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on opposite wings, and queens remain on the board, the position can be very violent, with both players aiming to assault the enemy king. Material considerations are often secondary to pursuing the attack, and it can even be advantageous to lose pawns in front of the enemy king in order to open up
530:
Third, if one player has an overwhelming material advantage and is clearly winning, the stronger player can usually afford to violate several of the normal middlegame principles in order to trade down to an endgame. For example, trading queens even at the cost of a ruined pawn structure may be a
522:
is static and locked can also feature mutual attacks, since players often elect to play on the side where they have more space (playing on the side of the board in which their pawns are pointing). Time is often less of a concern in such middlegames, allowing lengthy maneuvers. Players attempt to
416:
on the middlegame is less developed than the opening or endgames. Since middlegame positions are unique from game to game, memorization of theoretical variations is not possible as it is in the opening. Likewise, there are usually too many pieces on the board for theoretical positions to be
539:
Not all games reach the endgame, since an attack on the king, or a combination leading to large material gains can end the game while it is still in the middlegame. At other times, an advantage needs to be pursued in the endgame, and learning how to make favorable
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is another important consideration: Fine notes that—if all other things are equal—any material advantage will usually be decisive. According to Fine, a material advantage will usually not give a direct mating attack unless the advantage is very large (a
472:
or more); rather, it can be used as a means of gaining more material and a decisive endgame advantage. To gain mobility is to ensure that the pieces have a wide scope of action and targets to focus on. The concept is largely
463:), and mobility, although not all of these factors are of equal importance. If king safety is a serious issue, a well-executed attack on the king can render other considerations, including material advantages, irrelevant.
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to relative safety, and it is generally considered to end when only a few pieces remain on the board. However, there is no clear line between the opening and middlegame or between the middlegame and
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strengthen their positions and weaken their opponent's. Both players need to be on the lookout for pawn breaks, and the possibility of taking advantage of the
425:
Views vary on when the opening ends and the middlegame begins. In general, the opening is defined as ending when the development of pieces is mostly complete.
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444:, it is possible to have a middlegame without queens. The endgame is often said to begin when the kings can safely play an active role.
2522:
398:. It is generally considered to begin when each player has completed the development of all or most of their pieces and brought their
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are less important in the endgame than the middlegame. In endgames the number of pieces and pawns is much reduced, though even after
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featuring maneuvering behind the lines, while other middlegames are wide open, where both players attempt to gain the initiative.
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406:. At master level, the opening analysis may go well into the middlegame; likewise, the middlegame blends into the
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Similarly, there are differing opinions and criteria for when the middlegame ends and the endgame begins (see
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weaknesses (since weak pawns can compel pieces to defensive duties, reducing their mobility), and securing
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of a pawn, it is usually good to keep that in mind when making trades during the middlegame. For example,
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The last thing that happens in the middlegame is the setup for endgame. Since many endgames involve the
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The strategy required for middlegame play varies considerably. Some middlegame positions feature
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1996:
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1981:
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1010:
923:
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644:
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2330:
2134:
2109:
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1849:
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1591:
1576:
1507:
1484:
1443:
1438:
1317:
1300:
1140:
715:
507:
noted three features which can seriously alter the way the middlegame is played.
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1916:
1827:
2751:
2667:
2415:
2256:
2119:
2114:
1951:
1946:
1812:
1770:
1740:
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1512:
1400:
1368:
1334:
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2011:
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1023:
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566:(queenside majority) an advantage because this might be used to create a
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1718:
1554:
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2001:
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1148:
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491:
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lists three major factors in the middlegame: king safety, force (
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945:
Secrets of modern chess strategy: advances since
Nimzowitsch
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completely analyzed as can be done in the simpler endgames.
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16:
The portion of a chess game between the opening and endgame
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750:. Doubleday. 3 vols from the first edition of 2 vols.
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leading to a favorable endgame is an important skill.
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477:in nature, and involves such concepts as space,
20:
901:
987:
879:
366:, 1889, after 26.Qg5. Black played 26...Nd6.
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558:considered a preponderance of pawns on the
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907:A contemporary approach to the Middle Game
621:"Novice Nook: The Six Common Chess States"
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828:Chess Middlegames: essential knowledge
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866:The complete book of chess strategy
647:. chesslodge.com. February 17, 2007
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672:Works mostly written before 1970.
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354:Middlegame position from the game
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2411:List of strong chess tournaments
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515:lines for the rooks and queen.
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2509:Computer chess championships
518:Second, positions where the
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2286:Bishop and knight checkmate
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527:which may arise from them.
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2454:Other world championships
720:The Art of the Middle Game
679:and H. Kramer 1964; 1994.
595:Chess piece relative value
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782:Three hundred chess games
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1389:World Chess Hall of Fame
959:Chess strategy in action
800:The Middle Game in Chess
700:. McKay; Random House.
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510:First, if the kings are
453:The Middle Game in Chess
430:the start of the endgame
2722:Simultaneous exhibition
2632:Chess newspaper columns
2321:Rook and bishop vs rook
2306:Queen and pawn vs queen
796:Znosko-Borovsky, Eugene
748:Complete chess strategy
698:The Middlegame in Chess
683:. 2 vols: McKay; Hays.
421:Defining the middlegame
2172:Richter–Veresov Attack
2160:Queen's Indian Defence
928:Improve your chess now
448:Aims of the middlegame
2438:Candidates Tournament
2326:Rook and pawn vs rook
2291:King and pawn vs king
2242:List of chess gambits
2145:King's Indian Defence
1823:Isolated Queen's Pawn
1347:List of chess players
1289:Top player comparison
1088:Internet chess server
434:control of the center
2150:Nimzo-Indian Defence
2046:Scandinavian Defense
2007:Semi-Italian Opening
1912:King's Indian Attack
1801:first-move advantage
1454:Threefold repetition
1379:Bobby Fischer Center
1264:Charlemagne chessmen
1258:Göttingen manuscript
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1063:Correspondence chess
957:Watson, John. 2003.
930:. Everyman, London.
909:. Hippocrene Books.
851:. Batsford, London.
733:. B.T Batsford Ltd.
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386:is the portion of a
2383:Two knights endgame
2130:Bogo-Indian Defence
2017:Two Knights Defense
1957:Nimzowitsch Defence
1647:Artificial castling
1284:Soviet chess school
1159:Dubrovnik chess set
432:). Factors such as
2613:endgame literature
2155:Old Indian Defense
2065:Accelerated Dragon
1937:Alekhine's Defence
1669:Checkmate patterns
1538:symbols in Unicode
1533:annotation symbols
1296:Geography of chess
1164:Staunton chess set
961:. Gambit, London.
778:Tarrasch, Siegbert
375:algebraic notation
373:This example uses
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2637:Chess periodicals
2566:Chess in the arts
2498:Chess composition
2336:Philidor position
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2214:Trompowsky Attack
2197:Semi-Slav Defence
2087:Queen's Pawn Game
1967:Four Knights Game
1942:Caro–Kann Defence
1907:Zukertort Opening
1694:Discovered attack
1414:Cheating in chess
1251:Versus de scachis
947:. Gambit London.
936:978-1-85744-156-7
924:Tisdall, Jonathan
916:978-0-7134-3123-0
894:978-90-5691-264-2
874:978-1-890085-01-8
790:978-1-880673-18-8
772:978-0-679-13252-3
764:978-1-880673-96-6
756:978-0-346-12321-2
739:978-0-7134-5655-4
727:Nimzowitsch, Aron
689:978-1-880673-95-9
580:Glossary of chess
390:game between the
360:Siegbert Tarrasch
356:Joseph Blackburne
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2747:Chess portal
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2688:Leela Chess Zero
2619:Oxford Companion
2571:early literature
2561:Chess aesthetics
2301:Pawnless endgame
2252:Bongcloud Attack
2230:List of openings
2202:Chigorin Defense
2140:GrĂĽnfeld Defence
2051:Sicilian Defence
1997:Ponziani Opening
1992:Philidor Defence
1987:Petrov's Defence
1929:King's Pawn Game
1902:Larsen's Opening
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887:. New In Chess.
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716:Kotov, Alexander
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2393:Wrong rook pawn
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2135:Catalan Opening
2110:English Defence
2095:Budapest Gambit
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2039:Austrian Attack
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1892:English Opening
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1850:School of chess
1833:Minority attack
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1734:Queen sacrifice
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1444:Perpetual check
1439:Fifty-move rule
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868:. Siles Press.
849:Positional play
841:Dvoretsky, Mark
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663:Reference works
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645:"Pawn Majority"
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2211:
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2184:
2177:Queen's Gambit
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2120:Benoni Defence
2115:Indian Defence
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1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1036:Computer chess
1033:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
991:
984:
976:
970:
969:
955:
938:
921:
915:
903:Suetin, Alexey
899:
893:
877:
862:Silman, Jeremy
859:
845:Yusupov, Artur
838:
824:Averbakh, Yuri
819:
816:
815:
814:
808:
792:
775:
744:Pachman, Ludek
741:
724:
708:
691:
681:The Middlegame
669:
666:
664:
661:
658:
657:
636:
619:Heisman, Dan.
610:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
600:Pawn structure
597:
592:
587:
585:Chess strategy
582:
575:
572:
553:World Champion
536:
533:
520:pawn structure
449:
446:
422:
419:
372:
371:
353:
350:
349:
347:
344:
341:
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84:
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30:
27:
24:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2785:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2727:Solving chess
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Chess prodigy
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:Chess problem
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
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2679:
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2674:
2671:
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2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:opening books
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:short stories
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:Art and media
2547:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
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2489:
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2484:
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2474:
2471:
2469:
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2409:
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2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:triangulation
2359:
2357:
2356:Tarrasch rule
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Queen vs rook
2314:
2312:
2311:Queen vs pawn
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:London System
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Modern Benoni
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Dutch Defence
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:King's Gambit
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Grob's Attack
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Dunst Opening
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Benko Opening
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1869:Flank opening
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
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1809:
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1802:
1799:
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1790:
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1780:
1777:
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1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
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1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
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1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
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1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
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1680:
1677:
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1672:
1670:
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1654:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Transposition
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:Chess museums
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Notable games
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1131:World records
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:Rating system
1100:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
978:
977:
974:
968:
967:1-901983-69-2
964:
960:
956:
954:
953:1-901983-07-2
950:
946:
942:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
886:
882:
881:Sokolov, Ivan
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
858:
857:0-7134-7879-9
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
837:
836:1-85744-125-7
833:
829:
825:
822:
821:
811:
809:0-486-23931-4
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
707:
706:0-8129-3484-9
703:
699:
695:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:
674:
673:
646:
640:
622:
615:
611:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Chess tactics
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
571:
569:
564:
557:
554:
550:
545:
543:
532:
528:
526:
521:
516:
513:
508:
506:
501:
494:
486:
484:
480:
476:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
418:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
376:
365:
361:
357:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
322:
321:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
297:
293:
290:
289:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
273:
269:
266:
265:
261:
53:
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
37:
34:
31:
28:
25:
23:
22:
2773:Chess theory
2673:Chess engine
2658:Chess boxing
2618:
2388:Wrong bishop
2235:theory table
2209:Torre Attack
2192:Slav Defence
2100:Colle System
2075:Scheveningen
2034:Pirc Defence
1977:Italian Game
1972:Giuoco Piano
1917:RĂ©ti Opening
1840:Piece values
1828:MarĂłczy Bind
1807:
1789:the exchange
1779:Compensation
1709:Interference
1699:Double check
1473:Time control
1460:
1434:by agreement
1362:grandmasters
1306:South Africa
1256:
1249:
1225:Score sheets
1171:Chess pieces
1078:Online chess
1024:Chess titles
1019:Chess theory
958:
944:
941:Watson, John
927:
906:
884:
865:
848:
827:
818:Modern texts
799:
781:
747:
730:
719:
697:
694:Fine, Reuben
680:
671:
649:. Retrieved
639:
628:. Retrieved
614:
546:
538:
529:
517:
509:
487:
452:
451:
427:
424:
412:
383:
381:
2603:Chess books
2403:Tournaments
2257:Fool's mate
2022:Vienna Game
2012:Scotch Game
1845:Prophylaxis
1761:Zwischenzug
1746:Undermining
1714:Overloading
1674:Combination
1523:descriptive
1218:Chess table
1213:Chess clock
1029:Grandmaster
830:. Cadogan,
712:Keres, Paul
568:passed pawn
505:Dan Heisman
457:Reuben Fine
2710:joke chess
2663:Chess club
2351:opposition
1808:Middlegame
1796:Initiative
1719:Pawn storm
1684:Deflection
1555:Key square
1545:Fianchetto
1478:Fast chess
1462:En passant
1154:chessboard
651:2009-03-21
630:2009-03-21
525:open files
384:middlegame
2693:Stockfish
2683:Deep Blue
2678:AlphaZero
2586:paintings
2378:Tablebase
2342:Strategy
2247:Irregular
2002:Ruy Lopez
1962:Open Game
1729:Sacrifice
1689:Desperado
1592:connected
1565:Open file
1560:King walk
1518:algebraic
1449:Stalemate
1424:Checkmate
1149:Chess set
1141:Equipment
802:. Dover.
798:(1980) .
746:1975/78.
731:My system
677:Euwe, Max
562:queenside
549:promotion
542:exchanges
475:strategic
2767:Category
2752:Category
2705:glossary
2366:Zugzwang
2346:fortress
2278:Endgames
2187:Declined
2182:Accepted
1860:Openings
1818:Hedgehog
1784:Exchange
1771:Strategy
1751:Windmill
1602:isolated
1587:backward
1409:Castling
1352:amateurs
1245:Timeline
1119:Variants
1073:Glossary
1056:software
1041:glossary
905:(1976).
883:(2009).
784:. Hays.
718:(1964).
574:See also
556:Max Euwe
483:outposts
465:Material
461:material
394:and the
2653:Arbiter
2646:Related
2503:Solving
2493:Amateur
2070:Najdorf
1652:Battery
1639:Tactics
1614:Swindle
1597:doubled
1577:Outpost
1508:Blunder
1323:Armenia
1237:History
1083:Premove
1051:engines
1046:matches
1011:Outline
512:castled
499:centres
408:endgame
404:endgame
396:endgame
392:opening
364:Breslau
2591:poetry
2581:novels
2556:CaĂŻssa
2488:Senior
2478:Junior
2061:Dragon
2056:Alapin
1741:Skewer
1607:passed
1550:Gambit
1357:female
1318:Europe
1301:Africa
1196:Knight
1191:Bishop
965:
951:
943:1998.
934:
926:1997.
913:
891:
872:
864:1998.
855:
847:1996.
843:&
834:
826:1996.
806:
788:
780:1999.
770:
762:
754:
737:
729:1987.
704:
696:2003.
687:
492:closed
442:traded
438:queens
414:Theory
2538:WCSCC
2483:Youth
2473:Blitz
2468:Rapid
2458:Women
2421:Women
2373:Study
2223:Other
1756:X-ray
1679:Decoy
1664:Block
1619:Tempo
1582:Pawns
1500:Terms
1419:Check
1401:Rules
1335:India
1328:Spain
1313:China
1206:Fairy
1181:Queen
1112:norms
1003:Chess
624:(PDF)
606:Notes
388:chess
2576:film
2533:WCCC
2528:TCEC
2518:CSVN
2463:Team
2433:List
1704:Fork
1629:Trap
1429:Draw
1201:Pawn
1186:Rook
1176:King
1124:List
1093:list
1068:FIDE
963:ISBN
949:ISBN
932:ISBN
911:ISBN
889:ISBN
870:ISBN
853:ISBN
832:ISBN
804:ISBN
786:ISBN
768:ISBN
760:ISBN
752:ISBN
735:ISBN
702:ISBN
685:ISBN
479:pawn
470:rook
440:are
400:king
382:The
2513:CCC
1724:Pin
1528:PGN
455:by
2769::
766:;
758:;
714:;
570:.
410:.
362:,
2063:/
995:e
988:t
981:v
919:.
897:.
876:.
812:.
774:.
654:.
633:.
377:.
358:–
346:h
343:g
340:f
337:e
334:d
331:c
328:b
325:a
318:1
315:1
310:2
307:2
302:3
299:3
294:4
291:4
286:5
283:5
278:6
275:6
270:7
267:7
262:8
54:8
47:h
44:g
41:f
38:e
35:d
32:c
29:b
26:a
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.