33:
511:
had the effect of decreasing the labour used in agriculture, forcing the colony to import wheat from Chile sustaining
Chilean wheat exports whilst the Californian market vanished. After the gold rushes of California and Australia were over, those regions began exporting wheat competing with Chilean
395:
in addition to the permanent staff. Another response by the latifundia to labour shortages was to act as merchants, buying wheat produced by independent farmers or from farmers that hired land. In the period 1700 to 1850, this second option was overall more lucrative.
178:
194:
366:. Chilean soil and climatic conditions were better for cereal production than those of Peru and Chilean wheat was cheaper and of better quality than Peruvian wheat. According to historians
399:
The independence wars in Chile (1810–1818) and Peru (1809–1824) had a negative impact on the
Chilean wheat industry. Trade was disrupted and armies in Chile pillaged the countryside. The
382:
were the districts that came to be involved in cereal export to Peru. Compared with the 19th century, the area cultivated with wheat was very small and production modest.
512:
wheat, causing from the mid-1860s onwards wheat exports to be shifted to
England. The "cycle" came to an end in the late 1870s due to the increased technification of
110:
507:
The wheat boom did not last for long; by 1855, California managed to supply itself with wheat and from 1858 onwards it went over to export wheat to Chile. The
284:
47:
692:
312:) refers to two episodes of booming wheat exports and related changes in society and agriculture. The first cycle occurred from 1687 to the
504:
and some machines introduced into
Chilean agriculture. Apart from that, new markets were explored for Chilean agricultural products.
140:
128:
754:
277:
497:, which created a large demand for wheat. Chile was at the time the only significant source of wheat on the Pacific rim.
270:
204:
67:
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markets made wheat export a very lucrative activity. In the mid-19th century, those countries experienced large
145:
256:
528:
that
Chilean economy was passing through in the 1870s. Exports to England continued at least until 1890.
251:
581:
411:) occur until the late 1820s. Trade with Peru did not fully recover after the independence struggles.
150:
671:
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19:
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32:
508:
371:
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379:
8:
199:
100:
408:
135:
115:
708:
Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economĂa: mercados empresarios y trabajadores.
642:
612:
554:
404:
367:
375:
245:
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could not meet the wheat demand due to a labour shortage, so had to incorporate
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phase was particularly destructive and ended only to see a period of outlaw
320:. The importance of wheat had led the 18th century in Chile to be labelled
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52:
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At the same time as the wheat cycle, new irrigation canals were built and
370:, the 1687 events were only the detonant factor for exports to start. The
719:
513:
387:
233:
501:
486:
155:
62:
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490:
360:
363:
57:
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The second cycle started in the mid-19th century, fueled by the
645:; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando and Estelle, Patricio. 1974.
615:; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando and Estelle, Patricio. 1974.
557:; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando and Estelle, Patricio. 1974.
521:
517:
298:
184:
24:
352:
317:
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in the United States and
Argentina and the competition of
420:
Chilean wheat exports to
California from 1848 to 1854 (in
524:. The end of the wheat cycle added to the already
355:dating back to 1687 when Peru was struck by both
746:
547:
545:
543:
541:
603:
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278:
635:
633:
631:
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351:Chile has a history of exporting cereals to
577:Collier, Simon and Sater William F. 2004.
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573:
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685:
683:
681:
478:
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467:
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747:
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693:EconomĂa chilena durante el siglo XIX
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188:(Production Development Corporation)
485:In the 19th century, access to the
13:
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339:and ended definitively during the
316:and was caused by heavy demand in
14:
776:
179:Copper mining during World War II
736:Labradores, Peones y Proletarios
598:Labradores, Peones y Proletarios
31:
755:History of agriculture in Chile
695:. Cristián Sepúlveda Irribarra.
414:
725:
587:
346:
1:
579:A History of Chile: 1808-2002
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509:Australian gold rush of 1851
7:
10:
781:
582:Cambridge University Press
472:
461:
450:
439:
434:
431:
428:
151:Tierra del Fuego gold rush
141:"Oreros" and "Papeleros"
672:La Hacienda (1830-1930)
651:Editorial Universitaria
621:Editorial Universitaria
563:Editorial Universitaria
372:Chilean Central Valley
337:Australian gold rushes
205:Copper nationalization
195:UN Economic Commission
222:Return of liberalism
653:, Chile. p 481-485.
623:, Chile. p 406-413.
565:, Chile. p 155–160.
526:difficult situation
425:
675:. Memoria Chilena.
643:Villalobos, Sergio
613:Villalobos, Sergio
555:Villalobos, Sergio
419:
409:Pincheira brothers
385:Initially Chilean
257:2004 energy crisis
146:Sheep-farming boom
129:Saltpetre Republic
647:Historia De Chile
617:Historia De Chile
559:Historia De Chile
483:
482:
393:temporary workers
368:Villalobos et al.
322:the wheat century
314:independence wars
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111:Early coal mining
96:Independence debt
772:
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729:
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246:Miracle of Chile
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161:Great Depression
73:Century of wheat
35:
20:Economic history
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15:
780:
779:
775:
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771:
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765:Commodity booms
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732:Gabriel Salazar
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716:Gabriel Salazar
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594:Gabriel Salazar
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401:Guerra a muerte
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341:Long depression
326:siglo del trigo
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173:Internal growth
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116:Long Depression
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78:Bourbon reforms
48:Colonial mining
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21:
12:
11:
5:
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343:in the 1870s.
310:ciclo triguero
302:historiography
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90:Early republic
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68:Alerce logging
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3:
2:
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712:LOM Ediciones
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357:an earthquake
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210:Vuskovic plan
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136:Saltpetre War
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26:
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18:
17:
735:
727:
707:
705:(in Spanish)
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690:(in Spanish)
670:
668:(in Spanish)
646:
640:(in Spanish)
616:
610:(in Spanish)
605:
597:
589:
578:
558:
552:(in Spanish)
506:
499:
484:
415:Second cycle
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386:
384:
350:
330:
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321:
309:
305:
296:
252:Asian crisis
232:
228:Chicago Boys
105:
72:
53:Real Situado
42:Colonial era
722:. p. 25–29.
720:Julio Pinto
600:. pp. 40–41
514:agriculture
495:gold rushes
487:Californian
347:First cycle
306:wheat cycle
240:1982 crisis
234:El ladrillo
200:Land reform
106:Wheat cycle
101:Silver rush
749:Categories
532:References
502:apiculture
491:Australian
388:latifundia
380:ConcepciĂłn
333:California
324:(Spanish:
308:(Spanish:
156:Meat riots
63:Encomienda
376:La Serena
361:stem rust
738:. p. 105
734:. 2000.
596:. 2000.
584:. p. 10.
468:221,000
465:277,000
405:banditry
364:epidemic
58:Hacienda
479:50,000
476:63,000
457:69,000
454:87,000
432:Grains
299:Chilean
710:2002.
522:Canada
518:Russia
435:Flour
407:(e.g.
359:and a
304:, the
760:Wheat
473:1854
462:1850
451:1849
443:3000
440:1848
429:Year
185:CORFO
25:Chile
718:and
520:and
489:and
446:n/a
378:and
353:Peru
335:and
318:Peru
422:qqm
328:).
297:In
751::
714:.
680:^
658:^
649:.
628:^
619:.
570:^
561:.
540:^
424:)
374:,
22:of
286:e
279:t
272:v
248:"
244:"
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