5131:
century, so that there are no native speakers today. Another concern of the
Chibcha councils is the commercialization of their linguistic heritage through courses or talks at public events, schools, squares and other places, whose members present themselves as legitimate representatives of the current Chibchas, or as their direct descendants. With these and other activities they raise money, including from national institutions and international organizations on behalf of the Chibcha and their revitalization, using the constructed language as an instrument to demonstrate their progress and legitimacy. On the other hand, the use of Mysca in social networks and public events has generated the feeling that Chibcha has been a language that has survived uninterruptedly since pre-Hispanic times, ignoring the historical process of acculturation and the struggle ancestral of the cabildos for the communal ownership of their lands, for the recognition of their identity by the State and against the exclusion and poverty to which the members and ancestors of the Chibcha cabildos have been subject.
8096:
578:
358:
9813:
5185:
5171:
2742:
1778:
4250:
8269:
210:
1758:
5140:
and even vocabulary, have not developed naturally but rather based on ancient writings, which is why its consistency and distance from the spelling of known linguistic sources is questioned. The presentation of this reconstructed language as an almost faithful approximation to the original or equivalent to the colony's
Chibcha has aroused the following criticism:
1757:
1760:
5154:
muisquisms, words of
Chibcha origin that were adapted to the Spanish of the area, are reinterpreted and pronounced differently than they have been traditionally pronounced. For example, the Muisquism 'cuba' (youngest son), is written kuhubá and pronounced , even though the inhabitants of Cundinamarca and Boyacá have traditionally pronounced it .
644:, Costa Rican teacher of the Chibcha languages, has been the basis of the other proposals and his appreciations are still valid, even more so because they were the result of the use of the comparative method with other Chibcha languages and lexicostatistics. In fact, Constenla's classification of the Chibcha languages remains the most accepted.
5237:"Finally, in the 18th century, a new linguistic policy prohibited the use of indigenous languages and imposed the use of Spanish, according to a royal decree of 1770 from Charles III. This policy sought to achieve "that the different languages used in all domains become extinct and only Spanish is spoken.
308:("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of the language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by the Colombian state.
5157:
The use of this artificial language is part of a political agenda that seeks to highlight the relationship between oppressor and oppressed, although its disseminators are mostly privileged white-mestizo people with a high level of education, who have undertaken a process of re-ethnicization, ignoring
589:
It was published in Madrid, Spain, in the year 1619. It consists of a grammar, a confessional in
Spanish and a confessional in Muysca. For the elaboration of his work, Lugo devised a sort or type in order to express a vowel that was not part of the phonetic inventory of Spanish and that was necessary
5139:
This neo-language has also been involved in different academic controversies because on many occasions Myska is presented to the public as a natural language or, in the best of cases, as the closest approximation to the language spoken by the
Chibchas, despite that its phonology, spelling, grammar,
5130:
This constructed language has raised several concerns on the part of the
Chibcha groups recognized by the Colombian State due to accusations of cultural appropriation and for displaying itself as a living native language despite the fact that the Chibchas lost their language perhaps since the 18th
602:
Recently, a couple of doctrinal texts of the Muysca language were discovered in the
Bodleian Library, which were sewn into the final part of an anonymous grammar of the Quechua language, published in Seville in 1603. The first of them is a brief Grammar, and the second a brief Christian Doctrine.
5153:
One of the biggest controversies is the prosody of the language. Academics such as Diego Gómez have stated that the pronunciation of several Myska words do not correspond in almost any case to the reconstructions carried out by him and his team based on the comparative method. Furthermore, the
417:
mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy was ordered to provide religious instruction in
Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century.
1759:
5877:
503:
in 1987. According to the researcher, this manuscript "was written at times when the language was still spoken." González's transcription has been one of the most consulted works by modern linguists interested in the language.
512:
Three documents from the
Biblioteca Real de Palacio are compendiums of the Muysca language and are part of the so-called Mutis Collection, a set of linguistic-missionary documents of several indigenous languages of the
2490:, characterized by roots that are usually monosyllabic or bisyllabic (to a lesser extent longer), which combine to form extensive expressions. Typologically, it is a final core language. In addition, it is an
4306:, created by the Argentine Facundo Saravia. The pronunciation is based on the phonological proposal by María González for chibcha, although it has several innovations. Its spelling is also based on the
5244:"...the languages with a higher level of contact and greater recognition are more vulnerable, as was the case of the Muysca language, with a significant population at the arrival of the Spanish, and
5878:
https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/52000/Proceso%20de%20revitalización%20lingüística%20de%20la%20Lengua%20Muisca%20de%20la%20comunidad%20de%20Cota%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1
1020:
they present a phonologic chart based on the orthography developed during the colonial period, which diverges in some aspects from that used in
Spanish according to the needs of the language.
537:
This manuscript is made up of three books: the first titled "De la gramática breve de la lengua Mosca"; the second contains three titles: "Confesionarios en la Lengua Mosca chibcha" [
632:
with the collaboration of Pieter Muysken (2007) have formulated different phonological systems taking into account linguistic documents from the 17th century and comparative linguistics.
590:
to capture if a correct pronunciation was wanted, he called it "Inverse Ipsilon" and today we know it as "The Lugo's y". In other sources it appears simply expressed with the grapheme
569:
These manuscripts are actually a single vocabulary, one copies the other. The first was transcribed by Quesada Pacheco in 1991 and the second by Gómez y Giraldo between 2012 and 2013
5144:
The creation of alternative vocabularies and grammars to the colonial sources distances the unsuspecting public from the true colonial linguistic sources, the main source of chibcha.
475:
The sources of the Muysca language are seven documents prepared in the first decade of the 17th century and are considered a legitimate and reliable documentary set of the language.
8515:
8482:
1645:
González does not present approximants, although she considers as a semivocalic extension of bilabial consonants, as Adolfo Constenla presented it at the time, for example in
5150:
The new spelling reveals an obvious contradiction, how can a spelling be created if it cannot be contrasted or verified with native speakers or audio records that support it.
5385:
Gamboa Mendoza, Jorge. (2016) El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial. instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.
349:, which in turn belongs to the macro-Chibchan group. The Chibcha linguistic family includes several indigenous languages of Central America and Northwestern South America.
8076:
5263:
According to Glotolog it is an extinct language.] Linguists Adolfo Constenla (1984), María González (1987, 2006) and Adelaar (2007) also consider it an extinct language.
2403:
In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel, the vowel changes as follows:
385:
are spoken in southern Central America and the Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the
8539:
6664:
8612:
8605:
3006:
2562:
In Muysca, the noun lacks morphemes of gender, number and case. In nouns denoting sex, it is necessary to add the corresponding name "fucha~fuhucha" or "cha".
8071:
9710:
9757:
6059:
Gómez, Diego F (2020). "Los folletos muyscas de la Biblioteca Bodleiana (1603): los textos más tempranos de la lengua general del Nuevo Reino de Granada".
457:. The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time.
6006:
The Muisca, indigenous groups of the New Kingdom of Granada. A new proposal on their social-political organization and their evolution in the 16th century
5424:
Gómez & Giraldo. Transcription of the Moscow Vocabulary of 1612. Manuscript II/2924 from the Royal Library of the Royal Palace of Madrid. ICANH. 2011.
8598:
9028:
607:
and although their orthography is inconsistent and a little different from the known ones, these pamphlets are associated with the variety spoken in
9428:
8241:
4265:
2002:
The Myska alphabet consists of around 20 letters. Myska didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows:
9732:
6001:
Los muiscas, grupos indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Una nueva propuesta sobre su organizacíon socio-política y su evolucíon en el siglo XVI
4175:
Most of the original Muisca names of the villages, rivers and national parks and some of the provinces in the central highlands of the Colombian
9460:
8472:
8051:
6697:
460:
Since 2008 a Spanish–Muysc cubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project was partly financed by the
8899:
8867:
8036:
5921:
4149:
As the Muisca did not have words for imported technology or items in early colonial times, they borrowed them from Spanish, such as "shoe";
8453:
6386:
9847:
7013:
6636:
4333:
thus can mean "male dog", "male dogs", "female dog" or "female dogs". To solve this, the Myska used the numbers and the word for "man",
2670:
The adjective muysca does not agree in gender or number with the noun. According to its form, it can be basic, derived or periphrastic.
445:
as Diego Gómez have claimed that the variety of languages was much larger than previously thought and that in fact there was a Chibcha
5433:
Gómez & Giraldo (2012-2013). Gramática, confesionario, catecismo breve y vocabulario de la lengua mosca-chibcha. Anonymous. ICANH.
8041:
9485:
7045:
5203:
404:
9690:
9852:
8556:
8136:
5453:
Los folletos muyscas de la Biblioteca Bodleiana (1603): los textos más tempranos de la lengua general del Nuevo Reino de Granada.
9535:
8588:
7033:
7947:
7062:
9200:
8807:
8006:
7057:
6935:
2506:
The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from the 17th century when the language was alive.
1633:
1294:
903:
232:
2731:
1788:
9742:
9724:
8061:
7040:
6679:
6358:
5248:, despite having been recognized and taught as a general language." (Ardila, 2016: 274-275) (Original text in Spanish).
9767:
9388:
9327:
8000:
7069:
6112:
1817:
17:
4146:
for teas and healing rituals, and other aspects of natural ways, which are a respected part of culture in Colombia.
7821:
7510:
6379:
1174:
1135:
9638:
8411:
9747:
9737:
9455:
8690:
7891:
7521:
7203:
7018:
6629:
5329:
1715:
1366:
975:
222:
9618:
9857:
9315:
7983:
7826:
6674:
5147:
It is a personalist proposal that does not allow criticism and from which other positions have been denigrated.
518:
430:
398:
280:
277:
7962:
7238:
9653:
7972:
7213:
6717:
6222:
2377:
The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown:
1694:
1534:
1500:
1345:
954:
9643:
9393:
9342:
7988:
5272:
9780:
9347:
9186:
8066:
7994:
7958:
7028:
6098:
5158:
the traditional authorities and organizations of the indigenous cabildos recognized by the Colombian State.
4140:("snake"). The Muisca descendants continue many traditional ways, such as the use of certain foods, use of
3662:
1724:
1527:
1375:
1167:
1160:
1128:
984:
781:
752:
484:
167:
9450:
6275:
6225:[Pre-Hispanic Colombia: Archeological Regions] (in Spanish). Instituto colombiano de Antropología
2448:
Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel:
9842:
8129:
7660:
7532:
7118:
6860:
6669:
6372:
5932:
1687:
1545:
1338:
1185:
947:
794:
9790:
9357:
7887:
7771:
7614:
6622:
5865:
1799:
1740:
1624:
1469:
1462:
1391:
1283:
1105:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1053:
1000:
892:
729:
709:
702:
695:
677:
9445:
9408:
9383:
8524:
5960:
9837:
9785:
9648:
6128:
6104:
2494:, which means that the roots receive prefixes and suffixes. The closest living language to Muysca is
1559:
1199:
808:
625:
9752:
8396:
7594:
7198:
7123:
7000:
6975:
6689:
1701:
1352:
961:
284:
69:
9588:
9583:
9362:
9118:
8467:
6052:
Comparación léxica entre el muysca de Bogotá y el uwa central. Muysca: memoria y presencia. Bogotá
324:
9010:
8816:
8734:
8258:
8248:
7670:
7343:
6840:
6017:
4721:
4313:
This language has received several criticisms from the chibcha cabildos and sectors of academia.
4170:
4101:
1480:
1110:
1092:
734:
716:
500:
450:
442:
312:
9398:
9367:
7895:
6172:
522:
9613:
9578:
8122:
2487:
1572:
1210:
819:
608:
604:
514:
9775:
9633:
9573:
9465:
8854:
7313:
6013:
9623:
9608:
8824:
7816:
7731:
7665:
7298:
7052:
7023:
6822:
6797:
6762:
6313:
6034:
El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial
5350:
4270:
2491:
1595:
1588:
1259:
1235:
1228:
868:
844:
837:
493:], a Spanish-Muysca vocabulary and a "Catheçismo en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [
9413:
8829:
8460:
8288:
6950:
6132:
9598:
8942:
8678:
8211:
8100:
7967:
7831:
7796:
7716:
7405:
7113:
7008:
6990:
6890:
6614:
5995:
4299:
3651:
461:
422:
386:
273:
9558:
7293:
6468:
4109:
3617:
3606:
1795:
214:
Chibchan languages. Chibcha itself is spoken in the southernmost area, in central Colombia
8:
9668:
9568:
9563:
8421:
8181:
7933:
7695:
6727:
6707:
6424:
4259:
4121:
3501:
2498:. Compared to other northern Chibcha languages, Muysca presents more recent innovations.
1434:
526:
366:
361:
Distribution of Chibchan languages across southern Central and northwestern South America
328:
316:
6925:
6437:
2848:
This list is a selection from the online dictionary and is sortable. Note the different
487:
has a Grammar, an annex called "Modos de hablar en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [
9500:
9352:
8839:
8303:
8268:
8176:
8056:
8046:
7952:
7776:
7685:
7464:
7208:
7153:
7128:
6792:
6787:
6757:
6752:
6395:
6076:
5198:
4231:
3636:
3621:
2822:
1429:
1424:
1038:
1033:
662:
657:
603:
These pamphlets are considered the earliest known texts of the General Language of the
382:
346:
340:
106:
9603:
8340:
7675:
6474:
6414:
6218:
5260:
3707:
3681:
200:
9270:
9242:
8834:
8767:
8573:
8500:
8081:
8011:
7977:
7700:
7690:
7400:
7368:
7248:
7178:
6910:
6885:
6817:
6807:
6645:
6584:
6552:
6108:
6080:
6042:
5282:
5047:
4846:
3625:
3172:
1449:
1439:
1058:
1043:
682:
667:
555:]; The third book is titled "Bocabulario de la Lengua Chibcha o Mosca" [
446:
426:
378:
370:
9543:
9440:
9403:
8752:
8448:
7278:
7143:
7109:
4186:
1651:*, */kusmɨ/, she considers it a phonetic characteristic and not a phonological one.
454:
228:
9628:
8920:
8906:
8226:
8191:
7781:
7721:
7705:
7588:
7552:
7363:
7163:
6980:
6955:
6772:
6767:
6547:
6542:
6144:
6068:
3647:
3642:
2133:– between a "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle –
1411:, González presents the following phonological table (González, 2006:57, 65, 122).
641:
320:
86:
8844:
8431:
6502:
3631:
561:]. It was transcribed by Diego Gómez and Diana Girlado between 2012 and 2013.
357:
9816:
9553:
9048:
8283:
8236:
8231:
8196:
7904:
7583:
7542:
7527:
7490:
7454:
7348:
7243:
7158:
7133:
7094:
7079:
6900:
6737:
6578:
6459:
6449:
6443:
6432:
6334:
6257:
5212:
5208:
5190:
5176:
5008:
3696:
3234:
2825:
2750:
1582:
1444:
1222:
1048:
831:
672:
146:
98:
8862:
8477:
8406:
9548:
9418:
9288:
9260:
9250:
9222:
9217:
8874:
8654:
8441:
8253:
8206:
8201:
7835:
7801:
7645:
7620:
7577:
7567:
7557:
7547:
7505:
7288:
7099:
7089:
6782:
6742:
6732:
6605:
6409:
6330:
629:
138:
9658:
7937:
7921:
7741:
6342:
6072:
5999:
9831:
9673:
9663:
9495:
9435:
9278:
9149:
8630:
8298:
7791:
7635:
7604:
7572:
7516:
7484:
7323:
7283:
7273:
7268:
7258:
7253:
7188:
7183:
7138:
6702:
6659:
6590:
6562:
6557:
6521:
6515:
6485:
6479:
6253:
4763:
4129:
3718:
3670:
3657:
3601:
1669:
1320:
1099:
929:
723:
129:
79:
7882:
7878:
6870:
6865:
5442:
Gómez & Giraldo (2012-2013). Vocabulario mosco - 1612. Anonymous. ICANH.
4234:, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) by road from Bogotá. The school is named
3675:
2834:("ten plus one") for eleven. Higher numbers were multiplications of twenty;
374:
9255:
9232:
9227:
9053:
8884:
8879:
8742:
8624:
8505:
8426:
8318:
8216:
7874:
7850:
7806:
7756:
7751:
7640:
7625:
7609:
7474:
7425:
7420:
7395:
7373:
7338:
7218:
6920:
6855:
6812:
6526:
4929:
3612:
2495:
8963:
8348:
7358:
6148:
577:
184:
9593:
9490:
9283:
8968:
8958:
8889:
8792:
8436:
8416:
8308:
7870:
7860:
7479:
7410:
7263:
7233:
6940:
6832:
6712:
6354:
5935:
Análisis de la teoría de la ‘Lengua Báculo’ (muisca) de Mariana Escribano
1681:
1664:
1611:
1332:
1315:
1275:
941:
924:
884:
9178:
9038:
8363:
499:]. It was transcribed by María Stella González and published by the
9700:
9423:
9159:
9144:
8797:
8782:
8772:
8563:
8186:
7908:
7746:
7726:
7168:
6960:
6722:
6226:
5234:, en 'Muysca: Memoria y presencia'. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
4850:
4437:
4200:
3712:
3701:
3690:
1732:
1674:
1383:
1325:
992:
934:
8787:
8353:
7353:
5470:
529:, who wanted to create a dictionary of all the languages of the world
315:
who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include
9154:
8973:
8936:
8894:
8777:
8619:
7929:
7925:
7900:
7650:
6985:
6875:
6364:
6210:
PreColombia: Introduction to the Study of Colombian Indigenous People
5277:
4767:
4230:
currently teaching Chibcha (to about 150 children) is in the town of
4179:
are kept or slightly altered. Usually the names refer to farmfields (
3723:
1709:
1514:
1490:
1360:
1149:
1120:
969:
768:
744:
193:
177:
159:
9136:
9043:
8747:
8551:
7434:
7104:
5922:
Mandato del Pueblo Indígena Muysca y comunicado a la opinión pública
5455:
en Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana: 36, 2, 2020.
4105:
2741:
2392:
In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened:
414:
373:, the population of northwestern South America migrated through the
9082:
9077:
9069:
8330:
7916:
7766:
7308:
7303:
7193:
7173:
6307:
5848:
5503:
5345:
5184:
4227:
288:
240:
59:
7328:
5729:
5696:
5675:
5537:
507:
425:
officially banned use of the language in the region as part of a
9104:
9096:
8762:
8546:
7912:
7449:
7333:
7074:
6970:
6945:
6930:
6850:
6845:
6802:
6777:
6747:
5827:
5810:
5789:
5709:
5707:
5615:
5458:
4303:
4195:
1456:
1251:
1065:
860:
689:
236:
7378:
6216:
4310:
and a free adaptation of the spelling of Fray Bernardo de Lugo.
624:
Because Muysc Cubun is an extinct language, various scholars as
9164:
8666:
8593:
8293:
8145:
7855:
7845:
7228:
7223:
7148:
7084:
6965:
6915:
6905:
6880:
6179:
Introduction course to the Chibcha or Muisca language - Level 1
6090:
Aproximación al sistema fonético-fonológico de la lengua muisca
5239:
By this time, Muysca was already considered an extinct language
4308:
Aproximación al sistema fonético-fonológico de la lengua muisca
3686:
2849:
269:
209:
8757:
6092:(in Spanish). Bogotá Instituto Caro y Cuervo. pp. 53–119.
5759:
5704:
5645:
5585:
5299:
4190:
585:, by fray Bernardo de Lugo, printed in Madrid, Spain, in 1619.
549:] and "Catecismo breve en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [
9064:
9023:
8358:
8324:
8313:
7495:
7439:
7430:
7318:
6895:
5882:
4176:
4113:
2853:
2261:
in first position followed by a consonant it's pronounced –
583:
Gramática en la lengua general del Nuevo Reino, llamada Mosca
410:
8077:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
6644:
6206:
Precolombia: Introducción al estudio del indígena colombiano
6174:
Curso de aproximación a la lengua chibcha o muisca - Nivel 1
6097:
Quesada Pacheco, Miguel Ángel; Rojas Chaves, Carmen (1999).
5413:
Trayectoria de los estudios sobre la lengua chibcha o muisca
2815:. The Muisca only had numbers one to ten and the number 20:
564:
9131:
6096:
4142:
429:
project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its
6321:
5982:
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1984). "Los fonemas del muisca".
449:
that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the
239:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8114:
5395:
5393:
5391:
3586:
557:
551:
545:
539:
495:
489:
300:
in its own language means "language of the people", from
4329:
The subjects in Chibcha do not have genders or plurals.
2235:
in first position before a consonant it's pronounced –
6286:. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica: 2
5388:
5125:
1409:
Aproximación al sistema fonológico de la lengua muisca
8072:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
6212:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra.
5949:
5476:
5287:
4204:
4180:
4095:
4047:
4011:
3974:
3938:
3903:
3867:
3824:
3783:
3739:
3594:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3509:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3388:
3376:
3359:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3225:
3209:
3193:
3181:
3163:
3151:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3043:
3027:
3015:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2962:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2816:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2295:
1787:
may contain excessive or inappropriate references to
1646:
543:], "Oraciones en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [
525:, due to the initial wishes of the Tsarina of Russia
39:
5166:
1011:
6061:
Revista internacional de lingüística iberoamericana
5899:
5897:
5496:
5494:
5369:
5367:
5261:
https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chib1270
4257:It has been suggested that this article should be
1751:
6067:(36). Iberoamericana Editorial Vervuert: 195–216.
6036:. Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.
2828:. For numbers higher than 10 they used additions;
6185:(in Spanish). Fundación Zaquenzipa. pp. 1–81
6127:
6087:
5888:
5509:
5418:
5305:
597:
9829:
5906:
5894:
5515:
5491:
5482:
5364:
5311:
4720:("to whip") which have different forms in their
4440:pronoun is placed before the word it refers to.
4395:thou / you (singular) – informal and formal use
4348:– "one male dog" (literally: "dog" "male" "one")
6223:"Colombia prehispánica: regiones arqueológicas"
6054:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
5981:
5958:
5464:
635:
508:Manuscripts from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio
8052:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
8037:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
6273:
6100:Diccionario boruca – español, español – boruca
6031:
5994:
2228:before "y" it's pronounced , as in "Muisca" –
8130:
6630:
6380:
6239:
6164:Memoria sobre las antigüedades neo granadinas
5246:which has been extinct since the 18th century
4704:The Myska used two types of verbs, ending on
2835:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2124:ine", but with the tongue pushed backwards –
409:As early as 1580 the authorities in Charcas,
9524:
9326:
6331:Archives and sources on the Chibcha language
5961:"Expresión de la modalidad en la lengua uwa"
8999:
6343:Animated video about the last Muisca rulers
6217:Botiva Contreras, Álvaro; Herrera, Leonor;
4100:origin are still used in the department of
2675:3rd person + verbal root/name (+n) + ma-gue
2501:
2287:before "y" it's pronounced as in Spanish "
2107:between the vowels "y" it is pronounced –
8723:
8137:
8123:
6637:
6623:
6387:
6373:
6161:
6040:
5399:
5293:
5134:
4136:(a large bamboo used in construction) and
2370:orizo", but with the tongue to the back –
208:
23:Language of Colombia, spoken by the Muisca
8385:
8042:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
5330:Las raíces muiscas que sobreviven en Suba
1818:Learn how and when to remove this message
565:Manuscript II/2923 and Manuscript II/2924
6646:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
6088:González de Pérez, María Stella (2006).
5856:
5204:Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations
4628:are shortened when the word starts with
4319:
2740:
2323:before "i" changes a little to "sh"; –
1755:
576:
405:Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations
356:
6170:
6166:(in Spanish). Librería de F. Schneider.
6137:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
5415:. Bogotá 1980. Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
5266:
2077:– between "i" and "e"; "a" in action –
1402:
392:
233:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
9830:
6394:
6252:
6240:Martín, Rafael; Puentes, José (2008).
6203:
4671:are shortened and the vowel following
4354:– "three male dogs" ("dog male three")
4108:is the capital, and the department of
3587:Comparison to other Chibchan languages
9523:
9313:
8998:
8722:
8384:
8158:
8118:
6618:
6368:
6324:– with Muysc cubun–Spanish dictionary
6274:Wiesner García, Luis Eduardo (2014).
6058:
6049:
5373:
5340:
5338:
5317:
4559:when followed by a consonant (except
4431:
4289:
4238:(healing with the hands) in Chibcha.
2843:
2705:
2545:– What about you? (And you are well?)
1798:by removing references to unreliable
628:(1984), González de Pérez (2006) and
532:
9314:
5959:Casilimas Rojas, Clara Inés (2005).
5232:El muysca y la muerte de las lenguas
4728:is shown below, for verbs ending on
4243:
2821:, used extensively in their complex
2691:
1802:where they are used inappropriately.
1771:
7070:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
5126:Criticism from the chibcha cabildos
4364:
2840:would be "five times twenty"; 100.
470:
345:The Muysca language is part of the
13:
9848:Extinct languages of South America
8062:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
7041:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
6359:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
6197:
5335:
4089:
14:
9869:
7053:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
7024:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
6298:
5411:González de Pérez, María Stella.
4652:("mi mother" & "your mother")
4515:is only used in combination with
4203:of the region, built enclosures (
3130:"bear" or "older brother/sister"
1739:
1723:
1714:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1632:
1623:
1594:
1587:
1571:
1558:
1544:
1533:
1526:
1499:
1479:
1468:
1461:
1390:
1374:
1365:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1293:
1282:
1258:
1234:
1227:
1209:
1198:
1184:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1134:
1127:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1012:Proposal by Adelaar & Muysken
999:
983:
974:
960:
953:
946:
902:
891:
867:
843:
836:
818:
807:
793:
780:
751:
733:
728:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
436:
334:
18:Chibcha language (disambiguation)
9812:
9811:
9486:Conquest of the Chibchan Nations
8267:
8094:
7046:Archaeological sites in Colombia
7019:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
6351:is spoken with Spanish subtitles
6171:Saravia, Facundo Manuel (2015).
6135:[The Chimila language].
5569:Quesada & Rojas, 1999, p. 93
5346:"Chibcha Dictionary and Grammar"
5183:
5169:
4341:, to specify gender and plural:
4248:
3118:"grandfather" and "grandmother"
2142:before a "y" it's pronounced –
1776:
1752:Alphabet and rough pronunciation
287:of what today is the country of
7029:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
6309:Diccionario y gramática chibcha
6246:Indigenous Cultures of Colombia
6045:(in Spanish). muysca.cubun.org.
6032:Gamboa Mendoza, Gamboa (2013).
6020:from the original on 2021-12-13
5984:Estudios de lingüística chibcha
5943:
5926:
5915:
5871:
5866:Etymology Municipalities Boyacá
5835:
5818:
5797:
5776:
5767:
5746:
5737:
5716:
5683:
5662:
5653:
5632:
5623:
5602:
5593:
5572:
5563:
5554:
5545:
5524:
5445:
5436:
5427:
5405:
5379:
4735:
2755:Counting 1 to 10 in Chibcha is
2673:The periphrastic form uses the
2296:
1414:
1023:
572:
365:In prehistorical times, in the
9853:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
9781:Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
6278:[Muisca Ethnography].
6242:Culturas indígenas colombianas
6043:"Diccionario muysca – español"
5950:Adelaar & Muysken (2007).
5773:Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 18
5743:Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 31
5713:Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36
5659:Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 37
5629:Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 25
5599:Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 38
5560:Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 30
5323:
5253:
5224:
5007:
4892:he / she / it did or has done
4604:when followed by a consonant;
4216:
2745:Numbers 1-10 and 20 in Chibcha
2709:
2608:
619:
598:The Bodleian Library pamphlets
519:Captaincy General of Venezuela
399:Spanish conquest of the Muisca
1:
9461:Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela
7973:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
7034:Archaeological sites in Chile
6162:Uricoechea, Ezequiel (1854).
5954:. Cambriage University Press.
5551:Casimilas Rojas, 2005, p. 250
5332:. Radio Nacional de Colombia.
5218:
2695:
647:
9187:Diego de Torres y Moyachoque
8067:Mesoamerican writing systems
8024:
7063:Archaeological sites in Peru
6262:(in Spanish). pp. 1–222
6041:Gómez, Diego F (2008–2022).
5970:(in Spanish). 29/30: 247–262
5847:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5845:Diccionario muysca – español
5809:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5807:Diccionario muysca – español
5788:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5786:Diccionario muysca – español
5758:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5756:Diccionario muysca – español
5728:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5726:Diccionario muysca – español
5695:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5693:Diccionario muysca – español
5674:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5672:Diccionario muysca – español
5644:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009-2017
5642:Diccionario muysca – español
5614:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5612:Diccionario muysca – español
5584:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5582:Diccionario muysca – español
5536:. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017
5534:Diccionario muysca – español
4221:
4212:) and animals of the region.
4211:
4205:
4181:
4096:
4048:
4012:
3975:
3939:
3904:
3868:
3825:
3784:
3740:
3595:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3510:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3389:
3377:
3360:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3226:
3210:
3194:
3182:
3164:
3152:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3044:
3028:
3016:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2947:
2935:
2929:"vein" (of blood) or "root"
2923:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2817:
2665:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2511:
1647:
636:Proposal by Adolfo Constenla
614:
485:National Library of Colombia
268:is a language spoken by the
40:
7:
9786:Archaeology Museum of Pasca
7963:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
5162:
4695:("my sir" & "your sir")
4164:
3288:species and meaning unknown
3144:species and meaning unknown
2617:fulano person male good COP
2159:ood", or as in Spanish "abo
1654:
1305:
10:
9874:
9791:Metropolitan Museum of Art
9456:Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
9394:Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano
8289:Battle of Chocontá (~1490)
8159:
8144:
7989:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
7892:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
5952:The languages of the Andes
5477:Adelaar & Muysken 2007
4882:you (singular) did or " "
4809:he / she / it does or did
4699:
4655:when the word starts with
4324:
4263:into a new article titled
4226:The only public school in
4168:
2748:
2736:
2481:
2415:– "his (or her, its) face"
2189:– "i-e" as in Beelzebub –
1018:The languages of the Andes
402:
396:
352:
338:
15:
9807:
9766:
9723:
9682:
9534:
9530:
9519:
9501:Battle of Tocarema (1538)
9478:
9451:Miguel Holguín y Figueroa
9376:
9335:
9322:
9309:
9269:
9241:
9208:
9199:
9173:
9129:
9117:
9091:
9062:
9021:
9009:
9005:
8994:
8951:
8928:
8919:
8853:
8815:
8806:
8733:
8729:
8718:
8640:
8572:
8523:
8514:
8493:
8484:Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley
8395:
8391:
8380:
8339:
8276:
8265:
8169:
8165:
8154:
8090:
8032:
8023:
7943:
7866:
7841:
7812:
7787:
7762:
7737:
7712:
7681:
7656:
7631:
7600:
7563:
7538:
7501:
7470:
7445:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7392:
7387:
7214:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
6999:
6831:
6688:
6652:
6599:
6571:
6535:
6495:
6458:
6423:
6402:
6221:; Mora, Santiago (1989).
6105:Universidad de Costa Rica
6073:10.31819/rili-2020-183610
4799:you (singular) do or did
4084:
3731:
3728:
3717:
3706:
3695:
3680:
3669:
3656:
3641:
3630:
3611:
3600:
3593:
3188:"flower of potato plant"
2901:"finger" or "finger tip"
2732:Muysca verbs (In Spanish)
2614:fulano muysca cha cho guy
2529:- To greet several people
2092:ed", or as in Spanish "ha
1610:
1581:
1513:
1489:
1455:
1421:
1274:
1250:
1221:
1148:
1119:
1064:
1030:
914:
883:
859:
830:
767:
743:
688:
654:
478:
347:Chibcha linguistic family
294:The name of the language
283:. The Muisca inhabit the
219:
207:
191:
175:
157:
152:
135:
125:
95:
85:
75:
65:
55:
47:
38:
33:
28:
9753:University of Pittsburgh
9748:Universidad La Javeriana
9743:Universidad de los Andes
9525:Research and collections
8101:Civilizations portal
7058:Cultural periods of Peru
4722:grammatical conjugations
4483:his / her / its / their
2725:
2620:So-and-so is a good male
2557:
2502:Greetings in Muysc cubun
2012:– "enclosure" or "fence"
2008:– as in Spanish "casa";
285:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
281:cultures of the Americas
70:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
9409:Hernán Venegas Carrillo
9384:Antonio Díaz de Cardoso
9000:Caciques and neighbours
8284:Battle of Pasca (~1470)
7995:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
6841:Mesoamerican chronology
6259:La civilización Chibcha
6204:Arango, Teresa (1954).
6050:Gómez, Diego F (2013).
5135:Criticism from academia
4171:List of Muisca toponyms
2836:
2830:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2684:(Ms. II/2923; fol. 29v)
2256:– "brother" or "sister"
1764:Saravia's son speaking
501:Caro y Cuervo Institute
451:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
389:, a cultural grouping.
9496:Conquest of the Panche
9479:Neighbouring conquests
8724:Religion and mythology
6698:Archaeological periods
5889:González de Pérez 2006
5510:González de Pérez 2006
5306:González de Pérez 2006
4580:, the letter is lost:
2746:
2488:agglutinative language
2456:but can be written as
2232:– "person" or "people"
1789:self-published sources
1769:
605:New Kingdom of Granada
586:
515:New Kingdom of Granada
483:Manuscript 158 of the
362:
221:This article contains
9858:Languages of Colombia
9358:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
8386:Geography and history
8001:List of Conquistadors
7888:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
7299:Quebrada de Humahuaca
6718:Caddoan Mississippian
6314:World Digital Library
6280:Central Andean Region
6149:10.3406/jsa.1947.2358
5351:World Digital Library
5089:may he / she / it do
4405:he / she / it / they
4320:Structure and grammar
3010:, plant used as soap
3007:Phytolacca bogotensis
2744:
2492:inflectional language
2128:– "son" or "daughter"
1763:
611:and its surroundings
580:
360:
325:José Domingo Duquesne
9738:Universidad Nacional
9491:Conquest of the Muzo
9399:Gonzalo García Zorro
8952:Mythological figures
8943:Monster of Lake Tota
8679:Muisca Confederation
7968:Francisco de Montejo
7896:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
7009:Andean civilizations
6936:Shaft tomb tradition
5912:Saravia, 2015, p. 15
5903:Saravia, 2015, p. 14
5521:Saravia, 2015, p. 12
5500:Saravia, 2015, p. 11
5488:Saravia, 2015, p. 10
5465:Constenla Umaña 1984
5241:" (Ardila, 2016:264)
5230:Ardila, Olga (2016)
4902:we did or have done
4360:– "four female dogs"
4300:constructed language
4185:), the Moon goddess
3447:"hi!" (to a friend)
3423:"white-tailed deer"
2718:3-meanness-FOC 2-COP
2441:– "his hand" (note:
2327:– "water" or "river"
2193:– "road" or "prayer"
2047:– short "o" as in "b
2042:– "water" or "river"
1403:Proposal by González
462:University of Bergen
431:constitution of 1991
423:Charles III of Spain
393:Spanish colonization
387:Muisca Confederation
381:and Colombia. Other
367:Andean civilizations
274:Muisca Confederation
16:For other uses, see
9725:Research institutes
9466:Pedro Ruíz Corredor
7934:Manco Inca Yupanqui
7239:Manteño-Huancavilca
6708:Ancestral Puebloans
6322:Muysc cubun Project
6276:"Etnografía muisca"
6133:"La lengua chimila"
4872:I did or have done
4122:banana passionfruit
3502:Eremophilus mutisii
3487:"white river clay"
2856:and their meaning.
2721:he/she/it is stingy
2032:– open "i" as in "'
527:Catherine the Great
329:Ezequiel Uricoechea
317:Juan de Castellanos
264:(*/ˈmɨska/ *), or
9843:Chibchan languages
9446:Martín Yañéz Tafur
9414:Juan de Albarracín
9389:Antonio de Lebrija
9368:Juan de San Martín
9353:Baltasar Maldonado
9343:Gonzalo de Quesada
8840:Goranchacha Temple
8494:Neighbouring areas
8057:Columbian exchange
8047:Portal:Mesoamerica
7199:La Tolita (Tumaco)
7014:Indigenous peoples
6753:Hopewell tradition
6680:Indigenous peoples
6396:Chibchan languages
6131:, Gerardo (1947).
6107:. pp. 1–207.
5933:Saravia, Facundo.
5512:, pp. 57–100.
5467:, pp. 65–111.
4971:he / she / it " "
4432:Possessive pronoun
4302:based on colonial
4290:The Myska language
3580:"head" or "skull"
3274:"gold" or "money"
2969:"green" or "blue"
2844:Selection of words
2747:
2655:muysca fuhucha cho
2550:haspqua sihipquaco
2542:mua,z, choa umzone
2445:also means "one")
1770:
587:
533:Manuscript II/2922
415:Santa Fe de Bogotá
383:Chibchan languages
363:
341:Chibchan languages
276:, one of the many
9825:
9824:
9803:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9649:Reichel-Dolmatoff
9515:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9474:
9473:
9348:Hernán de Quesada
9305:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9297:
9296:
9195:
9194:
9113:
9112:
8990:
8989:
8986:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8915:
8914:
8835:Cojines del Zaque
8714:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8589:Piedras del Tunjo
8473:Flora & fauna
8376:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8112:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8082:Pre-Columbian art
8018:
8017:
8012:Francisco Pizarro
7978:Pedro de Alvarado
7294:Pucará de Tilcara
6612:
6611:
6606:extinct languages
6129:Reichel-Dolmatoff
5479:, pp. 83–90.
5283:the Linguist List
5123:
5122:
5048:Volitive modality
5044:
5043:
5005:
5004:
4926:
4925:
4843:
4842:
4760:
4759:
4507:
4506:
4429:
4428:
4358:to fuhuchá myhyká
4287:
4286:
4161:and other words.
4120:(Colombian fruit
4082:
4081:
3726:
3715:
3704:
3693:
3678:
3667:
3654:
3639:
3628:
3609:
3584:
3583:
3475:"rain" or "lake"
3326:"tree" or "leaf"
3173:Solanum tuberosum
2658:person woman good
2000:
1999:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1761:
1749:
1748:
1643:
1642:
1555:
1521:
1400:
1399:
1303:
1302:
1195:
1156:
1009:
1008:
912:
911:
804:
775:
581:Folio 9 recto of
447:dialect continuum
427:de-indigenization
379:isthmus of Panama
247:
246:
229:rendering support
225:phonetic symbols.
9865:
9838:Chibcha language
9815:
9814:
9716:
9706:
9696:
9532:
9531:
9521:
9520:
9431:
9363:Juan de Céspedes
9333:
9332:
9324:
9323:
9316:Spanish conquest
9311:
9310:
9271:Cariban-speaking
9210:Chibcha-speaking
9206:
9205:
9127:
9126:
9031:
9019:
9018:
9007:
9006:
8996:
8995:
8926:
8925:
8907:Tequendama Falls
8902:
8870:
8813:
8812:
8731:
8730:
8720:
8719:
8699:
8687:
8675:
8663:
8648:
8615:
8608:
8601:
8582:
8579:10,000 - 2800 BP
8559:
8542:
8533:
8521:
8520:
8485:
8456:
8393:
8392:
8382:
8381:
8271:
8244:
8167:
8166:
8156:
8155:
8148:
8139:
8132:
8125:
8116:
8115:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8021:
8020:
8007:Spanish Conquest
7984:Spanish Conquest
7959:Spanish Conquest
7948:Spanish Conquest
7390:
7389:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6616:
6615:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6366:
6365:
6341:
6329:
6320:
6306:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6249:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6219:Groot, Ana Maria
6213:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6184:
6167:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6093:
6084:
6055:
6046:
6037:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6011:
5998:, Jorge (2016).
5991:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5965:
5955:
5938:
5930:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5875:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5765:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5735:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5702:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5651:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5621:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5591:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5543:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5489:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5451:Gómez, Diego F.
5449:
5443:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5416:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5386:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5342:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5270:
5264:
5257:
5251:
5228:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5053:
5052:
5014:
5013:
4935:
4934:
4922:they did or " "
4856:
4855:
4773:
4772:
4740:
4739:
4443:
4442:
4369:
4368:
4365:Personal pronoun
4282:
4279:
4252:
4251:
4244:
4210:
4184:
4116:. These include
4099:
4051:
4015:
3978:
3942:
3907:
3871:
3828:
3787:
3743:
3734:
3722:
3711:
3700:
3685:
3674:
3661:
3646:
3635:
3616:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3590:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3544:"that", "those"
3541:
3529:
3513:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3392:
3380:
3363:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3229:
3213:
3197:
3185:
3167:
3155:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3047:
3031:
3019:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2839:
2833:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2693:
2610:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2383:is Ba-CA-ta and
2299:
2298:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1762:
1743:
1727:
1718:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1636:
1627:
1598:
1591:
1575:
1562:
1553:
1548:
1537:
1530:
1519:
1503:
1483:
1472:
1465:
1419:
1418:
1394:
1378:
1369:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1286:
1262:
1238:
1231:
1213:
1202:
1193:
1188:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1138:
1131:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1028:
1027:
1003:
987:
978:
964:
957:
950:
919:
918:
906:
895:
871:
847:
840:
822:
811:
802:
797:
784:
773:
755:
737:
732:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
652:
651:
642:Adolfo Constenla
640:The proposal of
626:Adolfo Constenla
471:Language sources
321:Bernardo de Lugo
266:Muysca de Bogotá
212:
203:
187:
180:
171:
170:
162:
141:
101:
43:
34:Muisca or Muysca
26:
25:
9873:
9872:
9868:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9863:
9862:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9795:
9762:
9719:
9714:
9704:
9694:
9678:
9526:
9507:
9470:
9429:
9372:
9318:
9293:
9265:
9243:Arawak-speaking
9237:
9191:
9169:
9109:
9087:
9058:
9049:Quemuenchatocha
9029:
9001:
8978:
8947:
8911:
8900:
8868:
8849:
8802:
8725:
8702:
8693:
8681:
8669:
8657:
8642:
8636:
8613:
8606:
8599:
8576:
8568:
8557:
8540:
8527:
8510:
8489:
8483:
8454:
8398:
8387:
8368:
8341:The Salt People
8335:
8272:
8263:
8242:
8161:
8150:
8146:
8143:
8113:
8104:
8095:
8093:
8086:
8028:
8019:
8009:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7975:
7971:
7965:
7961:
7950:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7905:Quemuenchatocha
7903:
7894:
7890:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7834:
7703:
7612:
7586:
7575:
7522:Human Sacrifice
7519:
7511:Human Sacrifice
7508:
7482:
7455:Mayan Languages
7383:
6995:
6827:
6684:
6665:Genetic history
6648:
6643:
6613:
6608:
6595:
6567:
6531:
6491:
6454:
6419:
6398:
6393:
6339:
6335:Rosetta Project
6327:
6318:
6304:
6301:
6289:
6287:
6265:
6263:
6231:
6229:
6200:
6198:Further reading
6188:
6186:
6182:
6153:
6151:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6023:
6021:
6009:
5973:
5971:
5963:
5946:
5941:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5768:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5705:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5410:
5406:
5400:Gómez 2008–2022
5398:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5365:
5356:
5354:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5294:Uricoechea 1854
5292:
5288:
5271:
5267:
5258:
5254:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5209:Muisca numerals
5191:Language portal
5189:
5182:
5177:Colombia portal
5175:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5137:
5128:
5012:
4912:you did or " "
4738:
4702:
4590:("my buttocks")
4434:
4367:
4337:, and "woman",
4327:
4322:
4316:
4292:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4224:
4219:
4173:
4167:
4112:, with capital
4092:
4090:Surviving words
4087:
3859:
3857:
3732:
3721:
3710:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3673:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3637:N. de Santander
3634:
3624:
3622:N. de Santander
3620:
3615:
3604:
3589:
3518:species unknown
3461:species unknown
3397:species unknown
3368:species unknown
3352:species unknown
3235:Tunga penetrans
3218:species unknown
3202:species unknown
3092:species unknown
3052:species unknown
3036:species unknown
2955:species unknown
2915:species unknown
2846:
2826:Muisca calendar
2753:
2751:Muisca numerals
2739:
2728:
2723:
2715:a-taba-n ma-gue
2713:
2699:
2685:
2682:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2628:(Lugo, 1619:3r)
2626:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2569:(Lugo, 1619:3r)
2567:
2560:
2504:
2484:
2478:
2429:
2416:
2360:
2345:
2319:
2283:
2257:
2224:
2209:
2194:
2185:
2170:
2138:
2129:
2103:
2082:
2073:
2062:– "ou" as in "y
2058:
2043:
2028:
2013:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1793:
1781:
1777:
1756:
1754:
1657:
1417:
1405:
1308:
1026:
1014:
917:
650:
638:
622:
617:
600:
575:
567:
535:
521:, collected by
510:
481:
473:
467:
443:Muisca scholars
439:
407:
401:
395:
355:
343:
337:
304:("people") and
227:Without proper
215:
199:
183:
176:
166:
165:
158:
142:
137:
121:
102:
99:Language family
97:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
9871:
9861:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9819:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9772:
9770:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9729:
9727:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9707:
9697:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9569:De Castellanos
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9540:
9538:
9528:
9527:
9517:
9516:
9513:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9503:
9493:
9488:
9482:
9480:
9476:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9441:Martín Galeano
9438:
9433:
9426:
9421:
9419:Juan del Junco
9416:
9411:
9406:
9404:Gonzalo Macías
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9339:
9337:
9330:
9320:
9319:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9299:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9275:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9247:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9214:
9212:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9189:
9183:
9181:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9141:
9139:
9124:
9115:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9101:
9099:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9074:
9072:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9035:
9033:
9016:
9003:
9002:
8992:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8932:
8930:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8904:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8865:
8859:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8819:
8810:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8739:
8737:
8727:
8726:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8700:
8688:
8676:
8664:
8651:
8649:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8634:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8610:
8603:
8596:
8591:
8585:
8583:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8536:
8534:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8487:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8449:Bogotá savanna
8446:
8445:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8403:
8401:
8399:Cundiboyacense
8389:
8388:
8378:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8345:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8173:
8171:
8163:
8162:
8152:
8151:
8142:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8119:
8110:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8016:
8015:
8004:
7981:
7956:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7919:
7898:
7885:
7868:
7867:Notable Rulers
7864:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7839:
7838:
7836:Neo-Inca State
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
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7724:
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7709:
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7693:
7688:
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7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7654:
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7638:
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7607:
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7536:
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7503:
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7477:
7472:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7428:
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7418:
7414:
7413:
7408:
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7398:
7393:
7388:
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7381:
7376:
7371:
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7351:
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7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
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7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
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7241:
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7231:
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7216:
7211:
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7126:
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7107:
7102:
7097:
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7077:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7055:
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7038:
7037:
7036:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7005:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
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6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6837:
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6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
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6755:
6750:
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6725:
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6715:
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6705:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
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6667:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6650:
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6641:
6634:
6627:
6619:
6610:
6609:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6581:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6536:Arwako–Chimila
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6499:
6497:
6496:Kuna–Colombian
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6403:Waimí (Guaymi)
6400:
6399:
6392:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6352:
6337:
6325:
6316:
6300:
6299:External links
6297:
6296:
6295:
6282:(in Spanish).
6271:
6254:Triana, Miguel
6250:
6237:
6214:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6168:
6159:
6139:(in Spanish).
6125:
6113:
6103:(in Spanish).
6094:
6085:
6063:(in Spanish).
6056:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6012:(in Spanish).
5996:Gamboa Mendoza
5992:
5979:
5956:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5925:
5914:
5905:
5893:
5881:
5870:
5868:– Excelsio.net
5855:
5834:
5817:
5796:
5775:
5766:
5745:
5736:
5715:
5703:
5682:
5661:
5652:
5631:
5622:
5601:
5592:
5571:
5562:
5553:
5544:
5523:
5514:
5502:
5490:
5481:
5469:
5457:
5444:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5404:
5387:
5378:
5363:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5308:, pp. 63.
5298:
5286:
5265:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5180:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5030:do (singular)
5028:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5011:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4737:
4734:
4716:("to do") and
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4653:
4615:
4591:
4574:
4546:
4505:
4504:
4503:your (plural)
4501:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4298:language is a
4291:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4266:Myska language
4256:
4254:
4247:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4189:, her husband
4169:Main article:
4166:
4163:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
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3943:
3935:
3934:
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3900:
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3890:
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3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3854:
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3848:
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3836:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3716:
3705:
3694:
3679:
3668:
3655:
3640:
3629:
3610:
3599:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2981:"finger nail"
2979:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2845:
2842:
2749:Main article:
2738:
2735:
2727:
2724:
2700:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2664:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2521:– how are you?
2503:
2500:
2483:
2480:
2329:
2328:
2303:
2302:
2267:
2266:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2153:– "gh" as in "
2148:
2147:
2146:– "everything"
2118:– "sh" as in "
2113:
2112:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1926:
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1922:
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1504:
1497:
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1473:
1466:
1459:
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1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
997:
995:
989:
988:
981:
979:
972:
966:
965:
958:
951:
944:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
916:
913:
910:
909:
907:
900:
898:
896:
889:
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
865:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
841:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
816:
814:
812:
805:
799:
798:
791:
789:
787:
785:
778:
776:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
749:
747:
741:
740:
738:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
646:
637:
634:
630:Willem Adelaar
621:
618:
616:
613:
599:
596:
574:
571:
566:
563:
534:
531:
509:
506:
480:
477:
472:
469:
455:Sumapaz Páramo
438:
437:Modern history
435:
421:In 1770, King
397:Main article:
394:
391:
354:
351:
339:Main article:
336:
335:Classification
333:
272:people of the
245:
244:
231:, you may see
217:
216:
213:
205:
204:
197:
189:
188:
181:
173:
172:
163:
155:
154:
153:Language codes
150:
149:
143:
139:Writing system
136:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
111:Kuna-Colombian
105:
103:
96:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
56:Native to
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9870:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9818:
9810:
9809:
9806:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9776:Museo del Oro
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9765:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9726:
9722:
9713:
9712:
9708:
9703:
9702:
9698:
9693:
9692:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9681:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9639:De Piedrahita
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9549:Acosta Samper
9547:
9545:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9522:
9518:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9477:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9436:Luis Lanchero
9434:
9432:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9328:Conquistadors
9325:
9321:
9317:
9312:
9308:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9240:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9213:
9211:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9198:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9150:Saguamanchica
9148:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9133:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9116:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9097:Tundama
9094:
9090:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9014:
9008:
9004:
8997:
8993:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8950:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8918:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8846:
8845:Hunzahúa Well
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8717:
8697:
8692:
8691:Cabildo Mayor
8689:
8685:
8680:
8677:
8673:
8668:
8665:
8661:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8631:El Infiernito
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8611:
8609:
8604:
8602:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8580:
8575:
8571:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8541:Lake Humboldt
8538:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8530:<10,000 BP
8526:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8492:
8486:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8468:Eastern Hills
8466:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8422:Juan Amarillo
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8394:
8390:
8383:
8379:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8270:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8212:Mummification
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8140:
8135:
8133:
8128:
8126:
8121:
8120:
8117:
8103:
8102:
8089:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8027:
8022:
8013:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7996:
7990:
7985:
7982:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7960:
7957:
7954:
7953:Hernán Cortés
7949:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7837:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7786:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7680:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7391:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7001:South America
6998:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6823:Weeden Island
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6798:Poverty Point
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6763:Mississippian
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6690:North America
6687:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:Paleo-Indians
6658:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6635:
6633:
6628:
6626:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6607:
6603:
6598:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6383:
6378:
6376:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6303:
6302:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6116:
6114:9789977675480
6110:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6057:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6019:
6015:
6014:Museo del Oro
6007:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5969:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5937:
5936:
5929:
5923:
5918:
5909:
5900:
5898:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5874:
5867:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5846:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5808:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5787:
5779:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5757:
5749:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5727:
5719:
5710:
5708:
5701:
5700:
5694:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5673:
5665:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5643:
5635:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5613:
5605:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5583:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5535:
5527:
5518:
5511:
5506:
5497:
5495:
5485:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5448:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5331:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5307:
5302:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5262:
5256:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5227:
5223:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5167:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5132:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4764:Present tense
4762:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:("your book")
4613:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4576:in case of a
4575:
4573:("my father")
4572:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4425:you (plural)
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4281:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4130:yellow oriole
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
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2857:
2855:
2852:and types of
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2531:
2527:
2526:choâ mibizine
2523:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:Muysca is an
2479:
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2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:would become
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2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2389:is Ba-ca-TA.
2388:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2349:– "w" as in "
2348:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2334:– "t" as in "
2333:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2308:– "s" as in "
2307:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2272:– "p" as in "
2271:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2246:– "n" as in "
2245:
2239:– "thanks to"
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2213:– "m" as in "
2212:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:– "c" as in "
2197:
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1797:
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1785:This article
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100:
94:
90:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
48:Pronunciation
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
19:
9709:
9699:
9689:
9683:Publications
9430:Lázaro Fonte
9209:
9174:
9130:
9120:
9092:
9063:
9054:Aquiminzaque
9022:
9012:
8935:
8808:Sacred sites
8743:Chiminigagua
8695:
8684:~1450 - 1540
8683:
8671:
8667:Early Muisca
8660:800 BC - 800
8659:
8644:
8629:
8625:Lake Herrera
8578:
8529:
8506:Tenza Valley
8501:Ocetá Páramo
8478:Suárez River
8407:Bogotá River
8323:
8221:
8182:Architecture
8092:
8025:
7875:Moctezuma II
7832:Inca history
7757:Andean Music
7701:Architecture
7696:Architecture
7691:Architecture
7686:Architecture
7682:Architecture
7676:Gender Roles
7459:
7421:Tenochtitlan
7344:Timoto–Cuica
7339:Tierradentro
7124:Casma–Sechin
6856:Chalcatzingo
6601:
6583:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6484:
6467:
6442:
6347:
6346:
6340:(in Spanish)
6328:(in Spanish)
6319:(in Spanish)
6308:
6305:(in Spanish)
6288:. Retrieved
6283:
6279:
6264:. Retrieved
6258:
6245:
6241:
6230:. Retrieved
6209:
6205:
6187:. Retrieved
6178:
6173:
6163:
6152:. Retrieved
6140:
6136:
6118:. Retrieved
6099:
6089:
6064:
6060:
6051:
6033:
6022:. Retrieved
6005:
6000:
5987:
5983:
5972:. Retrieved
5967:
5951:
5944:Bibliography
5934:
5928:
5917:
5908:
5884:
5873:
5863:(in Spanish)
5858:
5850:
5844:
5842:(in Spanish)
5837:
5829:
5825:(in Spanish)
5820:
5812:
5806:
5804:(in Spanish)
5799:
5791:
5790:Muysccubun:
5785:
5783:(in Spanish)
5778:
5769:
5761:
5760:Muysccubun:
5755:
5753:(in Spanish)
5748:
5739:
5731:
5730:Muysccubun:
5725:
5723:(in Spanish)
5718:
5698:
5697:Muysccubun:
5692:
5690:(in Spanish)
5685:
5677:
5676:Muysccubun:
5671:
5669:(in Spanish)
5664:
5655:
5647:
5646:Muysccubun:
5641:
5639:(in Spanish)
5634:
5625:
5617:
5616:Muysccubun:
5611:
5609:(in Spanish)
5604:
5595:
5587:
5586:Muysccubun:
5581:
5579:(in Spanish)
5574:
5565:
5556:
5547:
5539:
5538:Muysccubun:
5533:
5531:(in Spanish)
5526:
5517:
5505:
5484:
5472:
5460:
5452:
5447:
5438:
5429:
5420:
5412:
5407:
5381:
5355:. Retrieved
5349:
5325:
5313:
5301:
5289:
5276:
5268:
5255:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5226:
5138:
5129:
5119:may they do
5114:
5104:
5094:
5084:
5074:
5064:
5040:do (plural)
5035:
5025:
4996:
4991:you will do
4986:
4981:we shall do
4976:
4966:
4961:you will do
4956:
4946:
4930:Future tense
4917:
4907:
4897:
4887:
4877:
4867:
4839:they do/did
4834:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4794:
4789:I do or did
4784:
4751:
4736:Conjugations
4729:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4454:
4435:
4420:
4410:
4400:
4390:
4380:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4295:
4293:
4275:
4264:
4258:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4207:
4194:
4174:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4102:Cundinamarca
4093:
3799:ti-tasu/nyé
3517:
3500:
3460:
3396:
3367:
3351:
3314:"lightning"
3287:
3233:
3217:
3201:
3171:
3143:
3106:"dead body"
3091:
3051:
3035:
3005:
2954:
2914:
2847:
2831:quihicha ata
2754:
2729:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2690:
2687:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2561:
2553:– Greetings!
2505:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2428:– "his base"
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:– "to sleep"
2108:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1814:
1808:October 2016
1805:
1794:Please help
1786:
1765:
1644:
1408:
1407:In his book
1406:
1017:
1015:
639:
623:
601:
591:
588:
582:
573:Lugo Grammar
568:
556:
550:
544:
538:
536:
511:
494:
488:
482:
474:
466:
459:
440:
420:
408:
377:between the
364:
344:
310:
305:
301:
296:
295:
293:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
220:
192:
114:
91:18th century
9768:Collections
8969:Pacanchique
8959:Goranchacha
8830:Moon Temple
8793:Chibafruime
8309:Muisca raft
8177:Agriculture
7938:Túpac Amaru
7922:Manco Cápac
7871:Moctezuma I
7782:Agriculture
7777:Agriculture
7772:Agriculture
7763:Agriculture
7706:Road System
7595:Mathematics
7460:Muysc Cubun
7314:San Agustín
7264:Monte Verde
6941:Teotihuacan
6833:Mesoamerica
6728:Coles Creek
6713:Anishinaabe
6670:Archaeology
5849:"Knife" in
5828:"Sword" in
5109:may you do
5079:may you do
5009:Imperatives
4951:I shall do
4829:you do/did
4352:to cha mika
4217:Modern uses
4193:, names of
4157:, "knife";
4153:, "sword";
4104:, of which
4097:Muysc cubun
3665:Santa Marta
3596:Muysc cubun
3516:"potato " (
3459:"potato " (
3366:"potato " (
3350:"potato " (
3345:quyhysaiomy
3216:"potato " (
3090:"potato " (
3034:"potato " (
2913:"potato " (
2400:– "woman".
2318:– "husband"
2184:– "inwards"
2081:– "singing"
1612:Approximant
1276:Approximant
885:Approximant
297:Muysc cubun
235:instead of
51:mʷɨsk kuβun
41:Muysc cubun
9832:Categories
9701:El Carnero
9669:Uricoechea
9644:De Quesada
9424:Juan Tafur
9201:Neighbours
9160:Tisquesusa
9145:Meicuchuca
8825:Sun Temple
8798:Guahaioque
8783:Nencatacoa
8773:Chibchacum
8672:800 - 1200
8645:>800 BC
8564:Tequendama
8525:Prehistory
8455:Suba Hills
8222:Muysccubun
7909:Tisquesusa
7883:Cuauhtémoc
7879:Cuitláhuac
7209:Lauricocha
7179:Gran Chaco
7169:Cupisnique
7154:Chinchorro
7129:Chachapoya
7119:Caral–Supe
6961:Tlaxcaltec
6951:Teuchitlán
6866:Chupícuaro
6793:Plum Bayou
6788:Plaquemine
6758:Marksville
6723:Chichimeca
6348:Muysccubun
6290:2016-07-11
6266:2016-07-11
6232:2016-07-11
6227:Colcultura
6189:2016-07-11
6154:2016-07-11
6120:2016-07-11
6024:2016-07-11
5974:2016-07-11
5851:muysccubun
5830:muysccubun
5813:muysccubun
5811:"Shoe" in
5374:Gómez 2013
5357:2013-05-23
5318:Gómez 2020
5219:References
5099:may we do
4851:pluperfect
4819:we do/did
4815:chibkyskwá
4785:zhybkyskwá
4675:repeated;
4583:zh-ïohozhá
4545:("my dog")
4438:possessive
4346:to cha ata
4201:topography
3713:Costa Rica
3702:Costa Rica
3691:Costa Rica
3676:Darién Gap
3395:"maize " (
3286:"maize " (
3200:"potato" (
3170:"potato" (
3158:"tobacco"
3142:"maize " (
3066:"feather"
3050:"maize " (
2953:"maize " (
2908:bhosioiomy
2862:Muysccubun
2812:hubchihica
2694:-meanness-
2661:Good woman
2518:choâ mzone
2282:– "father"
2137:– "mantle"
2027:– "street"
1796:improve it
1415:Consonants
1054:Labiovelar
1024:Consonants
678:Labiovelar
648:Consonants
464:, Norway.
403:See also:
375:Darién Gap
371:preceramic
311:Important
278:indigenous
9654:Schrimpff
9624:Langebaek
9619:Izquierdo
9564:Broadbent
9554:De Aguado
9155:Nemequene
9119:Southern
9011:Northern
8974:Thomagata
8964:Idacansás
8937:El Dorado
8921:Mythology
8875:Guatavita
8778:Cuchavira
8620:Aguazuque
8397:Altiplano
8349:Zipaquirá
8227:Mythology
8192:Astronomy
7930:Atahualpa
7926:Pachacuti
7901:Nemequene
7767:Chinampas
7589:Astronomy
7578:Astronomy
7558:Mythology
7553:Mythology
7548:Mythology
7543:Mythology
7539:Mythology
7369:Wankarani
7359:Tuncahuán
7249:Marajoara
7204:Las Vegas
7090:Atacameño
6986:Xochipala
6926:Purépecha
6886:Epi-Olmec
6876:Cuicuilco
6818:Troyville
6808:St. Johns
6604:indicate
6425:Talamanca
6143:: 15–50.
6081:256616900
5990:: 65–111.
5968:Amerindia
5278:MultiTree
5069:may I do
5001:they " "
4977:chibkyngá
4947:zhybkyngá
4825:mibkyskwá
4795:umbkyskwá
4768:imperfect
4718:guitysuká
4222:Education
4094:Words of
3850:ochápaká
3724:Nicaragua
3652:Magdalena
3494:uamuyhyca
3250:"lizard"
3245:muyhyzyso
3137:hichuamuy
3029:funzaiomy
2964:chysquyco
2948:chyscamuy
2889:"parrot"
2823:lunisolar
2666:Adjective
2515:- Hello,
2374:– "head"
2364:– as in "
2359:– "house"
2301:– "heart"
2278:eople" –
2223:– "three"
2208:– "wheel"
2174:– as in "
2086:– as in "
2017:– as in "
1520:voiceless
1515:Fricative
1491:Affricate
1435:Retroflex
1155:voiceless
1150:Fricative
1121:Affricate
774:voiceless
769:Fricative
745:Affricate
620:Phonology
615:Phonology
194:Glottolog
178:ISO 639-3
160:ISO 639-2
76:Ethnicity
9817:Category
9614:Humboldt
9584:Duquesne
9536:Scholars
9179:Turmequé
9121:caciques
9083:Sugamuxi
9078:Nompanim
9039:Hunzahúa
9013:caciques
8696:>2002
8641:Ceramic
8461:Wetlands
8442:Tunjuelo
8364:Sesquilé
8331:Zoratama
8304:Emeralds
8277:Specific
8249:Toponyms
8237:Religion
8232:Numerals
8197:Calendar
8026:See also
7944:Conquest
7917:Zoratama
7584:Calendar
7573:Calendar
7568:Calendar
7564:Calendar
7533:Religion
7528:Religion
7517:Religion
7506:Religion
7502:Religion
7491:Numerals
7485:Numerals
7446:Language
7426:Multiple
7364:Valdivia
7349:Tiwanaku
7309:Saladoid
7304:Quimbaya
7194:Kuhikugu
7174:Diaguita
7164:Chorrera
6981:Veraguas
6976:Veracruz
6956:Tlatilco
6768:Mogollon
6675:Cultures
6653:Americas
6585:Dorasque
6553:Kankuamo
6469:Corobicí
6256:(1922).
6018:Archived
5213:calendar
5163:See also
5059:English
5020:English
4987:mibkyngá
4957:umbkyngá
4941:English
4862:English
4835:abkyskwá
4805:abkyskwá
4779:English
4746:English
4635:zhy-waïá
4598:becomes
4588:zhohozhá
4553:becomes
4449:English
4375:English
4278:May 2024
4236:Jizcamox
4228:Colombia
4196:caciques
4165:Toponyms
4159:cuchillo
4071:pek-pen
3853:nkiikna
3793:úbistia
3729:English
3532:"broth"
3499:"fish";
3454:tybaiomy
3338:"arrow"
3309:pquihiza
3281:phochuba
3232:"flea" (
3085:gazaiomy
3078:"small"
3045:fusuamuy
3022:"bread"
2877:"maize"
2865:English
2850:potatoes
2837:guehyzca
2794:cuhupqua
2688:a-taba-n
2437:becomes
2424:becomes
2411:becomes
2344:– "hand"
2314:orry" –
2180:ello" –
2169:– "fire"
2165:ado"; –
2102:– "with"
2072:– "face"
2023:ction";
1430:Alveolar
1425:Bilabial
1039:Alveolar
1034:Bilabial
663:Alveolar
658:Bilabial
517:and the
313:scholars
289:Colombia
241:Help:IPA
201:chib1270
147:numerals
126:Dialects
107:Chibchan
60:Colombia
9711:Epítome
9691:Elegías
9629:De Lugo
9579:Correal
9289:Yarigui
9261:Guayupe
9251:Achagua
9223:Sutagao
9175:cacique
9105:Tundama
9093:cacique
8880:Iguaque
8863:Fúquene
8855:Natural
8788:Chaquén
8768:Huitaca
8763:Bochica
8735:Deities
8655:Herrera
8614:Sáchica
8607:Nemocón
8600:Galindo
8547:El Abra
8516:History
8432:Teusacá
8354:Nemocón
8254:Warfare
8243:Society
8207:Economy
8202:Cuisine
8170:General
7913:Tundama
7842:Peoples
7827:History
7822:History
7817:History
7813:History
7807:Cuisine
7802:Cuisine
7797:Cuisine
7792:Cuisine
7788:Cuisine
7646:Warfare
7641:Warfare
7636:Warfare
7632:Warfare
7626:Society
7621:Economy
7610:Society
7605:Society
7601:Society
7471:Writing
7465:Quechua
7450:Nahuatl
7417:Capital
7354:Toyopán
7334:Tairona
7244:Mapuche
7159:Chiripa
7134:Chancay
7105:Cañaris
7080:Amotape
7075:El Abra
6991:Zapotec
6971:Totonac
6946:Tepanec
6931:Quelepa
6901:Mezcala
6891:Huastec
6861:Cholula
6851:Capacha
6846:Acolhua
6803:Sinagua
6778:Patayan
6748:Hohokam
6738:Fremont
6602:Italics
6548:Chimila
6543:Arhuaco
6509:Chibcha
6438:Cabécar
6415:Ngäbere
6410:Buglere
6010:(video)
5699:bcasqua
5678:pquyquy
5273:Chibcha
5199:Quechua
5095:chikyia
5065:chakyia
4997:abkyngá
4967:abkyngá
4847:Perfect
4726:bkyskwá
4714:bkyskwá
4678:zhy-hué
4641:um-waïá
4571:zhypaba
4566:zh-paba
4339:fuhuchá
4325:Subject
4304:Chibcha
4271:discuss
4138:tatacoa
3967:to die
3956:purkwe
3940:bcasqua
3905:pquyquy
3860:people
3770:tlijii
3752:chibai
3663:S.N. de
3643:Chimila
3556:"frog"
3511:xieiomy
3435:"soup"
3411:"owl "
3390:sasamuy
3383:"nose"
3361:quyiomy
3333:quyecho
3262:"salt"
3227:muyhyza
3211:iomzaga
3113:guexica
3101:guahaia
2941:"good"
2924:chihiza
2776:muyhyca
2737:Numbers
2640:fuhucha
2537:– Fine!
2482:Grammar
2394:fuhuchá
2355:ow!" –
2340:ext" –
2293:nte" –
2265:– "and"
2252:ice" –
2237:mpkwaká
2204:old" –
2100:bohozhá
2057:– "dog"
2038:nca" –
1836:Letter
1833:Phoneme
1800:sources
1670:Central
1457:Plosive
1450:Glottal
1440:Palatal
1321:Central
1252:Vibrant
1066:Plosive
1059:Glottal
1044:Palatal
930:Central
861:Vibrant
690:Plosive
683:Glottal
668:Palatal
609:Santafé
453:to the
441:Modern
369:called
353:History
250:Chibcha
237:Unicode
115:Chibcha
87:Extinct
29:Chibcha
9715:(1889)
9705:(1638)
9695:(1589)
9664:Triana
9634:Ocampo
9609:Hammen
9599:Gamboa
9594:Friede
9589:Freyle
9559:Arango
9544:Acosta
9279:Panche
9165:Sagipa
9137:Bacatá
9070:Suamox
9044:Michuá
8901:Ubaque
8890:Suesca
8885:Siecha
8869:Guasca
8748:Bachué
8594:Checua
8574:Lithic
8552:Tibitó
8427:Soacha
8294:Chicha
8160:Topics
8147:Muisca
7856:Muisca
7851:Mayans
7846:Aztecs
7480:Script
7475:Script
7435:Bacatá
7406:Muisca
7289:Pucará
7284:Piaroa
7279:Paiján
7274:Omagua
7229:Lupaca
7224:Lokono
7189:Kalina
7184:Huetar
7144:Chavín
7139:Chango
7114:Nariño
7110:Capulí
7100:Calima
7095:Aymara
7085:Arawak
6966:Toltec
6916:Olmecs
6911:Nicoya
6906:Mixtec
6881:Diquis
6783:Picosa
6773:Oshara
6743:Glades
6733:Dorset
6579:Borũca
6475:Maléku
6450:Teribe
6444:Huetar
6433:Bribri
6355:Muisca
6248:].
6181:]
6111:
6079:
6008:]
5792:zihita
5618:muysca
5105:mikyia
5075:makyia
4898:chibky
4868:zhybky
4756:to do
4691:&
4689:zhuhué
4684:um-hué
4681:&
4648:&
4646:zhwaïá
4638:&
4612:umïoky
4607:m-ïoky
4199:, the
4155:espada
4151:çapato
4134:guadua
4118:curuba
4110:Boyacá
4106:Bogotá
4085:Legacy
4049:zihita
4033:morén
4004:house
3931:heart
3896:maize
3856:person
3845:ngäbe
3826:muysca
3812:dooka
3806:kwati
3796:intok
3773:tukan
3767:tebej
3708:Maléku
3697:Boruca
3687:Panama
3682:Guaymí
3626:Arauca
3618:Boyacá
3607:Boyacá
3575:zysquy
3568:"pot"
3551:zihita
3302:"arm"
3297:pquaca
2993:"fox"
2800:suhuza
2702:ma-gue
2635:person
2632:muysca
2584:person
2581:muysca
2576:fulano
2573:fulano
2534:chogue
2386:Bacatá
2380:Bacata
2372:zhysky
2316:sahawá
2219:an" –
2098:a"; –
1655:Vowels
1648:cusmuy
1554:voiced
1306:Vowels
1194:voiced
915:Vowels
803:voiced
479:RM 158
413:, and
302:muysca
270:Muisca
262:Muysca
258:Muisca
80:Muisca
66:Region
9733:ICANH
9674:Zerda
9659:Simón
9604:Groot
9574:Celis
9377:Minor
9336:Major
9256:Tegua
9233:Lache
9228:Guane
9065:iraca
9030:Hunza
9024:zaque
8929:Myths
8817:Built
8558:Sueva
8437:Torca
8417:Fucha
8359:Tausa
8325:Tunjo
8314:Ruana
8259:Women
8217:Music
7861:Incas
7752:Music
7747:Music
7742:Music
7738:Music
7671:Women
7666:Women
7661:Women
7657:Women
7615:Trade
7496:Quipu
7440:Cusco
7431:Hunza
7396:Aztec
7329:Taíno
7324:Sican
7319:Shuar
7269:Nazca
7259:Mollo
7254:Moche
7234:Luzia
7149:Chimú
6921:Pipil
6896:Izapa
6871:Coclé
6813:Thule
6703:Adena
6572:Other
6460:Votic
6244:[
6208:[
6183:(PDF)
6177:[
6077:S2CID
6004:[
5964:(PDF)
5056:Myska
5036:kyuua
5017:Myska
4938:Myska
4908:mibky
4878:umbky
4859:Myska
4776:Myska
4743:Myska
4730:-suká
4710:-suká
4706:-skwá
4700:Verbs
4693:muhué
4650:mwaïá
4473:your
4446:Myska
4381:hycha
4372:Myska
4296:Myska
4260:split
4177:Andes
4126:toche
4114:Tunja
4076:frog
4040:good
3987:háta
3835:dary
3809:éˇxi
3790:atia
3776:Moon
3758:saka
3733:Notes
3658:Kogui
3648:Cesar
3430:suque
3418:soche
3406:simte
3257:nygua
3195:iomza
3183:iomgy
3153:hosca
3073:gaxie
3000:foaba
2854:maize
2818:gueta
2782:hyzca
2726:Verbs
2643:woman
2558:Nouns
2470:a-yta
2462:a-uba
2450:a-ita
2398:fuchá
2230:myska
2144:fyzha
2126:chuta
2053:x" –
1921:/g~ɣ/
1913:/b~β/
1766:Myska
1682:Close
1665:Front
1583:Nasal
1445:Velar
1333:Close
1316:Front
1223:Nasal
1049:Velar
942:Close
925:Front
832:Nasal
673:Velar
523:Mutis
411:Quito
306:cubun
254:Mosca
145:only
9758:UPTC
9284:Muzo
9218:U'wa
9132:zipa
8895:Tota
8753:Chía
8412:Frío
8319:Tejo
8299:Duit
7651:Army
7433:and
7411:Inca
7401:Maya
7379:Zenú
7374:Wari
7219:Lima
6591:Pech
6563:Wiwa
6558:Kogi
6522:Kuna
6516:Duit
6503:Barí
6486:Voto
6480:Rama
6109:ISBN
5540:chie
5115:kyia
5085:kyia
4918:abky
4888:abky
4849:and
4752:kyka
4708:and
4665:and
4662:zhy-
4622:and
4619:zhy-
4556:zhy-
4538:i-to
4493:our
4489:chi-
4455:zhy-
4436:The
4411:chié
4294:The
4232:Cota
4187:Chía
4143:coca
4060:yén
4024:mex
3951:yút
3876:eba
3838:tsá
3817:one
3749:siʔ
3746:tia
3741:chie
3719:Rama
3671:Kuna
3632:Barí
3602:Duit
3563:zoia
3482:usua
3470:xiua
3442:tyba
3378:saca
3321:quye
3269:nyia
3165:iome
3125:guia
3061:gaca
2976:coca
2770:mica
2764:boza
2730:See
2651:good
2625:(1b)
2600:good
2592:male
2566:(1a)
2512:choâ
2474:ayta
2468:and
2466:aoba
2458:aeta
2297:pyky
2280:paba
2254:nyky
2221:mika
2206:kony
2182:huïá
2167:gata
2109:kyby
2068:" –
2025:izhe
1961:/tʂ/
1733:Open
1675:Back
1384:Open
1326:Back
993:Open
935:Back
327:and
130:Duit
9177:of
9135:of
9095:of
9068:of
9027:of
8758:Sué
8187:Art
7732:Art
7727:Art
7722:Art
7717:Art
7713:Art
6527:Uwa
6145:doi
6069:doi
5762:cho
5648:aba
5588:ata
5281:on
5275:at
5026:kyû
4766:or
4668:um-
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