Chadian–Libyan War

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secessionist movement in the south. However, a major response came only after 25 June, when the ultimatum of Chad's neighbors for the formation of a new, more inclusive coalition government expired. On 26 June, 2,500 Libyan troops invaded Chad, heading for Faya-Largeau. The Chadian government appealed for French help. The Libyan forces were first stymied by Goukouni's militiamen and then forced to retreat by French reconnaissance planes and bombers. In the same month, the factions excluded by the GUNT founded a counter-government, the Front for Joint Provisional Action (FACP), in northern Chad with Libyan military support.

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of Chad "as a gift to Africa" which led on 3 October 1988 to the resumption of full diplomatic relations between the two countries. The following year, on 31 August 1989, Chadian and Libyan representatives met in Algiers to negotiate the Framework Agreement on the Peaceful Settlement of the Territorial Dispute, by which Gaddafi agreed to discuss with Habré the Aouzou Strip and to bring the issue to the ICJ for a binding ruling if bilateral talks failed. After a year of inconclusive talks, the sides submitted the dispute to the ICJ in September 1990.

381: 925: 1798: 436: 305: 2017:. This attack ultimately backfired, causing the prompt reaction of Habré, who sent 2,000 FANT soldiers to link with the GUNT forces. Also, Mitterrand reacted forcefully, ordering a mission which parachuted fuel, food, ammunition and anti-tank missiles to the rebels, and also infiltrated military personnel. Through this action, the French made clear that they no longer felt committed to keeping south of the Red Line, and were ready to act whenever they found it necessary. 423: 4458: 641: 352: 178: 510: 498: 410: 291: 191: 266: 149: 2145: 239: 226: 252: 486: 474: 462: 341: 113: 45: 1258:. The city, defended by 5,000 Chadian soldiers, fell on 18 February 1978 after sharp fighting to a force of 2,500 rebels, supported by possibly as many as 4,000 Libyan troops. The Libyans do not seem to have directly participated in the fighting; in a pattern that was to repeat itself in the future, the Libyans provided armor, artillery and air support. The rebels also were much better armed than before, displaying 1970:, Mitterrand would be reluctant to start a new risky and costly expedition to save Habré; this evaluation proved wrong, as what the French President could not politically risk was to show weakness towards Libyan aggression. As a result, on 14 February 1986 Opération Epervier was started, bringing 1,200 French troops and several squadrons of Jaguars to Chad. On 16 February, to send a clear message to Gaddafi, the 1916:, the 1984 bilateral Franco-Libyan agreement may have provided Gaddafi with an excellent opportunity to find an exit from the Chadian quagmire while bolstering his international prestige and allowed him to force Habré into accepting a peace accord which would have included Libya's proxies. Instead, Gaddafi misread France's withdrawal as a willingness to accept Libya's military presence in Chad and the 1749:, and Abéché, assuming control of the main routes towards N'Djamena. Libya, while helping with recruiting, training, and providing the GUNT with heavy artillery, only committed a few thousand regular troops to the offensive, and most of these were artillery and logistic units. This may have been due to Gaddafi's desire that the conflict be read as a Chadian internal affair. 1790: 1613:

offered to strengthen its garrisons in friendly African states and on 15 January placed its Mediterranean fleet on alert. Libya answered by threatening to impose an oil embargo, while France threatened to react if Libya attacked another bordering country. The accord was also opposed by all GUNT ministers present with Goukouni at Tripoli, with the exception of Acyl.

1058:. As the coup was partly motivated by opposition to Tombalbaye's appeasement of Libya, Gaddafi considered it a menace to his influence and resumed supplying the FROLINAT. In April 1976, there was a Gaddafi-backed attempted assassination of Malloum, and in the same year, Libyan troops started making forays into central Chad in the company of FROLINAT forces. 1466:, attacked Faya-Largeau with the support of Libyan troops in what was an attempt by Gaddafi to remove Goukouni from the leadership of the FROLINAT, replacing him with Acyl. The attempt backfired, as Goukouni reacted by expelling all Libyan military advisors present in Chad, and started searching for a compromise with France. 1499:, which was to bring about the collapse of the State and the ascent to power of the Northern elite. A minor incident escalated on 12 February 1979 into heavy fighting between Habré and Malloum's forces, and the battle intensified on 19 February when Goukouni's men entered the capital to fight alongside Habré. 1559:. In ten days, the clashes between the FAN and Goukouni's FAP, which both had 1,000–1,500 troops in the city, caused thousands of casualties and the flight of about half the capital's population. The few remaining French troops, who left on 4 May, proclaimed themselves neutral, as did the Zairean peace force. 2118:

that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. The court's judgement was implemented without delay, the two parties signing an agreement as early as 4 April concerning the practical modalities for the implementation of the judgement. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from

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Steadily, relations between the two countries improved, with Gaddafi giving signs that he wanted to normalize relations with the Chadian government, to the point of recognizing that the war had been an error. In May 1988, the Libyan leader declared he would recognize Habré as the legitimate president

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After occupying the capital, Habré consolidated power by occupying the rest of the country. In barely six weeks, he conquered southern Chad, destroying the FAT, Kamougué's militia; Kamougué's hopes for Libyan help failed to materialize. The rest of the country was conquered, with the exception of the

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Libya's prompt retreat took many observers by surprise. One reason lay in Gaddafi's desire to host the OAU's annual conference in 1982 and assume the organization's presidency. Another was Libya's difficult situation in Chad where, without some popular and international acceptance of Libyan presence,

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Relations between Goukouni and Gaddafi started deteriorating. Libyan troops were stationed in various points of northern and central Chad, in numbers that had reached about 14,000 troops by January and February 1981. These forces created considerable annoyance in the GUNT by supporting Acyl's faction

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and the piecemeal FROLINAT Original. In August, it was the CDR's turn to leave the coalition, seizing the town of Fada. When in October Goukouni's FAP attempted to retake Fada, the Libyan garrison attacked Goukouni's troops, giving way to a pitched battle that effectively ended the GUNT. In the same

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These desertions alarmed Gaddafi, as the GUNT provided a cover of legitimacy to Libya's presence in Chad. To put a halt to these and reunite the GUNT, a major offensive was launched on the Red Line to take N'Djamena. The attack, which started on 10 February 1986, involved 5,000 Libyan and 5,000 GUNT

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During the period between 1984 and 1986, in which no major clash took place, Habré greatly strengthened his position thanks to staunch US support and Libya's failure to respect the Franco-Libyan 1984 agreement. Also decisive was the increasing factional bickering that started plaguing the GUNT since

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warned Libya that France would "not remain indifferent" to a new Libyan involvement in Chad, and on 11 July 1983 the French government accused again Libya of direct military support to the rebels. French arms shipments were resumed on 27 June, and on 3 July a first contingent of 250 Zaireans arrived

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was signed on 21 August, under which a new GUNT was to be formed, open to all factions. The French troops were to leave Chad and be replaced by a multinational African peace force. The new GUNT took office in November, with Goukouni President, Kamougué vice-president, Habré Defence Minister and Acyl

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unseated Habré on 2 December 1989. Gaddafi was the first head of state to recognize the new government, and he also signed treaties of friendship and cooperation on various levels. Regarding the Aouzou Strip, however, Déby followed his predecessor, declaring that if necessary he would fight to keep

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This in turn endangered Libyan control over the Aouzou Strip, and Aouzou fell in August to the FANT, only to be repelled by an overwhelming Libyan counter-offensive and the French refusal to provide air cover to the Chadians. Habré readily replied to this setback with the first Chadian incursion in

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in its disputes with the other militias, including the clashes held in late April with Goukouni's FAP. There were also attempts to Libyanize the local population, which made many conclude that "unification" for Libya meant Arabization and the imposition of Libyan political culture, in particular of

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While the FAN was supplied economically and militarily by Sudan and Egypt, Goukouni received the armed support of Kamougué's FAT and Acyl's CDR shortly after the beginning of the battle and was provided with Libyan artillery. On 6 June 1980, the FAN assumed control of the city of Faya. This alarmed

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The pattern of the war delineated itself in 1978, with the Libyans providing armour, artillery and air support and their Chadian allies the infantry, which assumed the bulk of the scouting and fighting. This pattern was radically changed in 1986, towards the end of the war, when most Chadian forces

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showed himself receptive to the offer, and on 17 September the two leaders publicly announced that the mutual withdrawal would start on 25 September, and be completed by 10 November. The accord was at first hailed by the media as proof of Mitterrand's diplomatic skill and decisive progress towards

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and the Aouzou airfield, and then by shorter-range transport planes to the area of conflict. The fresh Libyan forces amounted to 11,000 mostly regular troops, and eighty combat aircraft participated in the offensive; however, the Libyans maintained their traditional role of providing fire support,

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Despite signing the Kano Accord, Libya was incensed that the GUNT did not include any of the leaders of the Volcan Army and had not recognized Libyan claims on the Aouzou Strip. Since 13 April 1979 there had been some minor Libyan military activity in northern Chad, and support was provided to the

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was signed on 16 March by all those present, and Malloum resigned, replaced by a Council of State under the chairmanship of Goukouni. This was a result of Nigerian and French pressures on Goukouni and Habré to share power; the French in particular saw this as part of their strategy to cut all ties

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to northern Chad in 1968. The conflict was marked by a series of four separate Libyan interventions in Chad, taking place in 1978, 1979, 1980–1981 and 1983–1987. On all of these occasions, Gaddafi had the support of a number of factions participating in the civil war, while Libya's opponents found

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While there were many violations of the ceasefire, the incidents were relatively minor. The two governments immediately started complex diplomatic manoeuvres to bring world opinion on their side in case, as was widely expected, the conflict was resumed. However, the two sides were also careful to

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At the opening of 1987, the last year of the war, the Libyan expeditionary force was still impressive, numbering 8,000 troops and 300 tanks. However, it had lost the key support of its Chadian allies, who had generally provided reconnaissance and acted as assault infantry. Without them the Libyan

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to Abéché, and warned that they would not tolerate any incursion south of this line by Libyan or GUNT forces. Both the Libyans and the French remained on their side of the line, with France showing itself unwilling to help Habré retake the north, while the Libyans avoided starting a conflict with

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Feeling that complete destruction of the GUNT would be an intolerable blow to his prestige, and fearing that Habré would provide support for all opposition to Gaddafi, the Colonel called for a Libyan intervention in force, as his Chadian allies could not secure a definitive victory without Libyan

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Amid fighting in October between Gaddafi's Islamic Legionnaires and Goukouni's troops, and rumors that Acyl was planning a coup d'état to assume the leadership of the GUNT, Goukouni demanded on 29 October 1981 the complete and unequivocal withdrawal of Libyan forces from Chadian territory, which,

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In response to the increasing international pressure, Goukouni stated that Libyan forces were in Chad at the government request and that international mediators should accept the decision of Chad's legitimate government. In a meeting held in May, Goukouni became more accommodating, declaring that

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The level of opposition caused Gaddafi and Goukouni to downplay the importance of the communiqué, speaking of a "union" of peoples, and not of states, and as a "first step" towards closer collaboration. But the damage had been done, and the joint communiqué badly weakened Goukouni's prestige as a

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From the start, Habré isolated himself from the other members of the GUNT, which he treated with disdain. Habré's hostility to Libya's influence in Chad united itself with his ambition and ruthlessness: observers concluded that the warlord would never be content with anything short of the highest

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remain partly obscure and are debated. The existence of a secret agreement between Tombalbaye and Gaddafi was revealed only in 1988 when the Libyan leader exhibited an alleged copy of a letter in which Tombalbaye recognizes Libyan claims. Against this, scholars like Bernard Lanne have argued that

1947:. He also brought in considerable reinforcements in 1985, raising Libyan forces in the country to 7,000 troops, 300 tanks and 60 combat aircraft. While this build-up took place, significant elements of the GUNT passed over to the Habré government, as part of the latter's policy of accommodation. 1736:

Before Gaddafi could throw his full weight behind Goukouni, Habré attacked the GUNT in the Tibesti, but was repelled both in December 1982 and in January 1983. The following months saw the clashes intensify in the North, while talks, including visits in March between Tripoli and N'Djamena, broke

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Therefore, it was with Libyan support that Goukouni reassembled the GUNT, creating in October a National Peace Government in the Tibesti town of Bardaï and claiming itself the legitimate government by the terms of the Lagos Accord. For the impending fight, Goukouni could count on 3,000–4,000 men

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Most observers believe that the reasons behind Goukouni's accepting the accord may be found in a mix of threats, intense pressure and the financial help promised by Gaddafi. Just before he visited the Libyan capital, Goukouni had sent two of his commanders to Libya for consultations; at Tripoli,

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Goukouni, and he signed, on 15 June, a Treaty of Friendship with Libya. The treaty gave Libya a free hand in Chad, legitimising its presence in that country; the treaty's first article committed the two countries to mutual defence, and a threat against one constituted a threat against the other.

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While militarily Habré was only partly successful in his attempt to evict the Libyans from the Tibesti (the Libyans would fully leave the region in March, when a series of defeats in the north-east had made the area untenable), the campaign was a great strategic breakthrough for the FANT, as it

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While France respected the deadline, the Libyans limited themselves to retiring some forces, while maintaining at least 3,000 men stationed in Northern Chad. When this became evident, it embarrassed the French and caused recriminations between the French and Chadian governments. On 16 November,

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On 6 January 1981, a joint communiqué was issued in Tripoli by Gaddafi and Goukouni that Libya and Chad had decided "to work to achieve full unity between the two countries". The merger plan caused a strong adverse reaction in Africa, and was immediately condemned by France, which on 11 January

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By 16 March 1979, when the first international peace conference took place, an estimated 2,000–5,000 people had been killed and 60,000–70,000 forced to flee. The greatly diminished Chadian army left the capital in the rebels' hands and reorganized itself in the south under the leadership of

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was only the first stage of a general offensive into Libya proper, a possibility that France was not willing to tolerate. As for Gaddafi, being subjected to internal and international pressures, he showed himself more conciliatory, which led to an OAU-brokered ceasefire on 11 September.

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annexation of the whole BET Prefecture by Libya, an action that was certain to meet the opposition of all Chadian factions and of the OAU and UN. Gaddafi's blunder would eventually bring about his defeat, with the rebellion against him of the GUNT and a new French expedition in 1986.

1450:. The FROLINAT admitted defeat and fled north, having lost 2,000 men and left the "ultramodern equipment" they carried on the ground. Of key importance in these battles was the complete air superiority the French could count on, as the Libyan Air Force pilots refused to fight them. 1760:

to strengthen Habré; the United States announced in July military and food aid for 10 million dollars. Gaddafi suffered also a diplomatic setback from the OAU, that at the meeting held in June officially recognized Habré's government and asked for all foreign troops to leave Chad.

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This was to prove a tactical blunder, as the new Libyan intervention had alarmed France. Habré issued a fresh plea for French military assistance on 6 August. France, also due to American and African pressures, announced on 6 August the return of French troops in Chad as part of

1171:, the Khartoum Accord, in September. This accord was kept secret until 22 January 1978, when a Fundamental Charter was signed, following which a National Union Government was formed on 29 August 1978 with Habré as Prime Minister. The Malloum-Habré accord was actively promoted by 1837:(MRL), artillery and tank fire and continuous airstrikes, the FANT's defensive line disintegrated when the GUNT launched the final assault, leaving 700 FANT troops on the ground. Habré escaped with the remnants of his army to the capital, without being pursued by the Libyans. 1589:, 60 tanks, and other armored vehicles, had been ferried across 1,100 kilometers of the desert from Libya's southern border, partly by airlift and tank transporters and partly under its own power. The border itself was 1,000 to 1,100 kilometers from Libya's main bases on the 1880:, a move mainly meant to persuade France and the African states to reopen negotiations. France reacted to this breach of the Red Line by launching the first significant air counter-attack, bringing new troops into Chad and unilaterally raising the defensive line to the 2285: 1227:, and he increased the level of Libyan involvement. For the first time with the active participation of Libyan ground units, Goukouni's FAP unleashed the Ibrahim Abatcha offensive on 29 January 1978 against the last outposts held by the government in northern Chad: 1625:

while Libyan withdrawal was not a priority, he would accept the decisions of the OAU. Goukouni could not at the time renounce Libyan military support, necessary for dealing with Habré's FAN, which was supported by Egypt and Sudan and funded through Egypt by the US

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there never was any sort of formal agreement and that Tombalbaye had found it expedient not to mention the occupation of a part of his country. Libya was unable to exhibit the original copy of the agreement when the case of the Aouzou Strip was brought before the

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united in opposing the Libyan occupation of northern Chad with a degree of unity never previously witnessed in Chad. This deprived the Libyan forces of their habitual infantry, exactly when they found themselves confronting a mobile army, well provided now by the

1696:, 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of the capital, but were defeated by the FAN on 5 June 1982 after a hard battle. Two days later Habré entered N'Djamena unopposed, making him the de facto leader of Chad, while Goukouni fled the country, seeking sanctuary in 1689:. Goukouni, increasingly angered with the IAF's refusal to fight Habré, made an attempt to restore his relations with Libya and reached Tripoli on 23 May. Gaddafi, however, burned by his experience the previous year, proclaimed Libya neutral in the civil war. 1651:

it would have been difficult to take the concrete risk of causing a war with Egypt and Sudan, with U.S. support. Gaddafi had not renounced the goals he had set for Chad, but he had to find a new Chadian leader, as Goukouni had proved himself unreliable.

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Since Gaddafi had kept mostly aloof in the months before the fall of N'Djamena, Habré hoped to reach an understanding with Libya, possibly through an accord with Acyl, who appeared receptive to dialogue. But Acyl died on 19 July 1982, replaced by

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The OAU has deceived us. Our security was fully ensured by Libyan troops. The OAU put pressure on us to expel the Libyans. Now that they have gone, the organization has abandoned us while imposing on us a negotiated settlement with Hissein Habre.

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Gaddafi was ready now for an offensive. The decisive offensive began in June, when a 3,000-strong GUNT force invaded Faya-Largeau, the main government stronghold in the North, which fell on 25 June 1983. The GUNT force rapidly proceeded towards

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in early January 1982, only 160 kilometres (99 mi) from Ati, the last major town before the capital. The GUNT was saved for the moment by the IAF, the only credible military force confronting Habré, which prevented the FAN from taking Ati.

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the Strip began on 15 April and was completed by 10 May. The formal and final transfer of the Strip from Libya to Chad took place on 30 May, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.

1574:, airlifted to the Aouzou Strip operated in conjunction with Goukouni's forces to reoccupy Faya. The city was then used as an assembly point for tanks, artillery and armored vehicles that moved south against the capital of N'Djamena. 2036:

garrisons resembled isolated and vulnerable islands in the Chadian desert. To reinforce his troops, Gaddafi enlisted the aid of various Palestinian and Lebanese armed factions with whom he was allied. Several of these such as the

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the official policy of the FROLINAT, and had first tried to take time, postponing the question until the complete reunification of the movement. When the unification was accomplished, and Gaddafi pressed again for the adoption of

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to Libya. In exchange, Gaddafi pledged 40 million pounds to the Chadian President and the two countries signed a Treaty of Friendship in December 1972. Gaddafi withdrew official support to the FROLINAT and forced its leader

1767:, or FANT). FANT marched north to confront the GUNT and the Libyans, who he met south of Abéché. Habré crushed Goukouni's forces and started a vast counteroffensive that enabled him to retake in rapid succession Abéché, 1663:

forces, bringing the IAF to 3,275 men. Before the peace-keeping force was fully deployed, Habré had already taken advantage of Libya's withdrawal and made massive inroads in eastern Chad, including the important city of

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Six months after the signing of the 1972 treaty, Libyan troops moved into the Strip and established an airbase just north of Aouzou, protected by surface-to-air missiles. A civil administration was set up, attached to

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leave the door open for a peaceful solution. The latter course was promoted by France and most African states, while the Reagan Administration saw a resumption of the conflict as the best chance to unseat Gaddafi.

1845:, meant to stop the GUNT-Libyan advance and more generally weaken Gaddafi's influence in the internal affairs of Chad. Three days later several hundred French troops were dispatched to N'Djamena from the 838:, that would maintain close ties with Libya, and secure his control over the Aouzou Strip; expulsion of the French from the region; and use of Chad as a base to expand his influence in Central Africa. 1458:

Only a few months after the failed offensive against the capital, major dissensions in the FROLINAT shattered all vestiges of unity and badly weakened Libyan power in Chad. On the night of 27 August,

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Goukouni learned from Gaddafi that they had been assassinated by "Libyan dissidents", and that if Goukouni did not want to risk losing Libyan favour and lose power, he should accept the merger plan.

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sent militants to bolster the Libyan numbers in Chad. On the other side, the FANT was greatly strengthened, now having 10,000 highly motivated troops, provided with fast-moving and sand-adapted

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month, Goukouni was arrested by the Libyans, while his troops rebelled against Gaddafi, dislodging the Libyans from all their positions in the Tibesti, and on 24 October went over to Habré.

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the solution of the Chadian crisis; it also demonstrated Mitterrand's intent of following a foreign policy independent from both the US and the Chadian government regarding Libya and Chad.

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coast. Wright states that the Libyan intervention demonstrated an impressive logistical ability, and provided Gaddafi with his first military victory and substantial political achievement.

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between 1978 and 1987, fought between Libyan and allied Chadian forces against Chadian groups supported by France, with the occasional involvement of other foreign countries and factions.

1963:. The campaign ended in disaster for Gaddafi, when a FANT counteroffensive on 13 February using the new equipment obtained from the French forced the attackers to withdraw and reorganize. 1737:

down. On 17 March, Habré brought the conflict before the UN, asking for an urgent meeting of the UN Security Council to consider Libya's "aggression and occupation" of Chadian territory.

822:, the northernmost part of Chad, which he claimed as part of Libya on the grounds of an unratified treaty of the colonial period. In 1972 his goals became, in the evaluation of historian 2062:

conducted a series of swift pincer movements, enveloping the Libyan positions and crushing them with sudden attacks from all sides. This strategy was repeated by Djamous in March in the

1909:. Despite Gaddafi's declaration that all Libyan forces had been withdrawn, the next day Mitterrand admitted that this was not true. However, he did not order French troops back to Chad. 1876:'s attempt at the beginning of 1984 was also unsuccessful. Mengistu's failure was followed on 24 January 1984 by a GUNT attack, supported by heavy Libyan armor, on the FANT outpost of 6712: 8267: 691: 2078:. This attack was part of a plan to remove the threat of Libyan airpower before a renewed offensive on Aouzou. Given the French intervention on behalf of Chad and U.S. supply of 1552:

office. It was thought that sooner or later an armed confrontation between Habré and the pro-Libyan factions would take place, and more importantly, between Habré and Goukouni.

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In the light of Habré's offensive, the OAU requested that the GUNT open reconciliation talks with Habré, a demand that was angrily refused by Goukouni; later he was to say:

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and East Germany, bringing the fall of the capital on 16 December. The Libyan force, numbering between 7,000 and 9,000 men of regular units and the paramilitary Pan-African

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insurgents, equipped with artillery and modern weapons. The garrison was relieved by the arrival of a Chadian task force supported by armor and, more importantly, of the

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and the 3rd Regiment of Marine Infantry. In a two-day battle, the FROLINAT was repelled with heavy losses, a victory that was confirmed in June by another engagement at

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In those years, Gaddafi's support had been mostly moral, with only a limited supply of weapons. All this started changing in February 1977, when the Libyans provided

1993:, Goukouni failed to appear, many suspected the hand of Libya. These suspicions caused the defection from the GUNT of its vice president, Kamougué, followed by the 1392:, leaving there a Libyan garrison of 800 men. Relying on Libyan armor and air power, Goukouni's forces conquered a small FAT garrison and turned towards N'Djamena. 1555:

Clashes in the capital between Habré's FAN and pro-Libyan groups became progressively more serious. On 22 March 1980, a minor incident, as in 1979, triggered the

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GUNT-controlled area in Chad until 1986/87 (light green), "red line" on the 15th and 16th parallels (1983 and 1984) and Libyan-occupied Aouzou Strip (dark green)

2067: 6898: 1644: 1488:, the dissensions in the Revolution's Council became manifest, with many proclaiming their loyalty to the movement's original platform approved in 1966 when 684: 658: 6329: 1366:

legitimized Libyan intervention in its territory. The accord also contained a condition dear to Libya: the termination of all French military presence in

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France by attacking the line. This led to a de facto division of the country, with Libya maintaining control of all the territory north of the Red Line.

1268:'s forces captured about 2,500 prisoners in 1977 and 1978; as a result, the Chadian Armed Forces lost at least 20% of their manpower. In particular, the 1989:

The defeats suffered in February and March accelerated the disintegration of the GUNT. When in March, at a new round of OAU-sponsored talks held in the

1030:, and Libyan citizenship was extended to the few thousand inhabitants of the area. From that moment, Libyan maps represented the area as part of Libya. 6377: 1752:

The international community, in particular France and the U.S., reacted adversely to the Libyan-backed offensive. On the same day as the fall of Faya,

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transformed a civil war into a national war against a foreign invader, stimulating a sense of national unity that had never been seen before in Chad.

1825:. Within ten days, a large ground force had been assembled east and west of Faya-Largeau by first ferrying men, armor, and artillery by air to Sabha, 1534:

The fighting with Libya, the imposition by Nigeria of an economic boycott, and international pressure led to a new international peace conference in

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To put an end to the deadlock, Gaddafi proposed on 30 April 1984 a mutual withdrawal of both the French and Libyan forces in Chad. French President

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The GUNT-Libyan alliance invested on 10 August in the Faya-Largeau oasis, where Habré had entrenched himself with about 5,000 troops. Battered by

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The reasons for the clash between Gaddafi and Goukouni were both ethnic and political. The FROLINAT was divided between Arabs, like Acyl, and

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as the sole legitimate government of Chad. In October, Chadian Foreign Minister Baba Hassan denounced Libya's "expansionist ideas" at the

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The projected attack on Aouzou never took place, as the dimensions of the victory obtained at Maaten made France fear that the attack on

1507:. During the battle, the French garrison stood passively by, even helping Habré in certain circumstances, as when they demanded that the 8072: 1381:; it also weakened considerably Malloum's prestige among southern Chadians, who saw his concessions as a proof of his weak leadership. 8161: 5065: 1872:

A lull ensued, during which November talks sponsored by the OAU failed to conciliate the opposing Chadian factions. Ethiopian leader

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In N'Djamena, the simultaneous presence of two armies—Prime Minister Habré's FAN and President Malloum's FAT—set the stage for the

1065:(CCFAN). The insurgents split on the issue of Libyan support in October 1976, with a minority leaving the militia and forming the 7549: 6193: 8042: 6314: 4946: 4848: 1280:. Oueddei used these victories to strengthen his position in the FROLINAT: during a Libyan-sponsored congress held in March in 811:

with anti-tank and anti-air missiles, thus cancelling the Libyan superiority in air and other firepower. What followed was the

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Foreign Minister. Despite the presence of Habré, the new composition of the GUNT had enough pro-Libyans to satisfy Gaddafi.

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into the Tibesti. The offensive started successfully, expelling the GUNT from its key strongholds, also through the use of

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to FANT during the Maaten al-Sarra battle, Gaddafi blamed Libya's defeat on French and U.S. "aggression against Libya".

886:, Idris limited himself to granting the rebels sanctuary in Libyan territory and to providing only non-lethal supplies. 8257: 8166: 7519: 6614: 5592: 5477: 5431: 5426: 5372: 4884: 1978: 1939:

In this period, Gaddafi expanded his control over northern Chad, building new roads and erecting a major new airbase,

7251: 6814: 6084: 6025: 4598: 4586: 4413: 4376: 4283: 4264: 4245: 4203: 4179: 4153: 4092: 4045: 3933: 3914: 3809: 3738: 2608:"Public sitting held on Monday 14 June 1993 in the case concerning Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamayiriya/Chad)" 2324: 1721:, and the CDR was antagonized by Habré's eagerness to unify the country, which led him to overrun the CDR's domains. 852: 787: 653: 386: 5822: 2675:"Public sitting held on Friday 2 July 1993 in the case concerning Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamayiriya/Chad)" 1853:

fighter-bombers. This made it the largest expeditionary force ever assembled by the French in Africa outside of the

6954: 6949: 6444: 6407: 6136: 5582: 5117: 4966: 4956: 1967: 1635: 1475: 1412: 867: 230: 6632: 6494: 6178: 2114:

The Aouzou dispute was concluded for good on 3 February 1994, when the judges of the ICJ by a majority of 16 to 1

1830:

and occasional tank charges, for the assaults of the GUNT, which could count on 3,000–4,000 men on this occasion.

948:, he trained and armed the insurgents, and provided them with weapons and funding. On 27 August 1971 Chad accused 8187: 7674: 7055: 6984: 6884: 6762: 6534: 6524: 6111: 5498: 5325: 5102: 4613: 1187:. The two nations saw in Habré, with his good Muslim and anti-colonialist credentials, the only chance to thwart 991: 6449: 6336: 6324: 8202: 7105: 6874: 6454: 6356: 6089: 5533: 5528: 4936: 4806: 4603: 4335: 2681: 2614: 1801:

A map of Chad including the 15th parallel (the Red Line) where the French separated government and rebel forces

1479:. In particular, Goukouni and his men had shown themselves reluctant to follow Gaddafi's solicitations to make 1039: 860: 6774: 6504: 6015: 5787: 4408: 4381: 2314: 1647:(IAF). Gaddafi complied, and by 16 November all Libyan forces had left Chad, redeploying in the Aouzou Strip. 1473:, like Goukouni and Habré. These ethnic divisions also reflected a different attitude towards Gaddafi and his 1408: 1284:, the insurgency's main factions reunited themselves and nominated Goukouni Oueddei as the secretary-general. 1204: 502: 8197: 8052: 7067: 7020: 6784: 6707: 6439: 5112: 5087: 5009: 4904: 4426: 4421: 1990: 1764: 1556: 1496: 1164: 722: 133: 6499: 6208: 6131: 5802: 1659:

The first IAF component to arrive in Chad were the Zairean paratroopers; they were followed by Nigerian and

783: 7085: 7045: 7015: 6964: 6824: 6742: 6738: 6609: 6539: 6304: 6121: 5887: 5782: 5714: 5097: 4440: 4171: 2685: 2618: 2010: 1936:

1984, centered around the fight between Goukouni and Acheikh ibn Oumar over the organization's leadership.

1809:

Since the day after the fall of the town, Faya-Largeau was subjected to a sustained air bombardment, using

1255: 1244: 1643:

beginning with the capital, was to be completed by 31 December. The Libyans were to be replaced by an OAU

1504: 1061:

Libyan activism began generating concerns in the strongest faction into which the FROLINAT had split, the

8192: 8057: 7529: 7524: 7241: 6919: 6647: 6392: 6351: 6295: 6198: 6079: 6037: 5942: 5467: 5421: 5019: 4396: 2517: 2074:

Libyan territory of the Chadian–Libyan conflict, mounting on 5 September a surprise and fully successful

1626: 701: 4386: 2058:

on the well-defended Libyan communications base of Fada. Against the Libyan army, the Chadian commander

979:

on the grounds of "historical rights". Gaddafi's answer was to officially recognize on 17 September the

7894: 7115: 7100: 7090: 6944: 6544: 6032: 5835: 5602: 5175: 5075: 4841: 4664: 1518:

in Nigeria, in which Chad's bordering states participated along with Malloum, Habré, and Goukouni. The

1269: 1144:

was evacuated. The FAT lost 300 men, and piles of military supplies fell into the hands of the rebels.

1250:

The decisive confrontation between the Libyan-FAP forces and the Chadian regular forces took place at

1001:

broke diplomatic relations with Israel and is said to have secretly agreed on 28 November to cede the

8123: 7999: 7944: 7764: 6752: 6459: 6020: 5632: 5549: 4999: 4654: 4649: 4559: 4447: 4315: 4038:

Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law

2075: 1966:

Most important was the French reaction to the attack. Gaddafi had possibly believed that, due to the

1066: 127: 2709: 2642: 1492:

was made first secretary-general, while others, including Acyl, fully embraced the Colonel's ideas.

975:, and invited all Libyan opposition groups to base themselves in Chad, and started laying claims to 7749: 7316: 6579: 6469: 6223: 5767: 5274: 5198: 4593: 4539: 2158: 2086: 1846: 1834: 1093: 1078: 7489: 3687: 3608: 1685:

In May 1982, the FAN started a final offensive, passing unhindered by the peacekeepers in Ati and

1330:, where an international peace conference was held which included as mediators Niger's president, 1236: 1145: 1121: 1018:. Good relations were confirmed in the following years, with Gaddafi visiting the Chadian capital 8232: 6979: 6924: 6909: 6849: 6657: 6637: 6397: 6074: 5679: 5170: 5004: 4961: 4765: 4576: 1763:

Supplied by Americans, Zaireans and the French, Habré rapidly reorganized his forces (now called

1753: 1208: 1022:

in March 1974; in the same month a joint bank was created to provide Chad with investment funds.

815:, in which the Libyan forces were routed and expelled from Chad, putting an end to the conflict. 5882: 889:

All this changed with the Libyan coup d'état of 1 September 1969 that deposed Idris and brought

8217: 8212: 8207: 7769: 7273: 6341: 5817: 5577: 5572: 5365: 4931: 4879: 4608: 4508: 4478: 2226:"Les liaisons dangereuses de Habré : l'Irak fait valser les valises (3/5) – Jeune Afrique" 2063: 2037: 1416: 1355: 1320: 1288: 1156: 940:, Gaddafi had come to see by 1970 the organization as useful to his needs. With the support of 918: 392: 326: 7979: 3955: 2212:"Les liaisons dangereuses de Habré : Israël pactise avec le diable (4/5) – Jeune Afrique" 1893: 1527:(GUNT), kept together to a considerable extent by the common desire to see Libya out of Chad. 1415:; also, France was afraid of damaging its profitable commercial and diplomatic relations with 998: 957: 863: 514: 8227: 8222: 8004: 7288: 7283: 7050: 6939: 6894: 6854: 6789: 6733: 6652: 6434: 6248: 6126: 6044: 5952: 5917: 5827: 5772: 5669: 5510: 5292: 5239: 5203: 5165: 5127: 5034: 4834: 4720: 4498: 4371: 2696: 2629: 1873: 1443: 1354:

and agreed on a new ceasefire, on 27 March. The agreement called for the creation of a joint

913:, respectively). Such claims had been previously made when in 1954 Idris had tried to occupy 879: 4103: 3975: 3863: 3820: 3749: 1930: 1287:

Malloum's reaction to the Goukouni–Gaddafi offensive was to sever diplomatic relations with

734: 7544: 7311: 7166: 7120: 7035: 7030: 6829: 6728: 6677: 6672: 6564: 6519: 6474: 6412: 6243: 6218: 6168: 6096: 6010: 5860: 5462: 5441: 5193: 5160: 5132: 4978: 4909: 4899: 4710: 4674: 4564: 4544: 4457: 4308: 1295:

the issue of Libyan involvement. He raised again the question of Libya's occupation of the

1212: 1105: 1051: 964: 121: 8: 8237: 7989: 7904: 7899: 7799: 7662: 7459: 7343: 7258: 7146: 6999: 6994: 6974: 6959: 6869: 6864: 6769: 6702: 6692: 6604: 6599: 6589: 6489: 6429: 6402: 6228: 6213: 6183: 6161: 5947: 5937: 5664: 5587: 5557: 5541: 5122: 4894: 4740: 4644: 4569: 4503: 4488: 4356: 3797: 3757: 1974: 1881: 1861: 1292: 611: 6844: 6757: 2286:"قصة من تاريخ النشاط العسكري الفلسطيني ... عندما حاربت منظمة التحرير مع القذافي ضد تشاد" 1424: 1399:

stood freshly arrived French forces. Already in 1977, after Oueddei's first offensives,

795:, which intervened militarily to support the Chadian government in 1978, 1983 and 1986. 715: 8143: 7939: 7924: 7849: 7829: 7824: 7809: 7656: 7404: 7156: 7040: 6794: 6697: 6682: 6594: 6584: 6559: 6554: 6319: 6273: 6188: 6173: 6116: 5932: 5855: 5731: 5622: 5612: 5244: 5213: 5070: 5029: 5014: 4987: 4750: 4581: 4549: 4122: 3998: 3886: 3843: 3774: 1906: 1775:

and, on 30 July, Faya-Largeau, threatening to attack the Tibesti and the Aouzou Strip.

1334:, and Sudan's vice-president, Abu al-Gasim Mohamed Ibrahim. Under severe pressure from 1168: 1070: 623: 556: 466: 7839: 7668: 1148:

was attacked on 20 June, but was saved by the French military advisors present there.

8156: 8009: 7954: 7929: 7884: 7814: 7789: 7754: 7744: 7713: 7600: 7484: 7454: 7191: 7181: 7095: 6989: 6834: 6549: 6346: 6203: 6156: 6054: 6005: 5979: 5957: 5797: 5777: 5721: 5709: 5523: 5358: 5287: 5279: 5259: 5053: 5039: 4914: 4735: 4715: 4679: 4554: 4466: 4279: 4260: 4241: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4199: 4193: 4175: 4149: 4126: 4088: 4074: 4060: 4041: 4022: 4002: 3929: 3910: 3890: 3847: 3805: 3778: 3734: 2320: 2048: 1718: 1590: 1508: 1427:, which by April brought 2,500 troops to Chad to secure the capital from the rebels. 1133: 792: 526: 283: 8133: 7804: 1331: 7919: 7844: 7774: 7759: 7739: 7686: 7469: 7464: 7444: 7394: 7384: 7211: 7176: 7161: 7110: 6839: 6779: 6619: 6278: 6258: 5967: 5909: 5903: 5870: 5850: 5840: 5689: 5490: 5482: 5318: 5227: 5208: 5148: 4941: 4866: 4780: 4770: 4745: 4527: 4513: 4114: 3990: 3878: 3835: 3766: 1971: 1396: 1385: 1378: 1312: 1265: 1240: 1129: 1085: 1074: 831: 645: 587: 1400: 1347: 1304: 1167:. Malloum also decided he needed new allies; he negotiated a formal alliance with 1160: 1055: 997:, the two countries resumed diplomatic relations on 17 April 1972. Shortly after, 882:. To preserve relations with Chad's former colonial master and current protector, 8138: 7994: 7984: 7969: 7949: 7934: 7909: 7854: 7619: 7587: 7479: 7439: 7201: 7196: 7136: 7077: 6809: 6687: 6514: 6479: 6387: 6382: 6106: 6000: 5674: 5607: 5597: 5562: 5518: 5505: 5457: 5249: 5188: 4924: 4889: 4799: 4705: 4669: 4632: 4493: 4483: 4343: 4163: 4141: 3793: 2340: 2239: 1913: 1842: 1784: 1756: 1489: 1371: 1308: 1220: 1188: 1184: 1097: 890: 779: 727: 572: 544: 6101: 3907:

State, Identity and Violence:Political Disintegration in the Post-Cold War World

1137: 1109: 7964: 7889: 7879: 7874: 7734: 7474: 7263: 7186: 6914: 6819: 6569: 6509: 6141: 6059: 5962: 5922: 5892: 5792: 5747: 5334: 5299: 5269: 5264: 4775: 4730: 4659: 4361: 2059: 2055: 1860:

The French government then defined a limit (the so-called Red Line), along the

1850: 1822: 1586: 1567: 1117: 1011: 984: 871: 568: 478: 332: 3864:"Guerre de guérilla et révolution en Afrique noire : les leçons du Tchad" 2107: 2051:. These trucks gave the name "Toyota War" to the last phase of the conflict. 1596:

While forced into exile and with his forces confined to the frontier zones of

1523:

between Goukouni and Gaddafi. A few weeks later, the same factions formed the

924: 490: 8181: 8128: 7974: 7869: 7834: 7819: 7779: 7321: 7151: 6889: 6799: 6662: 6642: 6529: 6290: 6268: 6233: 5812: 5807: 5762: 5684: 5644: 5393: 5254: 5024: 4919: 4874: 4815: 4760: 4755: 4366: 4189: 3722: 2136: 1768: 1259: 1073:. The majority, willing to accept an alliance with Gaddafi, was commanded by 851:

Libyan involvement with Chad can be said to have started in 1968, during the

823: 800: 310: 36: 4118: 3994: 3882: 3839: 3770: 2070:, inflicting crushing losses and forcing Gaddafi to evacuate northern Chad. 2001:

To reestablish their supply lines and retake the towns of Bardaï, Zouar and

1797: 778:

Libya had been involved in Chad's internal affairs prior to 1978 and before

7914: 7864: 7794: 7784: 7638: 7626: 7613: 7419: 7246: 6747: 5995: 5845: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5400: 5339: 5180: 4725: 4351: 2150: 2041: 1952: 1944: 1854: 1582: 1539: 1438:. The town's garrison of 1,500 soldiers was attacked on 19 May 1978 by the 1435: 1389: 1327: 1300: 1296: 1281: 1277: 1251: 1228: 1176: 1163:

decided to bring the issue of the Strip's occupation before the UN and the

1152: 1034: 1019: 1007: 1002: 994: 945: 941: 929: 914: 894: 827: 819: 441: 428: 92: 4078: 1050:

The rapprochement was not to last long, as on 13 April 1975 a coup d'état

669: 7959: 7564: 7534: 7389: 7379: 7278: 7141: 6934: 6423: 6253: 6238: 6049: 5897: 5865: 5752: 5567: 5472: 5411: 4019:

An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996

2054:

Habré started, on 2 January 1987, his reconquest of northern Chad with a

1730: 1686: 1665: 1519: 1515: 1463: 1326:

Malloum and Gaddafi restored diplomatic relations on 24 February 1978 in

1141: 1113: 748: 3821:"Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir: L'échec d'une révolution Africaine" 1538:

in August, in which all eleven factions present in Chad participated. A

7718: 7429: 7399: 7353: 7268: 7236: 7228: 7171: 6859: 6574: 6263: 6151: 5757: 4401: 2030: 1814: 1772: 1669: 1459: 1362:

military committee tasked with implementation; through this committee,

1273: 1232: 835: 812: 753: 6372: 897:

in northern Chad, referring to an unratified treaty signed in 1935 by

8014: 7859: 7708: 7681: 7494: 7449: 7358: 7326: 7306: 7298: 6627: 6417: 4257:

The Paratroopers of the French Foreign Legion: From Vietnam to Bosnia

3730: 1865: 1742: 1693: 1577:

An attack started on 6 December 1980, spearheaded by Soviet T-54 and

1571: 1431: 599: 4104:"La politique tchadienne de la France sous Valéry Giscard d'Estaing" 3792: 2855:

J. de Léspinôis, "L'emploi de la force aeriénne au Tchad", pp. 70–71

7593: 7434: 7331: 7206: 7025: 6929: 6069: 5927: 5381: 4693: 2290: 1697: 1439: 1351: 980: 937: 878:

because of long-standing strong links between the two sides of the

875: 856: 356: 32: 6713:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

7539: 7424: 7414: 7363: 6904: 5649: 1705: 1660: 1015: 415: 296: 196: 183: 4300: 2106:

Chadian-Libyan relations further improved when Libyan-supported

7607: 7409: 7348: 6283: 2079: 2014: 1977:. Libya retaliated the next day when a Libyan Tu-22 bombed the 1956: 1943:, meant to better support air and ground operations beyond the 1877: 1597: 1470: 1447: 1384:

On 15 April 1978, only a few days after signing the ceasefire,

1335: 1316: 1125: 1101: 976: 902: 883: 855:, when the insurgent Muslim National Liberation Front of Chad ( 808: 509: 497: 271: 154: 44: 1789: 1600:, Habré remained defiant. On 31 December 1980 he announced in 8092: 8048:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

7554: 7337: 5416: 4951: 4857: 2045: 1902: 1826: 1818: 1810: 1601: 1535: 1359: 1350:

was forced to sign the Benghazi Accord, which recognized the

1343: 1339: 1172: 1089: 1027: 972: 968: 953: 949: 906: 898: 804: 630: 618: 606: 594: 582: 563: 551: 539: 367: 257: 170: 2830:

R. Buijtenhuijs, "Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir", p. 21

2809:

R. Buijtenhuijs, "Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir", p. 18

2655:

R. Buijtenhuijs, "Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir", p. 19

2358:"For Chad, the Libyan pullout is creating a perilous vacuum" 1140:, besieged since 22 June, surrendered on 4 July 1977, while 7632: 7514: 5406: 5350: 4331: 4294:

Libya-Sudan-Chad Triangle: Dilemma for United States Policy

4146:

Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad

2006: 2002: 1578: 1420: 1404: 1367: 1363: 1307:

was forced to accept a ceasefire and withdraw the protest.

1224: 1180: 910: 772: 485: 473: 461: 70: 1604:

he would resume fighting as a guerrilla against the GUNT.

61:(9 years, 7 months, 1 week and 6 days) 8087: 8067: 8062: 1104:. Armed with these weapons, the FAP attacked in June the 8268:

Military history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

4826: 2895:

N. Mouric, "La politique tchadienne de la France", p. 99

2258:, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Pg. 57–58 4212: 2076:

raid against the key Libyan air base at Maaten al-Sarra

1419:. However, the rapid deterioration of the situation in 4057:

Africa's First Peacekeeping operation: The OAU in Chad

2268: 2266: 2264: 1581:

tanks and reportedly coordinated by advisors from the

990:

Through French pressure on Libya and the mediation of

786:

in Libya in 1969, beginning with the extension of the

3459: 3457: 2201:, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Pg. 57 2005:, the Libyans sent a task force of 2,000 troops with 1211:

with empty missile rails rolling along the runway at

3945:"L'emploi de la force aérienne au Tchad (1967–1987)" 3942: 3861: 3818: 2126: 1849:, later brought to 2,700, with several squadrons of 1423:

resolved the President on 20 February 1978 to start

1411:

was at first reluctant to commit himself before the

4162: 4140: 2261: 859:) extended its guerrilla war against the Christian 4254: 4237:Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie 4073: 3904: 3454: 2792: 2790: 2256:Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie 2199:Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie 963:On the day of the failed coup, Tombalbaye cut all 3747: 3721: 3447: 3445: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 2994: 2992: 2798:Guerre de guérilla et révolution en Afrique noire 2755:Guerre de guérilla et révolution en Afrique noire 1951:troops, and concentrated on the FANT outposts of 1905:, under the auspices of the Greek prime minister 846: 8179: 8033:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 3923: 1725:taken from several militias, later merged in an 1063:Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North 6470:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 5877:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4273: 4168:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 4035: 4016: 3598: 2824: 2803: 2787: 2747: 2649: 2316:Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors 1374:nothing more than a strategy to strengthen his 4054: 3442: 3323: 3239: 3221: 2989: 1668:, which fell on 19 November. Next to fall was 1514:An international peace conference was held in 1045: 5366: 4842: 4316: 4233: 3973: 3665: 3663: 3381: 3379: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3205: 3203: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2951: 2949: 2875:The Paratroopers of the French Foreign Legion 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 1299:; on 19 February, however, after the fall of 685: 8109:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 5660:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 3360: 3358: 3271: 3269: 3131: 3129: 3083: 3081: 2930: 2928: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2566: 2564: 1566:Beginning in October, Libyan troops, led by 6970:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 3727:Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad 2541: 2539: 2385:"Libyan withdrawal from Chad is continuing" 699: 374:Pro-Libyan Palestinian and Lebanese groups 8073:United States involvement in regime change 5628:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 5373: 5359: 4849: 4835: 4323: 4309: 4101: 3926:Frontiersmen: Warfare in Africa Since 1950 3660: 3592: 3376: 3346: 3296: 3200: 3184: 3182: 3138: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3033: 3001: 2946: 2833: 2427: 2403: 2313:Talhami, Ghada Hashem (30 November 2018). 2184: 1924: 1403:had asked for a French military return in 1219:The Malloum-Habré accord was perceived by 1159:as a base for deeper involvement in Chad, 692: 678: 3355: 3343:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, pp. 91–92 3266: 3126: 3096:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, pp. 89–90 3078: 3047: 2925: 2773: 2573: 2561: 2345:. World of Information. 1988. p. 30. 2244:. World of Information. 1988. p. 30. 1729:(ANL) under the command of a Southerner, 1525:Transitional Government of National Unity 956:of backing a coup against then-president 2886:M. Brandily, "Le Tchad face nord", p. 59 2536: 1796: 1788: 1654: 1291:on 6 February 1978 and bring before the 1223:as a serious threat to his influence in 1203: 923: 818:Gaddafi initially intended to annex the 6199:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 3601:"Disputes Raiders of the Armed Toyotas" 3179: 3056: 2312: 1243:and the Libyans assumed control of the 1077:. The latter group soon renamed itself 573: 8180: 8043:Russian espionage in the United States 6315:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3819:Buijtenhuijs, Robert (December 1984). 3318:An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict 2382: 2355: 1778: 1546: 1453: 1033:The exact terms by which Libya gained 917:, but his troops were repelled by the 771:was a series of military campaigns in 16:1978–1987 series of military campaigns 8038:Soviet espionage in the United States 6194:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 5973:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 5638:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 5354: 4830: 4304: 4188: 3976:"Nimeiry face aux crises tchadiennes" 3669:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 95 3599:Greenwald, John (21 September 1987). 3472:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 93 3364:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 92 3275:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 91 3135:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 90 3053:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 89 2966:Africa's First Peacekeeping operation 2934:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 88 2784:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 86 2570:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 85 2272: 2177: 2175: 2173: 1968:upcoming French legislative elections 1817:from the Aouzou air base, along with 1692:The GUNT forces made a last stand at 1434:, a town 430 kilometres northeast of 673: 8114:Soviet Union–United States relations 6465:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 4040:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1887: 1607: 1199: 8243:Cold War military history of France 8078:Soviet involvement in regime change 3862:Buijtenhuijs, Robert (March 1981). 3748:Brandily, Monique (December 1984). 2768:Nimeiry face aux crises tchadiennes 1272:(GNN) was decimated by the fall of 1239:. The attacks were successful, and 59:29 January 1978 – 11 September 1987 13: 8119:Soviet Union–United States summits 5593:1947 Polish parliamentary election 5478:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 4885:Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica 4276:Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara 3943:de Lespinois, Jérôme (June 2005). 3686:. 17 December 1990. Archived from 3680:"Chad The Devil Behind the Scenes" 2586:Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara 2170: 1430:The decisive battle took place at 1409:President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 1151:As it had become evident that the 14: 8279: 6880:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 6815:United States invasion of Grenada 6085:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 6026:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 4436:Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 4330: 2913:M. Azevedo, pp. 104–105, 119, 135 2383:Cowell, Alan (15 November 1981). 2356:Cowell, Alan (14 November 1981). 1975:bombed Libya's Ouadi Doum airbase 1711: 1179:, both of which feared a radical 6955:United States invasion of Panama 6805:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 6445:1971 Turkish military memorandum 6408:Communist insurgency in Thailand 6378:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 6310:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 6137:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 6065:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 5583:Restatement of Policy on Germany 4977: 4456: 4216:Libya: The Struggle for Survival 4213:Simons, Geoffrey Leslie (1993). 4148:. University of Virginia Press. 3804:. University of Michigan Press. 3703: 3694: 3672: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3517:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 215–216, 245 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 2505:The State, Identity and Violence 2490:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, 2143: 2129: 2111:the strip out of Libya's hands. 1319:, then an important supplier of 1260:Strela-2 surface-to-air missiles 960:by recently amnestied Chadians. 868:Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture 652: 639: 629: 617: 605: 593: 581: 562: 550: 538: 520: 508: 496: 484: 472: 460: 434: 421: 408: 379: 350: 339: 320: 303: 289: 277: 264: 250: 237: 224: 203: 189: 176: 163: 147: 111: 43: 7675:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7056:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 6985:Fall of the inner German border 6885:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 6535:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 6525:Spanish transition to democracy 6485:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 6112:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 5618:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 5499:Occupation of the Baltic states 5081:Foreign relations under Gaddafi 3974:Gérard, Alain (December 1984). 3466: 3433: 3430:S.Nolutshungu, pp. 191–192, 210 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3367: 3337: 3310: 3287: 3278: 3257: 3230: 3212: 3191: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3024: 3015: 2980: 2971: 2958: 2937: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2812: 2760: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2667: 2658: 2600: 2591: 2552: 2510: 2497: 2484: 2471: 2458: 2445: 2376: 2349: 2333: 2009:tanks and heavy support by the 1901:Mitterrand met with Gaddafi on 1370:. The stillborn accord was for 6455:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 6090:Mozambican War of Independence 5529:Indonesian National Revolution 4021:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3750:"Le Tchad face nord 1978–1979" 2682:International Court of Justice 2615:International Court of Justice 2306: 2278: 2248: 2232: 2218: 2204: 1984: 1069:(FAN), led by the anti-Libyan 1054:and replaced him with General 1040:International Court of Justice 1010:to move his headquarters from 893:to power. Gaddafi claimed the 874:felt compelled to support the 847:Occupation of the Aouzou Strip 1: 8053:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 7068:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7021:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 6743:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 6708:Seven Days to the River Rhine 6440:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 5727:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 5655:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5088:Government of National Accord 4619:Transitional Military Council 4414:Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) 4377:Chadian Civil War (1965–1979) 3715: 2024: 1765:Chadian National Armed Forces 1727:Armée Nationale de Libération 1621:nationalist and a statesman. 1165:Organisation of African Unity 936:Though initially wary of the 905:(then the colonial powers of 841: 117:Anti-Libyan Chadian factions 7046:Fall of communism in Albania 7016:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 6965:Polish Round Table Agreement 6305:1968 Polish political crisis 6122:Eritrean War of Independence 5888:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 5783:East German uprising of 1953 5715:Chinese Communist Revolution 5380: 5093:Government of National Unity 4172:University of Nebraska Press 4102:Mouric, N. (December 1984). 2093: 1215:, some time in the mid-1980s 830:in Libya's "underbelly", an 345:Pro-Libyan Chadian factions 91:Chad regains control of the 7: 6920:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 6648:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 6393:Corrective Movement (Syria) 6357:New People's Army rebellion 6352:Sino-Soviet border conflict 6080:Angolan War of Independence 5943:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 5823:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 5468:Jamaican political conflict 4255:Simpson, Howard R. (1999). 3952:Penser les Ailes Françaises 3905:Brian Ferguson, R. (2002). 3639:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 223–224 3621:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 222–223 3571:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 218–219 3544:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 218–219 3499:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 214–216 3490:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 213–214 3481:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 212–213 3421:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 202–203 3158:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 154–155 2122: 1627:Central Intelligence Agency 1194: 1046:Expansion of the insurgency 10: 8284: 7116:Sino-Indian border dispute 6945:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6875:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 6633:1976 Argentine coup d'état 6545:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 6495:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 6179:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 6147:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 5836:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 5603:Asian Relations Conference 4587:Chief of the General Staff 3954:(6): 65–74. Archived from 2664:R. Buijtenhuijs, pp. 16–17 2028: 1991:People's Republic of Congo 1981:, causing minimal damage. 1928: 1782: 1557:Second Battle of N'Djamena 1413:1978 legislative elections 1270:National and Nomadic Guard 723:Second Battle of N'Djamena 81:Chadian and French victory 8152: 8101: 8023: 8000:William Appleman Williams 7945:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 7727: 7699: 7648: 7580: 7573: 7507: 7372: 7297: 7227: 7220: 7129: 7076: 7008: 6721: 6460:Bangladesh Liberation War 6450:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 6365: 6337:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 6325:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 5988: 5763:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 5740: 5450: 5388: 5312: 5235: 5226: 5156: 5147: 5061: 5052: 4995: 4986: 4975: 4865: 4856: 4793: 4701: 4692: 4640: 4631: 4535: 4526: 4474: 4465: 4454: 4342: 4195:Abu Nidal: a gun for hire 3924:Clayton, Anthony (1998). 2819:Libya-Sudan-Chad Triangle 2329:– via Google Books. 1505:Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué 1315:because of pressure from 1132:took full control of the 1067:Armed Forces of the North 711: 450: 103: 51: 42: 30: 25: 6775:1980 Turkish coup d'état 6610:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 6580:1978 Somali coup attempt 6540:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 6505:1973 Chilean coup d'état 6330:Revolutionary Government 6224:South African Border War 6016:1960 Turkish coup d'état 5933:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 5788:1953 Iranian coup d'état 5768:1952 Egyptian revolution 5199:National Oil Corporation 5118:House of Representatives 4274:Wright, John L. (1989). 4036:Macedo, Stephen (2003). 4017:Jessup, John E. (1998). 2518:"Chad Splits with Egypt" 2254:Geoffrey Leslie Simons, 2197:Geoffrey Leslie Simons, 2164: 2159:Operation Mount Hope III 1847:Central African Republic 1835:multiple rocket launcher 8253:Algeria–Libya relations 6980:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6925:People Power Revolution 6910:Central American crisis 6850:1986 Black Sea incident 6500:1973 Afghan coup d'état 6398:Western Sahara conflict 6209:1966 Syrian coup d'état 6132:1963 Syrian coup d'état 6075:Portuguese Colonial War 6038:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 5803:1954 Syrian coup d'état 5680:Annexation of Hyderabad 5623:1947–1949 Palestine war 4397:Chadian–Libyan conflict 4392:Transitional government 4119:10.3406/polaf.1984.3745 4055:Mays, Terry M. (2002). 3995:10.3406/polaf.1984.3747 3883:10.3406/polaf.1981.3914 3840:10.3406/polaf.1984.3741 3771:10.3406/polaf.1984.3743 3589:K. Pollack, pp. 395–396 3580:K. Pollack, pp. 391–394 3562:K. Pollack, p. 391, 398 3553:M. Azevedo, pp. 149–150 3535:K. Pollack, p. 391, 398 3526:M. Azevedo, pp. 149–150 3439:K. Pollack, pp. 384–385 3394:M. Azevedo, pp. 139–140 3293:K. Pollack, pp. 382–383 3263:M. Azevedo, p. 110, 139 3105:M. Azevedo, pp. 147–148 2864:M. Pollack, pp. 376–377 1925:New French intervention 1754:French Foreign Minister 1136:with this attack after 1108:' (FAT) strongholds of 703:Chadian–Libyan conflict 8263:Israel–Libya relations 8248:Algeria–Chad relations 7274:Neoclassical economics 6785:Gulf of Sidra incident 6342:1969 Libyan revolution 6033:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 5818:1954 Geneva Conference 5578:Turkish straits crisis 5573:Corfu Channel incident 4367:French Colonial Period 4234:Simons, Geoff (2004). 4219:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3657:S. Nolutshungu, p. 227 3451:S. Nolutshungu, p. 212 3373:S. Nolutshungu, p. 191 3334:S. Nolutshungu, p. 189 3254:S. Nolutshungu, p. 188 3197:S. Nolutshungu, p. 168 3176:S. Nolutshungu, p. 165 3123:S. Nolutshungu, p. 153 3114:S. Nolutshungu, p. 156 3030:S. Nolutshungu, p. 135 2998:S. Nolutshungu, p. 133 2904:M. Brandily, pp. 58–61 2742:Universal Jurisdiction 2731:J. Wright, pp. 130–131 2704:Cite journal requires 2637:Cite journal requires 2558:S. Nolutshungu, p. 327 2181:S. Nolutshungu, p. 164 2080:satellite intelligence 2038:Abu Nidal Organization 1802: 1794: 1683: 1311:halted the advance of 1216: 944:nations, particularly 933: 919:French Colonial Forces 451:Commanders and leaders 393:Abu Nidal Organization 8258:Chad–Israel relations 8203:Wars involving France 8124:Russia–NATO relations 8005:Jonathan Reed Winkler 7289:Democratic capitalism 7284:Supply-side economics 7252:American conservatism 7051:Breakup of Yugoslavia 6940:Bougainville conflict 6855:South Yemen civil war 6790:Martial law in Poland 6653:Nicaraguan Revolution 6628:Dirty War (Argentina) 6435:1971 JVP insurrection 6249:Years of Lead (Italy) 6127:North Yemen civil war 6045:Berlin Crisis of 1961 6021:Albanian–Soviet split 5953:1959 Tibetan uprising 5918:Syrian Crisis of 1957 5773:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 5633:1948 Arab–Israeli War 5113:High Council of State 4372:Tombalbaye government 3611:on 30 September 2007. 3236:S.Nolutshungu, p. 185 3227:S.Nolutshungu, p. 186 1800: 1792: 1678: 1655:Habré takes N'Djamena 1444:French Foreign Legion 1254:, the capital of the 1207: 1088:men with hundreds of 1079:People's Armed Forces 927: 299:(pre-reapproachment) 8198:Wars involving Libya 7545:Non-Aligned Movement 7167:Peaceful coexistence 7121:North Borneo dispute 7036:German reunification 7031:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 6729:Salvadoran Civil War 6678:Grand Mosque seizure 6673:Yemenite War of 1979 6565:Mozambican Civil War 6520:Carnation Revolution 6475:Yemenite War of 1972 6413:1970 Polish protests 6244:1967 Hong Kong riots 6219:Argentine Revolution 6169:Guatemalan Civil War 6097:Cuban Missile Crisis 6011:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5883:1956 Poznań protests 5861:Geneva Summit (1955) 5463:Hukbalahap Rebellion 5442:Non-Aligned Movement 5194:Great Man-Made River 5098:Presidential Council 4910:Italian Tripolitania 4905:Italian colonization 4418:Battle of N'Djamena 3798:Wilkenfeld, Jonathan 3690:on 15 December 2008. 3648:G. Simons, p. 58, 60 3167:T. Mays, pp. 134–135 2064:battles of B'ir Kora 1806:armor and airpower. 1213:Faya Largeau Airbase 1106:Chadian Armed Forces 1090:AK-47 assault rifles 965:diplomatic relations 932:, highlighted in red 870:(BET). Libya's king 826:, the creation of a 503:V. Giscard d'Estaing 158:Inter-African Force 7990:Alex von Tunzelmann 7980:Vladimir Tismăneanu 7905:Thomas J. McCormick 7900:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 7800:Robert Hugh Ferrell 7663:Crusade for Freedom 7460:Illiberal democracy 7344:Ho Chi Minh Thought 7147:Eisenhower Doctrine 7000:Peaceful Revolution 6995:Romanian Revolution 6975:Revolutions of 1989 6960:1988 Polish strikes 6870:Operation INFEKTION 6865:1987 Lieyu massacre 6770:Eritrean Civil Wars 6753:Peruvian Revolution 6703:1979 Herat uprising 6693:Sino-Vietnamese War 6658:Uganda–Tanzania War 6638:Egyptian–Libyan War 6605:Third Indochina War 6600:Sino-Albanian split 6590:Ethiopian Civil War 6490:Eritrean Civil Wars 6430:Ping-pong diplomacy 6403:Cambodian Civil War 6229:Korean DMZ Conflict 6214:Cultural Revolution 6184:Dominican Civil War 6162:Tlatelolco massacre 5948:1959 Mosul uprising 5938:1958 Lebanon crisis 5665:Al-Wathbah uprising 5588:First Indochina War 5558:Iran crisis of 1946 4947:Libya under Gaddafi 4895:Hospitaller Tripoli 4357:Kingdom of Baguirmi 4164:Pollack, Kenneth M. 4142:Nolutshungu, Sam C. 4111:Politique Africaine 3983:Politique Africaine 3871:Politique Africaine 3828:Politique Africaine 3758:Politique Africaine 3412:G.L. Simons, p. 293 2522:The Palm Beach Post 2503:R. Brian Ferguson, 2319:. Nova Publishers. 1894:François Mitterrand 1779:French intervention 1645:Inter-African Force 1547:Libyan intervention 1511:stop its bombings. 1497:battle of N'Djamena 1454:Libyan difficulties 1293:UN Security Council 958:François Tombalbaye 864:François Tombalbaye 834:modelled after his 791:the support of the 635:Radwan Saleh Radwan 612:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr 515:François Mitterrand 8193:Civil wars in Chad 8188:Chadian–Libyan War 8144:Russian Revolution 7940:Mary Elise Sarotte 7925:William B. Pickett 7850:Patrick J. Hearden 7830:Gabriel Gorodetsky 7825:Timothy Garton Ash 7810:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 7405:Ethnic nationalism 7157:Hallstein Doctrine 7041:Yemeni unification 6830:1985 Geneva Summit 6795:Casamance conflict 6698:New Jewel Movement 6683:Iranian Revolution 6668:Chadian–Libyan War 6615:Cambodian conflict 6595:Lebanese Civil War 6585:Western Sahara War 6560:June 1976 protests 6555:Cambodian genocide 6320:17 July Revolution 6274:Nigerian Civil War 6189:Rhodesian Bush War 6174:Colombian conflict 6117:Ramadan Revolution 5856:Bandung Conference 5732:Operation Valuable 5613:Partition of India 5108:Head of government 4665:Telecommunications 4387:Malloum government 4352:Kanem-Bornu Empire 4075:Metz, Helen Chapin 3700:M. Azevedo, p. 150 3630:K. Pollack, p. 397 3508:K. Pollack, p. 390 3463:K. Pollack, p. 389 3403:M. Azevedo, p. 140 3385:M. Azevedo, p. 110 3352:M. Azevedo, p. 139 3307:K. Pollack, p. 383 3284:M. Azevedo, p. 159 3209:K. Pollack, p. 382 3149:M. Azevedo, p. 148 3044:M. Azevedo, p. 108 3012:M. Azevedo, p. 147 2986:T. Mays, pp. 45–46 2955:K. Pollack, p. 377 2922:M. Azevedo, p. 106 2846:M. Azevedo, p. 146 2597:M. Azevedo, p. 145 2547:Libya and the West 2442:K. Pollack, p. 376 2389:The New York Times 2362:The New York Times 2342:Middle East Review 2241:Middle East Review 2049:anti-tank missiles 1931:Opération Epervier 1803: 1795: 1217: 1155:was being used by 1052:removed Tombalbaye 992:Nigerien President 934: 769:Chadian–Libyan War 659:Mahmoud A. Marzouq 624:Abdel Fatah Younis 557:Massoud Abdelhafid 26:Chadian–Libyan War 8175: 8174: 8162:List of conflicts 8010:Rudolph Winnacker 7955:Giles Scott-Smith 7930:Ronald E. Powaski 7885:Melvyn P. Leffler 7815:John Lewis Gaddis 7790:Robert D. English 7755:Warren H. Carroll 7745:Michael Beschloss 7714:Nuclear arms race 7695: 7694: 7601:Neues Deutschland 7503: 7502: 7485:White nationalism 7455:Liberal democracy 7192:Ulbricht Doctrine 7182:Brezhnev Doctrine 6990:Velvet Revolution 6734:Soviet–Afghan War 6550:Angolan Civil War 6347:Goulash Communism 6204:ASEAN Declaration 6157:Mexican Dirty War 6055:Annexation of Goa 6006:1960 U-2 incident 5980:Sino-Soviet split 5958:Laotian Civil War 5798:Bricker Amendment 5778:Mau Mau rebellion 5722:Malayan Emergency 5710:Chinese Civil War 5670:Tito–Stalin split 5524:Division of Korea 5348: 5347: 5308: 5307: 5222: 5221: 5143: 5142: 5076:Foreign relations 5048: 5047: 4937:Allied occupation 4915:Italian Cyrenaica 4824: 4823: 4789: 4788: 4688: 4687: 4627: 4626: 4599:Political parties 4594:National Assembly 4560:Foreign relations 4522: 4521: 4448:COVID-19 pandemic 4226:978-0-312-08997-9 4066:978-0-275-97606-4 4028:978-0-3132-8112-9 3802:A Study in Crisis 3723:Azevedo, Mario J. 3087:J. Wright, p. 132 3021:J. Wright, p. 131 2943:N. Mouric, p. 100 2796:R. Buijtenhuijs, 2753:R. Buijtenhuijs, 2722:A. Clayton, p. 99 2492:A Study of Crisis 2466:Roots of Violence 2453:Limits of Anarchy 2294:. 4 December 2018 2056:successful attack 1979:N'Djamena Airport 1888:French withdrawal 1864:, extending from 1719:Acheikh ibn Oumar 1608:Libyan withdrawal 1509:Chadian Air Force 1200:Libyan escalation 880:Chad–Libya border 866:to the northerly 853:Chadian Civil War 793:French government 788:Chadian Civil War 762: 761: 668: 667: 527:Mohammed Magariaf 99: 98: 8275: 7920:David S. Painter 7845:John Earl Haynes 7775:Nicholas J. Cull 7760:Adrian Cioroianu 7740:Thomas A. Bailey 7687:Voice of America 7578: 7577: 7490:White separatism 7470:Social democracy 7465:Guided democracy 7445:Authoritarianism 7395:Ultranationalism 7385:Anti-imperialism 7312:Marxism–Leninism 7225: 7224: 7212:Kinmen Agreement 7177:Johnson Doctrine 7162:Kennedy Doctrine 7078:Frozen conflicts 7061:1991 August Coup 6950:Afghan Civil War 6845:Reykjavík Summit 6840:Somali Rebellion 6780:Ugandan Bush War 6758:Gdańsk Agreement 6279:Protests of 1968 6259:War of Attrition 5968:Cuban Revolution 5904:We will bury you 5871:Cyprus Emergency 5851:Kashmir Princess 5841:Jebel Akhdar War 5690:Western betrayal 5375: 5368: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5328: 5321: 5233: 5232: 5184: 5154: 5153: 5059: 5058: 4993: 4992: 4981: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4809: 4802: 4746:List of Chadians 4699: 4698: 4638: 4637: 4533: 4532: 4472: 4471: 4460: 4409:1990 coup d'état 4382:1975 coup d'état 4325: 4318: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4270: 4251: 4230: 4209: 4198:. Random House. 4185: 4159: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4108: 4098: 4070: 4051: 4032: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3960: 3949: 3939: 3920: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3825: 3815: 3794:Brecher, Michael 3789: 3787: 3785: 3754: 3744: 3710: 3709:G. Simons, p. 78 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3607:. Archived from 3596: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3452: 3449: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3136: 3133: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3076: 3069: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3010: 2999: 2996: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2794: 2785: 2782: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2751: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2691:on 27 July 2001. 2690: 2684:. Archived from 2679: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2625: 2624:on 27 July 2001. 2623: 2617:. Archived from 2612: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2571: 2568: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2524:. 28 August 1971 2514: 2508: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2456: 2451:S. Nolutshungu, 2449: 2443: 2440: 2425: 2418: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2202: 2195: 2182: 2179: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2011:Libyan Air Force 1972:French Air Force 1462:, leader of the 1425:Opération Tacaud 1397:Goukouni Oueddei 1266:Goukouni Oueddei 1075:Goukouni Oueddei 832:Islamic republic 743:El Dorado Canyon 706: 704: 694: 687: 680: 671: 670: 661: 657: 656: 646:Goukouni Oueddei 644: 643: 642: 634: 633: 622: 621: 610: 609: 598: 597: 588:Abdullah Senussi 586: 585: 575: 567: 566: 555: 554: 543: 542: 525: 524: 523: 513: 512: 501: 500: 489: 488: 477: 476: 465: 464: 440: 438: 437: 427: 425: 424: 414: 412: 411: 385: 383: 382: 355: 354: 353: 344: 343: 342: 325: 324: 323: 309: 307: 306: 295: 293: 292: 282: 281: 280: 270: 268: 267: 256: 254: 253: 242: 241: 240: 229: 228: 227: 208: 207: 206: 195: 193: 192: 182: 180: 179: 169: 167: 166: 153: 151: 150: 116: 115: 114: 53: 52: 47: 23: 22: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8148: 8139:Second Cold War 8097: 8025: 8019: 7995:Odd Arne Westad 7985:Patrick Vaughan 7970:Athan Theoharis 7950:Ellen Schrecker 7935:Yakov M. Rabkin 7910:Timothy Naftali 7855:Tvrtko Jakovina 7840:Jussi Hanhimäki 7723: 7701: 7691: 7669:Paix et Liberté 7644: 7588:Active measures 7569: 7499: 7480:White supremacy 7440:Totalitarianism 7368: 7293: 7216: 7202:Reagan Doctrine 7197:Carter Doctrine 7137:Truman Doctrine 7125: 7072: 7004: 6899:Soviet reaction 6810:Ndogboyosoi War 6717: 6688:Saur Revolution 6515:1973 oil crisis 6480:Munich massacre 6388:Alcora Exercise 6383:Black September 6361: 6107:Sino-Indian War 6001:Simba rebellion 5984: 5828:Capture of the 5736: 5675:Berlin Blockade 5608:May 1947 crises 5598:Truman Doctrine 5563:Greek Civil War 5552:Blacklist Forty 5519:Gouzenko Affair 5506:Cursed soldiers 5458:Morgenthau Plan 5446: 5384: 5379: 5349: 5344: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5304: 5275:Public holidays 5218: 5182: 5139: 5044: 4982: 4973: 4967:2014–2020 4925:Libyan genocide 4890:Spanish Tripoli 4861: 4855: 4825: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4785: 4766:Public holidays 4684: 4623: 4577:Law enforcement 4518: 4461: 4452: 4338: 4329: 4296:. US GPO. 1981. 4292: 4286: 4267: 4248: 4240:. I.B. Tauris. 4227: 4206: 4182: 4156: 4131: 4129: 4106: 4095: 4067: 4048: 4029: 4007: 4005: 3989:(16): 118–124. 3978: 3964: 3962: 3961:on 5 March 2009 3958: 3947: 3936: 3917: 3895: 3893: 3866: 3852: 3850: 3823: 3812: 3783: 3781: 3752: 3741: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188:T. Mays, p. 139 3187: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3079: 3070: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2748: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2705: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2638: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2544: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2428: 2419: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2354: 2350: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2228:. 20 July 2015. 2224: 2223: 2219: 2214:. 20 July 2015. 2210: 2209: 2205: 2196: 2185: 2180: 2171: 2167: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2096: 2087:the Libyan base 2033: 2027: 1987: 1933: 1927: 1890: 1843:Operation Manta 1787: 1785:Operation Manta 1781: 1757:Claude Cheysson 1714: 1657: 1610: 1549: 1490:Ibrahim Abatcha 1456: 1202: 1197: 1100:and recoilless 1048: 1042:(ICJ) in 1993. 891:Muammar Gaddafi 849: 844: 780:Muammar Gaddafi 765: 764: 763: 758: 707: 702: 700: 698: 664: 651: 650: 640: 638: 628: 616: 604: 592: 580: 561: 549: 545:Muammar Gaddafi 537: 531: 521: 519: 507: 495: 483: 471: 459: 446: 435: 433: 422: 420: 409: 407: 404: 403: 380: 378: 351: 349: 340: 338: 321: 319: 315: 304: 302: 290: 288: 278: 276: 265: 263: 251: 249: 238: 236: 225: 223: 220: 219: 204: 202: 190: 188: 177: 175: 164: 162: 157: 148: 146: 112: 110: 87: 73: 60: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8281: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8233:1980s in Libya 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8029: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7965:Timothy Snyder 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7895:Vojtech Mastny 7892: 7890:Geir Lundestad 7887: 7882: 7880:Walter Laqueur 7877: 7875:Walter LaFeber 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7805:André Fontaine 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7735:Gar Alperovitz 7731: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7705: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7665: 7660: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7635: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7475:Third-Worldism 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7303: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7264:Libertarianism 7261: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7244: 7242:Chicago school 7239: 7233: 7231: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7187:Nixon Doctrine 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7130:Foreign policy 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6915:Operation RYAN 6912: 6907: 6902: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6820:Able Archer 83 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6570:Oromo conflict 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6510:Yom Kippur War 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6142:Aden Emergency 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6060:Papua conflict 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5965: 5963:Kitchen Debate 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5923:Sputnik crisis 5920: 5915: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5893:Polish October 5890: 5885: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:Pact of Madrid 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5748:Bamboo Curtain 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5488: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5178: 5173: 5171:Communications 5168: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5030:Municipalities 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4954: 4952:State of Libya 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4614:Prime Minister 4611: 4609:Vice President 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4441:2021 offensive 4433: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4362:Ouaddai Empire 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4284: 4271: 4265: 4252: 4246: 4231: 4225: 4210: 4204: 4190:Seale, Patrick 4186: 4180: 4160: 4154: 4138: 4113:(16): 86–101. 4099: 4093: 4071: 4065: 4052: 4046: 4033: 4027: 4014: 3971: 3940: 3934: 3921: 3915: 3902: 3859: 3816: 3810: 3790: 3745: 3739: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3671: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3375: 3366: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3322: 3309: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3265: 3256: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3218:T. Mays, p. 99 3211: 3199: 3190: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3137: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3077: 3055: 3046: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3000: 2988: 2979: 2977:T. Mays, p. 39 2970: 2957: 2945: 2936: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2832: 2823: 2811: 2802: 2786: 2772: 2759: 2746: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706:|journal= 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639:|journal= 2599: 2590: 2572: 2560: 2551: 2535: 2509: 2496: 2483: 2470: 2457: 2444: 2426: 2402: 2375: 2348: 2332: 2325: 2305: 2277: 2275:, p. 289. 2260: 2247: 2231: 2217: 2203: 2183: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2140: 2124: 2121: 2095: 2092: 2060:Hassan Djamous 2044:equipped with 2029:Main article: 2026: 2023: 1986: 1983: 1929:Main article: 1926: 1923: 1889: 1886: 1783:Main article: 1780: 1777: 1713: 1712:GUNT offensive 1710: 1656: 1653: 1636:The Green Book 1609: 1606: 1587:Islamic Legion 1568:Khalifa Haftar 1548: 1545: 1486:The Green Book 1481:The Green Book 1455: 1452: 1332:Seyni Kountché 1245:BET Prefecture 1237:Ounianga Kébir 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1183:controlled by 1122:Ounianga Kébir 1096:, 81 and 82mm 1047: 1044: 985:United Nations 848: 845: 843: 840: 760: 759: 757: 756: 751: 746: 739: 732: 725: 720: 712: 709: 708: 697: 696: 689: 682: 674: 666: 665: 663: 662: 648: 636: 626: 614: 602: 590: 578: 569:Khalifa Haftar 559: 547: 534: 532: 530: 529: 517: 505: 493: 481: 479:Hassan Djamous 469: 456: 453: 452: 448: 447: 445: 444: 431: 418: 399: 398: 397: 396: 395: 390: 372: 371: 365: 359: 336: 335: 333:Islamic Legion 316: 314: 313: 300: 286: 274: 261: 247: 234: 215: 214: 213: 200: 199: 186: 173: 144: 143: 137: 131: 125: 106: 105: 101: 100: 97: 96: 89: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 69: 67: 63: 62: 57: 49: 48: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8280: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8218:1980s in Chad 8216: 8214: 8213:1979 in Libya 8211: 8209: 8208:1978 in Libya 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8129:War on terror 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8024:Espionage and 8022: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7975:Andrew Thorpe 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7870:Gabriel Kolko 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7835:Fred Halliday 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820:Lloyd Gardner 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7780:Norman Davies 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765:John Costello 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7700:Technological 7698: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581:Pro-communist 7579: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508:Organizations 7506: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7322:Eurocommunism 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7152:Domino theory 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7106:South Ossetia 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6890:8888 Uprising 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6835:Iran–Iraq War 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6800:Falklands War 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6663:NDF Rebellion 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6643:German Autumn 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6530:Metapolitefsi 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6291:Prague Spring 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6269:Al-Wadiah War 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234:12-3 incident 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Domino theory 5811: 5809: 5808:Petrov Affair 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5685:Madiun Affair 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5645:Marshall Plan 5643: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5394:United States 5391: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5255:Libyan Arabic 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Head of state 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5025:Libyan Desert 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4957:Libyan Crisis 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4932:The Holocaust 4930: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4920:Italian Libya 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721:Ethnic groups 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4285:1-85065-050-0 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4266:1-57488-226-0 4262: 4259:. Brassey's. 4258: 4253: 4249: 4247:1-86064-988-2 4243: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4205:0-679-40066-4 4201: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4181:0-8032-3733-2 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4155:0-8139-1628-3 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4094:1-4191-3012-9 4090: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4059:. Greenwood. 4058: 4053: 4049: 4047:0-8122-3736-6 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3935:1-85728-525-5 3931: 3928:. Routledge. 3927: 3922: 3918: 3916:0-415-27412-5 3912: 3909:. Routledge. 3908: 3903: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3860: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834:(16): 15–29. 3833: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3811:0-472-10806-9 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3765:(16): 45–65. 3764: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3740:90-5699-582-0 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3706: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3313: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3270: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2983: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2750: 2744:, pp. 132–133 2743: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2711: 2698: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2644: 2631: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2448: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2328: 2326:9781590336496 2322: 2318: 2317: 2309: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2257: 2251: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2221: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2141: 2138: 2137:Africa portal 2127: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2042:Toyota trucks 2039: 2032: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1912:According to 1910: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1882:16th parallel 1879: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1862:15th parallel 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821:bombers from 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1799: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1591:Mediterranean 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Hissène Habré 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1056:Félix Malloum 1053: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 931: 926: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 862: 858: 854: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 824:Mario Azevedo 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:United States 796: 794: 789: 785: 784:rise to power 781: 776: 774: 770: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 744: 740: 738: 737: 733: 731: 730: 726: 724: 721: 719: 718: 714: 713: 710: 705: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 676: 675: 672: 660: 655: 649: 647: 637: 632: 627: 625: 620: 615: 613: 608: 603: 601: 596: 591: 589: 584: 579: 576: 570: 565: 560: 558: 553: 548: 546: 541: 536: 535: 533: 528: 518: 516: 511: 506: 504: 499: 494: 492: 487: 482: 480: 475: 470: 468: 467:Hissène Habré 463: 458: 457: 455: 454: 449: 443: 432: 430: 419: 417: 406: 405: 402: 401:Supported by: 394: 391: 388: 377: 376: 375: 369: 366: 363: 360: 358: 348: 347: 346: 334: 331: 330: 329: 328: 317: 312: 311:United States 301: 298: 287: 285: 275: 273: 262: 259: 248: 245: 235: 232: 222: 221: 218: 217:Supported by: 212: 211: 198: 187: 185: 174: 172: 161: 160: 159: 156: 141: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 118: 108: 107: 102: 94: 90: 85: 84: 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 65: 64: 58: 55: 54: 50: 46: 41: 38: 37:Arab Cold War 34: 29: 24: 19: 8228:1979 in Chad 8223:1978 in Chad 8134:Brinkmanship 8026:intelligence 7915:Marius Oprea 7865:Harvey Klehr 7795:Herbert Feis 7785:Willem Drees 7750:Archie Brown 7667: 7655: 7637: 7627:Trybuna Ludu 7625: 7618: 7614:Radio Moscow 7606: 7599: 7592: 7420:Anti-Zionism 7336: 7259:Keynesianism 7247:Conservatism 7111:Transnistria 7091:China-Taiwan 6748:Gera Demands 6667: 6621: 6422: 6297: 6102:El Porteñazo 5996:Congo Crisis 5911: 5846:Algerian War 5829: 5705:Western Bloc 5700:Eastern Bloc 5695:Iron Curtain 5551: 5543: 5535: 5512: 5492: 5484: 5401:Soviet Union 5399: 5392: 5240:Demographics 5204:Oil reserves 5166:Central Bank 5128:Human rights 5066:Constitution 5035:Subdivisions 4711:Demographics 4675:Trade unions 4565:Human rights 4545:Constitution 4293: 4278:. C. Hurst. 4275: 4256: 4236: 4215: 4194: 4167: 4145: 4130:. Retrieved 4110: 4079: 4056: 4037: 4018: 4006:. Retrieved 3986: 3982: 3963:. Retrieved 3956:the original 3951: 3925: 3906: 3894:. Retrieved 3877:(1): 23–33. 3874: 3870: 3851:. Retrieved 3831: 3827: 3801: 3782:. Retrieved 3762: 3756: 3726: 3705: 3696: 3688:the original 3683: 3674: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3609:the original 3604: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3369: 3348: 3339: 3317: 3312: 3289: 3280: 3259: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3193: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3072: 3049: 3026: 3017: 2982: 2973: 2965: 2960: 2939: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2874: 2873:H. Simpson, 2869: 2860: 2851: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2797: 2767: 2762: 2754: 2749: 2741: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2697:cite journal 2686:the original 2669: 2660: 2651: 2630:cite journal 2619:the original 2602: 2593: 2585: 2554: 2546: 2526:. Retrieved 2521: 2512: 2504: 2499: 2491: 2486: 2479:Frontiersmen 2478: 2477:A. Clayton, 2473: 2465: 2464:M. Azevedo, 2460: 2452: 2447: 2422:Arabs at War 2421: 2420:K. Pollack, 2393:. Retrieved 2388: 2378: 2366:. Retrieved 2361: 2351: 2341: 2335: 2315: 2308: 2296:. 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