Joseon - Knowledge

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year. In response, China put pressure on them by banning envoy delegates from entering the country or demanding unreasonable tributes, but in the end Joseon, which had a theoretical advantage, got the privilege of paying tribute at least one or two times a year. Joseon enjoyed the most opportunities for tribute trade with China, and the tribute trade with China was considered as a privilege not easily granted in Asia. China had to give a higher value than the tribute it received in order to maintain face, and Joseon abused it. Joseon experienced numerous economic and cultural benefits through gifts from the imperial China. The purpose of the tribute varied depending on the circumstances, but it was usually for economic or diplomatic gain.

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gwageo exams (one had to pass the "lesser gwageo" exam (소과) in both of two stages in order to qualify for the greater gwageo exam, which again one had to pass in both of two stages to become a government official). The yangban and the king, in an uneasy balance, controlled the central government and military institutions. The proportion of yangban may have reached as high as 30% by 1800, due to the later practices of transaction of yangban status to peasants, although there was considerable local variation. As the government was small, a great many yangban were local gentry of high social status, but not always of high income.

3174:, a royal library in order to improve the cultural and political position of Joseon and to recruit gifted officers to run the nation. King Jeongjo also spearheaded bold social initiatives, opening government positions to those who would previously have been barred because of their social status. King Jeongjo had the support of the many Silhak scholars. King Jeongjo's reign also saw the further growth and development of Joseon's popular culture. At that time, the group of Silhak scholars encouraged the individual to reflect on state traditions and lifestyle, initiating the studies of Korea that addressed its history, geography, 4971: 3807: 2396:), as crown prince in 1392. This conflict arose largely because Jeong Do-jeon, who shaped and laid down ideological, institutional, and legal foundations of the new kingdom more than anyone else, saw Joseon as a kingdom led by ministers appointed by the king while Yi Bang-won wanted to establish an absolute monarchy ruled directly by the king. With Taejo's support, Jeong Do-jeon kept limiting the royal family's power by prohibiting political involvement of princes and attempting to abolish their private armies. Both sides were well aware of each other's great animosity and were getting ready to strike first. 3966: 3663:, and Confucian teachings. The king commanded absolute loyalty from his officials and subjects, but the officials were also expected to persuade the king to the right path if the latter was thought to be mistaken. Natural disasters were thought to be due to the king's failings, and therefore, Joseon kings were very sensitive to their occurrences. When there was severe drought or a series of disasters, the king often formally sought criticism from officials and citizenry. On those occasions, critics were immune from prosecution, regardless of what they said or wrote (although there were a few exceptions). 4026:(경연), in which they discussed history and Confucian philosophy with the king. Since these discussions often led to commentary on current political issues, its officials had significant influence as advisors. It was headed by Chief Scholar (Daejehak, 대제학), a part-time post of 2nd senior rank that served concurrently in another high post (such as in State Council), and Deputy Chief Scholar (Bujehak, 부제학), a full-time post of 3rd senior rank that actually ran the office. There was great prestige attached to being Chief Scholar in this deeply Confucian society. The office was established to replace 3262:

the government. The other aristocratic families, overwhelmed by the power exercised by the royal in-laws, could not speak out. As the power was concentrated in the hands of the royal in-law lineage, there was disorder in the governing process, and corruption became rampant. Large sums were offered in bribes to the powerful lineages to obtain positions with nominally high rank. Even the low-ranking posts were bought and sold. This period, which spanned 60 years, saw the manifestation of both severe poverty among the Korean population and ceaseless rebellions in various parts of the country.

2876: 5019: 11347: 3783: 137: 2408:. One of King Jeongjong's first acts as monarch was to revert the capital to Gaegyeong, where he is believed to have been considerably more comfortable, away from the toxic power strife. Yet Yi Bang-won retained real power and was soon in conflict with his disgruntled older brother, Yi Bang-gan, who also yearned for power. In 1400, the tensions between Yi Bang-won's faction and Yi Bang-gan's camp escalated into an all-out conflict that came to be known as the "Second Strife of Princes". In the aftermath of the struggle, the defeated Yi Bang-gan was exiled to 128: 4161: 695: 4605: 3155:, who believed that political faction would weaken the king's power started rapid reversals of the ruling faction, which resulted in bloody killings between factions. After the three bloody hwanguk, the Southerners lost their influence in the central government, and the ruling Westerners were divided into hard-line Noron who rejected the Southerners and moderate Soron who were friendly to the Southerners. This shift resulted in political radicalism which viewed other factions as the ones that should be eliminated. In response, the next kings, 2363: 3855: 11273: 11262: 4394:

beyond the collapse of the Ming Dynasty in the mid-1600s, molding the prevailing political and intellectual developments within Joseon Korea. This influence is evident in the construction of the Taebodan, the Altar of Great Gratitude, and the Mandongmyo, an Eastern Shrine dedicated to Ming emperors, within Korea. These structures, erected in 1704 within a palace courtyard and a local private academy respectively, served as tributes to the memory of selected Ming emperors, to honor the memory of specific Ming emperors.

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enjoyed by the upper echelons of government and the aristocracy to maintain private armies. His revocation of such rights to field independent forces effectively severed their ability to muster large-scale revolts, and drastically increased the number of men employed in the national military. Taejong's next act as king was to revise the existing legislation concerning the taxation of land ownership and the recording of state of subjects. With the discovery of previously hidden land, national income increased twofold.

3418:(1894–1895) between Japan and the Qing Empire, fought largely in Korea. (The king made a deal with Japan, partially out of a distrust of the queen's support for open trade policies toward the Western civilizations and China. He ended up preempting a specific disadvantageous, exclusive negotiation with Japan previous to the Queen's decision, which was later used as a political premise for Japan to wage military action. Scholars, particularly during the Joseon era, were touted for expressing allegiance to the king.) 10926: 105: 5386:. The study of literary exchanges between Confucian scholar officials and Buddhists shows that Buddhism was not cast out. There literary exchanges show a middle ground of both philosophies. "scholar-officials – Some who in public castigated Buddhism as a heresy and deluded tradition, in private visited temples and associated closely with monks." This shows that while in public some scholars shamed Buddhists, their exchanges with Buddhists show that at the very least it was not cast outside of the kingdom. 3628: 734: 5102:. A national painting style of landscapes called "true view" began – moving from the traditional Chinese style of idealized general landscapes to particular locations exactly rendered. While not photographic, the style was academic enough to become established and supported as a standardized style in Korean painting. At this time China ceased to have pre-eminent influence, Korean art took its own course, and became increasingly distinctive to the traditional Chinese painting. 3072:, known as sojunghwa. According to Youngmin Kim, " it held that the Joseon embodied Chineseness authentically while other neighboring countries failed to do so in the face of the barbarian domination of the center of the civilized world." A set of standardized rites and unifying symbols were developed in Late Joseon Korea in order to maintain that sense of cultural identity. Long after submitting to the Qing, the Joseon court and many Korean intellectuals kept using Ming 6104: 4955: 5798: 4691: 1323: 3372: 3182: 2441:, a new branch of central administration that revolved around the king and his edicts. After passing the subject documentation and taxation legislation, he issued a new decree in which all decisions passed by the State Council could only come into effect with the approval of the king. This ended the custom of court ministers and advisors making decisions through debate and negotiations amongst themselves, and thus brought the royal power to new heights. 2695: 5817: 6085: 5745: 4878: 3549: 1240: 3984:(삼사), is a collective name for three offices that functioned as major organ of press and provided checks and balance on the king and the officials. While modeled after the Chinese system, they played much more prominent roles in the Joseon government than their Chinese counterparts. In their role as organ of press, they did not have actual authority to decide or implement policies, but had influential voice in the ensuing debate. 2236: 5326: 8566:"Tribute trade was the oldest and most important component of the trade structure, not for its volume or content, but for its symbolism. Japanese brought items to "offer" to Korea and received in exchange "gifts" of higher value, since Korea was a greater land receiving supplicants. Koreans viewed tribute trade as a "burden" and a favor extended to needy islanders; the significance was diplomatic not economic." 3915:(Yukjo, 육조, 六曹) make up the chief executive body. Each minister (Panseo, 판서, 判書) was of 2nd senior rank and was assisted by deputy minister (Champan, 참판, 參判), who was of 2nd junior rank. Ministry of Personnel was the most senior office of six ministries. As the influence of State Council waned over time, Minister of Personnel was often de facto head of ministers. Six ministries are in the order of seniority. 2770: 2338:, the consensus in the reformed court was that a new dynastic title was needed to signify the change. In naming the new kingdom, Taejo contemplated two possibilities – "Hwaryeong" (his place of birth) and "Joseon". After much internal deliberation, as well as endorsement by the neighboring Ming dynasty's emperor, Taejo declared the name of the kingdom to be Joseon, a tribute to the ancient Korean state of 2194: 3998:, 사헌부) – It monitored government administration and officials at each level in both central and local governments for corruption, malfeasance, or inefficiency. It was also in charge of advancing public morals and Confucian customs and redressing grievances of the populace. It was headed by Inspector General (Daesaheon, 대사헌), a position of 2nd junior rank, who oversaw 30 largely independent officials. 2986: 2497: 3094: 4005:, 사간원) – Its chief function was to remonstrate with the king if there was wrong or improper action or policy. Important decrees of the king were first reviewed by censors, who could ask for them to be withdraw if they judged them improper. It also issued opinions about the general state of affairs. It was composed of five officials, led by the Chief Censor (Daesagan, 대사간), of 3rd senior rank. 6027: 4325:'s followers forced him to take the crown as Taejo of Joseon, thus establishing a new dynasty. In search of a justification for its rule given the lack of a royal bloodline, the new regime wanted recognition from other countries such as China. Furthermore, the only way to establish diplomatic relations and trade with China was to accept the tributary system of China. Thus, Joseon joined the 3889:, 우의정, 右議政) were the highest-ranking officials in the government (all three were of 1st senior rank). They were assisted by Left Minister (Jwachanseong, 좌찬성, 左贊成) and Right Minister (Uichangseong, 우찬성, 右贊成), both of 1st junior rank, and seven lower ranking officials. The power of State Council was inversely proportional to the king's power. There were periods when it directly controlled the 3102: 5088: 4708:), craftsmen and laborers, textile workers, etc. Given the size of the population, it may be that a typical person had more than one role. Most farming was, at any rate, commercial, not subsistence. In addition to generating additional income, a certain amount of occupational dexterity may have been required to avoid the worst effects of an often heavy and corrupt tax system. 9762: 3064:, Joseon leaders and intellectuals remained resentful of the Manchus, whom they regarded as barbarians, and regarded the Ming Dynasty as the center of the civilized world. Joseon intellectuals, who had political and cultural allegiances to the Ming Dynasty, were forced to reexamine their state identity when the Qing overthrew the Ming, leading to an influx of Ming 2717:, who was forced to drink poison after poisoning one of Seongjong's concubines out of jealousy and leaving a scratch mark on Seongjong's face. When he was shown a piece of clothing that was allegedly stained with his mother's blood vomited after drinking poison, he beat to death two of Seongjong's concubines who had accused Queen Yun and he pushed his grandmother, 1205:, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace and prosperity, along with cultural and technological development. What power the kingdom recovered during its isolation waned as the 18th century came to a close. Faced with internal strife, power struggles, international pressure, and rebellions at home, the kingdom declined rapidly in the late 19th century. 2842:. Factions in the Joseon dynasty were formed based on their different interpretations of Confucian philosophy, which mainly differed according to who their master was and what they believed in. The alternations in power among these factions were often accompanied by charges of treason and bloody purges, initiating a cycle of revenge with each change of regime. 4157:(do, 도, 道). The eight provinces' boundaries remained unchanged for almost five centuries from 1413 to 1895, and formed a geographic paradigm that is still reflected today in the Korean Peninsula's administrative divisions, dialects, and regional distinctions. The names of all eight provinces are still preserved today, in one form or another. 5701:. It became a full-fledged musical form by the middle of the eighteenth century, and not long thereafter the yangban aristocracy also became interested in it. Originally there was a set of twelve stories that were sung, but only five were written down, and hence those five are the only ones sung today. Having been developed by commoners, 3278: 3794: 4054:

the populace to the king, but they also advised the king and served in other key positions close to the king. In particular Chief Royal Secretary (도승지), a liaison to Ministry of Personnel, served the king in the closest proximity of all government official and often enjoyed great power that was derived from the king's favor.

3123:(Practical Learning). The early group of Silhak scholars advocated comprehensive reform of civil service examination, taxation, natural sciences and the improvement in agromanagerial and agricultural techniques. It aimed to rebuild Joseon society after it had been devastated by the two invasions. Under the leadership of 3839:

to a position of 6th junior rank (a jump of six ranks). The two candidates with the next highest scores were appointed to a position of 7th junior rank. The seven candidates with next highest scores were assigned to 8th junior rank. The remaining 23 candidates were given 9th junior rank, the lowest of 18 ranks.

4728:(1690–1756) sarcastically complained that "ith so many different ranks and grades separating people from one another, people tend not to have a very large circle of friends." But, even as Yi wrote, the informal social distinctions of the Early Joseon were being reinforced by legal discrimination, such as 1220:, derive from the culture and traditions of Joseon. Modern Korean bureaucracy and administrative divisions were also established during the Joseon period. The Korean territory under Joseon had a similar shape to today's Korean territory, which was created after King Sejong's conquest of Jurchens in 1433. 5445:

Buddhism was a part of the Joseon kingdom. While not supported publicly, privately it was very prevalent in Confucian-scholar officials. Many monarchs and members of the royal court also practiced or tolerated Buddhism among their family and court advisors and commissioned or were patrons of Buddhist

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contributed to the increasingly male-dominated society of the time. Women were expected to be silent and not socialize with men who were not their relatives. They were required to be chaste to their husbands, and widows were not allowed to remarry. Any doubt of a woman's chastity would bring dishonor

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Royal Secretariat (Seungjeongwon, 승정원) served as a liaison between the king and Six Ministries. There were six royal secretaries (승지), one for each ministry, and all were of 3rd senior rank. Their primary role was to pass down royal decree to the ministries and submit petitions from the officials and

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Government officials were ranked in 18 levels, ranging from first senior rank (정1품, 正一品) down to ninth junior rank (종9품, 從九品). Seniority and promotion was achieved through royal decree, based on examination or recommendation. The officials from 1st senior rank to 3rd senior rank wore red robes. Those

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In the beginning of his reign, Yi Sŏng-gye, now ruler of Korea, intended to continue to use of the name Goryeo for the country he ruled and simply change the royal line of descent to his own, thus maintaining the façade of continuing the 500-year-old Goryeo tradition. After numerous threats of mutiny

5876:, which compiled computations of the courses of the seven heavenly objects (five visible planets, the sun, and moon), developed in 1442. This work made it possible for scientists to calculate and accurately predict all the major heavenly phenomena, such as solar eclipses and other stellar movements. 4402:, Joseon regarded the Ming Empire as its ancestral homeland and considered the Qing Dynasty barbaric, maintaining loyalty to the Ming even after its collapse. Due to their adherence to the China-centric perspective called Hwai-gwan, intellectuals in Joseon held profound disdain for the Qing Dynasty. 3987:

The officials who served in these offices tended to be younger and of lower rank compared to other offices but had strong academic reputation and enjoyed special privileges and great prestige (for instance, censors were permitted to drink during working hours because of their function of criticizing

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posts, were open only to officials who advanced through literary exam. The literary route involved a series of four tests. To qualify, one had to pass them all. 33 candidates who were chosen in this manner would take the final exam, before the king. The candidate with the highest score was appointed

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which his predecessors, Sejong and Munjong, had carefully laid down. He cut down on everything he deemed unworthy and caused countless complications in the long run. Many of these adjustments were done for his own power, not regarding the consequences and problems that would occur. The favoritism he

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Chima was full-skirted and jeogori was short and tight in the late Joseon period. Fullness in the skirt was emphasized round the hips. Many undergarments were worn underneath chima such as darisokgot, soksokgot, dansokgot, and gojengi to achieve a desired silhouette. Because jeogori was so short it

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examinations for Confucian learning, and a civil service system. The family of a yangban who did not succeed in becoming a government official for the third generation lost their yangban status and became commoners. For most part, the only way to become a government official was to pass a series of

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As an initial step, a diplomatic mission was dispatched to Japan in 1402. The Joseon envoy sought to bring about the re-establishment of amicable relations between the two countries and he was charged to commemorate the good relations which existed in ancient times. This mission was successful, and

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Joseon wanted to dispatch envoys as often as possible for economic and cultural interests as well as diplomatic purposes. China demanded that Joseon pay tribute only once in a three-year cycle. However, Joseon strongly opposed this measure and demanded that Joseon pay tribute to China three times a

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Joseon's perceptions of the Qing Dynasty were significantly influenced by Sungmyeongbancheong, which means worship of Ming and disdain for Qing, prior to the middle of the 18th century. The Joseon Dynasty was characterized by strong anti-Qing sentiments and allegiance to the Ming Dynasty. According

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oral petition system, commoners could strike a gong or drum in front of the palace or during the king's public processions in order to appeal their grievances or petition to the king directly. This allowed even the illiterate members of Joseon society to make a petition to the king. More than 1,300

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in order to assert Korea's independence. In addition, other foreign powers were sought for military technology, especially Russia, to fend off the Japanese. Technically, 1897 marks the end of the Joseon period, as the official name of the empire was changed; the Joseon Dynasty still reigned, albeit

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With the domination of the Andong Kims, the era of Sedo Politics began. The formidable in-law lineage monopolized the vital positions in government, holding sway over the political scene, and intervening in the succession of the throne. These kings had no monarchic authority and could not rule over

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During the Joseon period, the official government policy was to suppress Buddhism in favor of Neo-Confucianism. Paradoxically, however, queens, consorts, and other members of the royal court frequently commissioned Buddhist dedications and offerings. In the sixteenth century, for example, numerous

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cloth or other high-grade lightweight materials in warm weather and of plain and patterned silks the rest of the year. Commoners were restricted by law as well as resources to cotton at best. The upper classes wore a variety of colors, though bright colors were generally worn by children and girls

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China is the mother and father of our country; thus, those barbarians are the enemy of our parents. As a civil servant, how can you abandon your parents and become the brother of your parents’ enemy? The work of the Imjinwaeran (Japanese invasion of Joseon, 1592) was thanks to the power of the

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Office of Records (Chunchugwan, 춘추관) officials wrote, compiled, and maintained the government and historical records. It was headed by State Councillors, and many posts were held by officials serving in other offices concurrently. There were eight historiographers whose sole function was to record

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While the primary focus for Office of Inspector General is the government officials and Office of Censors is focused on the king, two offices often performed each other's functions, and there was much overlap. Together they were called "Yangsa", (양사) which literally means "Both Offices", and often

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destroyed the Japanese invasion fleet. The guerrilla resistance that eventually formed also helped. Local resistance slowed down the Japanese advance and decisive naval victories by Admiral Yi left control over sea routes in Korean hands, severely hampering Japanese supply lines. Furthermore, Ming

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was accordingly discouraged, and occasionally Buddhists faced persecutions. Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the Korean peninsula and saw the height of classical Korean culture, trade, literature, and science and technology. In the 1590s, the kingdom was severely weakened due to the two

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but also as a ritual father figure. This transformation held significant weight because, unlike the changeable loyalty to a ruler, the Confucian principle of filial piety was considered immutable and irrevocable. The lasting effect of the Ming-Joseon relationship on the Joseon elites endured well

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During the 1400s, the connection between Ming and Joseon was mainly pragmatic and somewhat contractual. The concept of Sadae implied a commitment to serve Ming China, and depending on the international context, the dominant state could be substituted. However, by the early 1500s, the relationship

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and their troops, intending to use Korea as a stepping stone. Factional division in the Joseon court, inability to assess Japanese military capability, and failed attempts at diplomacy led to poor preparation on Joseon's part. The use of superior firearms by the Japanese left most of the southern

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After the sudden death of Queen Sindeok, while King Taejo was still in mourning for his second wife, Yi Bang-won struck first by raiding the palace and killed Jeong Do-jeon and his supporters as well as Queen Sindeok's two sons (his half-brothers) including the crown prince in 1398. This incident

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have harshly criticized Buddhism and therefore have only discussed what is aberrant and have not fully investigated what is profound. People say, their understanding is lacking and they have not fully examined it . I, myself, don't think that is the case… The heresies under heaven, they are also

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of almost equal ranking. The emperors of Japan at the time were figureheads with no actual political or military power, and the actual political and military rulers of Japan that Joseon communicated with were the shoguns who were represented as "tycoon of Japan" in many foreign communications in

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sages. The students' opinions on government policies, especially collective statements and demonstrations, could be influential as they represented fresh and uncorrupted consensus of young scholars. The official in charge was Daesaseong (대사성), of 3rd senior rank, and 36 other officials including

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Royal Investigation Bureau (Uigeumbu, 의금부) was an investigative and enforcement organ under direct control of the king. It chiefly dealt with treason and other serious cases that concerned the king and royal family and served to arrest, investigate, imprison, and carry out sentences against the

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During the late Joseon period of the 18th and 19th century, Joseon started to change its perceptions of the Qing Dynasty. The shift in perceptions commenced through the introduction of Qing Dynasty culture to Joseon society by Yeonhaengsa, Korean Envoys to the Qing Dynasty. Progressive-thinking

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to strengthen local autonomy and communal spirit among the people, sought to reduce the gap between the rich and poor with a land reform that would distribute land to farmers more equally and limit the amount of land and number of slaves that one could own, promulgated widely among the populace

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The diplomatic system of East Asia was hierarchical, lacking in equality. Joseon Korea enjoyed a high level of independence and sovereignty in domestic and foreign affairs while ritually subservient to the Ming and Qing dynasties of China. However, the Qing dynasty was directly involved in the

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in 1882, early reform efforts in Korea suffered a major setback. In the aftermath of the incident, the Chinese reasserted their influence over the peninsula, where they began to interfere in Korean internal affairs directly. After stationing troops at strategic points in the capital Seoul, the

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as a personal pleasure ground. He abolished the Office of Censors, whose function was to criticize inappropriate actions and policies of the king, and Hongmungwan. He banned the use of hangul when the common people used it on posters to criticize the king. After twelve years of misrule, he was

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In the beginning of Taejong's reign, the former King Taejo refused to relinquish the royal seal that signified the legitimacy of any king's rule. Regardless, Taejong initiated policies he believed would prove his qualification to rule. One of his first acts as king was to abolish the privilege

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pigment are another example of popular wares of the Joseon period. Many of these items were created by court painters employed by the royal family. During this period, the popular style of landscape paintings is mirrored in the decoration of ceramics. Initially developed by the Chinese at the

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and subdued colors by middle-aged men and women. Commoners were restricted by law to everyday clothes of white, but for special occasions they wore dull shades of pale pink, light green, gray, and charcoal. Formally, when Korean men went outdoors, they were required to wear overcoats known as

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but exercised a high level of independence and sovereignty. The ruling Yi family proclaimed their indigenous legitimacy but institutionalized structures that limited Joseon monarch power, which modern scholars view as producing contradictory statuses from a modern view of sovereignty. Joseon

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These radical reforms were very popular with the populace but were fiercely opposed by the conservative officials who had helped to put Jungjong on the throne. They plotted to cause Jungjong to doubt Jo's loyalty. Jo Gwang-jo was executed, and most of his reform measures died with him in the

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rather foul. Among them, Buddhism is the worst. If a person is inclined to Buddhism, then he is of the kind that pursues what is foul. Is it not clear that there is nothing further to discuss? It is like Mencius who criticized Yang Zhu and Mozi. Surely, he did not argue further than to say

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people would voluntarily become nobi in order to survive. The nobi population could fluctuate up to about one-third of the population, but on average the nobi made up about 10% of the total population. Joseon slaves could, and often did, own property. Private slaves could buy their freedom.

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are the most difficult to successfully craft. During production, these items require great skill and attention or will turn gray during the process of firing. While the birthplace of ceramics with copper red underglaze is widely disputed, these items originated during 12th century in

5849:(the Jagyeokru) which worked by activating motions of wooden figures to indicate time visually (invented in 1434 by Jang), a subsequent more complicated water-clock with additional astronomical devices, and an improved model of the previous metal movable printing type created in the 3021:(r. 1608–1623), putting the Korean state in a difficult position because the Ming court was also requesting assistance. Gwanghaegun tried to maintain neutrality, but most of his officials opposed him for not supporting Ming China, which had saved Joseon during Hideyoshi's invasions. 6812:

1392년부터 1910년까지 한반도전역을 통치하였던 조선(朝鮮)은 일반적으로 조선왕조(朝鮮王朝)라 칭하였으며, 어보(御寶), 국서(國書)등에도 대조선국(大朝鮮國)이라는 명칭을 사용하였었다. (translation) Joseon which had ruled from 1392 to 1910 was commonly referred to as the "Joseon dynasty" while "Great Joseon" was used in the royal seal, national documents, and

4538:. Gyorin was applied to a multi-national foreign policy. The unique nature of these bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese. Gradually, the theoretical models would be modified, mirroring the evolution of a unique relationship. 4760:

In 1801, government-owned slaves were all emancipated, and the institution gradually died out over the next century. By 1858 the nobi population stood at about 1.5 percent of the total population of Korea. The institution was completely abolished as part of a social plan in the

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examinations (literary exam) were admitted to Sungkyunkwan. The class size was usually 200 students, who lived in the residential hall and followed strict routine and school rules. (Tuition, room and board were provided by the government.) It also served as the state shrine for

4465:. The Chinese supervised the creation of a Korean Maritime Customs Service headed by von Möllendorff. A staff of Chinese officers also took over the training of the army, providing the Koreans with 1,000 rifles, two cannons, and 10,000 rounds of ammunition. Furthermore, the 2665:, the royal library and advisory council composed of Confucian scholars, with whom he discussed philosophy and government policies. He ushered in a cultural golden age that rivaled Sejong's reign by publishing numerous books on geography, ethics, and various other fields. 5864:

The highpoint of Korean astronomy was during the Joseon period, where men such as Jang created devices such as celestial globes which indicated the positions of the sun, moon, and the stars. Later celestial globes (Gyupyo, 규표) were attuned to the seasonal variations.

2318:, a friend of Yi Sŏng-gye, wanted to use this incident as an opportunity to reform the corrupt nobles and the Buddhist community. He later killed King U and his son after a failed restoration and forcibly placed a royal named Wang Yo on the throne (he became King 9454:

Another target of his critique is the insistence that slaves (nobi) in Korea, especially in Choson dynasty, were closer to serfs (nongno) than true slaves (noye) in Europe and America, enjoying more freedom and independence than what a slave would normally be

2452:. He kept Jeong Do-jeon's reforms intact for most part. In addition, Taejong executed or exiled many of his supporters who helped him ascend on the throne in order to strengthen his own royal authority. To limit the influence of in-laws, he killed all four of 6979:"Yi Sŏng-gye issued a royal edict to proclaim the name of the new kingdom to "Joseon" and issued amnesty to all criminals who opposed the transition. The statement by Taizu about "only the name of Joseon is beautiful and old" naturally refers to Gija Joseon." 6397:

A Korean historian stated that "the Chinese government began to turn its former tributary state into a semi-colony and its policy toward Korea substantially changed to a new imperialistic one where the suzerain state demanded certain privileges in her vassal

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consistently used debate as a major decision-making method. Seonbis expressed their views on problems to be solved in front of the king and discussed the wrongdoings of the other faction's argument. These political clashes often led to violence, such as the

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Yet, these laws may have been announced precisely because social mobility was increasing, particularly during the prosperous century beginning about 1710. The original social hierarchy of the Joseon era was developed based on the social hierarchy of the

2861:, head of the Western faction, was in charge of investigating the case and used this event to affect the widespread purge of Easterners who had the slightest connection to Jeong Yeo-rip. Eventually 1000 Easterners were killed or exiled in the aftermath. 4808:. Etymologically derived from a native Korean word meaning "someone who is wise and knowledgeable," the word later became synonymous with the Chinese character 士 (shì), which meant "scholar" or "retainer". As the Joseon dynasty encouraged the study of 4384:

conflates an attitude of subservience with the political realism which accompanies the prudent recognition of greater power. As a foundation of diplomacy, the Joseon kingdom presumed that the Korean state was positioned within a Sinocentristic milieu.

4122:(Amhaengeosa, 암행어사) was appointed by the king to travel incognito and monitor the provincial officials. These undercover inspectors were generally young officials of lower rank but were invested with the royal authority to dismiss corrupt officials. 3036:

erupted in 1624 and wrecked Joseon's military defenses in the north. Even after the rebellion had been suppressed, King Injo had to devote military forces to ensure the stability of the capital, leaving fewer soldiers to defend the northern borders.

2467:

Taejong remains a controversial figure who killed many of his rivals and relatives to gain power and yet ruled effectively to improve the populace's lives, strengthen national defense, and lay down a solid foundation for his successor Sejong's rule.

6675: 2624:

King Sejo enabled the government to determine exact population numbers and to mobilize troops effectively. He also revised the land ordinance to improve the national economy and encouraged the publication of books. Most importantly, he compiled the

3800:"Daegunju bo" designed to replace the former sergeant "Joseon gukwang jiin", used as the seal of the king for documents such as appointment documents for high-ranking government officials and ordinances proclaimed in Korea, between 1882 and 1897 3206:, which argued that Joseon should adopt Qing and Western culture through the Qing Dynasty. Joseon scholars became intrigued by the sophisticated architectural technology of China, encompassing construction techniques, wagon utilization, and the 2761:. For nearly 50 years afterward, the court politics were marred by bloody and chaotic struggles between factions backing rival consorts and princes. In-laws of the royal family wielded great power and contributed to much corruption in that era. 4295:, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Brunei, and the Philippines, among others. In addition, Joseon received tribute from Jurchens and Japanese until the 17th century, and had a small enclave in the Ryukyu Kingdom that engaged in trade with Siam and Java. 12003:

Only the crown princes that didn't become the king were listed; the former year indicates when one officially became the heir and the latter one is that when one died/deposed. Those who ascended to the throne were excluded in the list for

4616:

The exact population figures of Joseon-era Korea are disputed as government records of households are considered unreliable in this period. Between 1810 and 1850, the population declined approximately 10% and remained stable. Before the

5155:, artists and their buyers found the material was inferior in quality and preferred the more expensive imported cobalt. Korean porcelain with imported cobalt decoration contradict the emphasis of an orderly, frugal and moderate life in 5150:

in the mid-14th century, Joseon began to produce this type of porcelain from the 15th century under Chinese influence. The first cobalt imported from China was used by Korean artists. In 1463 when sources of cobalt were discovered in

4723:

During the Late Joseon, the Confucian ideals of propriety and "filial piety" gradually came to be equated with a strict observance to a complex social hierarchy, with many fine gradations. By the early 18th century, the social critic

3988:

the king). To be appointed, they went through more thorough review of character and family background. Three Offices provided the fastest route of promotion to high posts and was almost a requirement to becoming a State Councillor.

4990:

became gradually tightened and shortened. In the 16th century, jeogori was baggy and reached below the waist, but by the 19th century, jeogori was shortened to the point that it did not cover the breasts, so another piece of cloth

5495:

is a poetic form consisting of three lines, each with four feet, traditionally sung very slowly. In Korean verse, a foot is generally a short syntactic unit, such as a noun with an adjective or a verb with an adverb. For example:

3318:

clans, he promoted persons without making references to political party or family affiliations, and in order to reduce the burdens of the people and solidify the basis of the nation's economy, he reformed the tax system. In 1871,

3846:" (영감, 令監). These red-robed officials, collectively called "dangsanggwan" (당상관, 堂上官), took part in deciding government policies by attending cabinet meetings. The rest of the ranked officials were called "danghagwan" (당하관, 堂下官). 3806: 2271:. Goryeo remained a neutral third-party observer in the conflict between the Yuan and the Ming and had friendly diplomatic relations with both. In 1388, a Ming messenger came to Goryeo to demand that territories of the former 5841:

were allowed to work for the government. At a young age, Jang displayed talent as an inventor and engineer, creating machines to facilitate agricultural work. These included supervising the building of aqueducts and canals.

3295:, ruled for him until Gojong reached adulthood. During the mid-1860s the Regent was the main proponent of isolationism and the instrument of the persecution of native and foreign Catholics, a policy that led directly to the 3226:

After the death of King Jeongjo, the Joseon faced difficult external and internal problems. Internally, the foundation of national law and order weakened as a result of "Sedo Politics" (in-law government) by royal in-laws.

4373:

construes China as the center of a Confucian moral universe. and describes a foreign policy characterized by the various ways a weaker nation-state such as Korea acknowledges the strength of a greater power such as China.

4431:

policy toward Joseon; despite being a tributary state of China, Joseon was independent in its internal and external affairs, and China did not manipulate or interfere in them. After the Imo Incident, China abandoned its

2403:

Aghast at the fact that his sons were willing to kill each other for the crown, and psychologically exhausted from the death of his second wife, King Taejo abdicated and immediately crowned his second son Yi Bang-gwa as

3134:

The co-existence system between Southerners and Westerners which were established after the Injo coup started to fall. After the Yesong debate, factional conflict grew particularly intense under the reigns of the kings

6139:, Gojong's 5th daughter and youngest (14th) child. (This is a compilation of individual photographs since the Japanese did not allow them to be in the same room at the same time, and some were forced to leave Korea). 2412:

while his supporters were executed. Thoroughly intimidated, King Jeongjong immediately invested Yi Bang-won as heir presumptive and voluntarily abdicated. That same year, Yi Bang-won assumed the throne of Joseon as

2562:, a government official, north to fend off the Jurchens. Kim's military campaign captured several castles, pushed north, and expanded Korean territory, roughly the present-day border between North Korea and China. 4701:

Many of the remaining 40–50% of the population were surely farmers, but recent work has raised important issues about the size of other groups: merchants and traders, local government or quasi-governmental clerks

5127:, was recognized for its artistic value. Among the most prized of Korean ceramics are large white jars. Their shape is symbolic of the moon and their color is associated with the ideals of purity and modesty of 4941:

Noble Korean women during this time were suppressed, along with shamans, in the 15th century because of Neo-Confucianist social norms when they previously led some of the least restricted lives out of anyone in

2783:

The middle Joseon period was marked by intense and bloody power struggles between political factions that weakened the country, and by large-scale invasions by Japan and Manchu which nearly toppled the kingdom.

4453:

Chinese undertook several initiatives to gain significant influence over the Korean government. The Qing dispatched two special advisers on foreign affairs representing Chinese interests to Korea: the German

3052:

emperor Hong Taiji sent a punitive expedition of 120,000 men to Joseon in 1636. Defeated, King Injo was forced to end his relations with the Ming and recognize the Qing as suzerain instead. Injo's successor

3409:

government for assistance in ending the revolt. The Qing sent 3,000 troops, and the rebels negotiated a truce, but the Japanese considered the Qing presence a threat and sent in 8,000 troops of their own,

10498:

Kye, Seung B.. 2010. "Huddling Under the Imperial Umbrella: A Korean Approach to Ming China in the Early 1500s". The Journal of Korean Studies 15 (1). University of Washington Center for Korea Studies:

4720:), and with this they were expected to take their own lives if they were raped or even rumored to be caught in an affair. Laws were also enacted to prohibit women from riding horses or playing sports. 3842:

The officials of 1st senior rank, 1st junior rank, and 2nd senior rank were addressed with honorific "daegam" (대감, 大監) while those of 2nd junior rank and 3rd senior rank were addressed with honorific "

4682:. There were both government- and privately owned nobi, and the government occasionally gave them to yangban. Privately owned nobi could be inherited as personal property. During poor harvests, many 3770: 3758: 3746: 5112:, blue underglaze and iron underglaze. Ceramics from the Joseon period differ from other periods because artists felt that each piece of art deserved its own uniquely cultivated personality. 4022:, 홍문관, 弘文館) – It oversaw the royal library and served as research institute to study Confucian philosophy and answer the king's questions. Its officials took part in the daily lessons called 3214:

was among the first to construct brick Chinese-style buildings in Anui, Gyeongsang Province, and Gyedong, Seoul, towards the end of the 18th century. Following the establishment of the Suwon

2547:

of Tsushima was granted rights to conduct trade with Korea in fifty ships per year in exchange for sending tribute to Korea and aiding to stop any Waegu coastal pirate raids on Korean ports.

6040:

Specifically, not clear why this list is exclusive to the end of the dynasty, with some being post-Joseon. Possibly a brief prose description of the dynasty (with no explicit list) is better

4830:

often organized scholarly communities which often imposed a huge influence over local regions. Those who became office-holders acted as aristocrats, boasting influence over Joseon politics.

3048:

who had supported Gwanghaegun, the Jurchens imposed a treaty that forced Joseon to accept "brotherly relations" with the Jurchen kingdom. Because Injo persisted in his anti-Manchu policies,

5884:

in 1669. The clock has an armillary sphere with a diameter of 40 cm. The sphere is activated by a working clock mechanism, showing the position of celestial objects at any given time.

4562:

was reported to have been favorably impressed by this initial embassy. Not less than 70 diplomatic missions were dispatched from the Joseon capital to Japan before the beginning of Japan's

8114: 4678:

class, and some possessed property rights, legal entities and civil rights. Hence, some scholars argue that it is inappropriate to call them "slaves", while some scholars describe them as

6485: 174: 2314:(1388). Neo-Confucian scholars, who were a small and medium-sized power at the time, were able to use this incident as an opportunity to lay a political foundation, and in particular, 10486:

Alston, Dane. 2008. "Emperor and Emissary: The Hongwu Emperor, Kwŏn Kŭn, and the Poetry of Late Fourteenth Century Diplomacy". Korean Studies 32. University of Hawai'i Press: 104–147.

2849:, one of the bloodiest political purges of Joseon. Jeong Yeo-rip, an Easterner, had formed a society with a group of supporters that also received military training to fight against 6871: 10251: 3734: 3330: 3893:, the chief executive body of Joseon government, but it primarily served in advisory role under stronger kings. State councillors served in several other positions concurrently. 3170:

The two kings led a second renaissance of the Joseon kingdom. Yeongjo's grandson, the enlightened King Jeongjo enacted various reforms throughout his reign, notably establishing

7918: 7415: 4636:. By the end of the 18th century, the yangban had acquired most of the traits of a hereditary nobility except that the status was based on a unique mixture of family position, 4625:

government in the early 20th century, the average life expectancy for peasant and commoner Korean males was 24 years and for females 26 years, accounting for infant mortality.

6612: 9527:

Jun SH & JB Lewis (2004), On double-entry bookkeeping in Eighteenth-century Korea: A consideration of the account books from two clan associations and a private academy.

6045: 2740:

Jungjong was a fundamentally weak king because of the circumstances that placed him on the throne, but his reign also saw a period of significant reforms led by his minister

10527:

Robinson, Kenneth R.. 1992. "From Raiders to Traders: Border Security and Border Control in Early Chosŏn, 1392–1450". Korean Studies 16. University of Hawai'i Press: 94–115.

4407:

emperor. It is difficult to forget the grace of the emperor as long as our country lives and breathes. … we shall not abandon our loyalty even if our country disappears (

8198: 8166: 3782: 3218:, which was influenced by Qing construction technology and techniques, Qing-style architectural style and techniques started to become more widespread in Joseon society. 4486:

unable to appoint diplomats without Chinese approval, and with troops stationed in the country to protect Chinese interests. China's new policy toward Joseon was set by

3834:

examinations. There were three kinds of gwageo exams – literary, military, and miscellaneous. The literary route was the most prestigious. Many key posts, including all

7868: 4732:

regulation of the dress of different social groups, and laws restricting inheritance and property ownership by women. Precisely because of the tenets of the Confucian

709: 9136: 5697:(판소리) is another musical form that combines singing and prose to portray a story. Its development likely originates from shaman rituals and the songs within the 10695:"Click into the Hermit Kingdom" (Written by Yang Sung-jin and published by Dongbang Media in Seoul, South Korea) – 100 articles in English on the Joseon Dynasty 10511:

Robinson, David M.. 2004. "Disturbing Images: Rebellion, Usurpation, and Rulership in Early Sixteenth-century East Asia" – "Korean Writings on Emperor Wuzong".

9029: 4138:

Hyeon (현, 縣) – Large hyeons were governed by Hyeonryeong (현령, 縣令) of 5th junior rank while smaller hyeons were governed by Hyeongam (현감, 縣監) of 6th junior rank.

12116: 7049: 7006: 5902: 2967:. The Joseon and Ming forces defeated the Japanese at a deep price. Following the war, relations between Korea and Japan were completely suspended until 1609. 10749: 10688: 7985: 5389:

One example of this is a famous Joseon scholar official Park Se-dang (박세당, 朴世堂, 1629–1703). He argues against Buddhism with the following, "People say that

4333:, in return for recognition. Within this tributary system, China assumed the role of a "big brother", with Korea maintaining the highest position among the 2753:, it was said that no official dared to receive a bribe or exploit the populace during this time because as Inspector General, he applied the law strictly. 10662: 6462: 2334:

from the drastically weakened but still influential Gwonmun nobles, who continued to swear allegiance to the remnants of the Goryeo and to the now-demoted

3028:(r. 1623–1649), who banished Gwanghaegun's supporters. Reverting his predecessor's foreign policy, the new king decided to openly support the Ming, but a 12121: 10336:

Kim Haboush, JaHyun (2005), "Contesting Chinese Time, Nationalizing Temporal Space: Temporal Inscription in Late Chosǒn Korea", in Lynn A. Struve (ed.),

4822:

lived under strict, standardized Confucianist guidelines. Although they were encouraged to participate in politics and act as advisors to the King, many

4753:

In the late 17th to 19th centuries, new commercial groups emerged, and the old class system was extremely weakened. The situation was most marked in the

2668:

He also sent several military campaigns against the Jurchens on the northern border in 1491, like many of his predecessors. The campaign, led by General

2430: 3901: 3659:

The king had absolute authority, but his actual power varied with political circumstances. He was bound by tradition, precedents set by earlier kings,

3210:

heating system. Particularly fascinated by brick, the proponents of Bukhak endeavored to popularize its usage across Joseon, and eventually succeeded.

2617:, gained control of the government and eventually deposed his nephew to become the seventh king of Joseon himself in 1455, taking the name Sejo. After 5131:. During this period, the bureau that oversaw the meals and court banquets of the royal family strictly controlled the production of white porcelain. 5108:

are a form of popular art during the Joseon period. Examples of ceramics include white porcelain or white porcelain decorated with cobalt, copper red

4750:

era. In the 14th–16th centuries, this hierarchy was strict and stable. Since economic opportunities to change status were limited, no law was needed.

9303:"...before the introduction of modern medicine in the early 1900s the average life expectancy for Koreans was just 24 for males and 26 for females." 4357:, in return for accepting the subservient tributary role of a "younger brother". A series diplomatic ventures illustrate the persistence of Joseon's 3314:

During his reign, the power and authority of the in-law families such as the Andong Kims sharply declined. In order to get rid of the Andong Kim and

7824: 6966: 5989:

could protect against bullets if thick enough, and devised bullet-proof vests made of 30 layers of cotton. The vests were used in battle during the

4258:

were royal guards defending the king, queen, and ministers. These were soldiers hand-selected by the king. The King's Royal Palace Gatekeepers, the

11200: 8720: 7156: 6469: 2749:

Confucian writings with vernacular translations, and sought to trim the size of government by reducing the number of bureaucrats. According to the

10716: 10710: 5301:

of the Joseon period, which records and prescribes through text and stylized illustration the important ceremonies and rites of the royal family.

2605:

continued his father's legacy but soon died of illness in 1452, just two years after his coronation. He was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son,

10230: 8110: 7189: 7104: 7076: 5891: 5061: 2445: 1928: 4129:

Bu (부) – administrative offices in charge of major cities in provinces. Each bu was led by Buyun (부윤), which was equivalent to Governor in rank.

4126:

Provinces (Do, 도, 道) – There were eight provinces, each of which was governed by Governor (Gwanchalsa, 관찰사, 觀察使), a position of 2nd junior rank.

7699:"Changing perceptions of the Qing Dynasty in the Late Joseon Dynasty and Chinese style architecture that emerged in Joseon in the 18th century" 5873: 5053: 2853:. There is still a dispute about the nature and purpose of his group, which reflected the desire for a classless society and spread throughout 2621:

attempted to assassinate Sejo to return Danjong to the throne, Sejo executed the six ministers and also killed Danjong in his place of exile.

10093: 6833: 5254:, consist of 1,893 volumes and are thought to cover the longest continual period of a single dynasty in the world. With the exception of two 3722: 2585:. Because of such success, Sejong was given the title "Sejong the Great". The most remembered contribution of King Sejong is the creation of 3341:

In 1873, King Gojong announced his assumption of royal rule. With the subsequent retirement of Heungseon Daewongun, Queen Min (later called

10942: 10684: 10653: 5677:" (사설시조, 辭說時調), in which the first two lines were greatly lengthened. This expansion is likely a development from the so-called "irregular 4805: 450: 11228: 7463: 6855: 3381:

Many Koreans despised Japanese and foreign influences over their land and the corrupt oppressive rule of the Joseon Dynasty. In 1881, the

12101: 10864: 9262: 8451: 6049: 5978: 3877:(Uijeongbu, 의정부, 議政府) was the highest deliberative body, whose power declined over the course of the period. The Chief State Councillor ( 3411: 2910: 2870: 2637:

showed toward the ministers who aided him in taking the throne led to increased corruption in the higher echelon of the political field.

2168: 2162: 1174: 517: 9277:

Ch'oe YH, PH Lee & WT de Bary (eds.) (2000), Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume II: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries.

9234: 9099: 9001: 8863: 8412: 7654: 7611: 4132:

Mok (목, 牧) – There were twenty moks, which governed large counties named ju (주, 州). They were run by Moksa (목사, 牧使), of 3rd senior rank.

2629:, which became the cornerstone of dynastic administration and provided the first form of constitutional law in a written form in Korea. 10328: 9195: 5982: 5734: 4002: 3151:, the southerners managed to become a ruling faction and made westerners lose power. But the southerners' rise to power was temporary. 2669: 2222: 2150: 10393:

Walker, Hugh D. (1971), "The Weight of Tradition: Preliminary Observations on Korea's Intellectual Response", in Jo, Yung-hwan (ed.),

7907: 3017:

against Ming China in 1618, Nurhaci and the Ming engaged in several military conflicts. On such occasions, Nurhaci required help from

2613:

also served as Danjong's guardian and, along with the general Kim Jong-seo, attempted to strengthen royal authority. Danjong's uncle,

2279:, but had been reclaimed by Goryeo in 1356 as the Yuan dynasty weakened. The act caused an uproar among the Goryeo court, and General 10742: 10020: 8059: 7399: 5073: 4389:

between Ming and Joseon was reinforced through a father-son dynamic, as Joseon elites began to regard the Ming emperor not just as a

2960:

China intervened on the side of the Koreans, sending a large force in 1593 which pushed back the Japanese together with the Koreans.

2481: 2476: 2389: 6596: 5171:

and became increasingly popular during the second half of the Joseon period. Some experts have pointed to the kilns of Bunwon-ri in

3057:(r. 1649–1659) tried to form an army to keep his enemies away and conquer the Qing for revenge, but could never act on his designs. 127: 11346: 10880: 5913: 3812:"Daejoseon Daegunju bo" were used as the 'seal of state' for credentials in diplomatic relations with other countries, between 1882 2721:, who died afterward. He executed government officials who supported Queen Yun's death along with their families. He also executed 3385:, a modern elite military unit, was formed with Japanese trainers. The salaries of the other soldiers were held back, and in 1882 3119:

After invasions from Japan and Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. Joseon witnessed the emergence of

12096: 11159: 11023: 10323: 6306: 5681:" (엇시조, 旕時調), in which there was a minor lengthening of one of the first two lines. While there are very few remaining irregular 5237: 5202: 4399: 3622: 2750: 455: 280: 10617: 9371:"Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States" 6516: 12126: 11994:

Those who were listed were not reigning monarchs but posthumously recognized; the year following means the year of recognition.

8940: 8188: 8156: 7759: 3462:

The Joseon court, pressured by encroachment from larger powers, felt the need to reinforce national integrity and declared the

2831: 2827: 2713:

between 1498 and 1506. His behavior became erratic after he learned that his biological mother was not Queen Junghyeon but the

10722: 9568:

A Brief History of Korea: Isolation, War, Despotism and Revival : the Fascinating Story of a Resilient But Divided People

7252: 3443:

in Seoul, which was under Japanese control, and Queen Min was killed and her body desecrated in the north wing of the palace.

2263:, the royal court in Goryeo split into two conflicting factions, one favouring neutrality and the other wanting to retake the 11250: 10595: 10576: 10557: 10428: 10383: 10364: 10345: 10301: 10278: 9874: 9791: 9645: 9576: 9413: 9319: 8085: 8035: 8011: 7767: 7136: 7043: 7000: 6772: 6740: 4334: 4236:. They also utilized small vessels and fishing boats for reconnaissance and landings. The king also appoints their admirals. 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2777: 2448:, to hear cases in which aggrieved subjects felt that they had been exploited or treated unjustly by government officials or 10694: 10400: 9378: 8373: 8334: 8245: 7856: 6726: 4674:

was hereditary, as well as a form of legal punishment. The nobi were socially indistinct from freemen other than the ruling

3401:

on 11 January 1894; after the battle, Jo's properties were handed out to the peasants. By May, the peasant army had reached

2758: 12091: 12013:

The title given to the biological father, who never reigned, of the kings who were adopted as the heir to a precedent king.

10910: 10735: 4596: 3429: 2793: 10705: 9819: 9797: 9130: 7215: 5175:, a city that played a significant role in the production of ceramics during the Joseon period, as a possible birthplace. 3450:(17 April 1895), which officially guaranteed Korea's independence from China. It was a step toward Japan gaining regional 2373:

When the new dynasty was brought into existence, Taejo brought up the issue of which son would be his successor. Although

11888: 11632: 11314: 9359:

Haboush JHK (1988), A Heritage of Kings: One Man's Monarchy in the Confucian World. Columbia University Press, pp. 88–89.

6143:

The following is a simplified relation of Joseon royalty (Korean Imperial Family) during the late period of the dynasty:

1681: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 9681: 9484: 9440: 9228: 9189: 8841: 8807: 8773: 8734: 8661: 8621: 8587: 8552: 8518: 8484: 8445: 8406: 8367: 8320: 8278: 8231: 7954: 7739: 7648: 7605: 7579: 7409: 7262: 6960: 6865: 6720: 6606: 3507: 12047: 4291:

maintained the highest position among China's tributary states, which also included countries such as Japan, Vietnam,

3424:(referred to as Queen Min) had attempted to counter Japanese interference in Korea and was considering turning to the 2518:

ascended the throne. In May 1419, King Sejong, under the advice and guidance of his father Taejong, embarked upon the

11144: 9024: 7852: 6645: 6172:(1909–1991) – eldest son of Yi Kang; renounced the Imperial title and heritage by becoming a Japanese citizen in 1947 6071: 5990: 5784: 5365: 4930:

The Joseon Dynasty presided over two periods of great cultural growth, during which Joseon culture created the first

4917: 4304: 3830:

status – hereditary nobility for three generations. In order to become such an official, one had to pass a series of

3588: 3320: 1279: 1053: 7029: 6990: 2255:

established in 918 was tottering, its foundations collapsing from years of war spilled over from the disintegrating

10983: 10823: 10529: 10517: 10501: 10488: 8915: 8268: 6805: 6581: 5935:

The scientific and technological advance in the late Joseon period progressed slower than the early Joseon period.

3235: 2839: 2835: 2134: 9613:, in D Ko, JHK Haboush & JR Piggott (eds.), Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea and Japan. 4378:

is made manifest in the actions of the weaker nation-state as it conveys goodwill and respect through its envoys.

3131:, the implementation of reforms proved highly advantageous both to state revenues and to the lot of the peasants. 9989: 9942: 7977: 7446: 6053: 5310: 5267: 4201: 2980: 2890:

on sea and brigandage on land. The only purpose for the Joseon navy was to secure the maritime trade against the

2846: 1494: 2728:

Yeonsangun also seized a thousand women from the provinces to serve as palace entertainers and appropriated the

2433:, a council of the old government administration that held a monopoly in court power during the waning years of 11272: 10934: 10885: 9907:"A Shared Cultural Realm: Literary Exchanges between Scholar-Officials and Poet-Monks in the Mid Joseon Period" 9739: 9712: 9614: 9531: 7555: 7505: 7115: 6895: 6321: 5766: 5048: 4899: 4479: 4437: 4264:(왕궁수문장) were a royal guard unit tasked with defending the gates of the five palaces and Hanseong's city gates. 3570: 3526: 3495: 3357: 2976: 2653:

ascended the throne. His reign was marked by the prosperity and growth of the national economy and the rise of

2215: 2096: 2072: 2009: 1393: 1261: 1193:

respectively, leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy, for which the country became known as the "

972: 907: 868: 826: 547: 4738:, the adult male practice of Joseon Korea prescribed to keep both hair and beard, in contrast to the Japanese 4135:

County (Gun, 군, 郡) – There were eighty counties in Joseon, each governed by Gunsu (군수, 郡守), a 4th junior rank.

11650: 11261: 11015: 10851: 6578:

New Insights From Recent Studies in Historical Astronomy: Following in the Footsteps of F. Richard Stephenson

5275: 4591: 2029: 1229: 7152: 5178:

Porcelain was also decorated with iron. These items commonly consisted of jars or other utilitarian pieces.

4454: 4206:

The army consists of the central army and the provincial armies. Each is made of peasant soldiers, cavalry,

3246:. However, after the retirement and death of the Queen Dowager, the Norons were gradually ousted, while the 2326:, a highly respected leader of a group loyal to Goryeo dynasty, and dethroned King Gongyang, exiling him to 11258: 10870: 10626: 9292:

Korean Expansion and Decline from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century: A View Suggested by Adam Smith

3647: 3511: 3243: 2578: 2122: 2060: 2054: 1186: 530: 7850: 7531: 4471:(Capital Guards Command), a new Korean military formation, was created and trained along Chinese lines by 159: 10998: 7821: 6950: 6676:"International Order in Historical East Asia: Tribute and Hierarchy Beyond Sinocentrism and Eurocentrism" 5947: 3906: 3389:

attacked the Japanese officers and even forced the queen to take refuge in the countryside. In 1894, the

3113: 6466: 5015:

which functioned like a corset. The white linen cloth exposed under jeogori in the picture is heoritti.

2826:

followed the philosophy of Yi I and Song Hon. Within decades the Easterners themselves divided into the

2672:, was successful, and the defeated Jurchens, led by the Udige clan (兀狄哈), retreated to the north of the 165: 11662: 10900: 7179: 6512: 5970: 5951: 5918: 5473: 5347: 5336: 3482:

In a complicated series of maneuvers and counter-maneuvers, Japan pushed back the Russian fleet at the

3390: 3296: 2183: 2127: 1953: 10226: 9966:"Pathways to Korean Culture: Paintings of the Joseon Period (1392–1910) by Burglind Jungmann (review)" 9309: 7894: 7101: 7073: 5725:

novel (each based on one of the twelve stories) and by increasing the realism of the classical novel.

3905:

Yi Hang-bok - He was appointed and served as Byeongjo Panseo, Minister of National Defense during the

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Zhao, Quansheng (2003), "China and the Korean peace process", in Tae-Hwan Kwak; Seung-Ho Joo (eds.),

9880: 9278: 7784: 6255:, Imperial Crown Prince (1897–1970) – 28th head of the Korean Imperial Household; married in 1920 to 5259: 4326: 3061: 2947: 2550:

On the northern border, Sejong established four forts and six posts to safeguard his people from the

2330:, and he ascended the throne himself. The Goryeo kingdom had come to an end after 474 years of rule. 2276: 2208: 2155: 2141: 2067: 2049: 2019: 1918: 1302: 1178: 188: 10189: 117: 11210: 11205: 10973: 10016: 9860: 6559: 6212:(1962–) – eldest son of Yi Gap; adopted by Yi Ku as the 30th head of the Korean Imperial Household 4970: 4547: 4154: 4148: 3912: 3890: 3324: 2894:. The navy repelled pirates using an advanced form of gunpowder technologies including cannons and 1584: 17: 8997:

Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century,

8859:

Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century,

6001:

until 2007. The vest has since been sent back to Korea and is currently on display to the public.

5250:) are the annual records of the Joseon dynasty, which were kept from 1413 to 1865. The annals, or 4618: 4095:

or Royal Academy (성균관) prepared future government officials. Those who passed first two stages of

4070:) are some examples of chief royal secretaries who were the most powerful officials of their time. 2802:

faction had suffered a series of political defeats during the reigns of Yeonsangun, Jungjong, and

12111: 11638: 11304: 11287: 10978: 10968: 10963: 10874: 9783: 6316: 6311: 6016: 5998: 5997:

in 1871. The US Army captured one of the vests and took it to the US, where it was stored at the

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Reciprocal missions were construed as a means of communication between Korean kings and Japanese

3977: 3965: 3874: 3618: 3614: 3566: 3559: 3538: 3415: 3251: 3069: 2438: 2351: 2343: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2039: 1597: 1257: 1250: 1190: 534: 233: 31: 10666: 7442:"Ruling Ideology and Marginal Subjects: Ming Loyalism and Foreign Lineages in Late Chosŏn Korea" 6036:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

3924:

Ministry of Taxation (Hojo, 호조, 戶曹) – taxation, finances, census, agriculture, and land policies

111: 11753: 11698: 11417: 11088: 10988: 10947: 10470:, Wannae Joe, ed. with intro. by Hongkyu A. Choe, Elizabeth NY, and Seoul Korea: Hollym, 2000. 9348:

Economic growth in P'yongan Province and the development of Pyongyang in the Late Choson Period

7441: 6151: 6107:

This compilation photo, taken about 1915, shows the following royal family members, from left:

5134: 5124: 5044: 4838: 4119: 4035: 3475: 3361: 3029: 2710: 2689: 2618: 2559: 2272: 2091: 1985: 1974: 1362: 9671: 9498:

10 percent of the total population on average, but it could rise up to one-third of the total.

9476: 9401: 9256: 8831: 8763: 8611: 8577: 8542: 8474: 8435: 6203:(1919–2020) – 2nd daughter of Yi Kang; married in 1936 to Yi Seung-gyu from the Yongin Yi clan 5018: 4694:

A Joseon painting which represents the Chungin (literally "middle people"), equivalent to the

3854: 3311:

gathered a peasant army to take over southern parts of Korea until Choe was executed in 1864.

3299:

in 1866. The early years of his rule also witnessed a large effort to restore the dilapidated

2875: 1145:. The kingdom's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the rivers of 104: 11644: 11523: 11393: 11154: 11033: 9218: 9093: 8995: 8976: 8973: 8857: 8797: 8653: 8508: 8396: 7944: 7634: 7595: 6555: 5057:

15th century. Joseon period, Korea. Blue and white porcelain jar with plum and bamboo design.

4938:, and extensive historic works. The royal dynasty also built several fortresses and palaces. 4711:

Gender roles tightened during the Joseon period compared to the Goryeo era. The influence of

3483: 3447: 3439:, almost certainly orchestrated the plot against her. A group of Japanese agents entered the 3211: 3018: 2589:, the Korean alphabet, in 1443; rejected in its time by the scholarly elite, everyday use of 1082: 986: 921: 840: 772: 560: 323: 9179: 7785:"The Port Hamilton (Geomundo) Incident (1885–1887): Retracing Another Great Game in Eurasia" 5977:

ordered development of bulletproof armor because of increasing threats from Western armies.

5853:. The new model was of even higher quality and was twice as fast. Other inventions were the 12106: 11674: 11668: 11554: 11510: 11491: 11405: 11236: 10816: 10438:

Lin, Ming-te (8 December 2014), "Li Hung-chang's Suzerain Policy toward Korea, 1882–1894",

10318: 5950:. The work spread to China and Japan, where it is still regarded as one of the classics of 5298: 5147: 3921:

Ministry of Personnel (Ijo, 이조, 吏曹) – was primarily concerned with appointment of officials

3491: 3414:

in Seoul and installing a pro-Japanese government on 8 June 1894. This soon escalated into

3335: 3140: 2803: 2706: 2677: 1744: 1551: 1382: 179:

Territory of Joseon after King Sejong's conquest of Jurchens in 1433 (with current borders)

10067: 10012: 9132:

State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu,

9116: 8896:"Huddling under the Imperial Umbrella: A Korean Approach to Ming China in the Early 1500s" 8053: 8: 11735: 11723: 11692: 11656: 11584: 11542: 11484: 11442: 11093: 11063: 10313: 8194: 8162: 6184: 6124: 6093: 5974: 5453: 5223: 4996: 4931: 4864:

also acted as village leaders, they often united local peasants and led armies into war.

4559: 4105: 3421: 3342: 3292: 3281: 3128: 3041: 2650: 2405: 1341: 1161: 294: 4498:

as resident official represented an anachronistic policy of intervention toward Korea."

4350: 3788:

The seal was produced on December 15, 1876, for use in Japanese-related state documents.

2744:, the charismatic leader of sarim. He established a local self-government system called 1212:, etiquette, norms, and societal attitudes toward current issues, along with the modern 11578: 11498: 11179: 11150: 11068: 10649: 10613: 10482:

10290: 9981: 9934: 8907: 7832: 5896: 5206: 4739: 4695: 4604: 4338: 4260: 4249: 4214:

elite soldiers, archers, musketeers, and artillery. The king appointed their generals.

4160: 3970: 3601:

Joseon was a highly centralized monarchy, and neo-Confucian bureaucracy as codified by

3487: 3433: 2914: 2734: 2610: 2319: 2284: 2264: 2034: 1558: 1467: 1198: 4826:

lived quiet lives in secluded regions, unaffiliated with any government office. These

2593:

in writing eventually was surpassed by Hangul in the latter half of the 20th century.

11729: 11686: 11680: 11566: 11560: 11548: 11536: 11466: 11460: 11448: 11411: 10630: 10591: 10572: 10553: 10540: 10424: 10379: 10360: 10341: 10297: 10274: 10044: 9985: 9938: 9870: 9787: 9677: 9641: 9572: 9480: 9469: 9436: 9409: 9315: 9224: 9185: 8837: 8803: 8769: 8730: 8657: 8646: 8617: 8583: 8548: 8514: 8480: 8441: 8402: 8363: 8326: 8316: 8284: 8274: 8237: 8227: 8135: 7950: 7804: 7763: 7735: 7644: 7601: 7575: 7405: 7258: 7132: 7111: 7083: 7039: 6996: 6956: 6931: 6861: 6716: 6661:

The Standard of Living in the Chosoˇn Dynasty Korea in the 17th to the 19th Centuries

6602: 6508: 6287:

Countess Sō Masae (1932–?), disappeared since 1956, thought to have committed suicide

5924: 5461: 5214: 5198: 5187: 5172: 4716:

to the family. To protect the family's honor, young girls would carry a small knife (

4582:

was the highest authority, and all rulers of tributary states were known as "kings".

4354: 4330: 4059: 3954: 3945:

Ministry of Commerce (Gongjo, 공조, 工曹) – industry, public works, manufacturing, mining

3666:

Direct communication between the king and the common people was possible through the

3660: 3602: 3360:

in 1876, opening three ports to trade and granting the Japanese extraterritoriality.

3353: 3346: 3215: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3136: 3105: 3077: 3054: 2998: 2922: 2714: 2626: 2606: 2602: 2414: 2392:

used their influence on the king to name Yi Bang-seok, his eighth son (second son of

2374: 2335: 2044: 1963: 1544: 1332: 1133:

in October 1897. The kingdom was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of

349: 274: 8937: 7889: 5705:

usually reflected their attitudes and aspirations, but by becoming popular with the

4816:

were interpreted as "students who study Confucianism" in Joseon-era Korean society.

3957:

is located. So it was also called '''Yukjo street''' after the six ministries.

3942:

Ministry of Justice (Hyeongjo, 형조, 刑曺) – administration of law, slavery, punishments

3143:, with major rapid reversals of the ruling faction, known as hwanguk (換局; literally 3097:

Portrait of Kim Yuk 김육 (1570–1658), an early Silhak philosopher of the Joseon period

2709:

is often considered the worst tyrant in Joseon's history, whose reign was marked by

2649:

succeeded him as the eighth king, but died two years later in 1469. Yejong's nephew

2303: 1322: 136: 12029: 11825: 11615: 11516: 11504: 11478: 11454: 11292: 11215: 11028: 10447: 9973: 9926: 9918: 7796: 7710: 7455: 6923: 6687: 6301: 6278: 6156: 6136: 6112: 5958: 5869: 5830: 5810: 5456:

for the Kingdom of Korea on 8 September 1831, to provide for the spiritual care of

5449: 5209:) and the written works of the Yangban literati were written in Classical Chinese. 5191: 5156: 5123:, it was not until the 15th and 16th centuries that white porcelain, also known as 4845: 4712: 4671: 4579: 4273: 4027: 3826:

Here, "government official" means one who occupied an office which gave its holder

3315: 3303:, the seat of royal authority. From 1862 to 1864, an insurgency movement driven by 3073: 3014: 2807: 2654: 2646: 2633: 2540: 2515: 2489: 2461: 1637: 1576: 1351: 1311: 1209: 1165: 1027: 313: 8081: 8032: 8007: 7800: 7715: 7698: 6825: 6782: 6750: 6228:(1941–) – 10th son of Yi Kang; self-claimed head of the Korean Imperial Household 5833:

was Korea's greatest period of scientific advancement. Under Sejong's new policy,

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be handed over to Ming China. The tract of land was taken by Mongol forces during

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from 3rd junior rank to 6th junior rank wore blue. Those below wore green robes.

3652: 3522: 3471: 3375: 3288: 3277: 3247: 3231: 3189: 2566: 2527: 2453: 2311: 2295: 2291: 2239: 2084: 2024: 1798: 1712: 1217: 1213: 1169: 1126: 1117: 1095: 1062: 1009: 1000: 860: 854: 481: 388: 375: 318: 308: 269: 214: 10859: 7636:

Su-un and His World of Symbols: The Founder of Korea's First Indigenous Religion

7527: 5482:

period developed several musical forms. The form with the most extant pieces is

5415:

For long, I have left the mundane world whose innumerable conditions are empty;

3503: 3494:, the way was open for Japan to take control of Korea. After the signing of the 3044:

overran Joseon's defenses. After a quick campaign that was assisted by northern

2519: 1208:

The Joseon period has left a substantial legacy to modern Korea; much of modern

12032:, while the former Korean emperors were given nobility title "King Yi" instead. 11530: 11472: 11309: 11164: 11139: 10925: 10759: 10541:

East Asia in the World Twelve Events That Shaped the Modern International Order

10451: 9827: 9734: 9707: 8799:

China and the Developing World: Beijing's Strategy for the Twenty-first Century

8510:

China and the Developing World: Beijing's Strategy for the Twenty-first Century

8111:"Journal of the Royal Secretariat, vol. 2902, year of 1882, 7th month, 1st day" 7500: 7285: 7237: 7211: 5994: 5838: 5806: 5099: 4661: 4628:

Joseon Korea installed a centralised administrative system controlled by civil

4527: 4523: 4408: 4342: 4292: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4031: 3632: 3467: 3425: 3239: 3188:, Queen Regent of Joseon. She served as nominal regent of Joseon, who selected 3185: 3025: 3002: 2632:

Sejo undermined much of the foundation of many existing systems, including the

2614: 2551: 2506: 2079: 2014: 1194: 1154: 504: 442: 356: 300: 10727: 8359:

Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia

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region's Yangban class, where they were expected to reach nearly 70% in 1858.

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The officials of high rank were sent from the central government. Sometimes a

2993:

After the Japanese invasions, the Korean Peninsula was devastated. Meanwhile,

2822:

mainly followed the teachings and philosophy of Yi Hwang and Jo Sik while the

12080: 12062: 12049: 11816: 11334: 11129: 11098: 10915: 10790: 10785: 10770: 9305: 8330: 8288: 7808: 7459: 6935: 6345: 6326: 5907: 5877: 5186:

During the Joseon period, the yangban scholars and educated literati studied

5004: 4935: 4729: 4725: 4622: 4494:. According to Ming-te Lin: "Li's control of Korea from 1885 to 1894 through 4178: 4174: 3636: 3627: 3463: 3440: 3300: 2555: 2393: 2385: 2367: 2315: 1893: 1518: 1502: 1432: 1130: 727: 573: 264: 10376:

Tradition, Treaties, and Trade: Qing Imperialism and Chosǒn Korea, 1850–1910

9777: 6052:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

3436: 2834:; in the seventeenth century the Westerners also permanently split into the 11874: 11174: 11103: 10890: 10476:, ed. Koo & Nahm, Elizabeth NJ, and Seoul Korea: Hollym, 1998. 2nd ed. 9591:이중환, "총론" in 택리지, p. 355, quoted in translation in Choe et al. (2000: 162). 8983: 6150:(1852–1919) – 26th head of the Korean Imperial Household, adoptive heir to 6084: 5962: 5943: 5881: 5657:

were primarily composed by the yangban aristocracy and entertainers of the

5599:

When I hear the sound of falling trees, I cannot contain myself for sorrow.

5423:

I have but travelled here and there, finding no enjoyment in settled life.

5379: 5128: 4853: 4809: 4575: 4487: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4424: 4420: 4364: 4287: 4283: 4186: 4101: 4092: 4012:

worked jointly especially when they sought to reverse the king's decision.

3927:

Ministry of Rites (Yejo, 예조, 禮曺) – rituals, culture, diplomacy, gwageo exam

3878: 3862: 3859: 3640: 3514: 3499: 3406: 3394: 3386: 3266: 3255: 3049: 2918: 2729: 2485: 2409: 2382: 2260: 2256: 2198: 1810: 1786: 1774: 1753: 1690: 1456: 1182: 1141:. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day 768: 400: 205: 196: 192: 10538:

Ji-Young Lee. 2020. "The Founding of the Korean Chosŏn Dynasty, 1392." in

9977: 9922: 9529:

International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands (080626)

7254:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume II: From 1600

6911: 6103: 5685:, and the form has not been revived, there is a sizable body of narrative 5607:

were sung in Korean, the pioneering of Hangul created the possibility for

5603:

Here, like other Korean musical forms, each foot can stand on its own. As

3382: 2725:

scholars for writing phrases critical of Sejo's usurpation of the throne.

11979: 11378: 11370: 11266: 11005: 10993: 10905: 10895: 10357:

A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict

10081:

Buddhist paintings were commissioned by female members of the royal court

8146:

Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies, "About Rank of Joseon Officials"

8082:"Veritable Records of Jeongjo, vol. 2, year of 1776, 8th month, 18nd day" 8008:"Veritable Records of Taejong, vol. 1, year of 1401, 6th month, 12nd day" 7863: 6927: 6547: 6504: 6180: 6097: 6010: 5854: 5846: 5797: 5105: 4963: 4954: 4848:

during times of war, as archery was taught as a liberal arts subject for

4762: 4690: 4495: 4491: 4482:, and Korea was reduced to a semi-colonial tributary state of China with 4472: 4318: 4233: 4223: 4197: 4019: 3776:

Seal used between 1776 and 1876, for use in Qing-related state documents.

3764:

Seal used between 1653 and 1776, for use in Qing-related state documents.

3752:

Seal used between 1637 and 1653, for use in Qing-related state documents.

2964: 2879: 2858: 2773: 2662: 2661:

who were encouraged by Seongjong to enter court politics. He established

2582: 2570: 2378: 2307: 1525: 1444: 1150: 756: 752: 662: 10526: 10510: 10497: 10485: 9930: 8911: 8895: 5942:

wrote a number of medical texts, his most significant achievement being

5627:

written in 1565, which were written 100 years after the proclamation of

4164:

Portrait of Kim Hu (1751–1805), a military officer of the Joseon Dynasty

3371: 3013:(r. 1626–1643) would eventually rename the "Manchus". After he declared 11964: 11793: 11169: 11108: 10780: 10312: 10096:, in Italian, published on 9 September 1831, accessed on 24 August 2024 8796:

Eisemann, Joshua; Heginbotham, Eric; Mitchell, Derek (20 August 2015).

8507:

Eisemann, Joshua; Heginbotham, Eric; Mitchell, Derek (20 August 2015).

8033:

Veritable Records of Injoo, vol. 35, year of 1637, 11th month, 20nd day

7692: 7087: 6200: 6128: 5858: 5769: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5721:

had a strong influence of the writing of the time, both because of the

5612: 5394: 5163: 5138: 5109: 5077: 5066: 4979: 4902: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4629: 4609: 4563: 4073:

Capital Bureau (Hanseongbu, 한성부) was in charge of running the capital,

3953:

Government offices of each organization were located where the current

3934: 3882: 3708: 3573: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3365: 3181: 3171: 3010: 2956: 2895: 2741: 2718: 2699: 2694: 2673: 2574: 1507: 1371: 1264: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1146: 654: 9965: 9906: 9611:

Versions and subversions: Patriarchy and polygamy in Korean narratives

9435:. Institute for Modern Korean Studies, Yonsei University. p. 50. 8613:

Offshore Asia: Maritime Interactions in Eastern Asia Before Steamships

7690: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7672: 6273:(1931–2005) – 29th head of the Korean Imperial Household; son of Yi Un 5007:-style jacket, to Korea, which is often worn with hanbok to this day. 4799: 3740:

Seal used from 1401 to 1637, for use in Ming-related state documents.

3356:, acquired Western military technology, and forced Joseon to sign the 3258:, gained power. Gradually the Andong Kims came to dominate the court. 3234:

succeeded his father, King Jeongjo, in 1800. With Jeongjo's death the

977: 912: 831: 11083: 10569:

Korea: Tradition & Transformation: A History of the Korean People

7640: 6467:

https://www.jkcf.or.jp/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/3-03j.pdf

6256: 6189: 5816: 4666: 4380: 4363:(serving the great or serving Ming China) diplomacy in dealings with 4255: 4245: 4229: 4081:(판윤), of 2nd senior second rank equivalent to today's mayor of Seoul. 3308: 3175: 3167:– a policy of maintaining balance and equality between the factions. 3060:

Despite reestablishing economic relations by officially entering the

3006: 2941: 2899: 2769: 2539:

of Tsushima, Sadamori, capitulated to the Joseon court. In 1443, The

1202: 9528: 8223:

The Making of International Law in Korea: From Colony to Asian Power

6712:

The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea

6135:, the eldest son of Prince Ui. The seated child in the front row is 5744: 5406:

did not respect their fathers and their emperors." He wrote a poem:

5162:

Strikingly different from cobalt, porcelain items with a copper-red

4877: 3548: 3088: 2381:, had contributed the most to assisting his father's rise to power, 1239: 1160:

During its 500-year duration, Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of

11362: 10548:

Hatada, Takashi; Smith, Warren W. Jr.; Hazard, Benjamin H. (1969),

7669: 5927:. The map was made by combining Chinese, Korean and Japanese maps. 5887: 5834: 5399: 5383: 5137:

artifacts decorating white porcelain with paintings and designs in

5115:

Beginning in the 10th century, white porcelain has been crafted in

4656: 4531: 4390: 4346: 3995: 3886: 3843: 3451: 3398: 3203: 2985: 2745: 2514:

In August 1418, following Taejong's abdication two months earlier,

2496: 2339: 2268: 2235: 1872: 1606: 1566: 1418: 1177:

of 1592 and 1598. Several decades later, Joseon was invaded by the

6488:. The Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security(외교안보연구소). 5197:

The middle and upper classes of Joseon society were proficient in

4443: 3397:

defeating the forces of local ruler Jo Byong-gap at the battle of

2857:. He was subsequently accused of conspiracy to start a rebellion. 2283:

seized the chance to argue for an invasion of the Ming-controlled

12024: 11958: 11937: 11045: 10515:

9 (1). University of Washington Center for Korea Studies: 97–127.

10288:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James B. (2006),

8938:"Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations," 7435: 7433: 6777: 6745: 6231: 6225: 6169: 6162: 6132: 6108: 5939: 5693: 5658: 5460:

in the kingdom and separating Korea from the jurisdiction of the

5120: 4857: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4645: 4633: 4182: 3827: 3304: 3124: 3065: 3045: 3033: 2994: 2989:

A Korean painting depicting two Jurchen warriors and their horses

2640: 2457: 2449: 2429:

In 1399, Taejong had played an influential role in scrapping the

2299: 1822: 1763: 1138: 339: 334: 250: 11917: 11113: 11078: 11073: 11038: 10713:– Ohmynews.com's uncovered document about murder of Queen Minbi 6952:

The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism

6209: 5986: 5850: 5662: 5628: 5390: 5271: 5142: 5081: 5000: 4987: 4975: 4959: 4779: 4774: 4747: 4704: 4637: 4555: 4514: 4507: 4096: 3831: 3518: 3457: 3402: 3242:, whose family had strong ties to the faction, and initiated a 3120: 2932:

part of the Korean Peninsula occupied within months, with both

2927: 2903: 2887: 2586: 2535: 2434: 2252: 1848: 1701: 1616: 1538: 1477: 1134: 940: 875: 794: 700: 8579:

East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute

7943:

Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014).

7430: 4109:

those from other offices were involved in running the academy.

2806:, but it gained control of the government during the reign of 2444:

Shortly thereafter, Taejong installed an office, known as the

11911: 11905: 11854: 11848: 11831: 11705: 11184: 9377:. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University. 9055: 8726:

Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics

8270:

Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics

6270: 6252: 6116: 5966: 5293: 5287: 5168: 5152: 5116: 5098:

The Mid-Joseon period painting styles moved toward increased

5092: 5027: 4793: 4754: 4369: 4359: 4279: 3393:

saw farmers rise up in a mass rebellion, with peasant leader

3269:. Its rulers sought to limit contact with foreign countries. 3207: 3109: 3093: 2937: 2933: 2891: 2854: 2850: 2799: 2722: 2658: 2590: 2523: 2347: 2327: 1859: 1724: 1649: 1626: 1571: 1533: 1512: 1142: 1122: 1072: 1033: 956: 891: 810: 714: 238: 10711:"Japanese Document Sheds New Light on Korean Queen's Murder" 10399:, The Korea Research and Publications, Inc., pp. 1–14, 6658: 6639:

Reorienting Reorient: East Asia and 15th–19th Century Joseon

5611:

to be written down without the use of substitutions such as

5439:

The old, pure and simple hut of Okju province looks lonely.

4228:

The Joseon Navy consists of two types of main warships, the

3101: 2963:

During the war, Koreans developed powerful firearms and the

2764: 2193: 1292: 10340:, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 115–141, 10271:

The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea

9325: 8795: 8506: 6176: 5484: 5403: 4943: 4650: 4535: 3083: 1662: 1036: 10013:"Buddhist paintings: Artworks Filled with Beauty and Hope" 7942: 6576:

Orchiston, Wayne; Green, David A.; Strom, Richard (2014).

5087: 4995:) was used to cover them. At the end of the 19th century, 3930:

Ministry of Defence (Byeongjo, 병조, 兵曺) – military affairs

3323:

in a U.S. attempt at "gunboat diplomacy" following on the

3040:

In 1627, a Jurchen army of 30,000 led by Nurhaci's nephew

493:• change the name of a country from Goryeo to Joseon 10801: 10181: 8833:

Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features

6598:

Interior Space and Furniture of Joseon Upper-class Houses

6179:(1912–1945) – 2nd son of Yi Kang; adopted as the heir to 5923:. The map was created in the second year of the reign of 5845:

Some of his inventions were an automated (self-striking)

4440:, and became directly involved in the affairs of Joseon. 4153:

During most of the Joseon period, Korea was divided into

4085:

suspected offenders, who were often government officials.

3655:- As the dynasty continued, it was expanded horizontally. 1042: 991: 926: 845: 9859: 9162:

Frontier contact between chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan

8544:

Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan

6159:(1874–1926) – 27th head of the Korean Imperial Household 5890:, a Korean-made map of the world was created in 1402 by 5868:

The apex of astronomical and calendarial advances under

5594:

Where is the long-billed woodpecker? Why is he not here?

2733:

finally deposed in a coup which placed his half-brother

11978:

denotes that the king was deposed and never received a

9866:

Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection

6912:"Rethinking the Late Koryŏ in an International Context" 6571: 6569: 9864: 9760: 9045: 9043: 9041: 8437:

Wei Yuan and China's Rediscovery of the Maritime World

7703:

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

6486:"Was Korea Ever a Part of China?: A Historical Review" 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 5649:'s anthology represents a change in the authorship of 4030:(Jiphyeonjeon, 집현전) after the latter was abolished by 3076:, as when a scholar marked 1861 as "the 234th year of 9076: 9074: 8953: 8616:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 198. 8610:

Kayoko, Fujita; Momoki, Shiro; Reid, Anthony (2013).

6165:, Prince Imperial Ui (1877–1955) – 5th son of Gojong 5589:

Can tiny insects devour a whole great spreading pine?

5346:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1054: 1045: 1039: 10292:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

9673:

Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

9406:

Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

9026:조공횟수의 문제 (The problem of the frequency of tributes), 8315:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 144. 6566: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 4522:) (neighborly relations) diplomacy in dealings with 4512:

This long-term, strategic policy contrasts with the

3432:

by Japanese agents. The Japanese minister to Korea,

2810:. It soon split into opposing factions known as the 1086: 10287: 9038: 8743: 7376: 7348: 7321: 7305: 7153:"King Sejong the Great And The Golden Age Of Korea" 6575: 6509:"Yangban: The Cultural Life of the Joseon Literati" 6417: 4632:and military officers who were collectively called 1030: 10289: 9468: 9304: 9071: 8645: 2510:, the original promulgation of the Korean alphabet 2251:By the late 14th century, the nearly 500-year-old 10547: 10415:Lee, Peter H.; de Bary, William Theodore (1997), 10378:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 9314:. Seoul, South Korea: EunHaeng Namu. p. 47. 9220:Jews & the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders 9145: 8312:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present 7332: 7330: 6803: 6436: 5820:Surviving portion of the Water Clock (Jagyeongnu) 5218:toward the end of the period were written in the 5119:. Historically overshadowed by the popularity of 4644:Another portion of the population were slaves or 3089:Emergence of Silhak and renaissance of the Joseon 3024:In 1623, Gwanghaegun was deposed and replaced by 2565:During the rule of Sejong, Korea saw advances in 12078: 11201:1883 Korean special mission to the United States 10663:Japan–South Korea Joint History Research Project 10254:koreajoongangdaily.joins.com accessed 2023-11-02 8609: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7038:]. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. 6463:Japan–South Korea Joint History Research Project 5669:as well. This also coincided with a new form of 3623:Royal titles and styles during the Joseon Period 3221: 3147:), being commonplace. During the early reign of 2526:(coastal pirates) who had been operating out of 10757: 10296:, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Press, 7867:(in Korean). No. 508. pp. 472 ~ 485. 7760:Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service 5946:, which is often noted as the defining text of 5382:as its main philosophy, and also included some 5229: 5026:The upper classes wore hanbok of closely woven 4444:Sino-Korean relationship after the Imo Incident 2420: 2400:became known as the "First Strife of Princes". 10421:From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century 9869:. : Birmingham Museum of Art. pp. 35–39. 9635: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 8440:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 137–138. 7846: 7844: 7842: 7327: 4478:In October 1882, the two countries signed the 3486:in 1904. With the conclusion of the 1904–1905 2886:Throughout Korean history, there was frequent 2641:Institutional arrangements and Prosper culture 1125:that existed for 505 years. It was founded by 12117:States and territories disestablished in 1897 11244: 10817: 10743: 9900: 9898: 7382: 7250: 6115:, the 2nd son and the last monarch of Korea; 4986:During the Joseon period, jeogori of women's 3068:into Joseon. As a result, Joseon created the 2216: 10943:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty 10723:"Korean Lee (Yi) Dynasty Granite Sculptures" 10588:The Korean Peace Process and the Four Powers 10042: 9761:Korea Heritage Service (28 September 2017). 9509:Haboush (1988: 88); Ch'oe et al. (2000: 158) 9471:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8875: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 6848: 6636: 6601:. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 16. 5049:List of Korean painters § Joseon period 4797: 4787: 4466: 4337:, which also included countries such as the 3693: 3687: 3677: 3671: 3458:Establishment of the Empire and Colonization 2818:by their political or philosophical masters. 2558:, living in Manchuria. In 1433, Sejong sent 2294:was chosen to lead the attack; he revolted, 1110: 1104: 1076: 1066: 962: 946: 897: 881: 816: 800: 84: 70: 56: 10717:"E-Annals Bring Chosun History to Everyman" 10335: 9399: 9010: 8823: 8695: 8677: 7839: 7484: 7404:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 219–223. 7145: 6364: 5661:class. By the mid-seventeenth century, the 5201:. The Joseon official records (such as the 4142: 2676:. King Seongjong was succeeded by his son, 1168:was installed as the new state's ideology. 12122:States and territories established in 1392 11251: 11237: 10824: 10810: 10750: 10736: 10414: 10338:Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition 10065: 10045:"Art of the Korean Renaissance, 1400–1600" 9895: 9702: 9700: 8836:. Stanford University Press. p. 117. 8582:. Columbia University Press. p. 122. 8398:Thailand's Policies towards China, 1949–54 8220:Lee, Seokwoo; Lee, Hee Eun (12 May 2016). 7949:. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. 7908:"Ilseongnok: Records of Daily Reflections" 7883: 7360: 5735:History of science and technology in Korea 5431:Tomorrow once again I leave for Changhae; 5315: 4962:) of Joseon period. A portrait painted by 4958:Men's (right) and women's (left) clothes ( 2223: 2209: 173: 10153:The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo 10138:The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo 10123:The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo 9466: 8872: 8701:Rockstein, Edward D., PhD pp. 10–11. 8394: 7851:Park Jong-hyo (박종효), former professor at 7815: 7714: 7495: 7493: 7292: 6715:. Duke University Press. pp. 23–30. 6072:Learn how and when to remove this message 5785:Learn how and when to remove this message 5728: 5366:Learn how and when to remove this message 4918:Learn how and when to remove this message 4049:The major offices include the following: 3885:, 좌의정, 左議政), and Right State Councillor ( 3589:Learn how and when to remove this message 2765:Middle period (mid 16th-mid 17th century) 2596: 1293:Early period (late 14th-mid 16th century) 1280:Learn how and when to remove this message 12028:monarch of Korea during the era was the 10881:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea 10329:United States Government Printing Office 9669: 9290:Jun SH, JB Lewis & H-R Kang (2008), 9216: 9177: 8829: 8105: 8103: 6909: 6259:(Yi Bang-ja), an imperial member of the 6206:Yi Gap (1938–2014) – 9th son of Yi Kang 6102: 6083: 5815: 5796: 5378:The Joseon kingdom was noted for having 5342:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5086: 5072: 5060: 5052: 5017: 4969: 4953: 4806:political factions of the Joseon dynasty 4689: 4603: 4595: 4159: 3964: 3900: 3853: 3646: 3626: 3370: 3329: 3276: 3180: 3100: 3092: 3084:Late period (mid 17th-late 19th century) 2984: 2946: 2874: 2768: 2693: 2495: 2475: 2361: 2267:, which many at the Goryeo believed was 2234: 1201:. After the end of these invasions from 1164:ideals and doctrines in Korean society. 11160:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 10865:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 10590:, Hampshire: Ashgate, pp. 98–118, 10423:, New York: Columbia University Press, 10310: 9905:Kim, Sung-Eun Thomas (20 August 2015). 9855: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9697: 9117:"사대교린 (조선 외교), Britannica online Korea" 8686: 8433: 7317: 7251:Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann (2013). 7180:"Forgotten story of Princess Gyeonghye" 6955:. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 177. 6773:"Korean History in Chronological Order" 6307:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 6242:Yi Jin (1979–), 2nd daughter of Yi Seok 5665:or "professional class" were composing 5631:. Additionally, the first anthology of 5244:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 5238:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 5203:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 5022:Royal ceremony with Joseon era clothing 4400:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 3345:) became a power in the court, placing 3265:Externally, Joseon became increasingly 2871:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 2751:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 2698:Portrait of the neo-Confucian scholar, 14: 12079: 10392: 10373: 10359:. New York: Indiana University Press. 10010: 9963: 9565:Seth, Michael J. (2019). "Chapter 3". 9428: 8959: 8918:from the original on 22 September 2018 8850: 8652:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8473:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (January 1996). 8219: 8201:from the original on 23 September 2015 8169:from the original on 23 September 2015 7632: 7600:. Ewha Womans University Press. 2005. 7490: 7439: 7401:A History of Chinese Political Thought 7372: 7336: 6630: 6129:Lady Kim, Consort Princess Imperial Ui 4317:to take political power in Korea from 3707:-related accounts are recorded in the 3405:, and the Joseon government asked the 3163:(r. 1776–1800), generally pursued the 11232: 10805: 10731: 10702:– currently available only in Korean. 10685:Cultural Values of the Choson Dynasty 10480:Noon Eu Ro Bo Neun Han Gook Yuk Sa #7 10192:from the original on 24 February 2020 8893: 8540: 8355: 8100: 7192:from the original on 22 February 2018 6704: 6702: 6700: 6686:, Cambridge University Press: 65–93, 6659:Ki-joo Park and Donghyu Yang (2007). 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6519:from the original on 22 November 2021 6499: 6497: 6495: 5829:The Joseon period under the reign of 5011:became natural to expose heoritti or 4574:order to avoid the conflict with the 4282:that was ritually subservient to the 3937:, 포도청, 捕盜廳) – office for public order 3849: 3272: 3009:into a strong coalition that his son 2997:(r. 1583–1626), the chieftain of the 2955:The invasion was slowed when Admiral 2864: 2787: 2357: 1116: 1094: 1008: 859: 10911:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong 10585: 10566: 10324:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period 10268: 9842: 9775: 9769: 9564: 9381:from the original on 6 November 2018 9368: 9080: 9065: 9049: 8761: 8749: 8719: 8692:Rockstein, Edward D., PhD p. 7. 8575: 8472: 8309:Seth, Michael J. (16 October 2010). 8308: 8267:Wang, Yuan-kang (15 December 2010). 8266: 8248:from the original on 26 January 2021 7988:from the original on 6 December 2017 7657:from the original on 24 January 2023 7614:from the original on 24 January 2023 7466:from the original on 9 November 2021 7027: 6988: 6948: 6673: 6594: 6245:Yi Jeong-hun (1980–), son of Yi Seok 6020: 5930: 5880:is an astronomical clock created by 5767:adding citations to reliable sources 5738: 5319: 4900:adding citations to reliable sources 4871: 4278:Joseon was a tributary state of the 4267: 4077:or present-day Seoul. It was led by 3881:, 영의정, 領議政), Left State Councillor ( 3698:) oral petition system. Through the 3571:adding citations to reliable sources 3542: 3446:The Qing acknowledged defeat in the 3430:Empress Myeongseong was assassinated 2794:Political factions in Joseon dynasty 1423: 1262:adding citations to reliable sources 1233: 10719:, The Chosun Ilbo, 27 January 2006. 10687:– from Instrok.org, created by the 10437: 10354: 10210: 9992:from the original on 7 October 2016 9945:from the original on 7 October 2016 9904: 9166:Hanguk Chungse tae-il kysōpsa yŏngu 9061: 8643: 8541:Lewis, James B. (2 November 2005). 8051: 7782: 7748: 7696: 7397: 7155:. asiasociety.org. 19 August 2008. 7126: 7028:Hall, John W.; et al. (1990). 6989:Rutt, Richard; et al. (1999). 6546: 6503: 6449: 6430: 6234:(1976–), first daughter of Yi Seok 4113: 3428:and to China for support. In 1895, 3202:Joseon intellectuals advocated the 2970: 2627:Grand Code for State Administration 2601:After King Sejong's death, his son 2471: 505:Promulgation of the Korean alphabet 24: 12102:Former countries in Korean history 10648: 10468:A Cultural History of Modern Korea 10460: 10273:. University of California Press. 9782:(Illustrated ed.). New York: 9402:"Nobi: A Korean System of Slavery" 8683:Jang, Pyun-soon. pp. 123–132. 8395:Chinvanno, Anuson (18 June 1992). 8362:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 99. 7924:from the original on 17 April 2017 7871:from the original on 14 March 2009 7177: 7171: 6804:Li, Jun-gyu (이준규) (22 July 2009). 6729:from the original on 7 April 2023. 6708: 6697: 6531: 6492: 6131:, wife of Prince Imperial Ui; and 5993:(1871), when the US Navy attacked 5689:and the form continues to evolve. 5639:in 1728; before the anthology few 4600:Woman's mourning clothes in Joseon 4329:in 1401 within the context of the 3969:Portrait of the Inspector General 3835: 3682:) written petition system and the 3510:, although he was assassinated by 3362:Port Hamilton was briefly occupied 2683: 25: 12138: 11145:Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty 10606: 10474:An Introduction to Korean Culture 9369:Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu. 9237:from the original on 7 April 2023 9198:from the original on 7 April 2023 8454:from the original on 7 April 2023 8415:from the original on 7 April 2023 8376:from the original on 7 April 2023 8337:from the original on 7 April 2023 8058:. Vol. 3. pp. 126–127. 7984:. Korea Creative Content Agency. 7853:Lomonosov Moscow State University 7822:Characteristics of Queen of Corea 7729: 7569: 7418:from the original on 7 April 2023 7377:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7349:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7324:, p. 350 (number of troops). 7322:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7306:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7257:. Cengage Learning. p. 255. 7159:from the original on 14 June 2011 7052:from the original on 7 April 2023 7009:from the original on 7 April 2023 6969:from the original on 7 April 2023 6874:from the original on 7 April 2023 6826:"Chosŏn dynasty | Korean history" 6615:from the original on 7 April 2023 6281:(1912–1989) – married in 1931 to 5991:United States expedition to Korea 5564:sound of a tree falling audible 4327:Imperial Chinese tributary system 4305:Joseon missions to Imperial China 3896: 3639:The picture in the background is 3605:, a sort of Joseon constitution. 3238:seized power with the regency of 3062:imperial Chinese tributary system 2259:. Following the emergence of the 1129:in July 1392 and replaced by the 574:Proclamation of the Korean Empire 12016: 12007: 11997: 11988: 11345: 11271: 11260: 10984:Border Defense Council of Joseon 10924: 10245: 10233:from the original on 6 July 2007 10219: 10204: 10174: 10159: 10150: 10144: 10135: 10129: 10120: 10114: 10099: 10086: 10059: 10036: 10004: 9957: 9883:from the original on 14 May 1998 9812: 9779:Korea: A Very Short Introduction 9754: 9727: 9663: 9654: 9629: 9626:Haboush (1988: 88–89); Oh (2006) 9620: 9603: 9594: 9585: 9558: 9549: 9540: 9521: 9512: 9503: 9460: 9422: 9393: 9362: 9353: 9340: 9297: 9284: 9271: 9249: 9210: 9171: 9154: 9123: 9109: 9086: 8768:. SUNY Press. pp. 119–120. 8479:. SUNY Press. pp. 119–120. 8117:from the original on 2 June 2021 8088:from the original on 2 June 2021 8062:from the original on 2 June 2021 8014:from the original on 2 June 2021 7789:The International History Review 6832:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6025: 5743: 5717:sensibilities and restrictions. 5324: 4876: 4044: 3960: 3869: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3547: 3517:in 1909 at the train station at 2192: 1321: 1238: 1026: 732: 707: 693: 164: 135: 126: 110: 103: 10552:, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 10403:from the original on 8 May 2024 10168:Understanding Korean Literature 10165: 10108:Understanding Korean Literature 10105: 10043:Lee, Soyoung (September 2010). 10023:from the original on 8 May 2024 9970:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 9911:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 9800:from the original on 8 May 2024 9408:. Routledge. pp. 153–157. 8988: 8965: 8930: 8789: 8765:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty 8755: 8713: 8704: 8637: 8603: 8569: 8534: 8500: 8476:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty 8466: 8427: 8388: 8349: 8302: 8260: 8213: 8181: 8149: 8140: 8129: 8074: 8045: 8026: 8000: 7970: 7936: 7900: 7776: 7723: 7626: 7588: 7563: 7546: 7534:from the original on 8 May 2024 7520: 7478: 7447:Journal of Early Modern History 7440:Bohnet, Adam (1 January 2011). 7366: 7354: 7342: 7311: 7278: 7244: 7230: 7218:from the original on 8 May 2024 7204: 7120: 7092: 7064: 7021: 6982: 6942: 6903: 6886: 6836:from the original on 3 May 2015 6818: 6797: 6765: 6733: 6667: 6625:Joseon was an absolute monarchy 6391: 6339: 6017:The family tree of Joseon kings 5969:in the 1860s shortly after the 5824: 5754:needs additional citations for 5311:Education in the Joseon dynasty 4887:needs additional citations for 4619:introduction of modern medicine 4202:Joseon Army (late 19th century) 3558:needs additional citations for 3479:perturbed by Japan and Russia. 3307:followers and religious leader 3196: 2981:Second Manchu invasion of Korea 2911:Japanese invasions in the 1590s 2847:1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip 2460:, the father-in-law of his son 2342:. He also moved the capital to 1249:needs additional citations for 1153:through the subjugation of the 12097:1897 disestablishments in Asia 9763:"문화재청-흐트러진 마음을 가담고 각궁으로 활을 쏘다" 9740:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 9713:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 9615:University of California Press 9432:Views on Korean social history 8971:Armstrong, Charles K. (2007). 8762:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996). 7556:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 7506:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 7178:An, Seung-jun (4 April 2014). 7116:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 7031:The Cambridge history of Japan 6896:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 6588: 6478: 6455: 6004: 5938:16th-century court physician, 5583: 4798: 4788: 4239: 3714: 3694: 3688: 3678: 3672: 3321:U.S. and Korean forces clashed 3145:change in the state of affairs 2977:First Manchu invasion of Korea 2619:six ministers loyal to Danjong 2609:. In addition to two regents, 1111: 1105: 1077: 1067: 963: 947: 898: 882: 817: 801: 13: 1: 12127:Tributaries of Imperial China 10544:. Cambridge University Press. 10513:The Journal of Korean Studies 10417:Sources of Korean Tradition, 10227:"Korea And The Korean People" 9467:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). 8900:The Journal of Korean Studies 8729:. Columbia University Press. 8273:. Columbia University Press. 7858:일본인 폭도가 가슴을 세 번 짓밟고 일본도로 난자했다 7801:10.1080/07075332.2017.1409791 7783:Jin, Sangpil (4 March 2019). 7716:10.1080/13467581.2021.1928504 6405: 5971:French campaign against Korea 5570:cause actively experienced 5181: 5065:Landscape of Mt. Geumgang by 4844:Seonbis also participated in 4804:) played a major role within 4592:Society in the Joseon Dynasty 3994:Office of Inspector General ( 3532: 3297:French Campaign against Korea 3291:took the throne. His father, 3222:Government by in-law families 2925:guns, invaded Korea with his 2417:, third king of the dynasty. 1230:History of the Joseon dynasty 1137:in what is today the city of 1121:), was a dynastic kingdom of 144: 10396:Korea's Response to the West 10047:. Metropolitan Museum of Art 9294:. J. Econ. Hist. 68: 244–82. 9181:The Emperors of Modern Japan 8356:Gambe, Annabelle R. (2000). 7915:Memory of the World Register 7320:(leader of the expedition); 6257:Princess Masako of Nashimoto 6117:Yi Un, Prince Imperial Yeong 6054:Knowledge's inclusion policy 5837:(low-status) people such as 5805:first made by the scientist 5304: 5248:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 5231:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 4018:Office of Special Advisors ( 3817: 3728:Seal used from 1392 to 1401. 3512:Korean independence activist 2579:traditional Chinese medicine 2421:Consolidation of royal power 1682:Northern and Southern period 7: 12092:1392 establishments in Asia 10869:Manchu invasions of Korea ( 10700:Korean royal family website 10311:Kennedy, George A. (1943). 8434:Leonard, Jane Kate (1984). 6910:Robinson, David M. (2017). 6749:(in Korean). Archived from 6709:Em, Henry (25 March 2013). 6295: 6109:Yi Kang, Prince Imperial Ui 5948:Traditional Korean medicine 5619:is of the 'Twelve Songs of 4949: 4467: 4461:, and the Chinese diplomat 4168: 3907:Japanese invasions of Korea 3114:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 2917:, plotting the conquest of 2504:, a partial translation of 2246: 1745:Later Three Kingdoms period 1495:Proto–Three Kingdoms period 1087: 992: 978: 927: 913: 846: 832: 767:affairs of Joseon from the 10: 12143: 11343: 10901:Donghak Peasant Revolution 10831: 10452:10.2753/CSH0009-4633240469 10440:Chinese Studies in History 10261: 10094:Breve Ex debito pastoralis 9676:. Routledge. p. 163. 9404:. In Gwyn Campbell (ed.). 9217:Shillony, Ben-Ami (2012). 9178:Shillony, Ben-Ami (2008). 8830:Alagappa, Muthiah (2003). 8055:Record of Joseon Diplomacy 7762:. 1993. pp. 142–143. 6807:(세상사는 이야기) 왜색에 물든 우리말-(10) 6680:International Organization 6623:– via Google Books. 6513:Metropolitan Museum of Art 6014: 6008: 5732: 5474:Traditional music of Korea 5471: 5308: 5285: 5268:national treasure of Korea 5235: 5042: 4867: 4772: 4768: 4589: 4585: 4545: 4505: 4480:China–Korea Treaty of 1882 4455:Paul Georg von Möllendorff 4438:China–Korea Treaty of 1882 4302: 4271: 4243: 4221: 4195: 4172: 4146: 3612: 3536: 3391:Donghak Peasant Revolution 3032:led by military commander 2974: 2868: 2791: 2687: 2522:to remove the nuisance of 2322:). In 1392, Yi eliminated 1227: 1223: 1118:[tɛ.dʑo.sʰʌn.ɡuk̚] 1010:[tɛ.dʑo.sʰʌn.ɡuk̚] 548:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 29: 11974: 11951: 11927: 11898: 11885: 11868: 11841: 11812: 11789: 11780: 11770:Korea under Japanese rule 11764: 11745: 11716: 11625: 11600: 11427: 11354: 11323: 11280: 11193: 11122: 11056: 11014: 10956: 10933: 10922: 10850: 10839: 10766: 10571:, Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym, 10532:22 September 2018 at the 10520:22 September 2018 at the 10504:22 September 2018 at the 10491:22 September 2018 at the 9953:– via Project MUSE. 9776:Seth, Michael J. (2020). 9640:. 사계절. pp. 132–133. 9534:24 September 2015 at the 9429:Palais, James B. (1998). 9279:Columbia University Press 8802:. Routledge. p. 23. 8513:. Routledge. p. 23. 7572:조선당쟁사 2 탕평과 세도정치: 숙종조~고종조 6860:. D.K. 2019. p. 82. 6692:10.1017/S0020818319000274 6266:Prince Yi Jin (1921–1922) 6113:Yi Cheok, Emperor Sunjong 6111:, the 6th son of Gojong; 6088:Japanese illustration of 5965:, was invented in Joseon 5518:tall and full pine tree 5297:is a collection of royal 4860:led armies in battle. As 4501: 4089:the meetings for history. 3933:Office of Police Bureau ( 3635:of the king of Joseon in 3508:Resident-General of Korea 3349:in high court positions. 3192:to place upon the throne. 2776:(1536–1593), head of the 2296:swept back to the capital 999: 985: 971: 955: 939: 934: 920: 906: 890: 874: 867: 853: 839: 825: 809: 793: 786: 762: 748: 672: 650: 646: 636: 626: 616: 606: 596: 592: 587: 583: 570: 557: 544: 527: 514: 501: 491: 478: 474: 466: 437: 433: 423: 413: 409: 399: 395: 382: 369: 365: 355: 345: 333: 289: 260: 225: 184: 172: 157: 99: 94: 85: 71: 57: 41: 11889:Royal Family Association 11315:Royal Family Association 11211:Joseon missions to Japan 11206:Joseon missions to China 10974:Six Ministries of Joseon 10843:Korean state (1392–1897) 10665:報告書（第1期）. Archived from 10567:Nahm, Andrew C. (1988), 10374:Larsen, Kirk W. (2008), 10068:"Four Preaching Buddhas" 10017:National Museum of Korea 9861:Birmingham Museum of Art 9555:Ch'oe et al. (2000: 73). 9311:The Dawn of Modern Korea 9129:Toby, Ronald P. (1991). 8994:Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). 8936:Mansourov, Alexandre Y. 8856:Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). 8401:. Springer. p. 24. 8189: 8157: 7857: 7827:28 February 2021 at the 7597:A Brief History of Korea 7460:10.1163/157006511X604013 6806: 6560:Harvard University Press 6332: 5713:shifted somewhat toward 5467: 5281: 5135:Blue and white porcelain 4978:. A portrait painted by 4548:Joseon missions to Japan 4541: 4419:At the time of the 1882 4298: 4149:Eight Provinces of Korea 4143:Administrative divisions 3619:Joseon kings family tree 3498:in 1905, Korea became a 3412:seizing the Royal Palace 3325:General Sherman incident 3244:persecution of Catholics 3127:, the chief minister of 2951:The Turtle Ship interior 2719:Grand Queen Dowager Insu 2543:was signed in which the 2520:Gihae Eastern Expedition 1585:Four Commanderies of Han 27:1392–1897 Korean dynasty 11639:Grand Prince Yangnyeong 10979:Three offices of Joseon 10969:State Council of Joseon 10964:List of kings of Joseon 10629:『学際』第1号. Archived from 10612: 9784:Oxford University Press 9670:Campbell, Gwyn (2004). 9636:아틀라스 한국사 편찬위원회 (2004). 9350:. Korean Stud. 30: 3–22 9308:; Kim EunHaeng (2007). 9164:, p. 269 n. 89, citing 8576:Kang, David C. (2012). 7895:Encyclopædia Britannica 7758:(9th ed.). Seoul: 6830:Encyclopedia Britannica 6810:(in Korean). Newstown. 6595:Choi, Sang-hun (2017). 6322:Joseon Dynasty politics 6312:List of Joseon monarchs 6123:, the Retired Emperor; 5316:Religion and philosophy 5035:which reach the knees. 4735:Classic of Filial Piety 4457:, a close confidant of 4217: 4191: 3615:List of Joseon monarchs 3608: 3539:Joseon Dynasty politics 2737:on the throne in 1506. 2554:, who later became the 2533:In September 1419, the 2439:State Council of Joseon 2377:, Taejo's fifth son by 2298:Gaegyeong (present-day 765: 535:second Manchu invasions 261:Official languages 32:Joseon (disambiguation) 11089:Joseon white porcelain 10989:Secret royal inspector 10948:Korean literati purges 10758:Five Grand Palaces of 10619:グローバル化への対応－中・日・韓三国の分岐－ 10019:: Quarterly Magazine. 9258:Diplomacy and Ideology 8948:Harvard Asia Quarterly 8894:Seung, B. Kye (1979). 8644:Kim, Chun-gil (2005). 7946:Korean History in Maps 7697:Seo, Myengsoo (2022). 7398:Kim, Youngmin (2018). 7361:Lee & de Bary 1997 6949:Kang, Jae-eun (2006). 6556:Wagner, Edward Willett 6552:A New History of Korea 6152:Crown Prince Hyomyeong 6140: 6100: 5821: 5813: 5729:Science and technology 5095: 5084: 5070: 5058: 5045:Joseon white porcelain 5038: 5023: 4983: 4967: 4856:, Ko Kyung-myung, and 4839:Korean literati purges 4698: 4613: 4608:A portrait of a civil 4601: 4413: 4165: 4120:secret royal inspector 4036:Six martyred ministers 3974: 3909: 3866: 3860:Chief State Councillor 3656: 3644: 3378: 3338: 3284: 3240:Queen Dowager Jeongsun 3193: 3116: 3098: 2990: 2952: 2883: 2780: 2703: 2690:Korean literati purges 2597:Six martyred ministers 2511: 2502:Hunmin Jeongeum Eonhae 2493: 2486:Chief State Councillor 2383:Chief State Councillor 2370: 2273:Ssangseong Prefectures 2243: 2160:World Heritage Sites ( 2151:Science and technology 1929:Provisional Government 914:Joseon Bonggeon Wangjo 659:(1423–1425, 1625–1892) 419:Bae Geuk-ryeom (first) 401:Chief State Councillor 11034:Caste system in Korea 10355:Kim, Jinwung (2012). 10319:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. 10252:Korea Joong-Ang Daily 9978:10.1353/seo.2015.0011 9923:10.1353/seo.2015.0015 9660:Ch'oe et al., 2000:7. 9571:. Tuttle Publishing. 9168:(1996) by Na Chongpu. 9160:Lewis, James Bryant. 9095:The History of Korea, 8226:. Brill. p. 21. 7633:Beirne, Paul (2016). 6637:Sung-Ho Kang (2014). 6558:; Schultz, Edward J. 6376:Naegak chongri daesin 6106: 6087: 5819: 5800: 5090: 5076: 5064: 5056: 5021: 4973: 4957: 4693: 4607: 4599: 4404: 4163: 3968: 3904: 3857: 3650: 3630: 3484:Battle of Port Arthur 3474:assumed the title of 3448:Treaty of Shimonoseki 3374: 3333: 3280: 3184: 3104: 3096: 3070:Little China ideology 3019:Gwanghaegun of Joseon 2988: 2950: 2878: 2772: 2697: 2499: 2479: 2365: 2310:in favor of his son, 2277:the invasion of Korea 2238: 1652:(Tributary of Baekje) 1598:Three Kingdoms period 1006:Korean pronunciation: 928:Chosŏn Ponggŏn Wangjo 773:Treaty of Shimonoseki 561:Treaty of Shimonoseki 480:• Coronation of 278:(literary Chinese or 255:(1392–1394/1399–1405) 243:(1394–1399/1405–1897) 118:Top: Flag (1883–1897) 10672:on 10 September 2015 10655:東アジアの国際関係とその近代化－朝鮮と－ 10269:Duus, Peter (1998). 10215:. 웅진출판사. p. 56. 9964:Kyuhee, Cho (2015). 9609:Haboush JHK (2003), 9475:. ABC-CLIO. p. 9400:Bok Rae Kim (2004). 9375:Working Paper Series 9265:5 April 2023 at the 9139:5 April 2023 at the 9102:5 April 2023 at the 9032:5 April 2023 at the 9004:7 April 2023 at the 8866:7 April 2023 at the 8710:Villiers p. 71. 8648:The History of Korea 7107:10 June 2011 at the 7079:10 June 2011 at the 6995:. Routledge/Curzon. 6928:10.1353/ks.2017.0019 6674:Kang, david (2019), 6237:1st daughter (2001–) 5809:during the reign of 5763:improve this article 5615:. The first copy of 5335:factual accuracy is 5258:compiled during the 5212:Newspapers like the 4896:improve this article 4612:in the Joseon period 4034:in the aftermath of 3567:improve this article 3492:Treaty of Portsmouth 3336:George Clayton Foulk 3254:, the father of the 2759:third literati purge 1964:North-South division 1954:Military governments 1727:(Tributary of Silla) 1258:improve this article 973:Revised Romanization 908:Revised Romanization 827:Revised Romanization 429:Kim Byeong-si (last) 328:(recognized in 1886) 30:For other uses, see 12059: / 11094:Korean tea ceremony 11064:Education in Joseon 10860:Tsushima expedition 10689:East Rock Institute 10636:on 25 December 2016 8195:Doosan Encyclopedia 8163:Doosan Encyclopedia 8038:2 June 2021 at the 7756:A Handbook of Korea 6195:Yi Jong (1940–1966) 6185:Heungseon Daewongun 6127:, wife of Sunjong; 5975:Heungseon Daewongun 5512:insect-ceaselessly 5500: 5454:Apostolic Vicariate 5276:Memory of the World 5246:(also known as the 5224:Korean mixed script 5069:(1745–1806) in 1788 4997:Heungseon Daewongun 4932:Korean tea ceremony 4560:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 4490:and implemented by 4436:policy, signed the 4001:Office of Censors ( 3496:Protectorate Treaty 3422:Empress Myeongseong 3343:Empress Myeongseong 3293:Heungseon Daewongun 3282:Heungseon Daewongun 3159:(r. 1724–1776) and 3001:, was unifying the 2845:One example is the 2615:Grand Prince Suyang 2366:The throne room at 1919:Japanese occupation 270:Early Modern Korean 189:Tributary relations 11180:Seungjeongwon ilgi 11123:Cultural heritages 11069:Five Grand Palaces 10550:A History of Korea 10092:Pope Gregory XVI, 10070:. Smarthistory.org 9830:on 3 February 2020 9786:. pp. 32–33. 9600:Haboush (1988: 78) 9546:Jun et al. (2008). 9328:on 1 November 2020 8943:2008-01-08 at the 7855:(1 January 2002). 7833:The New York Times 6472:8 May 2024 at the 6141: 6101: 5999:Smithsonian Museum 5822: 5814: 5673:called "narrative 5558:deserted mountain 5499: 5207:Seungjeongwon ilgi 5188:Confucian classics 5096: 5085: 5071: 5059: 5024: 4984: 4968: 4852:. Seonbis such as 4699: 4696:petite bourgeoisie 4614: 4602: 4576:Sinocentric system 4339:Ashikaga shogunate 4261:Wanggung Sumunjang 4250:Wanggung Sumunjang 4166: 3975: 3910: 3867: 3850:Central government 3657: 3645: 3488:Russo-Japanese War 3434:Lieutenant-General 3379: 3339: 3285: 3273:End of the dynasty 3194: 3117: 3099: 2991: 2953: 2915:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2884: 2865:Japanese invasions 2788:Factional struggle 2781: 2704: 2611:Princess Gyeonghye 2512: 2494: 2437:, in favor of the 2371: 2358:Strifes of princes 2354:(modern Kaesong). 2320:Gongyang of Goryeo 2302:) and initiated a 2285:Liaodong Peninsula 2265:Liaodong peninsula 2244: 1862:(Vassal of Goryeo) 1472:4th–2nd century BC 1346:700,000 BC-8000 BC 1333:Prehistoric period 1199:Western literature 1175:Japanese invasions 1101:Great Joseon State 1096:[tɕo.sʰʌn] 861:[tɕo.sʰʌn] 771:of 1882 until the 518:Japanese invasions 120:Bottom: Royal flag 12042: 12041: 11947: 11946: 11864: 11863: 11329:Kingdom of Joseon 11284:List of Monarchs 11226: 11225: 11194:Foreign relations 11024:Styles and titles 10999:late 19th century 10886:Treaty of Ganghwa 10799: 10798: 10597:978-0-7546-3653-3 10578:978-0-930878-56-6 10559:978-0-87436-064-6 10430:978-0-231-10567-5 10385:978-0-674-02807-4 10366:978-0-253-00024-8 10347:978-0-8248-2827-1 10303:978-0-618-13384-0 10280:978-0-520-92090-3 10125:. pp. No.15. 9876:978-1-904832-77-5 9793:978-0-19-883077-1 9647:978-89-5828-032-3 9578:978-0-8048-5102-2 9518:Haboush, 1988: 89 9415:978-1-135-75917-9 9321:978-89-5660-214-1 9151:Titsingh, p. 320. 8136:Gyeongguk daejeon 8052:김지남 (1888). "9". 7769:978-1-56591-022-5 7286:"붕당정치-한국민족대백과 사전" 7138:978-89-01-07754-3 7045:978-0-521-22354-6 7002:978-0-7007-0464-4 6857:Women Our History 6433:, pp. 69–71. 6317:Kings family tree 6283:Count Sō Takeyuki 6082: 6081: 6074: 5952:Oriental medicine 5931:16th–19th century 5925:Taejong of Joseon 5795: 5794: 5787: 5581: 5580: 5462:Bishop of Beijing 5443: 5442: 5376: 5375: 5368: 5215:Hwangsŏng Shinmun 5199:Classical Chinese 5141:by using natural 4928: 4927: 4920: 4355:Ayutthaya Kingdom 4331:Mandate of Heaven 4309:In 1392, General 4268:Foreign relations 3955:Gwanghwamun Plaza 3661:Gyeongguk daejeon 3603:Gyeongguk daejeon 3599: 3598: 3591: 3466:, along with the 3358:Treaty of Ganghwa 3354:Meiji Restoration 3352:Japan, after the 3216:Hwaseong Fortress 3106:Hwaseong Fortress 3055:Hyojong of Joseon 2999:Jianzhou Jurchens 2715:deposed Queen Yun 2431:Dopyeong Assembly 2233: 2232: 1994: 1993: 1937: 1936: 1902: 1901: 1832: 1831: 1735: 1734: 1672: 1671: 1485: 1484: 1402: 1401: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1179:Later Jin dynasty 1016: 1015: 987:McCune–Reischauer 922:McCune–Reischauer 869:North Korean name 841:McCune–Reischauer 782: 781: 744: 743: 740: 739: 720: 719: 425:• 1894–1898 384:• 1864–1897 371:• 1392–1398 350:Absolute monarchy 285: 275:Classical Chinese 16:(Redirected from 12134: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12063:37.58°N 126.98°E 12060: 12057: 12056: 12055: 12052: 12033: 12030:Emperor of Japan 12020: 12014: 12011: 12005: 12001: 11995: 11992: 11896: 11895: 11787: 11786: 11601:Emperor of Korea 11349: 11293:Emperor of Korea 11275: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11253: 11246: 11239: 11230: 11229: 11216:Joseon Tongsinsa 11029:Neo-Confucianism 10928: 10826: 10819: 10812: 10803: 10802: 10752: 10745: 10738: 10729: 10728: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10671: 10660: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10635: 10624: 10616:(January 2016). 10600: 10581: 10562: 10454: 10433: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10388: 10370: 10350: 10332: 10316: 10306: 10295: 10284: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10208: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10197: 10178: 10172: 10171: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10103: 10097: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10077: 10075: 10066:Kyunghee, Ryun. 10063: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10040: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9902: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9857: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9826:. Archived from 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9704: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9667: 9661: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9633: 9627: 9624: 9618: 9607: 9601: 9598: 9592: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9562: 9556: 9553: 9547: 9544: 9538: 9525: 9519: 9516: 9510: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9495: 9493: 9474: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9451: 9449: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9366: 9360: 9357: 9351: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9324:. 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Archived from 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6706: 6695: 6694: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6656: 6643: 6642: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6554:. Translated by 6544: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6507:(October 2004). 6501: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6476: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6434: 6428: 6399: 6395: 6383: 6368: 6356: 6343: 6302:History of Korea 6279:Princess Deokhye 6137:Princess Deokhye 6077: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6057: 6029: 6028: 6021: 5922: 5911: 5900: 5831:Sejong the Great 5790: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5770: 5747: 5739: 5635:was compiled by 5501: 5498: 5450:Pope Gregory XVI 5409: 5408: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5351: 5348:reliably sourced 5328: 5327: 5320: 5157:Neo-Confucianism 5148:Jingdezhen kilns 4974:Male dress of a 4923: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4880: 4872: 4846:righteous armies 4803: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4713:Neo-Confucianism 4672:Slavery in Korea 4654:), "low borns" ( 4580:emperor of China 4470: 4335:tributary states 4274:Joseon diplomacy 4114:Local government 4106:Korean Confucian 4028:Hall of Worthies 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3637:Gyeongbok Palace 3594: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3551: 3543: 3441:Gyeongbok Palace 3387:rioting soldiers 3301:Gyeongbok Palace 3015:Seven Grievances 2971:Manchu invasions 2657:scholars called 2645:Sejo's weak son 2541:Treaty of Gyehae 2516:Sejong the Great 2500:A page from the 2484:, who served as 2472:Sejong the Great 2456:'s brothers and 2368:Gyeongbok Palace 2308:King U of Goryeo 2225: 2218: 2211: 2199:Korea portal 2197: 2196: 2171: 2165: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2087: 2075: 2063: 2057: 1950: 1949: 1915: 1914: 1845: 1844: 1766:(Later Goguryeo) 1750: 1749: 1687: 1686: 1638:Gaya confederacy 1603: 1602: 1561: 1554: 1547: 1528: 1521: 1459: 1447: 1435: 1425: 1415: 1414: 1338: 1337: 1325: 1315: 1297: 1296: 1285: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1242: 1234: 1166:Neo-Confucianism 1120: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1098: 1092: 1080: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1025: 1012: 1007: 995: 981: 966: 965: 950: 949: 930: 916: 901: 900: 885: 884: 863: 849: 835: 820: 819: 804: 803: 784: 783: 736: 735: 724: 723: 711: 710: 697: 696: 690: 689: 674: 673: 668: 660: 553:26 February 1876 462: 459: 448: 329: 305: 304: 277: 256: 244: 221: 212: 202: 177: 168: 149: 148: 1884–1897 146: 139: 130: 114: 107: 89: 88: 87: 82: 75: 74: 73: 68: 61: 60: 59: 54: 39: 38: 21: 12142: 12141: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12077: 12076: 12067: 12065: 12061: 12058: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12038: 12037: 12036: 12021: 12017: 12012: 12008: 12004:simplification. 12002: 11998: 11993: 11989: 11970: 11943: 11929: 11923: 11891: 11887: 11886:Director of the 11881: 11860: 11837: 11814: 11808: 11791: 11782: 11776: 11760: 11741: 11712: 11621: 11602: 11596: 11429: 11423: 11350: 11341: 11319: 11288:Kings of Joseon 11276: 11267: 11259: 11257: 11227: 11222: 11189: 11118: 11052: 11010: 10952: 10929: 10920: 10846: 10835: 10830: 10800: 10795: 10776:Changgyeonggung 10762: 10756: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10658: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10622: 10609: 10604: 10598: 10579: 10560: 10534:Wayback Machine 10522:Wayback Machine 10506:Wayback Machine 10493:Wayback Machine 10463: 10461:Further reading 10458: 10431: 10406: 10404: 10386: 10367: 10348: 10331:. pp. 8–9. 10304: 10281: 10264: 10259: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10236: 10234: 10225: 10224: 10220: 10209: 10205: 10195: 10193: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10166:Kim, Hyŭnggyu. 10164: 10160: 10151:Rutt, Richard. 10149: 10145: 10136:Rutt, Richard. 10134: 10130: 10121:Rutt, Richard. 10119: 10115: 10106:Kim, Hyŭnggyu. 10104: 10100: 10091: 10087: 10073: 10071: 10064: 10060: 10050: 10048: 10041: 10037: 10026: 10024: 10009: 10005: 9995: 9993: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9946: 9903: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9877: 9858: 9843: 9833: 9831: 9818: 9817: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9794: 9774: 9770: 9759: 9755: 9745: 9743: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9718: 9716: 9706: 9705: 9698: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9668: 9664: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9634: 9630: 9625: 9621: 9608: 9604: 9599: 9595: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9541: 9536:Wayback Machine 9526: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9504: 9491: 9489: 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7238:"동인-한국민족대백과 사전" 7236: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7212:"서인-한국민족대백과 사전" 7210: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7185:The Korea Times 7176: 7172: 7162: 7160: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7125: 7121: 7109:Wayback Machine 7098: 7097: 7093: 7081:Wayback Machine 7070: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7046: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7010: 7003: 6987: 6983: 6972: 6970: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6908: 6904: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6868: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6808: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6723: 6707: 6698: 6672: 6668: 6657: 6646: 6635: 6631: 6618: 6616: 6609: 6593: 6589: 6574: 6567: 6545: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6502: 6493: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6474:Wayback Machine 6460: 6456: 6448: 6437: 6429: 6418: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6298: 6261:Empire of Japan 6218:2nd son (1999–) 6215:1st son (1998–) 6157:Emperor Sunjong 6119:, the 7th son; 6078: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6044:Please help by 6043: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6013: 6007: 5957:The first soft 5933: 5916: 5905: 5894: 5827: 5803:celestial globe 5791: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5760: 5748: 5737: 5731: 5699:Jeolla Province 5586: 5476: 5470: 5452:established an 5372: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5341: 5333:This section's 5329: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5290: 5284: 5240: 5234: 5220:Korean language 5184: 5051: 5041: 4952: 4924: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4893: 4881: 4870: 4777: 4771: 4594: 4588: 4550: 4544: 4510: 4504: 4446: 4411:Citation 1636). 4315:successful coup 4307: 4301: 4276: 4270: 4252: 4244:Main articles: 4242: 4226: 4220: 4204: 4196:Main articles: 4194: 4189: 4171: 4155:eight provinces 4151: 4145: 4116: 4047: 3963: 3899: 3872: 3852: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3801: 3798: 3789: 3786: 3777: 3774: 3765: 3762: 3753: 3750: 3741: 3738: 3729: 3726: 3717: 3625: 3611: 3595: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3564: 3552: 3541: 3535: 3523:Japanese Empire 3460: 3275: 3248:Andong Kim clan 3224: 3199: 3165:Tangpyeongchaek 3091: 3086: 2983: 2973: 2880:The Turtle ship 2873: 2867: 2796: 2790: 2778:Western faction 2767: 2711:literati purges 2692: 2686: 2684:Literati purges 2643: 2599: 2567:natural science 2528:Tsushima Island 2474: 2423: 2360: 2312:Chang of Goryeo 2306:, overthrowing 2249: 2229: 2191: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2161: 2142: 2135: 2128: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2083: 2071: 2059: 2053: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1912: 1911:Colonial period 1904: 1903: 1842: 1841:Dynastic period 1834: 1833: 1799:Dongdan Kingdom 1747: 1737: 1736: 1713:Little Goguryeo 1693:(Unified Silla) 1684: 1674: 1673: 1600: 1590: 1589: 1581: 1557: 1550: 1543: 1524: 1517: 1497: 1487: 1486: 1457: 1445: 1433: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1394:Liaoning dagger 1356:8000 BC–1500 BC 1335: 1313: 1306: 1295: 1286: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1255: 1243: 1232: 1226: 1214:Korean language 1127:Taejo of Joseon 1055: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1005: 967: 951: 902: 886: 821: 805: 778: 755: 733: 708: 694: 666: 665: 661: 658: 657: 639: 629: 619: 609: 599: 579:13 October 1897 576: 563: 550: 540:1627, 1636–1637 537: 520: 507: 494: 484: 460: 453: 449: 446: 426: 416: 385: 372: 327: 326: 322: 317: 312: 307: 298: 297: 293: 273: 268: 254: 253: 249: 245: 242: 236: 232: 219: 218: 213: 210: 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 180: 163: 153: 152: 151: 147: 142: 140: 131: 123: 122: 119: 115: 108: 90: 83: 80: 79: 78: 76: 69: 66: 65: 64: 62: 55: 52: 51: 50: 48: 46: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12140: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12112:Korean royalty 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12040: 12039: 12035: 12034: 12015: 12006: 11996: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11983: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11962: 11961:(2005–present) 11955: 11953: 11949: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11941: 11933: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11921: 11915: 11909: 11902: 11900: 11893: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11878:(1945–present) 11869: 11866: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11852: 11845: 11843: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11835: 11829: 11822: 11820: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11806: 11799: 11797: 11784: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11758: 11749: 11747: 11743: 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11117: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11020: 11018: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11008: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10939: 10937: 10931: 10930: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10867: 10862: 10856: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10829: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10806: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10755: 10754: 10747: 10740: 10732: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10706:Choson dynasty 10703: 10697: 10692: 10682: 10646: 10608: 10607:External links 10605: 10603: 10602: 10596: 10583: 10577: 10564: 10558: 10545: 10536: 10524: 10508: 10495: 10483: 10477: 10471: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10435: 10429: 10412: 10390: 10384: 10371: 10365: 10352: 10346: 10333: 10308: 10302: 10285: 10279: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10244: 10218: 10213:웅진위인전기 #11 장영실 10203: 10173: 10158: 10155:. p. 158. 10143: 10140:. p. 157. 10128: 10113: 10098: 10085: 10058: 10035: 10003: 9956: 9894: 9875: 9841: 9824:www.minbaek.kr 9811: 9792: 9768: 9753: 9726: 9696: 9683:978-1135759179 9682: 9662: 9653: 9646: 9628: 9619: 9617:, pp. 279–304. 9602: 9593: 9584: 9577: 9557: 9548: 9539: 9520: 9511: 9502: 9486:978-0874368857 9485: 9459: 9442:978-8971414415 9441: 9421: 9414: 9392: 9361: 9352: 9346:Oh SC (2006), 9339: 9320: 9306:Lankov, Andrei 9296: 9283: 9270: 9248: 9230:978-1462903962 9229: 9209: 9191:978-9004168220 9190: 9170: 9153: 9144: 9122: 9108: 9085: 9070: 9068:, p. 237. 9054: 9052:, p. 237. 9037: 9009: 8987: 8964: 8952: 8950:(Spring 2009). 8929: 8871: 8849: 8843:978-0804746298 8842: 8822: 8809:978-1317282945 8808: 8788: 8775:978-0791426876 8774: 8754: 8752:, p. 144. 8742: 8736:978-0231522403 8735: 8712: 8703: 8694: 8685: 8676: 8663:978-0313332968 8662: 8636: 8623:978-9814311779 8622: 8602: 8589:978-0231153195 8588: 8568: 8554:978-1135795986 8553: 8533: 8520:978-1317282945 8519: 8499: 8486:978-0791426876 8485: 8465: 8447:978-0674948556 8446: 8426: 8408:978-1349124305 8407: 8387: 8369:978-3825843861 8368: 8348: 8322:978-0742567177 8321: 8301: 8280:978-0231522403 8279: 8259: 8233:978-9004315754 8232: 8212: 8180: 8148: 8139: 8128: 8099: 8073: 8044: 8025: 7999: 7969: 7956:978-1107098466 7955: 7935: 7899: 7882: 7838: 7814: 7795:(2): 280–303. 7775: 7768: 7747: 7741:978-8984943131 7740: 7730:오, 영교 (2007). 7722: 7709:(3): 849–864. 7668: 7650:978-1317047490 7649: 7625: 7607:978-8973006199 7606: 7587: 7581:978-8989354833 7580: 7570:이, 성무 (2007). 7562: 7545: 7519: 7489: 7487:, p. 132. 7477: 7454:(6): 477–505. 7429: 7411:978-1509523160 7410: 7381: 7379:, p. 350. 7375:, p. 36; 7365: 7363:, p. 269. 7353: 7351:, p. 350. 7341: 7326: 7310: 7308:, p. 349. 7291: 7277: 7264:978-1133606499 7263: 7243: 7229: 7203: 7170: 7144: 7137: 7129:한권으로 읽는 세종대왕실록 7119: 7091: 7063: 7044: 7036:Medieval Japan 7020: 7001: 6981: 6962:978-1931907309 6961: 6941: 6916:Korean Studies 6902: 6885: 6867:978-0241395332 6866: 6847: 6817: 6796: 6785:on 1 July 2019 6764: 6753:on 1 July 2019 6732: 6722:978-0822353720 6721: 6696: 6666: 6644: 6629: 6608:978-8973007202 6607: 6587: 6565: 6530: 6491: 6477: 6454: 6452:, p. 293. 6435: 6415: 6414: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6267: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6183:, grandson of 6173: 6160: 6148:Emperor Gojong 6080: 6079: 6033: 6031: 6024: 6009:Main article: 6006: 6003: 5995:Ganghwa Island 5959:ballistic vest 5932: 5929: 5851:Goryeo Dynasty 5839:Jang Yeong-sil 5826: 5823: 5807:Jang Yeong-sil 5793: 5792: 5751: 5749: 5742: 5730: 5727: 5643:were written. 5585: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5572: 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4006: 3999: 3962: 3959: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3913:Six Ministries 3898: 3897:Six Ministries 3895: 3891:Six Ministries 3871: 3868: 3851: 3848: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3653:Jongmyo Shrine 3633:Phoenix Throne 3610: 3607: 3597: 3596: 3555: 3553: 3546: 3534: 3531: 3521:. In 1910 the 3506:was the first 3468:Gwangmu Reform 3459: 3456: 3437:Viscount Miura 3426:Russian Empire 3376:Emperor Gojong 3274: 3271: 3223: 3220: 3198: 3195: 3178:and language. 3129:King Hyeonjong 3112:. Also one of 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3026:Injo of Joseon 2972: 2969: 2869:Main article: 2866: 2863: 2792:Main article: 2789: 2786: 2766: 2763: 2688:Main article: 2685: 2682: 2642: 2639: 2598: 2595: 2507:Hunminjeongeum 2473: 2470: 2422: 2419: 2406:King Jeongjong 2359: 2356: 2248: 2245: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2213: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2120: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2047: 2042: 2040:Historiography 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1548: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1413: 1411:Ancient period 1410: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1378: 1377: 1376:1500 BC–300 BC 1374: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1318: 1317: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1246: 1244: 1237: 1228:Main article: 1225: 1222: 1210:Korean culture 1195:hermit kingdom 1099:), officially 1014: 1013: 1003: 997: 996: 989: 983: 982: 975: 969: 968: 961: 959: 953: 952: 945: 943: 937: 936: 932: 931: 924: 918: 917: 910: 904: 903: 896: 894: 888: 887: 880: 878: 872: 871: 865: 864: 857: 851: 850: 843: 837: 836: 829: 823: 822: 815: 813: 807: 806: 799: 797: 791: 790: 780: 779: 777: 776: 763: 760: 759: 750: 746: 745: 742: 741: 738: 737: 730: 721: 718: 717: 712: 704: 703: 698: 686: 685: 680: 670: 669: 652: 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 637: 634: 633: 630: 627: 624: 623: 620: 617: 614: 613: 610: 607: 604: 603: 600: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 585: 584: 581: 580: 577: 571: 568: 567: 564: 558: 555: 554: 551: 545: 542: 541: 538: 528: 525: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511: 510:9 October 1446 508: 502: 499: 498: 495: 492: 489: 488: 485: 479: 476: 475: 472: 471: 468: 464: 463: 443:rule by decree 439: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 424: 421: 420: 417: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 403: 397: 396: 393: 392: 386: 383: 380: 379: 373: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 359: 353: 352: 347: 343: 342: 337: 331: 330: 301:state ideology 291: 287: 286: 262: 258: 257: 227: 223: 222: 186: 182: 181: 178: 170: 169: 155: 154: 134: 132: 125: 124: 116: 109: 102: 101: 100: 97: 96: 92: 91: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12139: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12075: 12072: 12068:37.58; 126.98 12031: 12027: 12026: 12019: 12010: 12000: 11991: 11987: 11981: 11977: 11976: 11973: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11950: 11940: 11939: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11926: 11919: 11916: 11913: 11910: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11877: 11876: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11856: 11853: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11840: 11833: 11830: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11817:Changdeokgung 11811: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11790:King Emeritus 11788: 11785: 11779: 11772: 11771: 11767: 11766: 11763: 11756: 11755: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11744: 11737: 11734: 11731: 11728: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11708: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11697: 11694: 11691: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11679: 11676: 11673: 11670: 11667: 11664: 11661: 11658: 11655: 11652: 11649: 11646: 11643: 11640: 11637: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11624: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11599: 11592: 11589: 11586: 11583: 11580: 11577: 11574: 11571: 11568: 11565: 11562: 11559: 11556: 11553: 11550: 11547: 11544: 11541: 11538: 11535: 11532: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11468: 11465: 11462: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11426: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11401: 11398: 11395: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11348: 11337: 11336: 11335:Korean Empire 11331: 11330: 11326: 11325: 11322: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11279: 11274: 11270: 11263: 11254: 11249: 11247: 11242: 11240: 11235: 11234: 11231: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11192: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11130:Changdeokgung 11128: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11099:Korean garden 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11013: 11007: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10955: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10932: 10927: 10917: 10916:Korean Empire 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10849: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10834: 10827: 10822: 10820: 10815: 10813: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10792: 10791:Gyeonghuigung 10789: 10787: 10786:Gyeongbokgung 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10771:Changdeokgung 10769: 10768: 10765: 10761: 10753: 10748: 10746: 10741: 10739: 10734: 10733: 10730: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10715: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10668: 10664: 10657: 10656: 10652:(June 2005). 10651: 10647: 10632: 10628: 10621: 10620: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10570: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10509: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10487: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10413: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10391: 10387: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10339: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10305: 10299: 10294: 10293: 10286: 10282: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10266: 10253: 10248: 10232: 10228: 10222: 10214: 10207: 10191: 10187: 10186:www.naver.com 10183: 10177: 10170:. p. 71. 10169: 10162: 10154: 10147: 10139: 10132: 10124: 10117: 10110:. p. 66. 10109: 10102: 10095: 10089: 10082: 10069: 10062: 10046: 10039: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10007: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9960: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9901: 9899: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9862: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9799: 9795: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9780: 9772: 9764: 9757: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9730: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9703: 9701: 9685: 9679: 9675: 9674: 9666: 9657: 9649: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9623: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9597: 9588: 9580: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9561: 9552: 9543: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9524: 9515: 9506: 9499: 9488: 9482: 9478: 9473: 9472: 9463: 9456: 9444: 9438: 9434: 9433: 9425: 9417: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9396: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9365: 9356: 9349: 9343: 9327: 9323: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9287: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9252: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9183: 9182: 9174: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9148: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9126: 9118: 9112: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9092:Chun-gil Kim 9089: 9083:, p. 54. 9082: 9077: 9075: 9067: 9063: 9058: 9051: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8974: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8949: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8933: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8853: 8845: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8826: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8800: 8792: 8777: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8758: 8751: 8746: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8716: 8707: 8698: 8689: 8680: 8665: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8649: 8640: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8614: 8606: 8591: 8585: 8581: 8580: 8572: 8556: 8550: 8547:. Routledge. 8546: 8545: 8537: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8503: 8488: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8469: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8430: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8400: 8399: 8391: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8361: 8360: 8352: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8305: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8263: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8216: 8200: 8196: 8193:(in Korean). 8192: 8184: 8168: 8164: 8161:(in Korean). 8160: 8152: 8143: 8137: 8132: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8048: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8029: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7958: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7939: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7583: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7558: 7557: 7549: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7496: 7494: 7486: 7481: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7436: 7434: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7339:, p. 36. 7338: 7333: 7331: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7307: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7287: 7281: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7247: 7239: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7140: 7134: 7131:. 웅진, 지식하우스. 7130: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7024: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6985: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6898: 6897: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6809: 6800: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6662: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6394: 6390: 6381: 6377: 6374:(1401–1894); 6373: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6346:Middle Korean 6342: 6338: 6328: 6327:Korean Empire 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6244: 6241: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6076: 6073: 6065: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6034:This section 6032: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5963:myeonjebaegab 5960: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5893: 5892:Kim Sa-hyeong 5889: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878:Honcheonsigye 5875: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5789: 5786: 5778: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5752:This section 5750: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5647:Kim Cheontaek 5644: 5642: 5638: 5637:Kim Cheontaek 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5370: 5367: 5359: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5192:Neo-Confucian 5189: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5029: 5020: 5016: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4922: 4919: 4911: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4885:This section 4883: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4730:Sumptuary law 4727: 4726:Yi Chung-hwan 4721: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4623:Korean Empire 4620: 4611: 4606: 4598: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4578:in which the 4577: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434:laissez-faire 4430: 4429:laissez-faire 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4403: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179:Korean cannon 4176: 4175:Korean armour 4162: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4045:Other offices 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3978:Three Offices 3972: 3967: 3961:Three Offices 3958: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3908: 3903: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3875:State Council 3870:State Council 3864: 3861: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3685: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3651:Jeongjeon of 3649: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3593: 3590: 3582: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3556:This section 3554: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464:Korean Empire 3455: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395:Jeon Bong-jun 3392: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3204:Bukhak theory 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3074:reign periods 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2936:(present-day 2935: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:neo-Confucian 2652: 2648: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446:Sinmun Office 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2394:Queen Sindeok 2391: 2387: 2386:Jeong Do-jeon 2384: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2324:Chŏng Mong-ju 2321: 2317: 2316:Jeong Do-jeon 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2241: 2237: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1946:Modern period 1943: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1894:Korean Empire 1892: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1777:(Later Silla) 1776: 1775:Unified Silla 1773: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1284: 1281: 1273: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1247:This section 1245: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Korean Empire 1128: 1124: 1119: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1074: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1050: 1020: 1011: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 974: 970: 960: 958: 954: 944: 942: 938: 935:Official name 933: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 909: 905: 895: 893: 889: 879: 877: 873: 870: 866: 862: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 828: 824: 814: 812: 808: 798: 796: 792: 789: 785: 774: 770: 764: 761: 758: 754: 751: 749:Today part of 747: 731: 729: 728:Korean Empire 726: 725: 722: 716: 713: 706: 705: 702: 699: 692: 691: 688: 687: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 671: 664: 656: 653: 649: 645: 641: 635: 631: 625: 621: 615: 611: 605: 601: 595: 591: 586: 582: 578: 575: 569: 566:17 April 1895 565: 562: 556: 552: 549: 543: 539: 536: 532: 526: 522: 519: 513: 509: 506: 500: 497:28 March 1393 496: 490: 487:5 August 1392 486: 483: 477: 473: 469: 465: 457: 452: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 422: 418: 412: 408: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 387: 381: 377: 374: 368: 364: 360: 358: 354: 351: 348: 344: 341: 338: 336: 332: 325: 320: 315: 310: 302: 296: 292: 288: 283: 282: 276: 271: 266: 265:Middle Korean 263: 259: 252: 248: 240: 235: 231: 228: 224: 217:intervention 216: 207: 198: 194: 190: 187: 183: 176: 171: 167: 162: 161: 156: 138: 129: 121: 113: 106: 98: 93: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12044: 12023: 12018: 12009: 11999: 11990: 11936: 11875:World War II 11872: 11842:Crown Prince 11768: 11752: 11704: 11633:Yi Bang-seok 11626:Crown Prince 11522: 11490: 11385: 11377: 11369: 11361: 11333: 11328: 11327: 11175:Nanjung ilgi 11149:Villages of 11104:Sungkyunkwan 11046: 11039: 10891:Imo Incident 10832: 10674:. Retrieved 10667:the original 10654: 10638:. Retrieved 10631:the original 10618: 10587: 10568: 10549: 10539: 10512: 10479: 10473: 10467: 10446:(4): 69–96, 10443: 10439: 10420: 10416: 10405:, retrieved 10395: 10375: 10356: 10337: 10322: 10314:"Amin" 10291: 10270: 10247: 10235:. Retrieved 10221: 10212: 10211:백석기 (1987). 10206: 10194:. Retrieved 10185: 10176: 10167: 10161: 10152: 10146: 10137: 10131: 10122: 10116: 10107: 10101: 10088: 10079: 10072:. Retrieved 10061: 10049:. Retrieved 10038: 10025:. Retrieved 10011:Suran, Yoo. 10006: 9994:. Retrieved 9969: 9959: 9949:15 September 9947:. Retrieved 9931:10371/164813 9917:(1): 59–82. 9914: 9910: 9885:. Retrieved 9865: 9832:. Retrieved 9828:the original 9823: 9820:"조선예술(朝鮮藝術)" 9814: 9802:. Retrieved 9778: 9771: 9756: 9744:. Retrieved 9738: 9729: 9717:. Retrieved 9711: 9687:. Retrieved 9672: 9665: 9656: 9637: 9631: 9622: 9610: 9605: 9596: 9587: 9567: 9560: 9551: 9542: 9523: 9514: 9505: 9497: 9490:. Retrieved 9470: 9462: 9453: 9446:. 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Retrieved 6751:the original 6744: 6741:"조선력사 시대구분표" 6735: 6711: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6660: 6638: 6632: 6624: 6617:. Retrieved 6597: 6590: 6577: 6551: 6548:Lee, Ki-baik 6521:. Retrieved 6505:Lee, Soyoung 6480: 6457: 6410: 6409: 6393: 6379: 6375: 6372:Yeonguijeong 6371: 6366: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6142: 6068: 6059: 6046:spinning off 6039: 6035: 5956: 5944:Dongui Bogam 5937: 5934: 5886: 5882:Song I-yeong 5874:Chiljeongsan 5867: 5863: 5844: 5828: 5825:15th century 5781: 5775:January 2021 5772: 5761:Please help 5756:verification 5753: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5654: 5653:. At first, 5650: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5549: 5544:which place 5543: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5510:벌리완대 5505: 5492: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5448: 5444: 5388: 5380:Confucianism 5377: 5362: 5353: 5334: 5292: 5291: 5263: 5260:colonial era 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5230: 5213: 5211: 5196: 5194:literature. 5185: 5177: 5161: 5133: 5129:Confucianism 5114: 5104: 5097: 5032: 5025: 5012: 5009: 4992: 4985: 4982:(1783–1837). 4964:Shin Yun-bok 4940: 4929: 4914: 4905: 4894:Please help 4889:verification 4886: 4861: 4849: 4843: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4810:Confucianism 4778: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4733: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4665: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4627: 4615: 4570: 4568: 4554: 4551: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4488:Li Hongzhang 4477: 4468:Chingunyeong 4463:Ma Jianzhong 4459:Li Hongzhang 4450:Imo Incident 4447: 4433: 4428: 4425:Qing dynasty 4421:Imo Incident 4418: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4365:Ming dynasty 4358: 4308: 4288:Qing dynasty 4284:Ming dynasty 4277: 4259: 4253: 4227: 4211: 4207: 4205: 4187:Korean sword 4152: 4117: 4093:Sungkyunkwan 4078: 4074: 4048: 4023: 4010: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3952: 3911: 3879:Yeonguijeong 3873: 3863:Chae Je-gong 3858:Portrait of 3841: 3825: 3821: 3704: 3699: 3683: 3667: 3665: 3658: 3641:Irworobongdo 3600: 3585: 3579:January 2021 3576: 3565:Please help 3560:verification 3557: 3515:An Jung-geun 3500:protectorate 3481: 3461: 3445: 3420: 3407:Qing dynasty 3380: 3351: 3340: 3334:Seoul(1884)- 3313: 3286: 3267:isolationist 3264: 3260: 3256:Queen Sunwon 3229: 3225: 3200: 3197:Architecture 3169: 3164: 3144: 3133: 3118: 3059: 3039: 3023: 2992: 2965:turtle ships 2962: 2954: 2926: 2908: 2902:deployed by 2885: 2844: 2797: 2782: 2755: 2739: 2730:Sungkyunkwan 2727: 2705: 2667: 2644: 2634:Jiphyeonjeon 2631: 2623: 2600: 2564: 2560:Kim Jong-seo 2549: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2480:Portrait of 2466: 2443: 2428: 2424: 2415:King Taejong 2402: 2398: 2372: 2332: 2289: 2261:Ming dynasty 2257:Yuan dynasty 2250: 2182: 2136:Christianity 2010:Architecture 1990:1948–present 1979:1948–present 1968:1945–present 1883: 1871: 1858: 1821: 1811:Later Balhae 1809: 1797: 1787:Later Sabeol 1785: 1754:Later Baekje 1723: 1711: 1691:United Silla 1661: 1648: 1636: 1631:57 BC–935 AD 1621:18 BC–660 AD 1611:37 BC–668 AD 1392: 1342:Palaeolithic 1276: 1267: 1256:Please help 1251:verification 1248: 1218:its dialects 1207: 1183:Qing dynasty 1159: 1100: 1088: 1018: 1017: 993:Taejosŏn'guk 979:Daejoseonguk 787: 769:Imo Incident 683:Succeeded by 682: 677: 638:• 1807 628:• 1777 618:• 1717 608:• 1648 598:• 1519 447:(until 1894) 415:• 1392 324:Christianity 295:Confucianism 279: 246: 229: 208:intervention 158: 133:Royal emblem 36: 12107:House of Yi 12066: / 11980:temple name 11967:(2006–2020) 11930:recognition 11834:(1926–1947) 11828:(1910–1926) 11805:(1910–1919) 11783:(1910–1947) 11773:(1910–1945) 11709:(1907–1910) 11701:(1812–1830) 11695:(1784–1786) 11689:(1751–1752) 11683:(1736–1762) 11677:(1725–1728) 11671:(1625–1645) 11665:(1608–1623) 11659:(1557–1563) 11653:(1502–1506) 11647:(1455–1457) 11641:(1404–1418) 11635:(1392–1398) 11618:(1907–1910) 11612:(1897–1907) 11603:(1897–1910) 11593:(1864–1897) 11587:(1849–1864) 11581:(1834–1849) 11575:(1800–1834) 11569:(1776–1800) 11563:(1724–1776) 11557:(1720–1724) 11551:(1674–1720) 11545:(1659–1674) 11539:(1649–1659) 11533:(1623–1649) 11527:(1608–1623) 11519:(1569–1608) 11513:(1545–1569) 11507:(1544–1545) 11501:(1506–1544) 11495:(1494–1506) 11487:(1469–1494) 11481:(1468–1469) 11475:(1455–1468) 11469:(1452–1455) 11463:(1450–1452) 11457:(1418–1450) 11451:(1400–1418) 11445:(1398–1400) 11439:(1392–1398) 11430:(1392–1897) 11338:(1392–1910) 11268:House of Yi 11006:Joseon Navy 10994:Joseon Army 10906:Gabo Reform 10896:Gapsin Coup 10237:14 February 10074:18 November 10051:18 November 10027:18 November 9689:14 February 9492:14 February 9448:15 February 9385:13 February 9332:16 February 8977:The Koreas, 8960:Walker 1971 7864:Dong-a Ilbo 7661:23 December 7618:23 December 7470:24 November 7373:Larsen 2008 7337:Larsen 2008 7196:22 February 7163:27 November 7099:(in Korean) 7071:(in Korean) 6840:10 February 6382:(1896–1905) 6378:(1894–96); 6181:Yi Jun-yong 6125:Empress Yun 6098:Inoue Kaoru 6090:King Gojong 6011:House of Yi 6005:House of Yi 5985:found that 5917: [ 5906: [ 5895: [ 5870:King Sejong 5855:sight glass 5847:water clock 5811:King Sejong 5584:Translation 5538:woodpecker 5516:낙락장송(落落長松) 5091:Mogyeon by 5067:Kim Hong-do 4999:introduced 4980:Yi Jae-gwan 4796:: 4786:: 4763:Gabo Reform 4664:outcastes ( 4662:untouchable 4630:bureaucrats 4496:Yuan Shikai 4492:Yuan Shikai 4484:King Gojong 4473:Yuan Shikai 4311:Yi Sŏng-gye 4240:Royal Guard 4234:turtle ship 4224:Joseon Navy 4198:Joseon Army 4020:Hongmungwan 3973:(1681–1767) 3865:(1720–1799) 3715:Royal seals 3472:King Gojong 3316:Pungyang Jo 3289:King Gojong 2957:Yi Sun-shin 2909:During the 2898:in form of 2896:fire arrows 2859:Jeong Cheol 2832:Northerners 2828:Southerners 2808:King Seonjo 2774:Jeong Cheol 2742:Jo Gwang-jo 2702:(1482–1519) 2700:Jo Gwang-jo 2680:, in 1494. 2663:Hongmungwan 2583:engineering 2571:agriculture 2490:King Sejong 2450:aristocrats 2379:Queen Sinui 2375:Yi Bang-won 2304:coup d'état 2292:Yi Sŏng-gye 2242:'s portrait 2101:Politics ( 2073:Family tree 1312:History of 1085:: 1075:: 1065:: 788:Korean name 757:South Korea 753:North Korea 678:Preceded by 667:(1892–1897) 461:(from 1894) 454: [ 438:Legislature 220:(1894–1896) 211:(1882–1894) 201:(1401–1895) 81:(1894–1897) 67:(1393–1894) 53:(1392–1393) 12081:Categories 11965:Yi Hae-won 11952:Pretenders 11928:Posthumous 11794:Deoksugung 11746:Rival king 11555:Gyeongjong 11511:Myeongjong 11355:Posthumous 11170:Ilseongnok 11109:Chaekgeori 10957:Government 10781:Deoksugung 10407:7 February 9887:29 January 9834:3 February 9719:2 November 9241:1 November 9223:. Tuttle. 9202:1 November 9097:pp. 76–77. 8922:3 December 8242:1006718121 7992:6 December 7962:6 December 7928:6 December 7917:. UNESCO. 7875:16 January 7512:2 November 7088:Britannica 7056:1 November 7013:1 November 6878:1 November 6619:1 November 6406:References 6354:Dyǒw syěon 6350:Dyǒw syéon 6201:Yi Hae-won 6096:receiving 6050:relocating 6015:See also: 5857:, and the 5733:See also: 5613:Idu script 5576:not exist 5532:beak long 5395:Ouyang Xiu 5356:April 2021 5278:registry. 5222:using the 5182:Literature 5164:underglaze 5139:underglaze 5110:underglaze 5080:a type of 5078:Chaekgeori 5043:See also: 4854:Gwak jae-u 4610:bureaucrat 4564:Edo period 4448:After the 4353:, and the 4323:General Yi 4173:See also: 4024:gyeongyeon 3971:Yun Bonggu 3935:Podocheong 3883:Jwauijeong 3709:Ilseongnok 3705:gyeokjaeng 3700:gyeokjaeng 3684:gyeokjaeng 3613:See also: 3537:See also: 3533:Government 3504:Prince Itō 3502:of Japan. 3454:in Korea. 3383:Byeolgigun 3366:Royal Navy 3347:her family 3252:Kim Jo-sun 3230:The young 3172:Kyujanggak 3141:Gyeongjong 3011:Hong Taiji 3005:tribes of 2975:See also: 2944:captured. 2923:Portuguese 2919:Ming China 2824:Westerners 2820:Easterners 2816:Westerners 2812:Easterners 2804:Myeongjong 2757:resulting 2707:Yeonsangun 2678:Yeonsangun 2674:Yalu River 2575:literature 2281:Ch'oe Yŏng 2240:King Taejo 2097:Newspapers 1372:Bronze Age 622:10,056,000 588:Population 451:Jungchuwon 346:Government 335:Demonym(s) 284:in Korean) 247:Temporary: 160:Royal Seal 11899:In office 11736:Heungseon 11724:Deokheung 11717:Daewongun 11699:Hyomyeong 11585:Cheoljong 11543:Hyeonjong 11485:Seongjong 11443:Jeongjong 11305:Genealogy 11084:Buncheong 10419:Volume I: 10033:issuu.com 9986:142352051 9939:145807329 9260:, p. 206. 9184:. BRILL. 9081:Duus 1998 9066:Seth 2010 9050:Seth 2010 8979:p. 57-58. 8750:Seth 2010 8331:644646716 8289:774509438 7809:0707-5332 7641:Routledge 7574:. 아름다운날. 7528:"sukjong" 7102:계해조약 癸亥約條 7074:계해약조 癸亥約條 6936:1529-1529 6411:Citations 6352:or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 6190:Yi Cheong 6094:Queen Min 6062:June 2024 5979:Kim Gi-du 5550:go exist 5458:Catholics 5344:talk page 5305:Education 5299:protocols 5013:heorimari 4966:(1758–?). 4765:of 1894. 4667:baekjeong 4526:, Japan, 4381:Sadaejuui 4256:Naegeumwi 4246:Naegeumwi 4230:panokseon 4208:pengbaesu 4102:Confucian 4032:King Sejo 3836:Censorate 3818:Officials 3490:with the 3470:in 1897. 3368:in 1885. 3327:of 1866. 3309:Choe Je-u 3287:In 1863, 3212:Bak Jiwon 3176:epigraphy 3078:Chongzhen 3030:rebellion 3007:Manchuria 2942:Pyongyang 2900:singijeon 2882:(replica) 2651:Seongjong 2352:Gaegyeong 2336:Wang clan 2085:Era names 2035:Geography 2030:Education 1958:1945–1948 1933:1919–1948 1923:1910–1945 1898:1897–1910 1888:1392–1897 1878:1029–1030 1352:Neolithic 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