1447:
1527:
1681:
they can be. ... The sons of the Ducal couple are somewhat peculiar. The (eldest) prince, chubby and fat, almost blind, strange and odd - if not to say an imbecile - attempts to imitate his father but only makes himself artificial and unpleasant. He talks continually, does not know what he says, and is in all aspects unbearable. He is accommodating but a poor thing, loves his consort to the point of worship, and is completely governed by her. The (second) son, Prince Georg, is the most ridiculous person imaginable, and so silly that he can never be left alone but is always accompanied by a courtier. The third son is also described as an original. I never saw him, as he served with his regiment. The fourth is the only normal one, but also torments his parents by his immoral behaviour.
1121:
281:
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42:
7367:
7299:
1039:
1435:
768:
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1343:
was rapidly distributed in Paris on 28 July, apparently by monarchists, who badly misjudged the effect it would have. The
Brunswick Manifesto seemed to furnish the agitators with a complete justification for the revolt that they were already planning. When news spread of a combined Austrian and Prussian army led by Brunswick marching into French soil on the days after the Manifesto was publicized, the Paris populace, already incensed by the threat against the city, exploded into violence. The first violent action was carried out on
471:
1277:
1507:
673:
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817:
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660:(1760). Both were decisive victories over the French, during which he proved himself an excellent subordinate commander. He continued to serve in the army commanded by his uncle for the remainder of the war, which was generally successful for the north German forces. The hereditary prince's reputation improved throughout, and he became an acknowledged master of
1190:: "His success was rapid, complete and almost bloodless, and in the eyes of contemporaries the campaign appeared as an example of perfect generalship". The Patriots were out-manoeuvred and overwhelmed: their militias were unable to put up any real resistance, were forced to abandon their insurrection, and many Patriots fled to France.
748:, instead of one of the royal palaces; not providing him with a military guard; and instructing the servants at the wedding to wear old clothes. This merely served to exacerbate the enthusiasm of the public, particularly when the prince was suspected of turning his back on the unpopular monarch whilst attending an
1680:
The
Duchess is the sister to the King of England and a typical Englishwoman. She looked very simple, like a vicar's wife, has I am sure many admirable qualities, and is very respectable, but completely lacks manners. She makes the strangest questions without considering how difficult and unpleasant
1479:
By this stage the
Prussian army was regarded as backward, using outdated tactics and with poor communication. The structure of the high command has been particularly criticised by historians, with multiple officers developing differing plans and then disagreeing on which should be followed, leading
1232:
Both contemporaries and historians have praised the Duke's decisive campaign, in which he manoeuvred to concentrate his forces and achieve overwhelming local superiority, before moving on to the next city. He also received credit for the low number of casualties; one
British observer suggested that
1342:
was generally believed to be in correspondence with the
Austrians and Prussians already, and the republicans became more vocal in the early summer of 1792. Rather than assuring the continued existence of the French monarchy, Brunswick's proclamation would instead ensure its downfall; the manifesto
1313:
to put an end to the anarchy in the interior of France, to check the attacks upon the throne and the altar, to reestablish the legal power, to restore to the king the security and the liberty of which he is now deprived and to place him in a position to exercise once more the legitimate authority
884:
broke out in 1775, Charles
William Ferdinand saw an opportunity to replenish the state's treasury by renting its well-trained army to Great Britain. In 1776, Charles I signed a treaty supporting Britain in the war, the first prince to do so. Under the terms of this treaty, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1334:
It has been asserted that the manifesto was in fact issued against the advice of
Brunswick himself; the duke, a model sovereign in his own principality, sympathized with the constitutional side of the French Revolution, while as a soldier he had no confidence in the success of the enterprise.
1622:
Frederick and
Augusta also had three daughters, two of whom reached adulthood. Neither of them was disabled, but both of them had similar, disastrous trajectories in life. Both of them were married to future kings, both made extreme failures of their marriages, both had extremely acrimonious
1411:, before resuming the campaign in France the following spring. However, Kellerman's forces outflanked him by advancing up the Rhine, recapturing French possessions there. The Duke abandoned Verdun on 8 October and Longwy on 22 October, before retreating back into Germany.
779:
Over the next few years the couple embarked on a wide-ranging tour of Europe, visiting many of the major states. In 1766 they went to France, where they were received by both his allies and recent battlefield enemies with respect. In Paris he made the acquaintance of
1006:
visited
Brunswick in 1799; she described the Duke as "witty, literal and a pleasant acquaintance but ceremonial beyond description. He is said to be quite strict, but a good father of the nation who attends to the needs of his people."
1446:
1335:
However, having let the manifesto bear his signature, he had to bear the full responsibility for its consequences. The proclamation was intended to threaten the French population into submission; it had exactly the opposite effect.
565:
He received an unusually wide and thorough education, overseen by his mother. In his youth he travelled in the
Netherlands, France and various parts of Germany. In 1753, his father moved the capital of the principality back to
1561:
Some commentators have pointed to inbreeding as a possible cause for the fact that many of the couple's children had physical, mental or psychological disabilities. Indeed, the duke was once moved to describe his children to
1318:
Additionally, the manifesto threatened the French population with instant punishment should they resist the Imperial and Prussian armies, or the reinstatement of the monarchy. In large part, the manifesto had been written by
869:, had been an enthusiastic supporter of the war, but nearly bankrupted the state in paying for it. As a result, in 1773 Charles William Ferdinand was given a major role in reforming the economy with the assistance of the
1607:, a gentle, good-hearted woman who remained devoted to him to the end. He died childless at the age of 40 in 1806, shortly before his father. The second son, Georg Wilhelm Christian (1769–1811), had an even more severe
974:
was a member of Karl August's entourage). The visit was disguised as a family visit, but was in fact to discuss the formation of a league of small- and mid-sized German states as a counterbalance within the
640:
of 1757 temporarily knocked Hanover out of the war (they were to return the following year). Cumberland was recalled to Britain and the remaining allied north-German forces were placed under the command of
1650:. On two occasions (1806 and 1818–19), her husband made serious efforts to divorce her on grounds of adultery, forming commissions of inquiry to indict her, and after he became king, he in fact caused the
2969:
8519:
17:
572:
549:
502:
294:
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744:
80,000 and an annual income of £3,000 as a wedding gift. However George III was less welcoming, and sought to express his displeasure through numerous small insults e.g. by lodging the prince at
7496:
995:(League of Princes) was formally announced in 1785, with the Duke of Brunswick as one of its members and commander of its military forces. The league was successful in forcing the Austrian
7195:
1623:
relations with their husbands, and both were accused by them of similar faults: adultery, uncouth behavior, absence of dignity, falsehood and utter fecklessness. The elder daughter,
955:
in many ways, but he lacked the resolution of the king, and in civil as in military affairs was prone to excessive caution. He brought Brunswick into close alliance with the king of
8604:
1499:
was also mortally wounded, causing a breakdown in the Prussian command. Severely wounded, the Duke was carried with his forces before the advancing French. He died of his wounds in
215:
1495:, despite the Prussians outnumbering the French around Auerstedt by two to one. During the battle he was struck by a musket ball and lost both of his eyes; his second-in-command
1177:. Much of the country was in open revolt against William, whose personal troops were unable to quell the Patriot militias and the various Dutch provinces refused to aid him.
391:
1870:
874:
8599:
8614:
8559:
8181:
1225:, the last city occupied by the Patriots, surrendered on 10 October. The campaign had taken less than a month. William V was restored to power, which he was to hold
280:
936:
The duke's combination of interest in the well-being of his subjects and habitual caution led to a policy of gradual reforms, a successful middle way between the
1611:
than his elder brother. He was declared incapacitated and excluded from the succession. He never married. The couple's third son was August (1770–1822). He was
7062:
5404:
8544:
438:
7436:
8226:
3402:
736:) to marry Princess Augusta. He received a rapturous welcome from the British people, thanks to his service with allied British troops during the war. The
410:
1802:
1047:
231:
83:
8624:
8609:
8458:
5548:
7848:
6749:
6704:
6611:
6558:
6489:
6359:
6333:
6250:
6147:
6074:
886:
1896:
417:
8639:
8156:
7384:
4959:
2048:
3049:
1990:
1381:
The Duke was disappointed that the British remained neutral. His initial advance into France was slowed by poor weather, the rough terrain of the
7444:
5283:
5256:
967:
2016:
424:
7237:
2933:
2839:
Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans
2704:] (in Swedish). Vol. VI 1797–1799. Translated by Cecilia af Klercker. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söners förlag. pp. 219–220.
2691:
1673:
1734:
1581:
788:. The longest stop on their travels was Rome, where they remained for a long time exploring the antiquities of the city under the guidance of
8629:
7583:
1616:
1526:
929:
Charles I died in 1780, at which point Charles William Ferdinand inherited the throne. He soon became known as a model sovereign, a typical
877:. They were highly successful, restoring the state's finances and improving the economy. This made the prince hugely popular in the duchy.
406:
7775:
7717:
7506:
5592:
1954:
1714:
1635:. She separated from her husband and died in Russia from complications that arose while giving birth in secret to an illegitimate child.
866:
490:
259:
210:
73:
5320:
3271:
1647:
1563:
2974:
2494:
1324:
8634:
8206:
7563:
6902:
3199:
7329:
3219:
3079:
2860:
1514:
The duke's body was provisionally laid to rest in the Christianskirche at Ottensen in 1806. It was later transferred for reburial in
8161:
7613:
7516:
3039:
821:
5783:
4864:
2196:
1085:
494:
269:
7740:
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1580:
The duke and his wife Augusta had four sons and three daughters. Three of their four sons had major debilities. Their eldest son,
8619:
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7578:
7491:
6952:
5226:
4884:
3261:
1814:
7147:
1546:. As such, they were not related in a particularly close degree, yet there had been many bonds of marriage between the House of
8417:
8191:
7908:
5516:
966:
The duke was frequently engaged in diplomatic and other state affairs. In August 1784 he hosted a secret diplomatic visit from
2673:
2651:
8594:
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7258:
7216:
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5500:
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1746:
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431:
7682:
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2715:
1928:
764:. The wedding was completed, but as a result of these machinations, the prince remained in Britain for only thirteen days.
6972:
2488:
1624:
1472:. Despite being over 70 years old, the Duke of Brunswick returned to command the Prussian army at the personal request of
629:(1757) Charles William Ferdinand led a charge at the head of an infantry brigade, an action which gained him some renown.
8196:
8151:
7324:
6476:
6237:
5492:
4879:
3321:
1155:
583:), the state's largest city. (Wolfenbüttel had been the capital since 1432.) The royal family moved into the newly built
8569:
7697:
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4517:
698:
306:
55:
8574:
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2844:
Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living
1198:
894:
622:
7893:
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7079:
1226:
1120:
7888:
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6736:
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5348:
5079:
5074:
5059:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
4899:
4874:
4502:
3331:
2900:
2354:
1662:
1535:
710:
676:
645:, brother of Charles I, who easily persuaded his nephew Charles William Ferdinand to renew his military service as a
457:
337:
171:
6937:
1619:(1771 – 16 June 1815), was sound of mind and body. He eventually succeeded his father, married and sired two sons.
621:) and the surrounding states from invasion by the French. The force was initially commanded by the Anglo-Hanoverian
7883:
7790:
7124:
5600:
5540:
5089:
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722:
8318:
8106:
8033:
4949:
3204:
1280:
8259:
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6907:
5369:
5341:
5313:
5165:
4994:
4869:
4225:
3630:
1766:
1643:
1530:
Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand II, Herzog von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1735–1806) and Princess Augusta of Great Britain
1496:
1423:
1265:
1151:
757:
8101:
7998:
7588:
6582:
1665:
and the divorce was never finalized. Caroline died three weeks after she was physically prevented from entering
1221:
on the 20th, from which the Patriots had been forced to withdraw following a loyalist insurrection on the 17th.
8589:
8494:
8096:
7873:
6566:
5704:
5556:
5205:
4889:
4834:
4829:
4185:
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3706:
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3407:
2918:
2138:
1473:
1261:
1105:
718:
606:
528:
395:
7501:
5271:
690:
8499:
7022:
6497:
6341:
6320:
6258:
6178:
6041:
5776:
5696:
5661:
5261:
5231:
3892:
3184:
3072:
1655:
1344:
996:
6932:
6922:
5609:
4839:
4572:
4471:
4139:
3035:
1726:
1628:
310:
8579:
8211:
7898:
7795:
7286:
7263:
7208:
7094:
7037:
5924:
5856:
5251:
4989:
4164:
3912:
3827:
3539:
3251:
1484:
1455:
1439:
1187:
1133:
357:
41:
7203:
6006:
2423:
940:
of some contemporary monarchs and the over-enthusiastic wholesale changes pursued by others. He sponsored
8313:
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7833:
7712:
7692:
7603:
7532:
7354:
6852:
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6312:
6165:
5653:
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3726:
3680:
3675:
3448:
3392:
3107:
2170:
1604:
1539:
1469:
1461:
1170:
737:
341:
8136:
7988:
7002:
6897:
6135:
3604:
1632:
697:. By the time, Brunswick-Lüneburg had consolidated back into two states, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and the
8448:
8003:
6982:
6206:
6155:
6087:
5987:
5771:
5680:
5467:
5306:
5236:
5047:
4929:
4663:
4068:
3952:
3655:
3387:
3209:
3135:
3121:
3100:
2927:
2892:
2258:
1465:
1246:
1003:
881:
789:
714:
637:
633:
7983:
7745:
6877:
4969:
4794:
4361:
2350:
1182:
1038:
781:
320:
He succeeded his father as sovereign prince of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, one of the
8584:
8463:
8048:
7780:
7623:
7478:
7281:
6844:
6720:
6643:
6521:
6505:
5130:
4799:
4592:
4371:
4315:
4265:
4144:
3897:
3877:
3721:
3670:
3645:
3574:
3554:
3473:
3374:
3128:
2232:
1543:
1159:
845:
8358:
7903:
7735:
7511:
6892:
4386:
4017:
3997:
3807:
3493:
3229:
516:
110:
8171:
8018:
7973:
7303:
7298:
7042:
6872:
6862:
6675:
6659:
6537:
6452:
6299:
6283:
6186:
5960:
5524:
5125:
4909:
4749:
4567:
4366:
4310:
4305:
4240:
4169:
4037:
3937:
3776:
3716:
3564:
3065:
2882:
2290:
1689:, a son named Forstenburg, who began a promising military career but was killed in action in 1793.
1574:
890:
824:(orange-red) in 1789. The principality was composed of several non-contiguous parts, including the
761:
706:
693:
had traditionally married within the family, to avoid further division of their family lands under
618:
7598:
4824:
4497:
3832:
709:. It was therefore arranged for Charles William Ferdinand to marry a British-Hanoverian princess:
8023:
7978:
7687:
7568:
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6598:
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6025:
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4270:
4190:
4078:
3947:
3932:
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3862:
3635:
3569:
3463:
3346:
2487:
1414:
When he counterattacked the Revolutionary French who had invaded Germany, in 1793, he recaptured
1404:
without serious resistance, he turned back after a mere skirmish in Valmy, and evacuated France.
1109:
853:
532:
384:
8028:
7923:
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5150:
4436:
4401:
3488:
596:
486:
474:
7813:
7646:
7250:
6942:
6927:
6800:
6667:
6545:
6291:
6211:
5880:
5755:
5747:
5637:
5210:
5170:
5155:
5135:
5110:
4964:
4708:
4623:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4557:
4547:
4451:
4406:
4391:
3922:
3640:
3544:
3519:
3478:
3428:
3412:
2112:
1294:
930:
921:
revoked the convention. The Convention Army was kept in captivity until the war ended in 1783.
753:
642:
6757:
5115:
3802:
8353:
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3957:
3907:
3842:
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3514:
3341:
3224:
2837:
1754:
1639:
1468:
against Revolutionary France. However, in 1806 Prussia declared war on France, beginning the
1419:
1023:
988:
837:
752:(a breach of social protocol). Charles William Ferdinand defied royal displeasure by meeting
610:
329:
220:
47:
6412:
3847:
3443:
1052:
805:
8554:
8549:
8292:
8166:
7928:
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7521:
7129:
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6912:
6627:
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6391:
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5979:
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4638:
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4230:
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3977:
3771:
3696:
3498:
1492:
1139:
1011:
984:
945:
941:
918:
626:
345:
7608:
7089:
7007:
6160:
6105:
4819:
4073:
3942:
3882:
3781:
3711:
1276:
1233:"the sap of the trees was the only blood shed" (an exaggeration), referring to the wooden
767:
8:
8368:
8298:
8146:
8076:
7933:
7913:
7878:
7853:
7785:
7486:
7012:
6396:
6275:
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906:
602:
333:
158:
8053:
8008:
4441:
3736:
3731:
3579:
2910:
Zimmermann, Paul (1882). "Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg".
2864:
1434:
1257:
had arranged for France to declare war on Austria, voted on 20 April 1792, the Catholic
7828:
7593:
7558:
7409:
7371:
7366:
7114:
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1258:
661:
8176:
7993:
7755:
7628:
7185:
7139:
5476:
4032:
3962:
3927:
3917:
8405:
8338:
8328:
8308:
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6712:
6651:
6635:
6428:
5508:
5362:
5329:
4597:
4562:
4532:
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4114:
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3599:
3529:
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3301:
3296:
2896:
2705:
2630:
1666:
1382:
1301:
on 25 July 1792, threatened war and ruin to soldiers and civilians alike, should the
1154:
appointed him as commander of a 20,000-strong Prussian force which was to invade the
1019:
980:
976:
898:
657:
544:
524:
325:
194:
114:
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2655:
1570:
1551:
1547:
1401:
1348:
702:
653:
584:
540:
249:
8252:
5355:
4894:
1328:
8398:
8186:
7863:
7858:
7823:
7573:
7177:
7172:
7074:
6997:
6887:
6857:
6216:
6092:
5817:
5763:
5564:
4999:
4934:
4919:
4809:
4693:
4683:
4658:
4633:
4461:
4295:
3817:
3625:
3549:
3524:
3276:
3164:
3088:
2922:. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. ii. Leipzig. p. 272.
2886:
2695:
2542:
1393:
1376:
1364:
1174:
910:
646:
576:
553:
506:
353:
298:
8043:
5266:
1506:
914:
672:
482:
106:
8468:
8410:
8216:
8038:
7818:
7538:
7401:
7396:
7346:
7341:
7161:
6349:
5583:
5278:
5190:
5180:
4713:
4552:
4416:
4215:
3967:
3311:
3291:
3281:
3241:
3114:
2940:
2547:
2543:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
1651:
1615:
and also excluded from the succession. He, too, never married. The fourth son,
1392:
The Duke was less successful against the French citizens' army that met him at
1129:
1027:
1015:
793:
745:
614:
520:
470:
321:
3326:
2345:
992:
816:
8538:
8482:
8453:
8323:
8141:
7918:
7760:
7656:
7548:
7109:
7052:
4754:
3458:
3316:
3246:
2999:
2965:
2960:
2846:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 52.
2483:
1585:
1555:
1542:. The couple were second cousins to each other, being great-grandchildren of
1368:
1302:
1147:
1143:
963:, and was at pains to make the regiment of which he was colonel a model one.
960:
902:
829:
797:
772:
536:
349:
7948:
2866:
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick: An Historical Study, 1735–1806
2709:
948:, paying for him to attend university against the wishes of Gauss's father.
913:. Although the terms of surrender allowed the Convention Army to give their
8489:
8434:
8348:
8303:
8131:
8013:
7805:
6962:
6947:
6917:
3306:
3142:
1043:
937:
652:
Charles William Ferdinand was part of the allied Anglo-German force at the
567:
1483:
The duke commanded the large Prussian army at Auerstedt during the double
1249:
in the early summer of 1792, Ferdinand was poised with military forces at
8343:
8201:
8091:
7868:
7838:
6987:
6307:
6100:
5094:
5064:
5052:
5009:
4764:
1167:
944:
arts and sciences; most notably he was patron to the young mathematician
8441:
2911:
1359:
1073:
344:. He was also a recognized master of 18th century warfare, serving as a
8247:
8086:
7702:
7057:
5532:
4779:
2978:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 687.
1205:, which the Duke occupied on 16 September. The Prussian force captured
1193:
The Duke's forces entered the Netherlands on 13 September and occupied
728:
In 1764, shortly after the Seven Years' War had ended, he travelled to
398: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7954:
1573:
built for his wife. It was in English architectural style and with an
8081:
7727:
7638:
7221:
6590:
2382:
Equivalent in 2023 to £14,300,000 and £540,000 per year respectively.
1612:
1386:
1339:
1222:
1218:
1210:
870:
694:
5298:
959:, for whom he had fought in the Seven Years' War; he was a Prussian
373:
8429:
8424:
8363:
8242:
8116:
6882:
4744:
2351:
Portraits of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1593:
1500:
1488:
1254:
1234:
1194:
785:
601:
Charles William Ferdinand entered the military, serving during the
558:
148:
130:
5426:
3057:
2959:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
760:
during the war but resigned in 1761) and the other leaders of the
511:
1298:
1250:
1202:
956:
849:
825:
733:
244:
152:
134:
2346:
Text of the Proclamation of the Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, 1792
1408:
1397:
1206:
971:
801:
729:
27:
Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
7497:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
1112:
praised the prince personally for his conduct during the war.
771:
Portrait of Charles William Ferdinand as Hereditary Prince by
216:
Karl Georg August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
7431:
2945:
Les Guerres de la Révolution: La Première Invasion prussienne
1415:
1214:
1209:
on the 17th after a short artillery bombardment, followed by
841:
749:
2820:
2818:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2589:
1268:
had combined armies and put them under Brunswick's command.
605:
of 1756–63. He joined the allied north-German forces of the
2671:
XXIV: 402–414. Retrieved on 29 June 2005. Now available at
2577:
2567:
2565:
2519:
2517:
2502:
784:. The couple next proceeded to Switzerland, where they met
313:
and a military leader. His titles are usually shortened to
7471:
2888:
British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783–1793
2399:
2397:
527:. Philippine Charlotte was the favourite daughter of King
7311:
2815:
2803:
2601:
1871:
Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern
1846:
Ancestors of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1407:
Initially the Duke intended to winter in the fortress of
1197:
that day. The largest Patriot force, 7,000 men under the
741:
18:
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
8605:
German military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
2767:
2736:
2562:
2514:
2424:"BRUNSWICK-LÜNEBURG, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of"
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2726:
2724:
2394:
1797:
Declared an invalid; Excluded from line of succession
1783:
Declared an invalid; Excluded from line of succession
1642:, was married in 1795 to her first cousin, the future
933:
of the period, characterized by economy and prudence.
1747:
Frederika Luise Wilhelmine, Princess of Orange-Nassau
1422:, but resigned in 1794 in protest at interference by
1124:
Prussian troops entering Amsterdam on 10 October 1787
8227:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
2791:
2779:
2748:
2721:
8459:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
5549:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1297:" or "Brunswick Manifesto" that he now issued from
1201:, was quickly out-manoeuvred and forced to abandon
1158:(The Dutch Republic). The goal was to suppress the
796:and in 1767 the prince had his portrait painted by
2489:"Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of"
968:Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach
811:
543:, Charles William Ferdinand received the title of
481:Charles William Ferdinand was born in the town of
477:, probable birthplace of Charles William Ferdinand
356:, he was mortally wounded by a musket ball at the
8600:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
1064:
909:(1777), and his troops were taken captive as the
740:showed its gratitude by voting him a lump sum of
232:Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
8615:Military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars
8560:18th-century nobility from the Holy Roman Empire
8536:
7385:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
2049:Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
1487:on 14 October 1806. His forces were defeated by
860:
5257:England expects that every man will do his duty
2686:
2684:
1897:Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1569:Shortly after they married, the prince had the
5427:Significant civil and political events by year
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2075:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1674:Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp
1661:However, the bill was never introduced in the
1429:
1115:
999:to back down, and thereafter became obsolete.
407:"Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick"
5314:
3073:
2986:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1991:Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1815:Maria Elisabeth Wilhelmine, Princess of Baden
1627:(1764–1788), was the wife of the future king
1271:
1240:
305:; 9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806) was the
8545:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
8480:
8439:
8415:
8396:
7380:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
2681:
2674:"The Sesquicentennial of the Birth of Gauss"
2652:"The Sesquicentennial of the Birth of Gauss"
2627:Saratoga 1777: Turning Point of a Revolution
2498:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2017:Duchess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1669:to participate in her husband's coronation.
500:His father Charles I was the ruling prince (
6067:
2859:
2824:
2612:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2529:
2523:
2508:
2409:
2403:
1658:citing adultery with an Italian commoner.
1283:, primary author of the Brunswick Manifesto
1014:led to the acquisition of the neighbouring
792:. During their travels the couple also met
8625:German military personnel killed in action
8610:Prussian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
7584:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
5321:
5307:
3080:
3066:
2970:Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of
2932:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2909:
2690:
2357:
887:service with the British armies in America
699:Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover)
40:
7849:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
7507:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
7330:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
2624:
2539:inflation figures are based on data from
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
1955:Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1646:, and bore him a daughter, the ill-fated
1237:and batteries constructed by both sides.
491:Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
458:Learn how and when to remove this message
260:Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
211:Augusta, Duchess Frederick of Württemberg
8640:People of the War of the First Coalition
8281:
5565:Nationalization of the Church properties
2964:
2482:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2197:Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia
1599:Nevertheless, he was married in 1790 to
1525:
1505:
1445:
1438:The wounded Duke of Brunswick after the
1433:
1358:
1325:Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé
1275:
1119:
1061:He was made a Prussian general in 1773.
1037:
893:. Riedesel was given command of all the
815:
766:
671:
590:
469:
270:Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia
8510:Historiography of the French Revolution
7781:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
7492:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
2702:The diary of Hedvig Elizabeth Charlotte
1566:as "mostly cripples in mind and body."
667:
14:
8537:
7517:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
7472:Other significant figures and factions
3403:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
2212:
2092:
2088:
2078:
1970:
1860:
1856:
822:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
804:they returned to Paris, and thence to
8385:
8280:
7564:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
7470:
7320:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
7259:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
7217:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
6820:
6066:
5697:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
5425:
5328:
5302:
5085:Spanish American wars of independence
3061:
2881:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2742:
2730:
2694:(1927) . af Klercker, Cecilia (ed.).
2540:
2441:
2288:
2278:
2274:
2262:
2256:
2246:
2230:
2220:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2184:
2168:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2136:
2126:
2110:
2100:
2096:
2072:
2062:
2046:
2036:
2032:
2020:
2014:
2004:
1988:
1978:
1974:
1958:
1952:
1942:
1926:
1916:
1912:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1354:
1033:
221:Caroline, Queen of the United Kingdom
8630:Military personnel from Lower Saxony
7718:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
7130:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
6821:
5917:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
2171:Princess Sophia Charlotte of Hanover
1929:Princess Christine of Hesse-Eschwege
1685:The duke also fathered at least one
1534:On 16 January 1764, Charles married
1497:Friedrich Wilhelm Carl von Schmettau
1309:and his family. His avowed aim was:
1068:
396:adding citations to reliable sources
367:
8386:
7325:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
5070:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
3087:
2869:. London: Longmans, Green, & co
2716:search for all versions on WorldCat
2259:Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
1676:, described the ducal family thus:
1480:to disorganisation and indecision.
1264:and the Protestant King of Prussia
1156:United Provinces of the Netherlands
1104:From 1778 to 1779 he served in the
917:and return to Europe, the American
24:
8515:Influence of the French Revolution
8505:Symbolism in the French Revolution
7269:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
7230:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
5485:Convocation of the Estates General
2697:Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas dagbok
2649:Dunnington, G. Waldo. (May 1927).
1727:Friedrich III, Duke of Württemberg
1554:, themselves both branches of the
836:. Its largest neighbours were the
701:. The electorate was ruled by the
623:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
25:
8651:
8635:Princess Augusta of Great Britain
8157:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
7889:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
7191:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
6973:François Christophe de Kellermann
6212:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
2355:National Portrait Gallery, London
2339:
2291:Princess Sophia Dorothea of Celle
1715:Auguste Caroline Friederike Luise
1536:Princess Augusta of Great Britain
1460:Prussia did not take part in the
1166:, restoring the authority of the
1042:Equestrian statue of the duke in
1002:The Swedish princess and diarist
711:Princess Augusta of Great Britain
677:Princess Augusta of Great Britain
172:Princess Augusta of Great Britain
7884:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
7791:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
7761:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
7652:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
7430:
7395:
7365:
7340:
7297:
7171:
7048:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
6829:
5601:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
4945:Frederick William III of Prussia
4925:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
3040:Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
2952:
1072:
372:
307:prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
279:
65:26 March 1780 – 10 November 1806
56:Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
8222:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
7969:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
7894:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
7105:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
7100:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
7080:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
6908:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
5826:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
5065:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
4995:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
2853:
2830:
2643:
2618:
1767:George IV of the United Kingdom
1644:George IV of the United Kingdom
1592:and was regarded as "well-nigh
1424:Frederick William II of Prussia
1152:Frederick William II of Prussia
905:. Burgoyne was defeated in the
889:, under the command of general
812:Ruler of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
703:Hanoverian branch of the family
689:The royal houses of the former
489:. He was the first-born son of
485:on 9 October 1735, probably in
383:needs additional citations for
225:Prince George William Christian
183:
8620:Burials at Brunswick Cathedral
8495:Women in the French Revolution
8097:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
7274:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
6938:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
6567:French invasion of Switzerland
4980:Prince Regent John of Portugal
4890:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
4835:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
4830:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
2919:Allgemeine deutsche Biographie
2629:. Oxford: Osprey. p. 87.
2376:
2139:Frederick William I of Prussia
1822:Amelie Karoline Dorothea Luise
1698:
1106:War of the Bavarian Succession
1065:War of the Bavarian Succession
719:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
664:. Peace was restored in 1763.
607:Hanoverian Army of Observation
597:Seven Years' War § Europe
535:(Frederick the Great). As the
529:Frederick William I of Prussia
328:. The duke was a cultured and
13:
1:
8500:Incroyables and merveilleuses
8319:Pierre Claude François Daunou
8107:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
7238:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
7209:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
6506:Naval Engagement off Brittany
6259:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
6233:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
6042:Constitution of the Year VIII
5777:Committee of General Security
5662:National Legislative Assembly
5517:National Constituent Assembly
5005:Prince Charles John of Sweden
2365:
1577:, to remind her of her home.
1281:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
861:Restoration of state finances
721:, and sister of the reigning
680:
363:
317:in English-language sources.
8595:Fellows of the Royal Society
8418:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
8212:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
8102:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
7999:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
7899:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
7589:Charles Malo François Lameth
7264:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
7095:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
7038:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
6238:Second Battle of Wissembourg
5925:Constitution of the Year III
2692:Charlottas, Hedvig Elisabeth
2388:
1672:The future Queen of Sweden,
1510:Memorial in Christianskirche
1134:Prussian invasion of Holland
609:, whose task was to protect
46:An 18th century portrait by
7:
8314:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
7939:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
7874:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
7834:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
7713:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
7698:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
7693:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
7502:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
7355:William V, Prince of Orange
6225:First Battle of Wissembourg
6182:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
5898:Closing of the Jacobin Club
5767:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
5724:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
5584:Abolition of the Parlements
5557:Women's March on Versailles
2625:Morrissey, Brendan (2000).
1837:
1696:
1648:Princess Charlotte of Wales
1625:Auguste Caroline Friederike
1605:William V, Prince of Orange
1470:War of the Fourth Coalition
1430:War of the Fourth Coalition
1116:Invasion of the Netherlands
738:Parliament of Great Britain
705:in personal union with the
691:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
342:George III of Great Britain
332:in the model of his uncle,
200:
10:
8656:
8449:French Republican calendar
8004:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
7629:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
6983:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
6933:Charles François Dumouriez
6923:Jacques François Dugommier
6737:League of Armed Neutrality
6570:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
6522:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
6345:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
6324:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
5988:Second Congress of Rastatt
5772:Committee of Public Safety
5759:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
4840:Frederick I of Württemberg
3210:Confederation of the Rhine
3036:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
2893:Cambridge University Press
2678:Retrieved 28 January 2016.
2206:
2090:
1964:
1858:
1629:Frederick I of Württemberg
1601:Frederika of Orange-Nassau
1453:
1374:
1327:, who was the leader of a
1286:
1272:The Brunswick Proclamation
1247:War of the First Coalition
1241:War of the First Coalition
1217:on the 19th. They entered
1138:In 1787 the Duke was made
1127:
1004:Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte
983:'s ambitions to trade the
885:supplied 4,000 troops for
882:American Revolutionary War
715:Frederick, Prince of Wales
638:Convention of Klosterzeven
594:
311:duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
8575:House of Brunswick-Bevern
8565:Field marshals of Prussia
8464:Cult of the Supreme Being
8392:
8381:
8287:
8276:
8235:
8069:
8062:
7947:
7804:
7726:
7637:
7624:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
7530:
7479:Patriotic Society of 1789
7477:
7466:
7428:
7393:
7363:
7338:
7295:
7282:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
7204:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
7169:
7160:
7138:
6843:
6827:
6816:
6785:
6748:
6721:Convention of Alessandria
6703:
6610:
6557:
6488:
6358:
6332:
6249:
6146:
6073:
6062:
6018:
6007:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
5999:
5972:
5909:
5845:
5740:
5673:
5622:
5576:
5468:What Is the Third Estate?
5459:
5432:
5421:
5336:
5219:
5103:
5018:
5000:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
4990:William, Prince of Orange
4853:
4800:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
4733:
4726:
4606:
4485:
4349:
4178:
4092:
4046:
3795:
3689:
3613:
3507:
3421:
3373:
3364:
3260:
3161:
3152:
3129:French Invasion of Russia
3095:
3046:
3033:
3025:
3020:
2984:
2276:
2268:
2240:
2233:George I of Great Britain
2218:
2214:
2178:
2156:
2148:
2120:
2098:
2094:
2056:
2034:
2026:
1998:
1976:
1972:
1936:
1914:
1906:
1878:
1862:
1755:Caroline Amalie Elisabeth
1631:and mother of the future
1544:George I of Great Britain
1521:
846:Electorate of Brandenburg
290:Charles William Ferdinand
275:
265:
255:
243:
193:
165:
140:
120:
93:
89:
79:
69:
61:
54:
39:
35:Charles William Ferdinand
34:
8172:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
8137:Joséphine de Beauharnais
8019:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
7989:François-Nicolas Vincent
7974:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
7148:Charles-Alexandre Linois
7043:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
7023:François Séverin Marceau
7003:François Joseph Lefebvre
6898:Jean-Étienne Championnet
6873:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
6868:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
6863:Alexandre de Beauharnais
6853:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
6575:French Invasion of Egypt
6453:Second Battle of Bassano
6187:Battle of Kaiserslautern
5961:Conspiracy of the Equals
5654:The Constitution of 1791
5525:Storming of the Bastille
4910:Archduke John of Austria
4905:Prince von Schwarzenberg
4750:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2370:
1692:
1633:William I of Württemberg
1588:, but had a significant
1575:English landscape garden
1485:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
1474:Louise, Queen of Prussia
1456:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
1440:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
924:
901:, under British general
891:Friedrich Adolf Riedesel
840:(in personal union with
762:parliamentary opposition
707:Kingdom of Great Britain
619:Kingdom of Great Britain
515:) of the small state of
358:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
8570:Princes of Wolfenbüttel
8152:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
8024:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
7984:Antoine-François Momoro
7979:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
7796:François de Neufchâteau
7746:Charles-François Lebrun
7688:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
7569:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
7445:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
7251:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
7246:Karl Mack von Leiberich
6878:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
6692:Second Battle of Zurich
6583:Irish Rebellion of 1798
6429:First Battle of Bassano
6267:Second Battle of Boulou
6068:Revolutionary campaigns
6026:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
5941:Council of Five Hundred
5729:First republic declared
5665:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
5646:Declaration of Pillnitz
5370:Constitutional monarchy
4845:Frederick VI of Denmark
4795:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
3585:Greater Poland uprising
3408:Duc d'Enghien Execution
2975:Encyclopædia Britannica
2541:Clark, Gregory (2017).
2495:Encyclopædia Britannica
1774:Georg Wilhelm Christian
1450:Brunswick in the 1790s.
1245:At the outbreak of the
1183:Encyclopædia Britannica
1010:In 1803 the process of
951:He resembled his uncle
854:Bishopric of Hildesheim
533:Frederick II of Prussia
340:, the eldest sister of
8481:
8440:
8416:
8397:
7909:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
7904:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
7814:Maximilien Robespierre
7647:Jacques Pierre Brissot
7512:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
6943:Louis-Charles de Flers
6928:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
6893:Jean François Carteaux
6668:First Battle of Zurich
6631:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
6586:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
6546:Treaty of Campo Formio
6292:Glorious First of June
6220:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
6179:Expedition to Sardinia
5857:Desmoulins guillotined
5792:Assassination of Marat
5784:Fall of the Girondists
5756:Revolutionary Tribunal
5748:Execution of Louis XVI
5638:Champ de Mars massacre
5541:Abolition of Feudalism
4965:Ferdinand VII of Spain
3413:Coronation of Napoleon
2913:Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand
2113:Frederick I of Prussia
1683:
1656:pass a bill of divorce
1638:The younger daughter,
1584:(1766–1806) was named
1531:
1511:
1451:
1443:
1372:
1329:large corps of émigrés
1316:
1295:Brunswick Proclamation
1284:
1125:
1058:
875:Féronce von Rotenkreuz
857:
852:, light blue) and the
776:
754:William Pitt the Elder
686:
643:Ferdinand of Brunswick
632:The subsequent French
580:
557:
517:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
510:
478:
303:Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand
302:
111:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
8590:Knights of the Garter
8354:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
7619:Jean-Charles Pichegru
7599:Jean-François Rewbell
7085:Jean-Charles Pichegru
6968:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
6958:Jacques Maurice Hatry
6729:Battle of Hohenlinden
6602:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
6437:Battle of Emmendingen
6384:Battle of Castiglione
6271:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
6202:Battle of Hondschoote
5873:Thermidorian Reaction
5837:(throughout the year)
5610:Fête de la Fédération
5536:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
5520:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
5504:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
5252:Conference of Dresden
5161:Paris (February 1812)
5090:Swedish–Norwegian War
4915:Alexander I of Russia
1678:
1640:Caroline of Brunswick
1529:
1509:
1503:on 10 November 1806.
1449:
1437:
1385:, and an outbreak of
1362:
1314:which belongs to him.
1311:
1279:
1123:
1041:
989:Electorate of Bavaria
844:, light yellow), the
838:Electorate of Hanover
819:
770:
675:
595:Further information:
591:Early military career
473:
336:, and was married to
48:Johann Georg Ziesenis
8282:Influential thinkers
8029:Jean-François Varlet
7929:Jean-Lambert Tallien
7924:Jean Bon Saint-André
7751:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
7673:Marquis de Condorcet
7522:Nicolas de Condorcet
7287:Dagobert von Wurmser
7120:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
7063:Pierre-Jacques Osten
6978:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
6913:Louis-Nicolas Davout
6903:Chapuis de Tourville
6445:Battle of Schliengen
6392:Battle of Theiningen
6313:Battle of Aldenhoven
6197:Battle of Wattignies
6166:Battle of Neerwinden
5980:Coup of 18 Fructidor
5493:Death of the Dauphin
5206:Fontainebleau (1814)
4760:Louis-Nicolas Davout
3681:Invasion of Portugal
2997:Cadet branch of the
2812:, pp. 403, 407.
1518:on 6 November 1819.
1331:in the allied army.
1266:Frederick William II
1140:Generalfeldmarschall
1012:German Mediatisation
985:Austrian Netherlands
946:Carl Friedrich Gauss
919:Continental Congress
679:, his wife, painted
668:Marriage and travels
627:Battle of Hastenbeck
495:Philippine Charlotte
475:Schloss Wolfenbüttel
392:improve this article
8580:Protestant monarchs
8369:Mary Wollstonecraft
8147:Jean Sylvain Bailly
7934:Pierre Louis Prieur
7879:Jean-Henri Voulland
7854:Jacques-Louis David
7786:Jean Joseph Mounier
7487:Jean Sylvain Bailly
7125:Belgrand de Vaubois
7013:Jean-Antoine Marbot
6953:Emmanuel de Grouchy
6758:Treaty of Lunéville
6397:Battle of Neresheim
6342:Siege of Luxembourg
6321:Siege of Luxembourg
6276:Battle of Tourcoing
6207:Siege of Bellegarde
6034:Coup of 18 Brumaire
5946:Council of Ancients
5721:National Convention
5713:September Massacres
5689:Brunswick Manifesto
5681:France declares war
5448:Assembly of Vizille
5232:Bourbon Restoration
4975:Maria I of Portugal
4960:Prince of Hohenlohe
4950:Gebhard von Blücher
3893:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
3200:Swiss Confederation
2861:Fitzmaurice, Edmond
2776:, pp. 152–153.
2745:, pp. 151–153.
2658:on 26 February 2008
1609:learning disability
1590:learning disability
1538:, eldest sister of
1516:Brunswick Cathedral
1289:Brunswick Manifesto
1188:the Duke's invasion
1164:Batavian Revolution
953:Frederick the Great
907:Battles of Saratoga
800:. After a visit to
634:Invasion of Hanover
487:Wolfenbüttel Castle
334:Frederick the Great
159:Brunswick Cathedral
8207:Loménie de Brienne
8182:Madame de Lamballe
8117:Napoléon Bonaparte
7914:Prieur de la Marne
7829:Camille Desmoulins
7683:Marie Jean Hérault
7559:Jean-Sifrein Maury
7554:Arnaud de La Porte
7410:Alexander Korsakov
7196:Count of Clerfayt
7115:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
7028:Auguste de Marmont
6883:Napoléon Bonaparte
6774:Algeciras campaign
6766:Treaty of Florence
6644:Battle of Stockach
6477:Ireland expedition
6461:Battle of Calliano
6421:Battle of Rovereto
6413:Battle of Würzburg
5865:Law of 22 Prairial
5834:Anti-clerical laws
5809:The Death of Marat
5630:Flight to Varennes
5247:Continental System
5242:Congress of Erfurt
5166:Paris (March 1812)
4940:Peter Wittgenstein
4865:Duke of Wellington
4820:Prince Poniatowski
4785:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
4770:Auguste de Marmont
4165:Arroyo dos Molinos
4013:Walcheren Campaign
4003:Armistice of Znaim
3898:Dalmatian Campaign
3823:Tyrolean Rebellion
2825:Fitzmaurice (1901)
2669:Scientific Monthly
2613:Fitzmaurice (1901)
2596:Fitzmaurice (1901)
2584:Fitzmaurice (1901)
2572:Fitzmaurice (1901)
2537:Retail Price Index
2524:Fitzmaurice (1901)
2509:Fitzmaurice (1901)
2404:Fitzmaurice (1901)
1687:illegitimate child
1532:
1512:
1452:
1444:
1389:among his troops.
1373:
1355:Invasion of France
1285:
1259:Holy Roman Emperor
1199:Rhinegrave of Salm
1126:
1084:. You can help by
1059:
1034:Military commander
931:enlightened despot
858:
790:Johann Winckelmann
777:
687:
479:
147:Christianskirche,
8532:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8406:Cockade of France
8377:
8376:
8339:Antoine Lavoisier
8329:Benjamin Franklin
8309:Anacharsis Cloots
8272:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8192:Louis de Breteuil
8034:Theophile Leclerc
7462:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7415:Alexander Suvorov
7156:
7155:
7090:Józef Poniatowski
7008:Étienne Macdonald
6812:
6811:
6713:Battle of Marengo
6676:Battle of Trebbia
6660:Battle of Cassano
6652:Battle of Magnano
6636:Battle of Ostrach
6538:Battle of Neuwied
6300:Battle of Fleurus
6284:Battle of Tournay
6161:War in the Vendée
6097:Royalist Revolts
6058:
6057:
5615:
5591:Abolition of the
5509:Tennis Court Oath
5501:National Assembly
5330:French Revolution
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5284:Types of military
5080:Russo-Turkish War
5075:Russo-Persian War
5043:Anglo-Turkish War
5038:Anglo-Swedish War
5033:Anglo-Spanish War
5028:Anglo-Russian War
4955:Duke of Brunswick
4858:political leaders
4738:political leaders
4722:
4721:
3727:Medina de Rioseco
3449:Haslach-Jungingen
3383:French Revolution
3360:
3359:
3143:Seventh Coalition
3056:
3055:
3050:Frederick William
3047:Succeeded by
2928:cite encyclopedia
2636:978-1-85532-862-4
2598:, pp. 14–16.
2511:, pp. 14–15.
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
1835:
1834:
1831:died in infancy.
1803:Friedrich Wilhelm
1780:16 September 1811
1742:20 September 1806
1735:Karl Georg August
1722:27 September 1788
1667:Westminster Abbey
1617:Friedrich Wilhelm
1582:Karl Georg August
1396:. Having secured
1383:Forest of Argonne
1102:
1101:
981:Habsburg monarchy
977:Holy Roman Empire
899:Saratoga campaign
820:Territory of the
662:irregular warfare
658:Battle of Warburg
545:Hereditary Prince
525:Holy Roman Empire
468:
467:
460:
442:
330:benevolent despot
326:Holy Roman Empire
315:Duke of Brunswick
287:
286:
115:Holy Roman Empire
84:Frederick William
16:(Redirected from
8647:
8585:German Lutherans
8486:
8474:Temple of Reason
8445:
8421:
8402:
8383:
8382:
8334:Thomas Jefferson
8278:
8277:
8197:de Chateaubriand
8127:Joseph Bonaparte
8122:Lucien Bonaparte
8112:Marie Antoinette
8067:
8066:
8054:Sylvain Maréchal
8009:François Hanriot
7844:Louis Philippe I
7771:Louis Philippe I
7766:Philippe Égalité
7708:Olympe de Gouges
7678:Charlotte Corday
7668:Étienne Clavière
7468:
7467:
7450:Antonio Ricardos
7435:
7434:
7420:Andrei Rosenberg
7400:
7399:
7370:
7369:
7345:
7344:
7315:Ralph Abercromby
7302:
7301:
7277:
7254:
7241:
7233:
7225:
7212:
7199:
7176:
7175:
7167:
7166:
7071:
7018:Marcellin Marbot
6841:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6822:Military leaders
6818:
6817:
6805:
6797:
6793:Treaty of Amiens
6778:
6770:
6762:
6741:
6733:
6725:
6717:
6696:
6695:(25–26 Sep 1799)
6688:
6680:
6679:(17–20 Jun 1799)
6672:
6664:
6663:(27–28 Apr 1799)
6656:
6648:
6640:
6639:(20–21 Mar 1799)
6632:
6624:
6620:Second Coalition
6603:
6595:
6587:
6579:
6571:
6550:
6542:
6534:
6530:Treaty of Leoben
6526:
6518:
6517:(14–15 Jan 1797)
6514:Battle of Rivoli
6510:
6502:
6498:Italian campaign
6481:
6473:
6472:(15–17 Nov 1796)
6469:Battle of Arcole
6465:
6457:
6449:
6441:
6433:
6425:
6417:
6409:
6405:Battle of Amberg
6401:
6388:
6380:
6376:Battle of Lonato
6372:
6368:Italian campaign
6346:
6325:
6317:
6304:
6296:
6288:
6280:
6272:
6263:
6242:
6241:(26–27 Dec 1793)
6229:
6221:
6183:
6175:
6171:Battle of Famars
6139:
6064:
6063:
6046:
6038:
6030:
6011:
5992:
5984:
5965:
5957:
5937:
5929:
5921:
5902:
5894:
5886:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5838:
5830:
5822:
5814:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5768:
5760:
5752:
5733:
5725:
5717:
5709:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5666:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5633:(20–21 Jun 1791)
5613:
5605:
5597:
5588:
5569:
5561:
5553:
5545:
5537:
5529:
5521:
5513:
5505:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5473:
5452:
5444:
5440:Day of the Tiles
5423:
5422:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5060:Dano-Swedish War
5048:Anglo-Danish War
4900:Archduke Charles
4815:Jérôme Bonaparte
4731:
4730:
4664:Castel di Sangro
4573:Fère-Champenoise
4226:García Hernández
4140:Fuentes de Oñoro
3656:Guttstadt-Deppen
3393:Second Coalition
3371:
3370:
3352:French Royalists
3159:
3158:
3108:Fourth Coalition
3082:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3026:Preceded by
3016:
3015:10 November 1806
3009:
2992:Brunswick-Bevern
2982:
2981:
2979:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2937:
2931:
2923:
2906:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2848:
2847:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2654:. Archived from
2647:
2641:
2640:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2586:, p. 15–16.
2581:
2575:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2480:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2407:
2401:
2383:
2380:
2361:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1825:22 November 1772
1794:18 December 1822
1697:
1663:House of Commons
1571:Schloss Richmond
1552:House of Hanover
1548:Brunswick-Bevern
1462:Second Coalition
1349:Tuileries Palace
1213:on the 18th and
1097:
1094:
1076:
1069:
1056:
685:
682:
656:(1759), and the
654:Battle of Minden
603:Seven Years' War
585:Brunswick Palace
575:
552:
541:sovereign prince
505:
463:
456:
452:
449:
443:
441:
400:
376:
368:
338:Princess Augusta
297:
283:
250:Brunswick-Bevern
204:
187:
185:
144:24 November 1806
127:
124:10 November 1806
103:
101:
44:
32:
31:
21:
8655:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8535:
8534:
8533:
8524:
8399:La Marseillaise
8388:
8387:Cultural impact
8373:
8283:
8264:
8231:
8187:Madame du Barry
8177:Catherine Théot
8167:Thérésa Tallien
8058:
8049:Gracchus Babeuf
7994:François Chabot
7951:
7943:
7864:Georges Couthon
7859:Marquis de Sade
7824:Jean-Paul Marat
7800:
7756:Bertrand Barère
7722:
7633:
7614:Boissy d'Anglas
7609:Madame de Staël
7574:Antoine Barnave
7542:
7535:
7526:
7473:
7454:
7429:
7424:
7394:
7389:
7364:
7359:
7339:
7334:
7296:
7291:
7275:
7252:
7239:
7231:
7223:
7210:
7197:
7186:József Alvinczi
7170:
7152:
7134:
7075:Nicolas Oudinot
7065:
6998:Claude Lecourbe
6993:Charles Leclerc
6888:Guillaume Brune
6858:Pierre Augereau
6828:
6823:
6808:
6803:
6801:Treaty of Paris
6795:
6781:
6776:
6768:
6760:
6744:
6739:
6731:
6723:
6715:
6699:
6694:
6686:
6678:
6670:
6662:
6654:
6646:
6638:
6630:
6622:
6606:
6601:
6593:
6585:
6577:
6569:
6553:
6548:
6540:
6532:
6524:
6516:
6508:
6500:
6484:
6479:
6471:
6463:
6455:
6447:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6399:
6386:
6378:
6370:
6354:
6344:
6328:
6323:
6315:
6302:
6294:
6286:
6278:
6270:
6261:
6245:
6240:
6227:
6219:
6217:Siege of Toulon
6181:
6173:
6156:First Coalition
6142:
6133:
6069:
6054:
6044:
6036:
6028:
6014:
6009:
5995:
5990:
5982:
5968:
5963:
5955:
5935:
5927:
5919:
5905:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5875:
5867:
5859:
5841:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5818:Law of Suspects
5812:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5766:
5764:Reign of Terror
5758:
5750:
5736:
5731:
5723:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5683:
5669:
5664:
5656:
5648:
5640:
5632:
5618:
5603:
5595:
5586:
5572:
5567:
5559:
5551:
5544:(4–11 Aug 1789)
5543:
5535:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5503:
5495:
5487:
5479:
5477:Réveillon riots
5471:
5455:
5450:
5442:
5428:
5417:
5332:
5327:
5297:
5288:
5215:
5099:
5020:
5014:
4970:Miguel de Álava
4935:Pyotr Bagration
4930:Count Bennigsen
4920:Mikhail Kutuzov
4885:Thomas Cochrane
4857:
4855:
4849:
4810:Louis Bonaparte
4737:
4735:
4734:French and ally
4718:
4602:
4518:Château-Thierry
4481:
4345:
4316:Maloyaroslavets
4174:
4088:
4042:
3833:Yevenes/Yébenes
3791:
3707:Rosily Squadron
3685:
3609:
3575:Waren-Nossentin
3503:
3434:Cape Finisterre
3417:
3388:First Coalition
3366:
3356:
3263:
3256:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3136:Sixth Coalition
3122:Fifth Coalition
3101:Third Coalition
3091:
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1365:Battle of Valmy
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3021:Regnal titles
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2966:Chisholm, Hugh
2949:
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2941:Arthur Chuquet
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2800:, p. 403.
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2486:, ed. (1911).
2484:Chisholm, Hugh
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2051:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1813:married 1802,
1811:
1808:
1807:9 October 1771
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:18 August 1770
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:married 1795,
1763:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1745:married 1790,
1743:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1725:married 1780,
1723:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1652:House of Lords
1603:, daughter of
1564:von Massenbach
1523:
1520:
1454:Main article:
1431:
1428:
1375:Main article:
1356:
1353:
1287:Main article:
1273:
1270:
1242:
1239:
1130:Patriottentijd
1117:
1114:
1100:
1099:
1079:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1035:
1032:
926:
923:
862:
859:
813:
810:
794:Pietro Nardini
758:prime minister
756:(who had been
746:Somerset House
717:and his wife,
713:, daughter of
669:
666:
615:personal union
592:
589:
531:and sister of
466:
465:
380:
378:
371:
365:
362:
285:
284:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
252:
247:
241:
240:
238:
237:
234:
229:
226:
223:
218:
213:
207:
205:
191:
190:
179:
175:
170:
169:
167:
163:
162:
146:
142:
138:
137:
128:(aged 71)
122:
118:
117:
104:9 October 1735
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8652:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8483:Sans-culottes
8479:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8454:Metric system
8452:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8394:
8391:
8384:
8380:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8289:
8286:
8279:
8275:
8261:
8258:
8254:
8253:Panthéon Club
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8142:Joachim Murat
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8068:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7919:Gilbert Romme
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7741:de Cambacérès
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7658:
7657:Madame Roland
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7636:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7594:André Chénier
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7549:Grace Elliott
7547:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7534:
7529:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7469:
7465:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7236:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7174:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7110:Joseph Souham
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7053:Joachim Murat
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7033:André Masséna
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6832:
6826:
6819:
6815:
6804:(25 Jun 1802)
6802:
6799:
6796:(25 Mar 1802)
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6775:
6772:
6769:(18 Mar 1801)
6767:
6764:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6738:
6735:
6730:
6727:
6724:(15 Jun 1800)
6722:
6719:
6716:(14 Jun 1800)
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6693:
6690:
6687:(15 Aug 1799)
6685:
6682:
6677:
6674:
6669:
6666:
6661:
6658:
6653:
6650:
6647:(25 Mar 1799)
6645:
6642:
6637:
6634:
6629:
6628:Siege of Acre
6626:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6600:
6599:Peasants' War
6597:
6592:
6589:
6584:
6581:
6576:
6573:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6549:(17 Oct 1797)
6547:
6544:
6541:(18 Apr 1797)
6539:
6536:
6533:(17 Apr 1797)
6531:
6528:
6525:(25 Jan 1797)
6523:
6520:
6515:
6512:
6509:(13 Jan 1797)
6507:
6504:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6478:
6475:
6470:
6467:
6462:
6459:
6454:
6451:
6448:(26 Oct 1796)
6446:
6443:
6440:(19 Oct 1796)
6438:
6435:
6430:
6427:
6422:
6419:
6414:
6411:
6408:(24 Aug 1796)
6406:
6403:
6400:(11 Aug 1796)
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6385:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6322:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6303:(26 Jun 1794)
6301:
6298:
6293:
6290:
6287:(22 May 1794)
6285:
6282:
6279:(18 May 1794)
6277:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6262:(24 Apr 1794)
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6228:(13 Oct 1793)
6226:
6223:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6180:
6177:
6174:(23 May 1793)
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6137:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6061:
6051:
6048:
6045:(24 Dec 1799)
6043:
6040:
6035:
6032:
6029:(18 Jun 1799)
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6010:(11 May 1798)
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5989:
5986:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5962:
5959:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5928:(22 Aug 1795)
5926:
5923:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5901:(11 Nov 1794)
5899:
5896:
5891:
5888:
5885:(28 Jul 1794)
5882:
5879:
5876:(27 Jul 1794)
5874:
5871:
5868:(10 Jun 1794)
5866:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5835:
5832:
5829:(16 Oct 1793)
5827:
5824:
5821:(17 Sep 1793)
5819:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5803:(23 Aug 1793)
5801:
5798:
5795:(13 Jul 1793)
5793:
5790:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5757:
5754:
5751:(21 Jan 1793)
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5732:(22 Sep 1792)
5730:
5727:
5722:
5719:
5714:
5711:
5708:(10 Aug 1792)
5706:
5703:
5698:
5695:
5692:(25 Jul 1792)
5690:
5687:
5684:(20 Apr 1792)
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5663:
5660:
5655:
5652:
5649:(27 Aug 1791)
5647:
5644:
5641:(17 Jul 1791)
5639:
5636:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5614:(14 Jul 1790)
5612:
5611:
5607:
5604:(12 Jul 1790)
5602:
5599:
5596:(23 Jun 1790)
5594:
5590:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5552:(26 Aug 1789)
5550:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5534:
5531:
5528:(14 Jul 1789)
5526:
5523:
5518:
5515:
5512:(20 Jun 1789)
5510:
5507:
5502:
5499:
5496:(4 June 1789)
5494:
5491:
5486:
5483:
5480:(28 Apr 1789)
5478:
5475:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5451:(21 Jul 1788)
5449:
5446:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5356:Ancien Régime
5353:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:Miscellaneous
5218:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4895:Manuel Lapeña
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
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4755:Joachim Murat
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4387:San Sebastián
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3948:Sankt Michael
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3165:client states
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3024:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:House of Welf
2994:
2993:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2961:public domain
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2902:9780521466844
2898:
2894:
2891:. Cambridge:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2883:Black, Jeremy
2880:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2827:, p. 17.
2826:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2758:
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2693:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2615:, p. 16.
2614:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2574:, p. 15.
2573:
2568:
2566:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:, p. 14.
2525:
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2039:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1950:
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1946:
1945:
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1772:
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1764:
1762:7 August 1821
1761:
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1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:heir apparent
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1556:House of Welf
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
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1486:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1418:after a long
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1369:Horace Vernet
1367:, painted by
1366:
1361:
1352:
1351:was stormed.
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
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1282:
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1267:
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1260:
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1248:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
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1212:
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1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Prussian army
1145:
1144:field marshal
1141:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1080:This section
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1026:, which were
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
962:
961:field marshal
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
942:enlightenment
939:
934:
932:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:John Burgoyne
900:
896:
895:German troops
892:
888:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:Great Britain
839:
835:
831:
830:Thedinghausen
827:
823:
818:
809:
807:
803:
799:
798:Pompeo Batoni
795:
791:
787:
783:
774:
773:Pompeo Batoni
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
678:
674:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
598:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
563:
561:
560:
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
537:heir apparent
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:, one of the
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
498:
496:
493:and his wife
492:
488:
484:
476:
472:
462:
459:
451:
448:December 2022
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
409: –
408:
404:
403:Find sources:
397:
393:
387:
386:
381:This section
379:
375:
370:
369:
361:
359:
355:
352:. During the
351:
350:Prussian Army
347:
346:Field Marshal
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
248:
246:
242:
235:
233:
230:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
206:
203:
202:
196:
192:
173:
168:
164:
160:
154:
150:
143:
139:
136:
132:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
96:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8490:Phrygian cap
8435:Bastille Day
8349:Thomas Paine
8304:Edmund Burke
8299:Beaumarchais
8293:Les Lumières
8291:
8132:Joseph Fesch
8044:Pauline Léon
8014:Jacques Roux
7953:
7537:
7379:
6963:Lazare Hoche
6948:Paul Grenier
6918:Louis Desaix
6777:(8 Jul 1801)
6761:(9 Feb 1801)
6732:(3 Dec 1800)
6655:(5 Apr 1799)
6456:(6 Nov 1796)
6432:(8 Sep 1796)
6424:(4 Sep 1796)
6416:(3 Sep 1796)
6387:(5 Aug 1796)
6316:(2 Oct 1794)
6295:(1 Jun 1794)
6037:(9 Nov 1799)
5983:(4 Sep 1797)
5920:(1 Apr 1795)
5890:White Terror
5883:guillotined
5860:(5 Apr 1794)
5807:
5787:(2 Jun 1793)
5657:(3 Sep 1791)
5608:
5568:(2 Nov 1789)
5560:(5 Oct 1789)
5488:(5 May 1789)
5466:
5443:(7 Jun 1788)
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5267:Grande Armée
5227:Bibliography
5211:Paris (1815)
5171:Paris (1814)
5156:Paris (1810)
5136:Finckenstein
5111:Campo Formio
4954:
4870:Rowland Hill
4856:military and
4736:military and
4709:Rocquencourt
4578:Saint-Dizier
4548:Bar-sur-Aube
4503:Mincio River
3998:Schöngrabern
3777:2nd Zaragoza
3717:1st Zaragoza
3671:Stralsund II
3520:Campo Tenese
3494:Schöngrabern
3479:Cape Ortegal
3429:Diamond Rock
3307:Papal States
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3034:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2989:
2973:
2950:
2944:
2917:
2912:
2887:
2871:. Retrieved
2865:
2854:Bibliography
2843:
2838:
2832:
2810:Black (1994)
2805:
2798:Black (1994)
2793:
2786:Black (1994)
2781:
2774:Black (1994)
2769:
2762:Black (1994)
2743:Black (1994)
2738:
2731:Black (1994)
2701:
2696:
2668:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:the original
2645:
2626:
2620:
2591:
2579:
2552:. Retrieved
2546:
2531:
2504:
2493:
2431:. Retrieved
2428:Napoleon.org
2427:
2406:, p. 7.
2378:
2074:
1828:2 April 1773
1817:; had issue
1810:16 June 1815
1777:27 June 1769
1769:; had issue
1729:; had issue
1684:
1679:
1671:
1660:
1637:
1621:
1598:
1579:
1568:
1560:
1533:
1513:
1482:
1478:
1459:
1413:
1406:
1391:
1380:
1337:
1333:
1317:
1312:
1292:
1253:. After the
1244:
1231:
1192:
1181:
1179:
1137:
1110:Frederick II
1103:
1090:
1086:adding to it
1081:
1060:
1009:
1001:
965:
950:
938:conservatism
935:
928:
879:
865:His father,
864:
778:
732:(landing at
727:
688:
651:
631:
600:
581:Braunschweig
564:
499:
483:Wolfenbüttel
480:
454:
445:
435:
428:
421:
414:
402:
390:Please help
385:verification
382:
319:
314:
289:
288:
199:
126:(1806-11-10)
107:Wolfenbüttel
29:
8555:1806 deaths
8550:1735 births
8359:Abbé Sieyès
8344:Montesquieu
8260:Social Club
8202:Jean Chouan
8092:Louis XVIII
7869:Roger Ducos
7839:Paul Barras
7806:Montagnards
7736:Abbé Sieyès
7539:monarchiens
7347:Netherlands
7276:(Hungarian)
7224:(Hungarian)
7140:French Navy
7066: [
6988:Jean Lannes
6845:French Army
6623:(1798–1802)
6594:(1798–1800)
6578:(1798–1801)
6308:Chouannerie
6269:(Pyrenees)
6134: [
6101:Chouannerie
5893:(Fall 1794)
5881:Robespierre
5095:War of 1812
5053:Gunboat War
5010:Louis XVIII
4765:Jean Lannes
4679:Quatre Bras
4669:San Germano
4619:Occhiobello
4508:Champaubert
4498:La Rothière
4422:San Marcial
4306:2nd Polotsk
4271:1st Polotsk
4256:Majadahonda
4196:Villagarcia
4125:Campo Maior
3913:Piave River
3838:Ciudad Real
3828:Villafranca
3697:Dos de Mayo
3646:Stralsund I
3398:18 Brumaire
3332:Netherlands
3230:Württemberg
2662:26 February
1759:17 May 1768
1749:; no issue
1491:'s marshal
1347:, when the
1323:'s cousin,
1303:Republicans
1168:stadtholder
1051: [
1028:secularised
1020:Gandersheim
993:Fürstenbund
684: 1763
70:Predecessor
8539:Categories
8248:Cordeliers
8162:Talleyrand
8087:Louis XVII
7949:Hébertists
7703:Jean Debry
7533:Feuillants
7162:Opposition
7058:Michel Ney
6480:(Dec 1796)
6088:Thionville
5991:(Dec 1797)
5964:(May 1796)
5956:5 Oct 1795
5933:Directoire
5813:(painting)
5716:(Sep 1792)
5700:(Jun 1792)
5533:Great Fear
5472:(Jan 1789)
5363:Revolution
5237:Casualties
5151:Schönbrunn
5126:Artlenburg
4875:John Moore
4780:Michel Ney
4649:Scapezzano
4639:Cesenatico
4583:Montmartre
4513:Montmirail
4447:Wartenburg
4402:Großbeeren
4261:Gorodechno
4251:Klyastitsy
4231:Saltanovka
4120:Casal Novo
3993:Hollabrunn
3978:Korneuburg
3772:Somosierra
3676:Copenhagen
3499:Austerlitz
3489:Dürenstein
3225:Westphalia
3168:and allies
3044:1780–1806
2873:29 January
2433:28 January
2366:References
1338:In Paris,
1262:Leopold II
1227:until 1795
1186:described
1093:April 2016
418:newspapers
364:Early life
100:1735-10-09
8082:Louis XVI
8077:Charles X
7728:The Plain
7639:Girondins
7579:Lafayette
7240:(Walloon)
7222:Pál Kray
7198:(Walloon)
6740:(1800–02)
6591:Quasi-War
6050:Consulate
5936:(1795–99)
5391:Consulate
5384:Directory
5201:Casalanza
5176:Tauroggen
5131:Pressburg
5116:Lunéville
5021:conflicts
4854:Coalition
4704:La Suffel
4654:Tolentino
4538:Montereau
4523:Vauchamps
4472:Bornhöved
4427:Dennewitz
4372:Tarragona
4321:Chashniki
4221:Salamanca
4145:Tarragona
4069:Barquilla
4023:Almonacid
3983:Stockerau
3953:Stralsund
3923:2nd Porto
3903:Ebelsberg
3873:Abensberg
3843:1st Porto
3803:Castellón
3787:Benavente
3752:Valmaseda
3666:Friedland
3661:Heilsberg
3631:Ostrołęka
3621:Mohrungen
3555:Magdeburg
3484:Amstetten
3469:Trafalgar
3454:Elchingen
3439:Wertingen
3337:Brunswick
3262:Coalition
3029:Charles I
2990:House of
2389:Citations
1387:dysentery
1345:10 August
1340:Louis XVI
1321:Louis XVI
1307:Louis XVI
1255:Girondins
1235:palisades
1223:Amsterdam
1219:The Hague
1211:Dordrecht
1171:William V
1146:) in the
1044:Brunswick
1024:Helmstedt
997:Joseph II
880:When the
871:Geheimrat
867:Charles I
856:(violet).
848:(part of
806:Brunswick
782:Marmontel
695:Salic law
625:. At the
617:with the
573:‹See Tfd›
568:Brunswick
550:‹See Tfd›
503:‹See Tfd›
360:in 1806.
295:‹See Tfd›
276:Signature
80:Successor
74:Charles I
8442:Panthéon
8430:Muscadin
8425:Marianne
8364:Voltaire
8243:Jacobins
8236:Factions
7776:Mirabeau
7232:(French)
6126:Jemappes
6110:Dauphiné
5593:Nobility
5405:Journals
5398:Glossary
5377:Republic
5349:Timeline
5272:Uniforms
5186:Chaumont
5104:Treaties
4805:Joseph I
4745:Napoleon
4689:Waterloo
4629:Casaglia
4593:Toulouse
4477:Sehested
4452:Bidassoa
4432:2nd Kulm
4417:1st Kulm
4407:Katzbach
4397:Sorauren
4392:Pyrenees
4357:Castalla
4341:Berezina
4331:Smoliani
4301:Tarutino
4286:Borodino
4276:Valutino
4266:Smolensk
4236:Ostrovno
4206:Maguilla
4170:Valencia
4160:Saguntum
4008:Talavera
3888:Ratisbon
3878:Landshut
3853:Bergisel
3848:Medellín
3762:Espinosa
3722:Valencia
3595:Czarnowo
3565:Pasewalk
3560:Prenzlau
3535:Saalfeld
3474:Caldiero
3444:Günzburg
3322:Sardinia
3297:Portugal
2885:(1994).
2863:(1901).
2710:14111333
1838:Ancestry
1594:imbecile
1550:and the
1501:Ottensen
1489:Napoleon
1195:Nijmegen
1160:Patriots
987:for the
834:Calvörde
826:exclaves
786:Voltaire
636:and the
559:Erbprinz
149:Ottensen
131:Ottensen
8324:Diderot
8070:Figures
7955:Enragés
7661:Father
7372:Prussia
7304:Britain
7253:(Saxon)
7211:(Swiss)
7178:Austria
5019:Related
4598:Bayonne
4563:Craonne
4533:Mormant
4493:Brienne
4467:Nivelle
4457:Leipzig
4412:Dresden
4382:Vitoria
4367:Bautzen
4336:Krasnoi
4281:Mesoten
4241:Vitebsk
4201:Almaraz
4191:Badajoz
4150:Albuera
4135:Almeida
4130:Sabugal
4115:Redinha
4105:Barrosa
4084:Bussaco
4079:Almeida
4059:Astorga
4028:Tamames
3988:Gefrees
3943:Alcañiz
3883:Eckmühl
3813:Corunna
3782:Sahagún
3747:Zornoza
3742:Vimeiro
3712:Cabezón
3636:Kolberg
3605:Pułtusk
3600:Golymin
3590:Hamelin
3570:Stettin
3530:Schleiz
3375:Prelude
3367:battles
3342:Hanover
3287:Prussia
3277:Austria
3215:Bavaria
3195:Etruria
3190:Holland
3162:France,
3155:gerents
2963::
2947:(Paris)
2353:at the
1464:or the
1305:injure
1299:Coblenz
1251:Coblenz
1203:Utrecht
1173:of the
1162:of the
991:. This
957:Prussia
850:Prussia
775:, 1767.
734:Harwich
611:Hanover
523:of the
432:scholar
348:in the
324:of the
201:Details
188:
180:
176:
153:Hamburg
135:Hamburg
8063:Others
7402:Russia
6836:France
6501:(1797)
6371:(1796)
6106:Vendée
6083:Verdun
5910:1795–6
5853:Danton
5412:Museum
5342:Causes
5196:Mantua
5146:Cintra
5141:Tilsit
5121:Amiens
4659:Ancona
4644:Pesaro
4614:Panaro
4543:Orthez
4528:Garris
4442:Roßlau
4437:Göhrde
4377:Luckau
4362:Lützen
4326:Vyazma
4296:Burgos
4291:Moscow
4246:Kobryn
4155:Usagre
4110:Pombal
4100:Gebora
3973:Wagram
3933:Tarvis
3908:Girona
3868:Raszyn
3858:Sacile
3767:Tudela
3757:Burgos
3737:Roliça
3732:Bailén
3651:Mileto
3641:Danzig
3580:Lübeck
3545:Erfurt
3464:Verona
3347:Nassau
3327:Sweden
3317:Persia
3302:Sicily
3282:Russia
3264:forces
3247:Persia
3220:Saxony
3205:Naples
3175:France
3153:Belli-
3011:
2957:
2899:
2708:
2633:
1788:August
1709:Notes
1522:Family
1493:Davout
1409:Verdun
1402:Verdun
1398:Longwy
1207:Gorcum
972:Goethe
915:parole
802:Naples
730:London
577:German
554:German
507:German
434:
427:
420:
413:
405:
299:German
266:Mother
256:Father
166:Spouse
141:Burial
8520:Films
7437:Spain
7070:]
6138:]
6131:Namur
6116:Lille
6093:Valmy
5262:Films
4694:Wavre
4684:Ligny
4674:Gaeta
4634:Ronco
4624:Carpi
4588:Paris
4558:Reims
4462:Hanau
4054:Cádiz
4033:Ocaña
4018:Ölper
3963:María
3928:Wörgl
3918:Grijó
3818:Valls
3808:Uclés
3702:Bruch
3626:Eylau
3550:Halle
3525:Maida
3515:Gaeta
3365:Major
3292:Spain
3252:Spain
3185:Italy
3013:Died:
3006:Born:
2842:[
2700:[
2554:7 May
2371:Notes
1706:Death
1703:Birth
1693:Issue
1613:blind
1420:siege
1416:Mainz
1394:Valmy
1293:The "
1215:Delft
1055:]
1046:, by
925:Reign
750:opera
539:of a
512:Fürst
439:JSTOR
425:books
245:House
195:Issue
182:(
178:
62:Reign
7952:and
7536:and
6786:1802
6750:1801
6705:1800
6612:1799
6559:1798
6490:1797
6360:1796
6334:1795
6251:1794
6148:1793
6075:1792
6019:1799
6000:1798
5973:1797
5855:and
5846:1794
5741:1793
5674:1792
5623:1791
5577:1790
5460:1789
5433:1788
5191:Kiel
5181:Ried
4727:Info
4714:Issy
4607:1815
4553:Laon
4486:1814
4350:1813
4216:Ekau
4179:1812
4093:1811
4047:1810
3968:Graz
3958:Raab
3796:1809
3690:1808
3614:1807
3508:1806
3422:1805
2934:link
2897:ISBN
2875:2016
2706:OCLC
2664:2008
2631:ISBN
2556:2024
2435:2016
2289:15.
2231:14.
2169:13.
2111:12.
2047:11.
1989:10.
1700:Name
1596:."
1400:and
1363:The
1180:The
1132:and
1022:and
832:and
613:(in
411:news
309:and
121:Died
94:Born
7312:Sir
4211:Mir
4074:Côa
3459:Ulm
2972:".
2535:UK
2257:7.
2195:3.
2137:6.
2073:1.
2015:5.
1953:2.
1927:9.
1895:4.
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394:by
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2930:}}
2926:{{
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