1928
6266:1924
6243:1922
6237:+/–
6187:1935
6159:1933
6131:1930
6103:1927
6075:1923
6047:1920
6041:+/–
6008:2021
6001:2017
5989:2013
5969:0.0
5963:0.0
5960:369
5956:2009
5936:0.0
5930:0.0
5923:2005
5903:0.0
5897:0.0
5890:2002
5864:0.0
5857:1998
5837:0.0
5831:0.0
5824:1994
5812:1990
5792:0.1
5786:0.0
5779:1987
5772:1983
5765:1980
5758:1976
5746:1972
5726:0.0
5713:1969
5693:0.1
5687:0.0
5680:1965
5668:1961
5647:0.9
5641:1.0
5634:1957
5613:0.8
5607:0.2
5600:1953
5579:3.1
5568:1949
5561:1938
5554:1936
5410:1930
5378:1928
5282:1920
5251:1919
5219:1912
5187:1907
5155:1903
5123:1898
5091:1893
5059:1890
5027:1887
4995:1884
4963:1881
4931:1878
4899:1877
4867:1874
4835:1871
4810:9.6
4803:1868
4799:1867
4779:+/–
4735:NATO
4688:and
4623:and
4380:Cato
4373:Bild
4239:(DP)
4143:(BD)
3983:Merz
3978:Krah
3973:Kohl
3967:Jung
3883:Kuby
3826:Envy
3537:Mann
3351:2018
3304:Volk
3165:Duty
3048:Ordo
2933:and
2863:1957
2859:1953
2570:and
2515:The
2371:and
2363:and
2236:and
2106:and
1971:Pope
1866:1879
1807:and
1799:and
1763:and
1640:Pius
1622:The
1603:and
1491:and
1441:The
1128:More
902:Moro
862:Kurz
852:Kohl
832:Frei
807:Beel
497:Ordo
240:Blue
167:est.
92:1945
85:1945
8894:AfD
8869:FDP
8844:CDU
8779:NPD
8764:DSU
8653:SSW
8633:CSU
8608:BSW
8596:AfD
8590:FDP
8578:CDU
8572:SPD
8517:ÖDP
8487:ÖDP
8483:(2)
8477:(3)
8458:(2)
8452:(3)
8446:(6)
8444:BSW
8440:(6)
8438:CSU
8434:(5)
8432:FDP
8420:SPD
8414:AfD
8408:CDU
8373:SSW
8367:BSW
8355:CSU
8349:AfD
8343:FDP
8331:CDU
8325:SPD
7411:doi
7229:doi
7051:doi
6496:doi
6462:doi
6069:17
5594:63
5308:27
5245:14
5117:10
4893:28
4861:37
4829:36
4678:SPD
4672:.
2981:AfD
2526:As
2190:;
2098:of
1872:to
1565:AfD
1483:in
667:Day
327:.de
323:www
113:NRW
8967::
8933:,
8929:,
8925:,
8921:,
8917:,
8913:,
8879:,
8875:,
8663:BD
8026:,
7425:.
7417:.
7407:12
7405:.
7401:.
7382:.
7378:.
7252:61
7250:.
7225:14
7223:.
7211:^
7143:^
7134:.
7120:.
7095:.
7073:.
7065:.
7057:.
7047:18
7045:.
7041:.
7020:.
6949:.
6781:.
6777::
6773:.
6745:.
6708:.
6625:.
6502:.
6492:18
6490:.
6486:.
6468:.
6454:62
6452:.
6421:.
6390:de
6370:de
6290:2
6260:–
6231:%
6181:1
6153:7
6125:3
6097:2
6035:%
5870:—
5867:—
5720:—
5717:—
5662:3
5628:7
5532:3
5500:5
5468:7
5436:7
5404:8
5372:4
5340:1
5213:5
5181:2
5149:6
5085:8
5053:1
5021:1
4989:6
4957:1
4925:2
4793:%
4787:%
4754:,
4737:.
4664:,
4660:,
3002:on
2957:.
2911:de
2846:.
2730:,
2717:,
2628:SA
2523:.
2418:.
2202:;
2198:;
2194:;
2186:;
1953:,
1941:,
1933:,
1929:,
1803:,
1791:,
1787:,
1771:,
1454::
370:on
132:de
111:,
8941:.
8900:.
8887:.
8673:)
8659:)
8649:)
8639:)
8543:)
8541:1
8539:(
8533:)
8531:1
8529:(
8523:)
8521:1
8519:(
8513:)
8511:1
8509:(
8503:)
8501:1
8499:(
8493:)
8491:1
8489:(
8379:)
8377:1
8375:(
8298:e
8291:t
8284:v
7979:e
7972:t
7965:v
7679:e
7672:t
7665:v
7524:.
7440:.
7413::
7392:.
7350:.
7329:.
7304:.
7279:.
7235:.
7231::
7190:.
7165:.
7106:.
7081:.
7053::
7005:.
6983:.
6961:.
6935:.
6891:.
6791:.
6753:.
6716:.
6671:.
6637:.
6571:.
6510:.
6498::
6464::
6435:.
6374:.
4801:–
4608:e
4601:t
4594:v
2892:(
2665:.
2206:;
1957:)
1743:.
1689:.
1462:(
1445:(
1430:e
1423:t
1416:v
169:)
94:)
80:)
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