99:. The area's proximity to Paris promoted the region's economic success in its wine trade but also put the villages and vineyards in the path of marching armies on their way to the French capital. Despite the frequency of these military conflicts, the region developed a reputation for quality wine production in the early Middle Ages and was able to continue that reputation as the region's producers began making sparkling wine with the advent of the great champagne houses in the 17th and 18th centuries. The principal grapes grown in the region include
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The initial review process is expected to be finished by early 2009. This will be followed by another review of the specific parcels that will be added or deleted from the appellation. The earliest vineyard plantings are expected around 2015, with their product being marketed from around 2021. However, the price of land that are allowed to be used for
Champagne production is expected to immediately rise from 5,000 to one million
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for upwards of five to ten years. Non-vintage
Champagne must spend a minimum of 15 months of aging but only a minimum of 12 months on the lees. Most of the Champagne houses keep their wines on the lees throughout the entire aging period because it is more expensive to bottle the wine before aging it,
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that rocked the region over 10 million years ago pushed the marine sediments of belemnite fossils up to the surface to create the belemnite chalk terrain. The belemnite in the soil allows it to absorb heat from the sun and gradually release it during the night as well as providing good drainage. This
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The INAO proposal was to be subject to review before being made into law and was immediately questioned in numerous public comments. The mayor of one of the villages to be delisted, Germaine, immediately appealed against INAO's proposal, with the possibility of additional appeals by vineyard owners.
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celebrations, and a new record was set in 2007 at 338.7 million bottles. Since the entire vineyard area authorized by the 1927 AOC regulations is now under cultivation, various ways of expanding the production have been considered. The allowed yield was increased (to a maximum of 15,500 kg per
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The war of words would continue for another 130 years with endless commentary from doctors, poets, playwrights and authors all arguing for their favorite region and their polemics being reproduced in advertisements for
Burgundy and Champagne. On a few occasions, the two regions were on the brink of
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and headiness. The abundance of southern facing slopes in the Vallée de la Marne produces the ripest wines with full aroma. The Côte des Blancs grapes are known for their finesse and the freshness they add to blends with the extension of the nearby Côte de Sézanne offering similar though slightly
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The different districts produce grapes of varying characteristics that are blended by the
Champagne houses to create their distinct house styles. The Pinots of the Montagne de Reims that are planted on northern facing slopes are known for their high levels of acid and the delicacy they add to the
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The location of
Champagne played a large role in its historical prominence as it served as a "crossroads" for both military and trade routes. This also made the area open to devastation and destruction during military conflicts that were frequently waged in the area. In 451 A.D. near
500:. These theses were then used as advertising pamphlets that were sent to merchants and customers. The Faculty of Medicine in Reims published several papers to refute Fagon's claim that Burgundy wine was healthier than Champagne. In response, Burgundian winemakers hired physician
114:
The unique, chalky landscape of the
Champagne wine region and the resulting agro-industrial system led to the development of sparkling wines like champagne in the 17th century. As a result, many of the production sites and wine houses in the region were inscribed on the
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This development had a ripple effect throughout both regions and in the Paris markets. Both
Champagne and Burgundy were deeply concerned with the "healthiness" reputation of their wines, even to the extent of paying medical students to write theses touting the
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who advocated the King drink
Champagne with every meal for the benefit of his health. As the King aged and his ailments increased, competing doctors would propose alternative treatments with alternative wines, to soothe the King's ills. One of these doctors,
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The worldwide demand for
Champagne has been continuously increasing throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. A record in worldwide shipping of Champagne (including domestic French consumption) of 327 million bottles was set in 1999 in anticipation of end of
604:(CIVC) was formed with the purpose of protecting Champagne's reputation and marketing forces as well as setting up and monitoring regulations for vineyard production and vinification methods. Champagne is the only region that is permitted to exclude
520:. A turning point occurred when several Champagne wine makers abandoned efforts to produce red wine in favor of focusing on harnessing the effervescent nature of sparkling Champagne. As the bubbles became more popular, doctors throughout France and
512:" of the wine to travel long distances and the flaws of the bubbles from when secondary fermentation would take place. The text of his speech was published in newspapers and pamphlets throughout France and had a damaging effect on Champagne sales.
111:. Pinot noir is the most widely planted grape in the Aube region and grows very well in Montagne de Reims. Pinot Meunier is the dominant grape in the Vallée de la Marne region. The Côte des Blancs is dedicated almost exclusively to Chardonnay.
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Champagne, 100% of the grapes must come from that vintage year while non-vintage wine is a blend of vintages. Vintage champagne must spend a minimum of three years of aging. There are no regulations about how long it must spend on its
50:, the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name. EU law and the laws of most countries reserve the term "champagne" exclusively for wines that come from this region located about 160 kilometres (100 miles) east of
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has pointed out that the proposed additions constitute a consolidation rather than expansion. The villages under discussion are situated in gaps inside the perimeter of the existing
Champagne regions rather than outside it.
715:, working from 2005. The proposal means expanding the region to cover vineyards in 357 rather than 319 villages. This is to be achieved by adding vineyards in forty villages while simultaneously removing two villages in the
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For each vintage, the CIVC rated the villages of the area based on the quality of their grapes and vineyards. The rating was then used to determine the price and the percentage of the price that growers get. The
508:, to speak to a packed auditorium at the Paris Faculty of Medicine. Salins spoke favorably of Burgundy wine's deep color and robust nature and compared it to the pale red color of Champagne and the "
945:
While totally dominating the region's production, sparkling Champagne is not the only product that is made from the region's grapes. Non-sparkling still wines, like those made around the village
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conspired with the King's mistress to oust d'Aquin and have himself appointed as Royal Doctor. Fagon quickly attributed the King's continuing ailments to Champagne and ordered that only
150:. The high latitude and mean annual temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) creates a difficult environment for wine grapes to fully ripen. Ripening is aided by the presence of
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The nineteenth century saw an explosive growth in Champagne production going from a regional production of 300,000 bottles a year in 1800 to 20 million bottles in 1850.
972:. Since the profit of making sparkling Champagne from the region's grape is now much higher, production of these non-sparkling wines and fortified wines is very small.
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While some critics have feared the revision of the Champagne region is about expanding production irrespective of quality, British wine writer and Champagne expert
479:, proponents of Champagne and Burgundy would compete for dominance. For most of his life, Louis XIV would drink only Champagne wine with the support of his doctor
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July temperature is 18 °C (66 °F). The average annual rainfall is 630 mm (25 inches), with 45 mm (1.8 inches) falling during the
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528:. As more Champenois winemakers embarked on this new and completely different wine style, the rivalry with Burgundy mellowed and eventually waned.
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based soil. The chalk is also used in the construction of underground cellars that can keep the wines cool through the bottle maturation process.
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586:(76,000 acres) of vineyards around 319 villages that were home to 5,000 growers who made their own wine and 14,000 growers who only sold grapes.
93:
Located at the northern edges of France, the history of the Champagne wine region has had a significant role in the development of this unique
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soil contributes to the lightness and finesse that is characteristic of Champagne wine. The Aube area is an exception with predominately
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are the commercial centers of the area. Reims is famous for its cathedral, the venue of the coronation of the French kings and a UNESCO
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Ross, Harold Wallace; Shawn, William; Brown, Tina; Remnick, David; White, Katharine Sergeant Angell; Irvin, Rea; Angell, Roger (1963).
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and Reims as some of the best in Europe. As the region's reputation grew, popes and royalty sought to own pieces of the land with Pope
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presented a proposal to revise the region on March 14, 2008. The proposal was prepared by a group of five experts in the subjects of
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55:
986:, and in this case the production does not compete with that of Champagne, since the pomace is a by-product of wine production.
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which helps to stabilize temperatures and maintain moisture in the soil. The cool temperatures serve to produce high levels of
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hectare during an experimental period from 2007 to 2011) and the possibility of revising the production region was examined.
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at Reims. The tradition of crowning kings at Reims contributed to the reputation of the wines that came from this area. The
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blend. The grapes on the southern facing slope add more power and character. Grapes across the district contribute to the
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ruled the area as an independent county from 950 to 1316. In 1314, the last Count of Champagne assumed the throne as King
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month of September. Throughout the year, growers must be mindful of the hazards of fungal disease and early spring frost.
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became heavily planted in the area. The resulting red wine had difficulty comparing well to the richness and coloring of
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boundaries of Champagne are legally defined and split into five wine-producing districts within the historical province:
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as opposed to bottling and shipping the product in a single step at the end of the fermentation-and-aging process.
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wine trade and tried to capitalize on Reims' location along the trade route from Beaune. In the 15th century,
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all owning vineyard land in the region. A batch of wine from AĂż received in 1518 by Henry VIII's chancellor,
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998:. At Reims, "St Jean is the patron of the cellar staff and those engaged in work connected with Champagne."
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A strong influence on Champagne wine production was the centuries-old rivalry between the region and
223:'s encouragement for the area to start planting vines and continuing with the coronation of his son
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640:(either 2,550 L or 3,060 L) of juice. The first 541 gallons (either 2,050 L or 2,460 L) are the
401:- wines of the river and wines of the mountain in reference to the wooded terrain and the river
245:
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1877:
1493:
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boundaries of Champagne were legally defined and split into five wine-producing districts: The
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After an extensive review of vineyard conditions in and around the existing Champagne region,
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As of 2019, the expansion had not happened, with a final decision expected in 2023 or 2024.
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rated vineyards received 100 percent rating which entitled the grower to 100% of the price.
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The Champagne province is located near the northern limits of the wine world along the
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commented on the health benefits of the sparkling bubbles which were said to cure
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The still wines of the area were highly prized in Paris under the designation of
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designation for wines from the entire Champagne region, similar to the use of
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390:, is the first recorded export of wine from the Champagne region to England.
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in the Marne département was the best wine produced in the world. For a time
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held the area in occupation. It was not until the 1660s, during the reign of
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1991:
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275:, the land was repeatedly ravaged and devastated by battles. The Abbey of
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1618:"Pourquoi la Champagne va subir son plus grand bouleversement depuis 1927"
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333:( ruled 1088-1099 AD/CE ), a native Champenois, declared that the wine of
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1503:, by Tom Stevenson; written November 2007 and accessed on March 17, 2008
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reign saw periods of prosperity for the Champagne region beginning with
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The end of harvest in Champagne is marked by a celebration known as
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and into Paris. The region was in competition with Burgundy for the
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1954:
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1086:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
884:
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330:
268:. This defeat was a turning point in the Huns' invasion of Europe.
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of 44 gallons (either 167 L or 200 L) was previously allowed. For
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to deepen the color. This led to a greater focus on white wines.
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661:, but some of the premier Champagne houses keep their wines on
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was founded as a still wine producer in 1584 and is the oldest
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261:
249:
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116:
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rules, around 4,000 kilograms (8,800 pounds) of grapes can be
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The region's reputation for wine production dates back to the
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1015:, wine style believed to have been invented by the Champenois
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279:, including its vineyards, was destroyed in 1560 during the
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The proposed 40 new Champagne villages are located in four
591:
563:
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253:
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59:
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and the next 132 gallons (either 500 L or 600 L) are the
180:
subsoil deposits when they receded 70 million years ago.
1757:
940:
719:
department that were included in the 1927 regulations,
3405:
1664:
235:
and the region became part of the Crown territories.
1645:"Champagne region expansion uncorks grapes of wrath"
1515:"Winners and losers revealed in Champagne shake-up"
1489:
1487:
669:
1361:
1359:
1336:
1057:K. Gargett, P. Forrestal, & C. Fallis (2004).
955:. There is also a rosé appellation in the region,
1188:
3441:
1494:Wine-pages.com: Champagne's €6 billion expansion
1484:
1415:"Champagne region expanded to meet world demand"
1258:
1256:
1254:
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1231:
546:Grand Cru Champagne from the village of Ambonnay
471:. From the key market of Paris to the palace of
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1107:
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1103:
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1610:
1445:"Champagne shipments and exports hit new high"
1276:
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1773:
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1228:
1208:
1148:
678:Grand Cru Champagne from the village of Bouzy
601:Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne
440:was founded in 1729 and was soon followed by
312:
1593:"Champagne: Germaine appeals, Orbay accepts"
1125:
1098:
1046:
291:. This was followed by conflicts during the
1538:
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1442:
1406:
2942:
2928:
2829:
2815:
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2529:
1780:
1766:
1237:K. Gargett, P. Forrestal, & C. Fallis
1111:K. Gargett, P. Forrestal, & C. Fallis
1025:
158:in the resulting grape which is ideal for
30:Viticultural zones in the Champagne region
1080:"Champagne Hillsides, Houses and Cellars"
624:were vineyards with 90–99% ratings while
1743:
1541:"France aims to extend Champagne region"
1539:Fallowfield, Giles (November 10, 2007).
979:from the grape pressing is used to make
673:
549:
541:
532:Classifications and vineyard regulations
462:
316:
202:
133:
129:
25:
19:Not to be confused with the wine called
2721:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1465:Fallowfield, Giles (October 22, 2007).
1412:
949:, are sold under the appellation label
363:rated wines from the towns of Épernay,
124:Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars
3442:
1590:
1564:
1512:
1390:
2923:
2810:
2524:
1761:
1742:
1681:
1198:pg 210–211 Simon & Schuster 1989
1072:
538:Classification of Champagne vineyards
238:
1443:Fallowfield, Giles (March 4, 2008).
1266:pg 80 Octopus Publishing Group 2005
1138:pg 79 Octopus Publishing Group 2005
941:Production other than sparkling wine
405:which carried the wines down to the
46:is best known for the production of
2949:
1685:Eating and drinking in France today
1241:pg 162 Global Book Publishing 2004
1178:pg 96–97 Simon & Schuster 1989
1115:pg 163 Global Book Publishing 2004
582:. This area covered in 2008 33,500
492:must be served at the royal table.
13:
1346:pg 33–34 HarperCollins Publishers
1061:. Global Book Publishing. p. 164.
142:in the Montagne de Reims subregion
14:
3476:
1805:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1591:Kevany, Sophie (March 17, 2008).
1565:Kevany, Sophie (March 17, 2008).
1513:Kevany, Sophie (March 14, 2008).
1391:Kevany, Sophie (March 14, 2008).
1286:pg 212 Simon & Schuster 1989
1218:pg 211 Simon & Schuster 1989
3427:
3415:
2784:
2492:
1642:
1567:"Champagne: the 40 new communes"
670:Revision of the Champagne region
504:, dean of the medical school in
256:were defeated by an alliance of
40:historical province of Champagne
2836:
1675:
1658:
1584:
1558:
1532:
1506:
1458:
1436:
1413:Bremner, Charles (2008-03-14).
1369:pg 36 HarperCollins Publishers
1326:pg 32 HarperCollins Publishers
628:received 80–89% ratings. Under
610:Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée
165:During the growing season, the
2550:
1682:Price, Pamela Vandyke (1974).
1595:. Decanter.com. Archived from
1569:. Decanter.com. Archived from
1543:. Decanter.com. Archived from
1517:. Decanter.com. Archived from
1469:. Decanter.com. Archived from
1239:The Encyclopedic Atlas of Wine
1113:The Encyclopedic Atlas of Wine
1059:The Encyclopedic Atlas of Wine
1:
2747:Glossary of viticulture terms
1467:"Record harvest in Champagne"
1393:"New Champagne areas defined"
1262:H. Johnson & J. Robinson
1134:H. Johnson & J. Robinson
1019:
989:
498:health benefit of their wines
301:Civil War where soldiers and
2752:Glossary of winemaking terms
1084:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1033:"Champagne Paris wine tours"
7:
1001:
595:less distinguished traits.
176:Ancient oceans left behind
10:
3481:
3455:Former provinces of France
2672:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1306:pg 241 HarperCollins 2000
1284:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1216:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1196:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1176:Vintage: The Story of Wine
648:. Prior to 1992, a second
535:
436:still in operation today.
421:, despite the addition of
313:History of wine production
196:
192:
18:
3357:
3336:
3310:
3119:
3008:
2957:
2844:
2780:
2762:History of the wine press
2729:
2713:
2685:
2652:Sparkling wine production
2637:
2619:
2586:
2558:
2486:
2425:
2387:
2282:
2259:
2142:
2029:
2017:
1910:
1838:
1795:
1755:
1688:. Scribner. p. 219.
1158:pg 75 HarperCollins 2000
2757:Wine tasting descriptors
2478:Wine tasting descriptors
2407:Phenolic content in wine
2299:Alternative wine closure
1883:Great French Wine Blight
1787:
1421:. London. Archived from
2647:Malolactic fermentation
1304:A Short History of Wine
1264:The World Atlas of Wine
1156:A Short History of Wine
1136:The World Atlas of Wine
502:Jean-Baptiste de Salins
428:The Champagne house of
138:Champagne vineyards in
3465:Wine regions of France
3142:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1365:D. & P. Kladstrup
1342:D. & P. Kladstrup
1322:D. & P. Kladstrup
679:
555:
547:
322:
212:
143:
31:
2448:Wine and food pairing
881:Saint-Germain-l'Épine
677:
554:Vineyard in Champagne
553:
545:
463:Rivalry with Burgundy
381:Henry VIII of England
320:
206:
137:
130:Geography and climate
29:
16:Wine region of France
2884:Languedoc-Roussillon
2099:Muscat of Alexandria
1547:on December 16, 2007
1035:. Paris Digest. 2019
790:La Ville-sous-Orbais
636:to create up to 673
360:La Bataille des Vins
246:Châlons-en-Champagne
199:History of Champagne
122:in 2015 as part the
42:in the northeast of
2677:Yeast in winemaking
2629:Carbonic maceration
1719: /
1473:on October 23, 2007
996:la FĂŞte du Cochelet
742:Baslieux-les-Fismes
612:from their labels.
473:Louis XIV of France
399:vins de la montagne
373:Francis I of France
229:Counts of Champagne
120:World Heritage List
88:World Heritage Site
2667:Traditional method
2468:Wine personalities
2172:Cabernet Sauvignon
1622:France 3 Grand Est
1499:2008-04-27 at the
952:Coteaux Champenois
806:Mont-sur-Courville
680:
580:Vallée de la Marne
556:
548:
486:Guy-Crescent Fagon
395:vins de la rivière
377:Charles V of Spain
323:
273:Hundred Years' War
239:Military conflicts
213:
144:
76:Vallée de la Marne
32:
3460:Geography of Aube
3403:
3402:
2917:
2916:
2909:South West France
2804:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2568:Late harvest wine
2518:
2517:
2255:
2254:
2152:Alicante Bouschet
1900:Judgment of Paris
1599:on April 15, 2008
1573:on April 12, 2008
1521:on March 18, 2008
794:Le Thoult-Trosnay
576:Montagne de Reims
349:for the wines of
233:Louis X of France
72:Montagne de Reims
3472:
3450:Champagne (wine)
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3411:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2789:
2788:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2497:
2496:
2412:Proteins in wine
2079:GrĂĽner Veltliner
2027:
2026:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1700:
1699:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1377:
1363:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1320:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1280:
1274:
1260:
1249:
1235:
1226:
1212:
1206:
1192:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1152:
1146:
1132:
1123:
1109:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1029:
911:Marchais-en-Brie
841:Balnot-la-Grange
758:Breuil-sur-Vesle
82:and the town of
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3353:
3332:
3306:
3232:North Macedonia
3115:
3004:
2953:
2951:Wine by country
2948:
2918:
2913:
2840:
2835:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2791:Wine portal
2783:
2776:
2767:History of wine
2725:
2709:
2681:
2633:
2615:
2596:Deacidification
2582:
2554:
2549:
2519:
2514:
2499:Wine portal
2491:
2482:
2421:
2383:
2288:
2278:
2251:
2138:
2119:Sauvignon blanc
2054:Cayetana blanca
2022:
2020:grape varieties
2013:
1906:
1834:
1791:
1786:
1751:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1680:
1676:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1501:Wayback Machine
1492:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1425:on May 16, 2008
1411:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1364:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1301:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1261:
1252:
1236:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1193:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1153:
1149:
1133:
1126:
1110:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1013:Oeil de Perdrix
1008:Champagne Riots
1004:
992:
961:. The regional
958:Rosé des Riceys
943:
906:and Harricourt.
865:Laines-aux-Bois
750:Boissy-le-Repos
725:Orbais-l'Abbaye
672:
572:CĂ´te de SĂ©zanne
568:CĂ´te des Blancs
540:
534:
481:Antoine d'Aquin
465:
450:Moët et Chandon
442:Chanoine Frères
434:Champagne house
315:
293:Thirty Year War
281:War of Religion
241:
225:Louis the Pious
201:
195:
132:
68:CĂ´te de SĂ©zanne
64:CĂ´te des Blancs
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3437:
3436:
3424:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3302:United Kingdom
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Czech Republic
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Sugars in wine
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2606:Chaptalization
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Classification
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2417:Sugars in wine
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2389:Wine chemistry
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Wine dispenser
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Cabernet Franc
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2134:Welschriesling
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:MĂĽller-Thurgau
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Ancient Greece
1853:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1674:
1668:The New Yorker
1657:
1635:
1609:
1583:
1557:
1531:
1505:
1483:
1457:
1447:. Decanter.com
1435:
1405:
1395:. Decanter.com
1378:
1355:
1335:
1315:
1295:
1275:
1250:
1227:
1207:
1187:
1167:
1147:
1124:
1097:
1071:
1045:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1003:
1000:
991:
988:
963:vin de liqueur
942:
939:
919:
918:
907:
896:
829:
762:Bussy-le-Repos
709:phytosociology
671:
668:
533:
530:
464:
461:
454:Veuve Clicquot
419:Burgundy wines
355:Henry d'Andeli
341:was used as a
321:Champagne wine
314:
311:
240:
237:
197:Main article:
194:
191:
160:sparkling wine
131:
128:
78:. The city of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3477:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:South America
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3328:United States
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:North America
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Liechtenstein
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2793:
2792:
2787:
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2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
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2760:
2758:
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2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
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2728:
2722:
2719:
2718:
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2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
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2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
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2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
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2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Acids in wine
2400:
2398:
2397:Aroma of wine
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
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2286:
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2272:
2270:
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2266:
2264:
2262:
2261:Major regions
2258:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Montepulciano
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
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2028:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
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1984:
1982:
1981:
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1973:
1971:
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1966:
1963:
1961:
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1697:
1695:9780684137568
1691:
1687:
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1472:
1468:
1461:
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1439:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1375:0-06-073792-1
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1353:
1352:0-06-073792-1
1349:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:0-06-073792-1
1329:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1312:0-06-621282-0
1309:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1292:0-671-68702-6
1289:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1272:1-84000-332-4
1269:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1247:1-74048-050-3
1244:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1224:0-671-68702-6
1221:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1204:0-671-68702-6
1201:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1184:0-671-68702-6
1181:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1164:0-06-621282-0
1161:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1144:1-84000-332-4
1141:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1121:1-74048-050-3
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1068:
1067:1-74048-050-3
1064:
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1024:
1014:
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1009:
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1005:
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987:
985:
983:
978:
973:
971:
969:
964:
960:
959:
954:
953:
948:
938:
935:
932:
931:Tom Stevenson
927:
926:per hectare.
925:
916:
912:
908:
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
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854:
850:
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842:
838:
834:
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827:
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803:
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795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:22 in Marne:
739:
738:
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735:
734:
728:
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698:
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689:
686:
676:
667:
664:
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651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:Deuxième Crus
623:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
602:
598:In 1941, the
596:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
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561:
552:
544:
539:
529:
527:
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490:Burgundy wine
487:
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386:
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258:Roman legions
255:
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209:Pope Urban II
205:
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190:
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161:
157:
153:
149:
148:49th parallel
141:
136:
127:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
109:Pinot Meunier
106:
102:
98:
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91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
2990:South Africa
2889:Loire Valley
2782:
2639:Fermentation
2490:
2473:Wine tasting
2094:Muscat blanc
2064:Chenin blanc
1861:Ancient Rome
1736:
1704:
1684:
1677:
1667:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1643:Sage, Adam.
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1621:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1586:
1575:. Retrieved
1571:the original
1560:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1508:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1460:
1449:. Retrieved
1438:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1418:
1408:
1397:. Retrieved
1366:
1343:
1338:
1323:
1318:
1303:
1302:R. Phillips
1298:
1283:
1278:
1263:
1238:
1215:
1210:
1195:
1190:
1175:
1170:
1155:
1154:R. Phillips
1150:
1135:
1112:
1088:. Retrieved
1083:
1074:
1058:
1037:. Retrieved
1027:
995:
993:
984:de Champagne
980:
974:
970:de Champagne
966:
956:
950:
944:
936:
928:
920:
778:Courdemanges
733:départements
731:
729:
690:
681:
649:
645:
641:
625:
622:Premier Crus
621:
617:
614:
609:
599:
597:
588:
560:viticultural
557:
514:
494:
466:
458:
427:
423:elderberries
398:
394:
392:
358:
353:. The poet
338:
324:
296:
283:between the
270:
242:
214:
211:in Champagne
175:
164:
145:
113:
94:
92:
56:viticultural
33:
3349:New Zealand
3292:Switzerland
3237:Netherlands
3086:Philippines
2838:French wine
2742:Wine bottle
2714:Other steps
2705:Wine cellar
2662:SĂĽssreserve
2354:Wine cellar
2344:Wine bottle
2285:accessories
2283:Packaging,
2242:Tempranillo
1871:Noah's wine
1851:Phoenicians
1797:Viticulture
1726: /
1624:(in French)
1282:H. Johnson
1214:H. Johnson
1194:H. Johnson
1174:H. Johnson
1090:12 December
900:Haute-Marne
889:Torvilliers
845:Bossancourt
766:Champfleury
754:Bouvancourt
630:appellation
510:instability
452:(1743) and
365:Hautvillers
327:Middle Ages
303:mercenaries
277:Hautvillers
271:During the
221:Charlemagne
217:Carolingian
182:Earthquakes
38:within the
36:wine region
3444:Categories
3262:San Marino
3227:Montenegro
3212:Luxembourg
3066:Kazakhstan
3026:Azerbaijan
2854:Beaujolais
2621:Maceration
2611:Wine press
2601:Destemming
2552:Winemaking
2458:Wine fraud
2453:Wine fault
2438:Oenophilia
2374:Wine label
2369:Wine glass
2334:Port tongs
2232:Sangiovese
2227:Pinot noir
2187:Douce noir
2114:Rkatsiteli
2059:Chardonnay
2049:Catarratto
2023:by acreage
1997:Biodynamic
1960:Aromatized
1749:winemaking
1603:2008-03-17
1577:2008-03-17
1551:2008-03-15
1525:2008-03-15
1477:2008-03-15
1451:2008-03-15
1429:2008-03-15
1399:2008-03-15
1039:2019-03-08
1020:References
990:Traditions
965:is called
904:Champcourt
857:Fontvannes
818:Saint-Loup
802:Montmirail
770:Courlandon
685:millennium
536:See also:
477:Versailles
446:Taittinger
415:Pinot noir
329:when Pope
207:Statue of
105:Pinot noir
101:Chardonnay
3365:Argentina
3344:Australia
3081:Palestine
2869:Champagne
2573:Noble rot
2463:Winemaker
2443:Sommelier
2379:Wine rack
2359:Wine cork
2349:Wine cave
2339:Screw cap
2309:Corkscrew
2274:New World
2269:Old World
2247:Zinfandel
2222:Mourvèdre
2129:Trebbiano
2069:Colombard
1970:Noble rot
1950:Fortified
1928:Sparkling
1895:New World
1419:The Times
1367:Champagne
1344:Champagne
1324:Champagne
861:Javernant
822:Soulanges
701:geography
618:Grand Cru
558:In 1927,
518:civil war
343:shorthand
307:Louis XIV
289:Catholics
285:Huguenots
266:Visigoths
48:champagne
21:champagne
3385:Paraguay
3277:Slovenia
3272:Slovakia
3247:Portugal
3147:Bulgaria
3101:Thailand
3016:Abkhazia
2995:Tanzania
2975:Ethiopia
2894:Provence
2864:Burgundy
2859:Bordeaux
2588:Pressing
2510:Glossary
2426:Industry
2319:Jug wine
2314:Decanter
2304:Box wine
2202:Isabella
2197:Grenache
2177:Carignan
2124:SĂ©millon
2109:Riesling
2104:Palomino
1847:Ancient
1830:Vineyard
1825:Veraison
1810:Oenology
1723:49°N 4°E
1497:Archived
1002:See also
885:Souligny
837:Arrelles
826:Ventelay
721:Germaine
713:agronomy
584:hectares
469:Burgundy
456:(1772).
448:(1734),
444:(1730),
385:Cardinal
357:'s work
351:Burgundy
331:Urban II
295:and the
252:and the
140:Verzenay
126:site.
3408:Portals
3395:Uruguay
3370:Bolivia
3337:Oceania
3297:Ukraine
3252:Romania
3222:Moldova
3197:Ireland
3192:Hungary
3182:Germany
3177:Georgia
3167:Denmark
3152:Croatia
3137:Belgium
3132:Austria
3127:Albania
3111:Vietnam
3071:Lebanon
3021:Armenia
3000:Tunisia
2985:Namibia
2980:Morocco
2965:Algeria
2874:Corsica
2772:Terroir
2730:Related
2578:Vintage
2560:Harvest
2505:Outline
2329:Muselet
2291:storage
2182:Cinsaut
2157:Barbera
2084:Macabeo
2044:Aligoté
2002:Organic
1992:Natural
1945:Dessert
1890:Georgia
1840:History
1820:Terroir
1815:Species
1650:16 June
1628:16 June
968:Ratafia
898:Two in
893:Villery
853:Étourvy
849:Bouilly
705:geology
697:history
654:vintage
638:gallons
634:pressed
592:bouquet
526:malaria
438:Ruinart
411:Flemish
193:History
171:harvest
156:acidity
152:forests
96:terroir
84:Épernay
3434:France
3375:Brazil
3323:Mexico
3318:Canada
3287:Sweden
3267:Serbia
3257:Russia
3242:Poland
3187:Greece
3172:France
3157:Cyprus
3120:Europe
3106:Turkey
3096:Taiwan
3061:Jordan
3051:Israel
3031:Bhutan
2958:Africa
2849:Alsace
2737:Winery
2700:Solera
2324:Kvevri
2212:Merlot
2207:Malbec
2007:Kosher
1983:Other
1938:Orange
1911:Styles
1878:France
1692:
1373:
1350:
1330:
1310:
1290:
1270:
1245:
1222:
1202:
1182:
1162:
1142:
1119:
1065:
977:pomace
877:Prugny
873:Messon
831:15 in
824:, and
814:Romain
798:Loivre
786:Huiron
782:Fismes
774:Courcy
650:taille
646:taille
578:, and
522:Europe
506:Beaune
430:Gosset
379:, and
347:Beaune
298:Fronde
262:Franks
250:Attila
117:UNESCO
107:, and
74:, and
54:. The
44:France
3380:Chile
3282:Spain
3217:Malta
3202:Italy
3091:Syria
3076:Nepal
3056:Japan
3041:India
3036:China
2970:Egypt
2904:Savoy
2899:RhĂ´ne
2687:Aging
2237:Syrah
2192:Gamay
2162:Bobal
2074:Glera
2039:Airén
2031:White
1987:Table
1975:Straw
1965:Fruit
1923:White
1866:China
1745:Wines
1728:49; 4
947:Bouzy
915:Aisne
913:, in
909:One,
869:Macey
746:Blacy
717:Marne
642:cuvée
407:Seine
403:Marne
369:Leo X
178:chalk
80:Reims
52:Paris
3422:Wine
3390:Peru
3046:Iran
3009:Asia
2879:Jura
2289:and
2018:Top
1933:Rosé
1789:Wine
1747:and
1711:49°N
1690:ISBN
1652:2022
1630:2022
1371:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1092:2021
1063:ISBN
982:Marc
975:The
924:euro
891:and
833:Aube
810:Peas
723:and
711:and
693:INAO
663:lees
659:lees
564:Aube
397:and
287:and
264:and
254:Huns
215:The
187:clay
167:mean
60:Aube
34:The
2695:Oak
2144:Red
1955:Ice
1918:Red
1714:4°E
608:or
606:AOC
475:at
3446::
1620:.
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1381:^
1358:^
1253:^
1230:^
1127:^
1100:^
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1048:^
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820:,
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812:,
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804:,
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788:,
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780:,
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756:,
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727:.
707:,
703:,
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339:AĂż
335:AĂż
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23:.
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