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516:, custom, and house-making conceal more clues. The Kichagga language is evolving so quickly that to the Chagga of today, the language as it was used even 20 years ago sounds practically "classical." This is due in part to natural factors, such as the acquisition of new words, and in part to factors related to political authority, such as how Machame in the west and Marangu in the middle zone each disseminated their respective standard languages among the chiefdoms nearby. However, remnants of ancient, undeveloped settlement in some parts of the upper
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818:. Early accounts frequently identify the inhabitants of each kingdom as a separate "tribe." Although the Chaga are principally located on Mount Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania, numerous families have migrated elsewhere over the course of the twentieth century. In 1946 the British administration had greatly reduced the number of kingdoms due to large scale reorganization and creation of newly settled land on the lower slopes on the western and eastern slopes of Kilimanjaro.
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grove, with its long, overhanging fronds shading tomatoes, onions, and various varieties of yam. In the middle of the grove is a round, beehive-shaped house made of mud and covered in grass or banana leaves. The husband's hoe and other equipment can be stored in the sleeping quarters, which can be either a hide or a bed and is close to the door. A fire is burning in the middle of the room, supported by three stones, and bananas are drying in a little loft above the fire.
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501:, long ago traveled. The ruins of stone-wall enclosures lie unexplored in the upper mitaa's rocky parts; they may well add to our understanding of the larger, more accessible enclosures on the middle slopes of certain chiefdoms. When the Chagga traveled here in the past, they used caves on the high track that circles the back of the mountain for shelter, but we are unsure of their exact purpose at this time.
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Chaga is a term generally used to describe a person of Chaga parentage and background who does not necessarily practice Chagas traditional activities but still identifies with Chagas culturally. The term ethnic Chaga does not specifically exclude practicing Chagas traditional activities, but they are
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peoples had been the chief suppliers of iron to the Chaga. The demand for iron increased from the beginning of the nineteenth century because of military rivalries among the Chaga rulers. It is likely that there was a connection between this rivalry and the development of long-distance trade from the
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Another factor supporting the idea that the arrival of people from the northeast may merely be a broad generalization is the fact that other East
African tribes in the Kilimanjaro region have a history of ascending from the south, driving others north before them. According to legend, some Kamba left
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Chagga legends centre on Ruwa and his power and assistance. 'Ruwa' is the Chagga name for their god in
Eastern and Central Kilimanjaro, while in the Western region, especially Machame and Masama, the deity was referred to as 'Iruva.' Both names are also Chaga words for "sun." Ruwa is not looked upon
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world of the past, one enters, there were fewer Chagga people, more land was available, and distances were vast in comparison to the world of
Kilimanjaro, which has decreased due to the advent of the modern truck, bus, and motorcar. Over a major portion of Kilimanjaro, however, the pace of the human
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Being one of the most influential and economically successful peoples in
Tanzania, their relative wealth comes from favorable fertile soil of Mount Kilimanjaro, industrious work ethic used in trading and successful agricultural methods, which include historic extensive irrigation systems, terracing,
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The Ongamo had a large effect on Chaga culture. They borrowed several practices from them, including female circumcision, the drinking of cattle blood, and age sets. By the second half of the nineteenth century, the Ongamo were increasingly acculturated into the Chaga. The Chaga god "Ruwa" resulted
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came up from the Nguu
Mountains in the south. The idol that Krapf discovered the coastal Wanika using may have originated in Kahe. The Wanika is reported to have departed Kilema, traveled to Rombo, and then moved to the coast. For further information, see von der Decken's description of this Wanika
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The histories of each Chagga state contain clues as to which clans sprang "from the mountain," which were "dropped there," which originated on the plains, or traveled in an easterly or westerly manner. Quite a bit of
Chaggaland is still unknown, especially up in the high forest where the remains of
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originated on the mountain from a particular other location or admit to having blood other than Chagga. Given that acknowledging one's origins may be perceived as undermining the Chagga's historical claim to the land. Alternatively, it's possible that those early interrogators by the
Europeans were
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are clear as to when a branch of a clan split off and moved to live elsewhere on the volcano, but that branch itself hardly ever acknowledges where it came from and its history begins with the founding of the branch in its new land; it's possible that by a similar process, clan histories naturally
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A blacksmith may be seen hunched over hot embers with his anvil and goatskin bellows in some homesteads, while a woman shaping and firing earthen pots is more infrequently seen in others. Beehives made of hollowed-out tree trunk lengths with stoppers are hung from the trees outside, and hides are
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Munie Mkoma from
Pangani, who may have begun the tradition if Mangi Rongoma of Kilema was a Swahili, may have been the original. A line of comparable connections in many chiefdoms was started by Mangi Mamkinga of Machame's confidence in his resident Swahili Munie Nesiri four generations later, in
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basin, the method of building houses begins to change: east of it, the round beehive houses are thatched from top to bottom; west of it, they are increasingly built with roofs starting at a four-foot spring from the ground, so that moving west from
Kilimanjaro, through Meru and Arusha, the houses
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and to "Chagga" by 1871. Because it used to be thought of by
Swahilis as a perilous area to visit, Charles New chose the latter spelling and identified it as a Swahili name that meant "to stray" or "to get lost" in reference to the dense forest around the mountain that confused visitors when they
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Every single family lives in the seclusion of their fenced-in farmhouse, or kihamba in Kichagga, even in the most crowded sections of Chaggaland. Each home is surrounded by the Masale plant, a revered symbol of peace and forgiveness in the Chagga culture (Dracaena fragrans). It contains a banana
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that seemed to be older, different, and more magical than the fire ceremonies that the Usambaras introduced into Kibosho; in Kahe, male and female clay idols were made and were used for cursing by the Arusha Chini folk; and the ancient Mtui clan of Marangu maintained its power. The fact that the
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that come out of nowhere in the forest on the bare northern side of the mountain is one tree that has not yet been well examined. It is possible that this land was once cleared and inhabited by Chagga because, per a silviculturalist's theory, the Kilimanjaro forest regenerates itself using olive
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Other clues can be discovered in the routes traveled by those who, according to Chagga oral traditions, crossed Kilimanjaro, including pygmies or "little people," those who are remembered as being distinct from Chagga and having thick necks, and Swahilis. According to legend, the pygmies (Kich.
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According to outside evidence, many Chagga originated mostly in the northeastern region. While some did so, possibly particularly when the Galla were migrating from the north and pressing people in general before them, it appears more likely that the journey was a natural one. On the borders of
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This type holds clues to the farther past. Zones of widespread custom gradually grew out of this. In general, the similarities in customs and spoken Kichagga dialects across the entire central stretch of chiefdoms, from the Weru Weru River on the west to the Mriti hills on the east, served as a
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is made up of several clans. When Rebmann arrived in Kilema in 1848, he immediately remarked on the order that had taken hold due to the mangi's firm authority. He was enthralled by the prosperity and abilities of the populace, as well as by the pleasant weather and natural beauty of the area.
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Chagga and European stock, making their children one of the mountain's most intriguing minglings. Although Orombo's descendants dispute this, some Chagga claim that the legendary chief of the past, Orombo of Keni (now a portion of Keni-Mriti-Mengwe), was of Maasai descent. A fascinating local
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still maintain their distinctive dialects of Kichagga, and, most remarkably and productively for linguistic research, Ngasseni (now a part of Usseri) continues to speak a language that is distinctly distinct from Kichagga and virtually unintelligible to others in the same kingdom.
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tribes, who were allegedly cannibalistic. Additionally, some Wanika has left their ancestral home in Rombo, Chaggaland, and moved from the southwest. According to Chagga ora legends, some Meru arrived from the east from their resting spot en route to Mount Meru.
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Those claimed that some of them were of Maasai, Usambara, and Kamba origins, very Few mangis of today would claim that, including those of the oldest clans, who are proud of their long history that predates the arrival of those who would later become the
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peoples on his first trip to the mountain. It appears that "Dschagga" was the general name given to the entire mountainous region by distant residents who had cause to describe it, and that when the European traveler arrived there, his Swahili guide used
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The development of numerous Chagga countries, as well as the sum of their histories, is one of Kilimanjaro's internal histories. Because each of the mitaa or parishes of today—there are over 100 of them—represents the amalgamation of two or three former
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The Chagga are said to have descended from various Bantu groups who migrated from elsewhere in Africa to the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro, a migration that began around the start of the eleventh century. While the Chaga are Bantu-speakers,
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system of descent and inheritance. Their traditional way of life was based primarily on agriculture, using irrigation on terraced fields and oxen manure. Although bananas are their staple food, they also cultivate various crops, including
621:. Although there is a story found only in Uru about similarly unique visitors who traveled from the opposite direction, from the west, in search of lumber for King Solomon, the little people did move from east to west across the mountain.
358:" to describe other portions to him in general rather than giving him specific names. For instance, Rebmann on his second and third journeys from Kilema to Machame speaks of "going to Dschagga" from Kilema. The word was
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trees. It is plausible that the forebears who are so frequently claimed to have "come from the mountain" actually originated on this north side before moving to where their descendants currently live on the south side.
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Around the beginning of the twentieth century, the German colonial government estimated that there were about 28,000 households on Kilimanjaro. In 1988, the Chaga population was estimated at over 800,000 individuals.
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European travelers to Kilimanjaro in the late 19th and early 20th centuries questioned some Chagga kings about the origins of their respective clans and recorded the kings' responses in detail. For instance,
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Similar origin indicators can be found in customs exclusive to particular clans or mitaa. In the mitaa of the ancient Samake, Nguni, and Kyuu, a special kind of cursing stone was employed, and there was
917:. Interior paths connect the homesteads in the region controlled by that clan, and the entire area is separated from the neighboring homes of the next clan by a larger hedge or an earth bank. A
476:' arrival on Kilimanjaro. Ex-Mangi Lemnge of Mamba, for instance, is peculiar in today's society because he claims to be of mixed Chagga and Masai heritage and is married to a wife who is of
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claims that a Masai tribe from the west entered Kibongoto, divided their clan, and sent their sons to various regions of the mountain, where they all rose to the position of mangi.
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Bender, Matthew V. "BEING ‘CHAGGA’: NATURAL RESOURCES, POLITICAL ACTIVISM, AND IDENTITY ON KILIMANJARO." The Journal of African History, vol. 54, no. 2, 2013, pp. 199–220. JSTOR,
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East of this zone, a type of mregho is found in Ngasseni, and a very simple variety is found in Mkau. West of this zone, as will be seen, there is oral evidence to suggest that
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point in the commercial inland network. The residents of the mountain sold goods with caravans and traders from nearby settlements. It was easily accessible from the
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was practiced. Initiation, however, was a peculiar blossoming in the center zone and involved teaching tribal lore using symbols carved on a special stick (Kich.
582:. Kamba and Masai move in naturally today into the eastern areas, the former to settle and the latter to graze. People used to come from the north, coming from
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had always been on the mountain. Peters also mentions that Capt. Kurt Johannes, a local serving German officer at the time, claimed that the Wakibosho were
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A chaga is a person who has both parents as Chaga or has either one of the parents having a Chaga origin or can trace his/her origins from chagas lineage.
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as the creator of humankind, but rather as a liberator and provider of sustenance. He is known for his mercy and tolerance when sought by his people.
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their former home on Kilimanjaro and went up from the south. For instance, the Kamba are supposed to have been forced up from Shikiani to avoid the
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The location of Kilimanjaro means that, long before it was significant as a trading hub because of its location, the mountain served as an interim
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870:. The importance of ancestors is strongly maintained by them to this day. The name of the chief Chaga deity is Ruwa who resides on the top of
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was introduced and then abandoned as a political act to forestall reprisals in one of the major inter-chiefdom feuds on the mountain. At the
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unifying force. When one crossed the Weru Weru in the west or the Mriti hills in the east, a significant difference emerged. All the while,
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329:, a well-known Kamba trader, having personally climbed Kilimanjaro before organizing and leading his enormous caravans of up to 200 Kamba.
399:, meaning 'king' in Kichagga. The British called them chiefs as they were deemed subjects to the British crown, thereby rendered unequal.
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1848. These signs seem to indicate that the Chagga's origins are more complicated than those of the Taita, who, in response to
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emigration to the coastal regions behind Mombasa, which he attributes to the rule of Munie Mkoma (Mangi Rongoma) of Kilema.
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By 1899 the Kichagga-speaking people on Mount Kilimanjaro were divided into 37 autonomous kingdoms called "Umangi" in
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basin, suggesting the Chagga's contacts with the coast may have dated to about the end of the eighteenth century.
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from the combination of the Chaga's concept of a creator god with the Ongamo's concept of the life giving sun.
538:—and that clan memories preserve whether they were hunters, livestock keepers, or cultivators may be crucial.
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and the Kamba hills; the east, coming from the Usambaras; and the south, maybe coming from Unyamwezi and the
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more and more resemble the bomas of the Maasai. The dwellings in Moshi Chiefdom are a hotch-potch of
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Yonge, Brian. "The rise and fall of the Chagga empire." Kenya Past and Present 11.1 (1979): 43-48.
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in the south. Since they would cross Kilimanjaro on their way to conduct business in Pangani, the
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of Moshi's Boma with traditional late 19th century Chagga aesthetic and architecture c.1890s
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squatters moved into the north side of the mountain until they were evicted as a result of
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oversimplified the responses they received or used leading questions to be more precise.
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Tradition and Transition in East Africa: Studies of the Tribal Element in the Modern Era
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appears to have been first used to refer to a location rather than a group of people.
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Masale covered alley, Chagga gate to every homestead c.1890s Chaggaland, Kilimanjaro.
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Chaggaland, the Masai moved into the western, the Pare into the central zones, and
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usually simply referred to as "Chagas" without the qualifying adjective "ethnic".
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1895:"Chagga facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Chagga"
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1325:- Tanzanian Football player (Former President of Tanzania Football Federation)
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Bishop Dr. Fredrick Shoo - The Archbishop of Evangelical Lutheran Church
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Bishop Stephano Moshi - The Archbishop of Evangelical Lutheran Church
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Bishop Faustin Munishi - East Africa Evangelist and Gospel Musician.
866:, the Chaga practiced a diverse range of faith with a thoroughgoing
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617:) crossed the mountain from east to west before continuing to the
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refers to "the inhabitants of the Dschagga" while describing the
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Dr. Erasto kweka - The Archbishop of Evangelical Lutheran Church
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are found and where it is rumored that plantings of masale, the
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methods practiced for thousands of years from the time of the
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Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
2001:"Nature Discovery Guide Wilfred Moshi Summits Mt. Everest!"
1149:, Tanzanian mathematician and former presidential candidate
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is referred to as a "country" when they speak of the past.
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first ancestors arrived with a variety of tools—sometimes
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1301:, German Tanzanian creative director and entrepreneur
1782:"Chagga people- history, religion, culture and more"
2091:Johnson, H.H (1886). "Copyright: Tubner & Co".
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Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook
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A Chagan cave (modified) to hide during tribal wars
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1283:- Tanzanian business tycoon and multi millionaire.
1277:- Tanzanian business tycoon and multi millionaire.
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16:Ethnic group from Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania
2074:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
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1948:"Household Gardens as a Development Strategy"
1946:Cleveland, David A.; Soleri, Daniela (1987).
1919:Spear, Thomas T.; Kimambo, Isaria N. (1999).
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1683:"The Chagga and Their Chiefs. Reviewed Work:
706:for protecting the head when carrying bananas
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1464:, Navy Kenzo Tanzanian singer and songwriter
1165:, Tanzanian Biodiversity leader and attorney
974:, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dar es Salaam
721:in Kichagga is a sacred plant for the Chagga
19:"Chaga" redirects here. For the fungus, see
1866:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1824:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1745:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1685:History of the Chagga People of Kilimanjaro
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1379:, Tanzania-Austrian professional footballer
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893:Chagga Spearmakers, Kilimanjaro c.1890s.jpg
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1868:. London: Mouton and Co. pp. 54−56.
1826:. London: Mouton and Co. pp. 51–53.
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1373:- First Tanzanian to summit Mount Everest
2106:Almanac of African Peoples & Nations
1922:East African Expressions of Christianity
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1201:, Tanzanian Academic and Gender Activist
1134:
913:Typically, neighbors come from the same
900:
888:
837:
824:
805:
735:
724:
709:
698:
696:foot is still used to measure distance.
627:
445:
401:
2048:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1568:
1566:
998:, Former Roman Catholic Bishop of Moshi
992:, Former Roman Catholic Bishop of Moshi
833:
3567:
3242:
1680:
1312:, Paramount Chief of the Chagga, 1957.
1219:, Tanzanian academic and Archaeologist
1213:, Tanzania civil engineer and academic
1143:, First published Tanzanian historian.
898:stretched on pegs to dry at the door.
3216:
2138:
1863:
1821:
1742:
1641:
986:, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Arusha
406:Mandara, Sultan of the Chagga, Moshi.
2130:. University of California Berkeley.
1769:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43305102
1622:
1563:
980:, Roman Catholic priest, Academician
965:
921:is made up of numerous clans, and a
382:Peopling of the Kilimanjaro Corridor
286:, in their sovereign Chagga states.
75:Regions with significant populations
1964:10.17730/humo.46.3.m62mxv857t428153
1784:. United Republic of Tanzania. 2021
878:plantings, the sacred Chaga plant.
13:
2076:. University of California Press.
2023:
1041:, first female Tanzanian Minister
748:
602:According to legend, the Usambara
415:was informed by Mangi Marealle of
14:
3596:
3580:Indigenous peoples of East Africa
1470:, Tanzanian singer and songwriter
1440:, Tanzanian beauty pageant winner
1299:Julia Lang (fashion entrepreneur)
1268:
1244:, Tanzanian human rights activist
1052:Tanganyika African National Union
1043:Tanganyika African National Union
929:
325:are also familiar with the area.
25:. For the parasitic disease, see
2034:. University of Virginia Press.
1925:. James Currey. pp. 40–52.
1207:, Tanzanian Writer and Publisher
934:
810:Mangi Rindi's guard c.1889 Moshi
81:
2053:The Cambridge History of Africa
1993:
1939:
1912:
1681:Oliver, R. A. (November 1964).
1602:Levinson, David (5 July 1998).
1578:East Africa Living Encyclopedia
1387:Painting of Sultan Mandara, by
1316:
1238:, First Tanzanian Chief Justice
1229:
1195:, Tanzanian author and educator
1048:Asanterabi Zephaniah Nsilo Swai
858:beliefs. Before the arrival of
3585:People from Kilimanjaro Region
2057:. Cambridge University Press.
1774:
1761:
1691:The Journal of African History
1662:
1595:
1488:, Tanzanian singer and actress
1020:
961:, Mangi Mkuu (Paramount Chief)
459:clans, claim that their royal
313:, and Tangata as well as from
1:
1556:
1404:, Professional Boxing athlete
1171:, Tanzanian Irrigation Expert
763:
672:coast to the interior of the
1264:Mangi Lengaki Mariki, 1890s.
332:
159:African traditional religion
7:
3469:National Parks and Reserves
2032:The Civilizations of Africa
2030:Ehret, Christopher (2002).
1687:by Kathleen M. Stahl, 1964"
1574:"Tanzania -- Ethnic Groups"
1492:
1482:, German-Tanzanian Musician
1361:- Tanzanian Olympic swimmer
1331:- Tanzanian Football player
1295:, Tanzanian business owner.
1289:, Tanzanian business owner.
10:
3601:
2108:. Transaction Publishers.
1582:University of Pennsylvania
1410:, Tanzanian music producer
767:
379:
375:
370:
18:
3575:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
3548:
3514:
3506:Kilimanjaro National Park
3498:
3490:Kilimanjaro National Park
3468:
3432:
3361:
3332:
3306:
3260:
3250:
3177:
3145:
3092:
3064:
3031:
3003:
2985:
2957:
2914:
2876:
2828:
2785:
2757:
2724:
2681:
2643:
2585:
2537:
2489:
2461:
2408:
2370:
2337:
2309:
2281:
2238:
2215:
2172:
2166:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
2104:Yakan, Mohamad A (1999).
2005:Nature Discovery Tanzania
1747:. London: Mouton and Co.
1703:10.1017/s0021853700005181
1618:– via Google Books.
1486:Cherry (Tanzanian singer)
1446:, Tanzanian female rapper
1422:, Tanzanian iconic rapper
1310:Thomas Lenana Marealle II
1189:, Tanzanian choreographer
222:
212:
204:
196:
169:
164:
149:
144:
133:
128:
79:
74:
69:
64:
49:
42:
1864:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1822:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1771:. Accessed 11 Apr. 2023.
1743:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1648:. ABC-CLIO. p. 67.
1396:Entertainers and artists
1183:, Tanzanian Entrepreneur
972:Jude Thaddaeus Ruwa'ichi
580:Mau Mau troubles in 1954
3333:National Historic Sites
1642:Shoup, John A. (2011).
1428:Lulu- Tanzanian actress
1002:Prosper Balthazar Lyimo
118:Moshi Municipal Council
3433:Major Cities and Towns
1476:, a Tanzanian Musician
1392:
1355:- Tanzanian footballer
1349:- Tanzanian footballer
1343:- Tanzanian footballer
1313:
1265:
910:
894:
843:
830:
811:
745:
733:
722:
707:
644:; the male and female
633:
451:
419:in the 1890s that the
407:
3522:Kikuletwa Hot Springs
3476:Mkomazi National Park
1535:Battle of Kilimanjaro
1386:
1308:
1263:
1177:, Tanzanian Scientist
1135:Academics and writers
904:
892:
841:
828:
809:
739:
728:
713:
702:
631:
467:In Chaggaland today,
449:
405:
280:organic fertilization
165:Related ethnic groups
3499:World Heritage Sites
3345:Usangi Iron Age Site
3273:Moshi Rural District
1899:www.encyclopedia.com
1452:, Tanzanian musician
1416:, Tanzanian musician
1175:Fausta Shakiwa Mosha
1116:Salome Joseph Mbatia
905:Chagga envoy to the
852:ancestral veneration
834:The Chagga Homestead
829:Chagga boys c.1880s.
568:architectural styles
3348:Keni Rombo Defences
2072:Fasi, M El (1992).
1434:, Tanzanian actress
984:Isaac Amani Massawe
495:sacred Chagga plant
39:
3549:National Monuments
3515:National Landmarks
3342:Pare Iron Age Site
3244:Kilimanjaro Region
3192:Chinese Tanzanians
1952:Human Organization
1500:Kilimanjaro Region
1393:
1314:
1266:
1242:Helen Kijo-Bisimba
1225:, Tanzanian writer
1033:Elifuraha Marealle
955:, Mangi of Machame
911:
895:
844:
831:
812:
746:
734:
723:
708:
634:
452:
450:Chief Meli, 1890s.
408:
268:Kilimanjaro Region
252:Kilimanjaro Region
250:ethnic group from
97:Kilimanjaro Region
37:
3562:
3561:
3540:Mount Kilimanjaro
3410:Little Ruvu River
3339:Kibosho Defenses
3210:
3209:
3197:Indian Tanzanians
1932:978-0-8214-1273-2
1520:Mount Kilimanjaro
1444:Rosa Ree (rapper)
1432:Jacqueline Wolper
1426:Elizabeth Michael
1377:Michael John Lema
1367:- Tanzanian boxer
1337:- Tanzanian boxer
1256:, Tanzanian Judge
1250:, Tanzanian Judge
966:Religious figures
959:Mangi Marealle II
872:Mount Kilimanjaro
715:Dracaena fragrans
504:The vast belt of
264:Mount Kilimanjaro
262:on the slopes of
232:
231:
192:
191:
22:Inonotus obliquus
3592:
3362:Rivers and Lakes
3351:Marangu Defences
3237:
3230:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3187:White Tanzanians
2159:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2119:
2100:
2087:
2068:
2056:
2049:Gray, R (1975).
2045:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1891:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1838:
1837:
1819:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1723:
1722:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1639:
1620:
1619:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1570:
1515:Kivunjo language
1510:Kirombo Language
1293:Patrick E. Ngowi
1281:Chrispine Mlingi
1211:Frannie Leautier
990:Amedeus Msarikie
949:, Mangi of Moshi
778:. They follow a
731:kiriwa kya mburu
423:originated from
343:Johannes Rebmann
194:
193:
87:
85:
84:
65:Total population
54:
40:
36:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3544:
3510:
3494:
3480:Kidoroko Forest
3464:
3428:
3419:Kisangara River
3414:Kikuletwa River
3357:
3328:
3302:
3283:Mwanga District
3256:
3246:
3241:
3211:
3206:
3173:
3141:
3088:
3060:
3027:
2999:
2981:
2953:
2910:
2872:
2824:
2781:
2753:
2720:
2677:
2639:
2581:
2533:
2485:
2457:
2404:
2366:
2333:
2305:
2277:
2234:
2211:
2168:
2163:
2116:
2084:
2065:
2042:
2026:
2024:Further reading
2021:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1841:
1834:
1820:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1741:
1726:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1640:
1623:
1616:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1505:Chaga languages
1495:
1468:Barnaba Classic
1398:
1389:Wilhelm Kuhnert
1359:Magdalena Moshi
1319:
1287:Michael Shirima
1271:
1236:Augustine Saidi
1232:
1223:Sandra A. Mushi
1181:Rodrique Msechu
1163:Elizabeth Mrema
1137:
1122:Saasisha Mafuwe
1104:Abubakar Asenga
1063:Augustine Mrema
1023:
968:
943:, Mangi of Siha
937:
932:
836:
816:Chaga languages
772:
766:
751:
749:Who is a Chaga?
604:Kilindi dynasty
532:bows and arrows
472:start with the
469:oral traditions
435:, but that the
384:
378:
373:
335:
284:Bantu expansion
278:and continuous
135:Chaga languages
82:
80:
60:
45:
35:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3535:Pare Mountains
3532:
3527:
3526:Materuni Falls
3524:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:Wereweru River
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3307:Native Peoples
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:Rombo District
3285:
3280:
3278:Moshi District
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:P. H. Gulliver
2120:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2082:
2069:
2063:
2046:
2040:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
1992:
1958:(3): 259–270.
1938:
1931:
1911:
1881:
1874:
1839:
1832:
1795:
1773:
1760:
1753:
1724:
1697:(3): 462–464.
1670:
1661:
1654:
1621:
1614:
1608:. Oryx Press.
1594:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1545:Pare Mountains
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1480:Francisca Urio
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1458:, Tanzanian DJ
1456:Jacob Selengia
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1275:Reginald Mengi
1270:
1269:Businesspeople
1267:
1258:
1257:
1254:Robert Kisanga
1251:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1217:Felix A. Chami
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1141:Nathaniel Mtui
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1074:- NCCR-MAGEUZI
1069:
1060:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1030:
1027:Jackson Kitali
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:Joseph Sipendi
993:
987:
981:
975:
967:
964:
963:
962:
956:
950:
944:
936:
933:
931:
930:Notable Chagga
928:
835:
832:
797:Arabica coffee
768:Main article:
765:
762:
750:
747:
588:Nguu highlands
389:their language
377:
374:
372:
369:
362:to "Jagga" by
334:
331:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
190:
189:
183:Shambaa people
167:
166:
162:
161:
147:
146:
142:
141:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:Rombo District
114:Moshi District
103:
102:
94:
93:
77:
76:
72:
71:
70:>5,000,000
67:
66:
62:
61:
55:
47:
46:
43:
33:
27:Chagas disease
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3597:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3555:KNCU Building
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:Mramba Forest
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3424:Mkomazi River
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Karanga River
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Pangani River
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:Lake Kalimawe
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3298:Siha District
3296:
3294:
3293:Same District
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
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2217:Dar es Salaam
2214:
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2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2115:1-56000-433-9
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2083:0-520-06698-7
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2064:0-521-20413-5
2060:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2041:0-8139-2085-X
2037:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2007:. 7 June 2012
2006:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
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1934:
1928:
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1915:
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1875:0-520-06698-7
1871:
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1860:
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1833:0-520-06698-7
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1754:0-520-06698-7
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1665:
1657:
1655:9781598843637
1651:
1647:
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1628:
1626:
1617:
1615:9781573560191
1611:
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1501:
1498:
1497:
1487:
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1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:Aika Marealle
1460:
1457:
1454:
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1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
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1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:Wilfred Moshi
1369:
1366:
1365:William Lyimo
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:Leodgar Tenga
1321:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:Khalila Mbowe
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:Andrew Tarimo
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:Leonard Shayo
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1128:Aggrey Mwanri
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:Hassan Mtenga
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:Freeman Mbowe
1082:
1079:
1078:Godbless Lema
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:Henry Rimisho
976:
973:
970:
969:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
938:
935:Royal figures
927:
924:
920:
916:
909:late 1880s.jp
908:
903:
899:
891:
887:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
840:
827:
823:
819:
817:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
771:
770:Chagga states
761:
758:
754:
743:
738:
732:
727:
720:
716:
712:
705:
701:
697:
694:
689:
687:
683:
677:
675:
674:Pangani River
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
649:
647:
643:
639:
630:
626:
622:
620:
616:
615:
608:
605:
600:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
571:
569:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
539:
537:
533:
528:
522:
519:
515:
510:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
486:
484:
479:
475:
470:
465:
462:
458:
448:
444:
443:descendants.
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
383:
368:
365:
361:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
324:
321:, Galla, and
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
275:
273:
272:Arusha Region
269:
265:
261:
260:Chagga states
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
228:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
188:
187:Bantu peoples
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:Siha District
101:
100:
99:
98:
92:
91:
90:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
41:
32:
28:
24:
23:
3483:Minja Forest
3455:Boma Ngo'mbe
3390:Kikafu River
3373:Lake Kihurio
3354:Bombo Kaburi
3313:
3268:Hai District
2470:
2127:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2073:
2052:
2031:
2009:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1955:
1951:
1941:
1921:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1865:
1823:
1786:. Retrieved
1776:
1763:
1744:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1664:
1644:
1604:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1577:
1474:Lucas Mkenda
1402:Bruno Tarimo
1347:Hassan Kessy
1341:Haruna Moshi
1335:Bruno Tarimo
1317:Sportspeople
1230:Statespeople
1205:Elieshi Lema
1193:Doreen Kessy
1153:Irene Tarimo
1090:Basil Mramba
1072:James Mbatia
1065:– TLP &
1035:, Politician
1029:, politician
953:Mangi Rengua
922:
918:
912:
896:
884:
880:
860:Christianity
845:
820:
813:
775:
773:
755:
752:
730:
729:Goat barn /
718:
703:
693:pre-colonial
690:
685:
681:
678:
658:
650:
635:
623:
612:
609:
601:
592:
572:
556:
551:
547:
544:circumcision
540:
534:, sometimes
527:fire worship
523:
517:
511:
503:
487:
466:
453:
436:
428:
424:
420:
409:
396:
385:
355:
338:
336:
291:provisioning
288:
276:
270:and eastern
239:
235:
233:
185:& other
151:Christianity
110:Hai District
95:
34:Ethnic group
31:
21:
3404:Sanya River
2463:Kilimanjaro
1540:Pare people
1450:Amani Temba
1353:Amani Kyata
1248:John Mrosso
1110:Cyril Chami
1039:Lucy Lameck
1021:Politicians
848:earth based
780:patrilineal
642:Bwana Kheri
619:Congo Basin
514:physiognomy
506:wild olives
413:Karl Peters
327:Chief Kivoi
3569:Categories
3530:Lake Chala
3460:Rombo Mkuu
3369:Lake Chala
3179:Immigrants
2848:Ndengereko
2011:16 October
1904:28 January
1557:References
1550:Lake Chala
1438:Hoyce Temu
1420:Joh Makini
1329:Farid Musa
1199:Ruth Meena
1057:Edwin Mtei
947:Mangi Meli
868:syncretism
764:Chaggaland
638:Portuguese
559:initiation
512:Language,
380:See also:
360:anglicized
57:Mangi Meli
3450:Sanya Juu
3407:Rau River
3380:Lake Jipe
3261:Districts
3252:Capital:
3079:Nyanyembe
3046:Nyamwanga
2959:Shinyanga
2934:Ndendeule
1972:0018-7259
1719:245908751
1711:0021-8537
1414:Bill Nass
1086:- CHADEMA
1059:– CHADEMA
856:religious
801:cash crop
717:, called
614:Wakoningo
563:Weru Weru
474:ancestors
437:Wakibosho
421:Wamarangu
367:entered.
356:Dischagga
337:The term
333:Etymology
309:, Wanga,
297:ports of
129:Languages
3147:Zanzibar
3074:Nyamwezi
2977:Nyamwezi
2683:Morogoro
2658:Nyakyusa
2557:Barabaig
2499:Machinga
2428:Holoholo
2126:(1969).
2099:: 12–14.
1985:11 April
1980:44126174
1525:Tanzania
1493:See also
1408:Master J
1080:-CHADEMA
740:Various
691:In this
489:ancient
433:Usambara
339:Dschagga
323:Nyamwezi
303:Takaungu
266:in both
256:Tanzania
246:) are a
240:Wachagga
213:Language
145:Religion
89:Tanzania
44:Wachagga
3445:Marangu
3169:Swahili
3164:Shirazi
3137:Swahili
3084:Swahili
3023:Nyaturu
3005:Singida
2924:Matengo
2901:Tumbuka
2858:Swahili
2749:Swahili
2734:Makonde
2716:Vidunda
2620:Ngurimi
2567:Kw'adza
2539:Manyara
2529:Swahili
2514:Makonde
2504:Matumbi
2448:Swahili
2438:Manyema
2390:Konongo
2347:Hangaza
2273:Sandawe
2253:Burunge
2225:Swahili
2187:Datooga
1788:8 April
1587:14 June
941:Ngalami
654:Rebmann
499:pygmies
491:shrines
429:Wamoshi
417:Marangu
376:Origins
371:History
315:Pangani
307:Mombasa
299:Malindi
295:Swahili
244:Swahili
223:Country
217:Kichaga
208:Wachaga
139:Swahili
3159:Hadimu
3149:&
3132:Zigula
3127:Sambaa
3122:Segeju
3107:Dhaiso
3102:Bondei
3066:Tabora
3056:Lambya
3041:Malila
3033:Songwe
3018:Isanzu
3013:Iramba
2995:Sukuma
2987:Simiyu
2972:Sukuma
2967:Iramba
2916:Ruvuma
2896:Mambwe
2868:Zigula
2863:Zaramo
2853:Rufiji
2815:Pangwa
2787:Njombe
2777:Sukuma
2772:Kerewe
2759:Mwanza
2744:Maviha
2726:Mtwara
2711:Sagara
2706:Pogolo
2701:Luguru
2691:Kaguru
2635:Zanaki
2577:Mbugwe
2572:Maasai
2524:Ngindo
2519:Ndonde
2471:Chagga
2443:Tongwe
2410:Kigoma
2400:Rungwa
2395:Pimbwe
2372:Katavi
2357:Nyambo
2339:Kagera
2329:Ndamba
2324:Mbunga
2311:Iringa
2296:Sumbwa
2291:Sukuma
2263:Gorowa
2248:Alagwa
2240:Dodoma
2230:Zaramo
2207:Maasai
2182:Arusha
2174:Arusha
2112:
2080:
2061:
2038:
1978:
1970:
1929:
1872:
1830:
1751:
1717:
1709:
1652:
1612:
907:Kaiser
876:masale
854:based
791:, and
776:Umangi
757:Ethnic
744:Dishes
719:Masale
667:, and
665:Taveta
576:Kikuyu
548:mregho
536:spears
483:legend
441:Maasai
427:, the
425:Ukamba
236:Chagga
227:Dchaga
205:People
200:Mchaga
197:Person
175:Taveta
137:&
86:
38:Chagga
3440:Moshi
3324:Ngasa
3314:Chaga
3254:Moshi
3202:Arabs
3151:Pemba
3117:Ngulu
3112:Mbugu
3094:Tanga
3051:Ndali
2944:Nindi
2939:Ngoni
2929:Mpoto
2906:Wanda
2891:Lungu
2878:Rukwa
2830:Pwani
2820:Wanji
2810:Manda
2800:Kinga
2739:Makua
2673:Sangu
2668:Safwa
2663:Nyiha
2653:Kimbu
2645:Mbeya
2615:Kuria
2610:Kabwa
2600:Ikoma
2595:Ikizu
2562:Iraqw
2509:Mwera
2491:Lindi
2476:Ngasa
2453:Vinza
2385:Bende
2380:Bembe
2362:Shubi
2301:Zinza
2283:Geita
2268:Rangi
2202:Sonjo
2192:Hadza
1976:JSTOR
1715:S2CID
1530:Moshi
1130:- CCM
1124:- CCM
1118:- CCM
1112:- CCM
1106:- CCM
1100:- CCM
1092:- CCM
864:Islam
793:maize
789:beans
742:Chaga
704:Ngata
682:mitaa
669:Taita
646:idols
596:Wadoe
584:Taita
552:ngasi
518:mitaa
478:mixed
457:royal
431:from
397:Mangi
393:Kamba
351:Kamba
347:Taita
319:Kamba
311:Tanga
248:Bantu
242:, in
171:Taita
155:Islam
3319:Pare
2886:Fipa
2843:Kami
2805:Kisi
2795:Bena
2767:Kara
2696:Kutu
2630:Ware
2625:Suba
2605:Jita
2587:Mara
2547:Akie
2481:Pare
2433:Jiji
2418:Goma
2352:Haya
2319:Hehe
2258:Gogo
2197:Meru
2110:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2013:2021
1987:2023
1968:ISSN
1927:ISBN
1906:2018
1870:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1790:2023
1749:ISBN
1707:ISSN
1650:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1589:2021
923:mtaa
919:mtaa
915:clan
862:and
850:and
785:yams
686:mtaa
661:Pare
659:The
461:clan
364:1860
349:and
234:The
179:Pare
120:), (
116:), (
112:), (
108:), (
2949:Yao
2838:Doe
2552:Asa
1960:doi
1699:doi
1067:CCM
554:).
254:of
173:,
3571::
2423:Ha
2097:XV
2095:.
2003:.
1974:.
1966:.
1956:46
1954:.
1950:.
1897:.
1884:^
1842:^
1798:^
1727:^
1713:.
1705:.
1693:.
1689:.
1673:^
1624:^
1580:.
1576:.
1565:^
1391:.
1050:-
803:.
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