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435:) of the transmitted signal, followed by additive noise. The attenuation term is a simplification of the underlying physical processes and captures the change in signal power over the course of the transmission. The noise in the model captures external interference or electronic noise in the receiver. If the attenuation term is
1048:, also known as broadcasting medium (not to be confused with broadcasting channel): In this channel, a single sender transmits multiple messages to different destination nodes. All wireless channels except directional links can be considered as broadcasting media, but may not always provide broadcasting service. The
1099:: In this channel, two different senders transmit their data to different destination nodes. Hence, the different senders can have a possible crosstalk or co-channel interference on the signal of each other. The inter-cell interference in cellular wireless communications is an example of an interference channel. In
401:
A channel can be modeled physically by trying to calculate the physical processes which modify the transmitted signal. For example, in wireless communications, the channel can be modeled by calculating the reflection from every object in the environment. A sequence of random numbers might also be
397:
Mathematical models of the channel can be made to describe how the input (the transmitted signal) is mapped to the output (the received signal). There exist many types and uses of channel models specific to the field of communication. In particular, separate models are formulated to describe each
1039:
communication, the communication media can be shared between multiple communication endpoints (terminals). Depending on the type of communication, different terminals can cooperate or interfere with each other. In general, any complex multi-terminal network can be considered as a combination of
1052:
of a cellular system can be considered as a point-to-multipoint channel, if only one cell is considered and inter-cell co-channel interference is neglected. However, the communication service of a phone call is
439:
it also describes the relative time a signal takes to get through the channel. The statistical properties of the attenuation in the model are determined by previous measurements or physical simulations.
1128:
channel is a channel where data is addressed to a group of subscribing users. LTE examples are the physical multicast channel (PMCH) and multicast broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN).
379:
uses two frequencies often 600 kHz (0.6 MHz) apart. For example, a repeater that transmits on 146.94 MHz typically listens for a ham transmitting on 146.34 MHz.
1063:
channel: In this channel, multiple senders transmit multiple possible different messages over a shared physical medium to one or several destination nodes. This requires a
335:
such as North
American TV Channel 2 at 55.25 MHz, Channel 13 at 211.25 MHz. Each channel is 6 MHz wide. This was based on the bandwidth required by
1106:
A unicast channel is a channel that provides a unicast service, i.e. that sends data addressed to one specific user. An established phone call is an example.
447:
schemes. The mathematical model consists of a transition probability that specifies an output distribution for each possible sequence of channel inputs. In
1511:
228:
is also a communication channel, which can be sent to (written) and received from (reading) and allows communication of an information signal across time.
1040:
simplified multi-terminal channels. The following channels are the principal multi-terminal channels first introduced in the field of information theory:
431:
Statistical and physical modeling can be combined. For example, in wireless communications the channel is often modeled by a random attenuation (known as
1113:
channel is a channel that provides a broadcasting service, i.e. that sends data addressed to all users in the network. Cellular network examples are the
723:
models, which attempt to model the signal propagation and distortions for specified transmitter-receiver geometries, terrain types, and antennas
319:, pair or band of frequencies, usually named with a letter, number, or codeword, and often allocated by international agreement, for example:
2219:
2191:
2186:
1211:
385:
All of these communication channels share the property that they transfer information. The information is carried through the channel by a
451:, it is common to start with memoryless channels in which the output probability distribution only depends on the current channel input.
17:
173:
across distance requires some form of pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels, use two types of media:
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1118:
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1980:
470:. Underlying protocol layers are replaced by a simplified model. The model may reflect channel performance measures such as
1345:
329:, for example, is 156.800 MHz. In the US, seven additional channels, WX1 - WX7, are allocated for weather broadcasts.
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A path for conveying electrical or electromagnetic signals, usually distinguished from other parallel paths.
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502:(BAC), similar to BSC but the probability of a flip from 0 to 1 and vice-versa is unequal
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107:
729:, models signal dispersion by representing the radio propagation environment by a graph.
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like 3G, interference also occurs inside the cell if non-orthogonal codes are used.
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nodes) cooperate with a sender to send the message to an ultimate destination node.
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123:
518:(BEC), a discrete channel with a certain bit error detection (erasure) probability
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signals. Since 2006, television broadcasting has switched to digital modulation (
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Different types of physical transmission media supporting communication channels
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to transmit a television signal in a much smaller bandwidth, so each of these
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added to simulate external interference or electronic noise in the receiver.
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uses some 88 channels in the VHF band for two-way FM voice communication.
312:, the physical or logical link that connects a data source to a data sink.
292:
or band, that is accessible to a given reading or writing station or head.
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signal model. The model may reflect the following channel impairments:
555:
444:
417:. Semantically, the transition probability is the probability that the
409:
consisting of an input alphabet, an output alphabet, and for each pair
131:
708:, log-normal shadow fading and frequency selective (dispersive) fading
537:(AVC), where the behavior and state of the channel can change randomly
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In an analog channel model, the transmitted message is modeled as an
475:
1085:: In this channel, one or several intermediate nodes (called relay,
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In a digital channel model, the transmitted message is modeled as a
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163:
27:
Physical or logical connection used for transmission of information
2132:
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1335:
1185:, vol. 27, pp. 379–423 and 623–656, (July and October, 1948)
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with certain error characteristics. In this more general view, a
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Statistically, a communication channel is usually modeled as a
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170:
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Multi-terminal channels, with application to cellular systems
907:
443:
Communication channels are also studied in discrete-alphabet
406:
361:
206:
155:
2089:
862:
368:
from 2412 MHz to 2484 MHz in 5 MHz steps.
413:
of input and output elements, a transition probability
639:
model, for example a non-linear channel model causing
1139:
607:(AWGN) channel, a linear continuous memoryless model
493:(BSC), a discrete memoryless channel with a certain
150:
for transmitting information, often measured by its
1075:scheme. This channel model has applications in the
486:, etc. Examples of digital channel models include:
454:A channel model may either be digital or analog.
2283:
240:A connection between initiating and terminating
839:
714:model, which combined with fading results in a
1205:
236:Examples of communications channels include:
997:. There might be a discussion about this on
2220:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
288:The portion of a storage medium, such as a
2256:
1212:
1198:
1145:
879:(information rate), channel capacity, and
560:time-continuous or time-discrete (sampled)
285:which can communicate a message over time.
258:physical separation, such as by multipair
1152:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1017:Learn how and when to remove this message
672:techniques, for example a complex-valued
457:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
541:
524:, where packets are lost with a certain
93:
43:This article includes a list of general
14:
2284:
1219:
1177:A mathematical theory of communication
1119:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
1193:
1149:Introduction to Communication Systems
2266:
969:
844:These are examples of commonly used
295:A buffer from which messages can be
220:, a channel refers to a theoretical
29:
24:
578:(also resulting in burst errors),
428:was transmitted over the channel.
118:medium such as a radio channel in
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2313:
687:Radio frequency propagation model
398:layer of a communication system.
392:
2265:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2234:
1855:Free-space optical communication
974:
351:has been divided into multiple
34:
1071:(MAC) protocol combined with a
13:
1:
1182:Bell System Technical Journal
1132:
605:Additive white Gaussian noise
371:The radio channel between an
169:Communicating an information
2241:Telecommunication portal
2022:Telecommunications equipment
904:signal-to-interference ratio
840:Channel performance measures
693:Log-distance path loss model
357:each carrying a DTV channel.
251:A single path provided by a
106:refers either to a physical
7:
1758:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1046:point-to-multipoint channel
1035:In networks, as opposed to
535:Arbitrarily varying channel
231:
130:of, for example, a digital
10:
2318:
1462:Telecommunications history
1028:
848:and performance measures:
641:intermodulation distortion
271:time-division multiplexing
146:. A channel has a certain
2229:
2171:
2108:
2070:Public Switched Telephone
2030:
1994:
1951:
1892:
1882:telecommunication circuit
1843:Fiber-optic communication
1826:
1588:Francis Blake (telephone)
1535:
1383:Optical telecommunication
1227:
797:half-duplex communication
674:equivalent baseband model
566:or dynamic (resulting in
509:channel model, a channel
500:Binary asymmetric channel
246:telecommunication circuit
2297:Telecommunication theory
1981:Orbital angular-momentum
1418:Satellite communications
1257:Communications satellite
744:
665:Modelling of underlying
631:intersymbol interference
491:Binary symmetric channel
364:uses 13 channels in the
179:telecommunications cable
126:. A channel is used for
110:such as a wire, or to a
18:Channel (communications)
1860:Molecular communication
1683:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1512:Undersea telegraph line
1247:Cable protection system
1117:service as well as the
1101:spread-spectrum systems
627:co-channel interference
424:is received given that
265:separation, such as by
242:communication endpoints
64:more precise citations.
2302:Television terminology
2002:Communication protocol
1788:Charles Sumner Tainter
1603:Walter Houser Brattain
1548:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1356:Information revolution
955:Packet delay variation
735:, which also causes a
522:Packet erasure channel
516:Binary erasure channel
458:Digital channel models
377:amateur radio operator
373:amateur radio repeater
134:, from one or several
99:
1976:Polarization-division
1708:Narinder Singh Kapany
1673:Erna Schneider Hoover
1593:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1573:Alexander Graham Bell
1304:online video platform
1079:of cellular networks.
896:Signal-to-noise ratio
789:Simplex communication
550:. The model can be a
542:Analog channel models
495:bit error probability
310:communications system
104:communication channel
97:
1818:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1778:Almon Brown Strowger
1748:Charles Grafton Page
1403:Prepaid mobile phone
1331:Electrical telegraph
1097:Interference channel
1069:media access control
1067:scheme, including a
987:confusing or unclear
793:duplex communication
128:information transfer
1768:Johann Philipp Reis
1527:Wireless revolution
1489:The Telephone Cases
1346:Hydraulic telegraph
1146:Madhow, U. (2014).
995:clarify the section
891:Spectral efficiency
886:Channel utilization
875:(signalling rate),
871:in bit/s measures:
778:Multiplexed channel
769:Transmission medium
737:time-variant system
716:time-variant system
700:model, for example
621:model, for example
601:model, for example
586:(RF signal model),
333:Television channels
283:data storage device
253:transmission medium
124:computer networking
108:transmission medium
2292:Information theory
1966:Frequency-division
1943:Telephone exchange
1813:Charles Wheatstone
1743:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1718:Innocenzo Manzetti
1653:Reginald Fessenden
1388:Optical telegraphy
1221:Telecommunications
881:maximum throughput
853:Spectral bandwidth
682:frequency response
647:Frequency response
449:information theory
341:digital television
267:frequency-division
218:information theory
140:to one or several
120:telecommunications
112:logical connection
100:
2279:
2278:
2017:Store and forward
2012:Data transmission
1926:Network switching
1877:Transmission line
1723:Guglielmo Marconi
1688:Internet pioneers
1553:Mohamed M. Atalla
1522:Whistled language
1027:
1026:
1019:
942:transmission time
924:packet error rate
869:Digital bandwidth
834:multicast channel
826:Broadcast channel
782:Computer network
773:fiber-optic cable
727:Propagation graph
649:model, including
530:packet error rate
349:physical channels
345:image compression
337:analog television
191:fiber-optic cable
175:Transmission line
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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2269:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2110:Notable networks
2100:Wireless network
2040:Cellular network
2032:Types of network
2007:Computer network
1894:Network topology
1808:Thomas A. Watson
1663:Oliver Heaviside
1648:Philo Farnsworth
1623:Daniel Davis Jr.
1598:Charles Bourseul
1558:John Logie Baird
1267:Data compression
1262:Computer network
1214:
1207:
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1191:
1190:
1164:
1163:
1143:
1031:Network topology
1022:
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1002:
978:
977:
970:
950:end-to-end delay
946:round-trip delay
938:propagation time
846:channel capacity
771:, for example a
507:bursty bit error
354:virtual channels
323:Marine VHF radio
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
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1728:Robert Metcalfe
1583:Tim Berners-Lee
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1351:Information Age
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1061:Multiple access
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830:unicast channel
784:virtual channel
747:
733:Mobility models
702:Rayleigh fading
544:
528:probability or
484:delay variation
460:
395:
317:radio frequency
234:
164:bits per second
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
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1798:Camille Tissot
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1773:Claude Shannon
1770:
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1763:Tivadar Puskás
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1733:Antonio Meucci
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1703:Charles K. Kao
1700:
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1678:Harold Hopkins
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1578:Emile Berliner
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1517:Videotelephony
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1413:Radiotelephone
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1299:Internet video
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1080:
1065:channel access
1058:
1037:point-to-point
1025:
1024:
982:
980:
973:
967:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
927:
920:Bit error rate
917:
913:
909:
893:
888:
883:
873:gross bit rate
866:
856:
841:
838:
837:
836:
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805:
803:Return channel
800:
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775:
766:
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695:
689:, for example
684:
667:physical layer
663:
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634:
616:
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614:
608:
592:complex-valued
572:time-invariant
543:
540:
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519:
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497:
468:protocol layer
464:digital signal
459:
456:
394:
393:Channel models
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226:storage device
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3:
2:
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2200:
2197:
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2190:
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2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1986:Code-division
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Time-division
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
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1932:
1929:
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1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:and switching
1895:
1891:
1883:
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1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:optical fiber
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Coaxial cable
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
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1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Radia Perlman
1751:
1749:
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1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
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1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
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1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Lee de Forest
1641:
1639:
1638:Thomas Edison
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Donald Davies
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Claude Chappe
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
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1591:
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1584:
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1534:
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1501:
1498:
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1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Smoke signals
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:Semiconductor
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
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1319:
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1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:Digital media
1292:
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1275:
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1234:
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1201:
1196:
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1192:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1173:C. E. Shannon
1171:
1170:
1161:
1159:9781316060865
1155:
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1142:
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1127:
1123:
1120:
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1098:
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1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Relay channel
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1010:
1000:
999:the talk page
996:
990:
988:
983:This section
981:
972:
971:
961:
958:
956:
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951:
947:
943:
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935:
931:
928:
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921:
918:
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905:
901:
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894:
892:
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882:
878:
874:
870:
867:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
835:
831:
827:
824:
821:
817:
813:
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806:
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801:
798:
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790:
787:
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781:
779:
776:
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767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
748:
738:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
717:
713:
712:Doppler shift
710:
707:
706:Ricean fading
703:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
664:
661:
658:
656:
652:
648:
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635:
632:
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620:
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612:
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602:
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596:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:analog signal
536:
533:
531:
527:
523:
520:
517:
514:
512:
508:
504:
501:
498:
496:
492:
489:
488:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:at a certain
465:
455:
452:
450:
446:
441:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
390:
388:
378:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
356:
355:
350:
346:
343:) which uses
342:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
320:
318:
314:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
284:
280:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
256:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
238:
237:
229:
227:
223:
222:channel model
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
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184:
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176:
172:
167:
165:
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157:
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149:
145:
144:
139:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
92:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1953:Multiplexing
1828:Transmission
1793:Nikola Tesla
1783:Henry Sutton
1738:Samuel Morse
1668:Robert Hooke
1633:Amos Dolbear
1568:John Bardeen
1487:
1467:Telautograph
1371:Mobile phone
1326:Edholm's law
1309:social media
1242:Broadcasting
1180:
1148:
1141:
1073:multiplexing
1034:
1013:
1004:
993:Please help
984:
877:net bit rate
843:
670:transmission
619:Interference
576:time-variant
568:burst errors
545:
510:
461:
453:
442:
430:
425:
421:
414:
410:
404:
400:
396:
384:
352:
348:
300:
296:
235:
221:
215:
183:twisted-pair
168:
141:
135:
103:
101:
91:
76:
67:
48:
2153:NPL network
1865:Radio waves
1803:Alfred Vail
1713:Hedy Lamarr
1698:Dawon Kahng
1658:Elisha Gray
1618:Yogen Dalal
1543:Nasir Ahmed
1477:Teleprinter
1341:Heliographs
960:Eye pattern
865:, symbols/s
859:Symbol rate
721:Ray tracing
660:Group delay
655:phase-shift
651:attenuation
611:Phase noise
588:real-valued
526:packet loss
511:with memory
315:A specific
255:via either
116:multiplexed
62:introducing
2286:Categories
2199:Antarctica
2158:Toasternet
2080:Television
1563:Paul Baran
1495:Television
1479:(teletype)
1472:Telegraphy
1450:transistor
1428:Phryctoria
1398:Photophone
1376:Smartphone
1366:Mass media
1133:References
1091:gap filler
1055:unicasting
1029:See also:
1007:March 2010
989:to readers
902:measures:
820:downstream
763:continuous
678:modulation
637:Distortion
564:memoryless
556:non-linear
476:bit errors
445:modulation
327:Channel 16
132:bit stream
70:March 2021
45:references
2183:Americas
2172:Locations
2143:Internet2
1904:Bandwidth
1608:Vint Cerf
1505:streaming
1483:Telephone
1423:Semaphore
1314:streaming
1126:multicast
1111:broadcast
765:) channel
623:crosstalk
366:ISM bands
360:Original
203:satellite
199:microwave
195:broadcast
160:data rate
152:bandwidth
143:receivers
2251:Category
2138:Internet
2128:CYCLADES
2045:Ethernet
1995:Concepts
1919:terminal
1870:wireless
1693:Bob Kahn
1536:Pioneers
1361:Internet
1252:Cable TV
1087:repeater
1050:downlink
855:in Hertz
822:channel)
816:upstream
812:downlink
755:discrete
584:passband
580:baseband
472:bit rate
232:Examples
211:infrared
148:capacity
2271:Commons
2261:Outline
2214:Oceania
2133:FidoNet
2118:ARPANET
1931:circuit
1500:digital
1229:History
985:may be
934:seconds
930:Latency
922:(BER),
900:decibel
799:channel
751:Digital
505:Binary
437:complex
415:p(i, o)
187:coaxial
177:-based
158:or its
137:senders
114:over a
58:improve
2209:Europe
2179:Africa
2163:Usenet
2123:BITNET
2060:Mobile
1936:packet
1445:MOSFET
1440:device
1237:Beacon
1156:
1115:paging
1077:uplink
808:Uplink
759:analog
698:Fading
629:) and
552:linear
433:fading
419:symbol
411:(i, o)
387:signal
375:and a
209:, and
197:(e.g.
193:) and
189:, and
181:(e.g.
171:signal
47:, but
2192:South
2187:North
2148:JANET
2085:Telex
2075:Radio
1914:Nodes
1909:Links
1830:media
1408:Radio
1393:Pager
1321:Drums
1287:video
1282:image
1272:audio
926:(PER)
757:) or
745:Types
662:model
643:(IMD)
633:(ISI)
613:model
599:Noise
480:delay
407:tuple
362:Wi-Fi
308:In a
290:track
260:cable
244:of a
207:radio
2204:Asia
2090:UUCP
2050:ISDN
1154:ISBN
863:baud
680:and
653:and
299:and
122:and
2095:WAN
2065:NGN
2055:LAN
1336:Fax
1277:DCT
1089:or
932:in
898:in
861:in
832:or
818:or
810:or
795:or
676:of
590:or
574:or
570:),
554:or
301:got
297:put
269:or
216:In
213:).
162:in
154:in
2288::
1179:,
1175:,
1124:A
1109:A
1044:A
948:,
944:,
940:,
936::
912:/N
906:,
828:,
791:,
704:,
582:,
562:,
558:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
389:.
281:A
262:or
205:,
201:,
185:,
166:.
156:Hz
102:A
2222:)
2218:(
1213:e
1206:t
1199:v
1162:.
1121:.
1057:.
1020:)
1014:(
1009:)
1005:(
1001:.
991:.
914:0
910:b
908:E
814:(
761:(
753:(
625:(
426:i
422:o
303:.
273:.
248:.
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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