44:
108:
63:
85:
1060:, a protein-rich meat substitute eaten in Sudan, is produced by crushing the leaves of the plant into a paste which is then traditionally fermented in an earthenware jar, buried in a cool place. The jar is dug up every three days and the contents mixed. After two weeks, the paste is removed and rolled into balls which are left to dry in the sun. They are usually cooked in stews with onions and
791:. However, the earliest records in North America date to the early to mid 1800s. In its natural environment, it grows on the shores of lakes and rivers, but is also a weed of pastures and roadsides at altitudes up to 1,100 m (3,600 ft).
767:
naturally occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of the
Americas, but has been introduced to Africa, parts of Europe, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, parts of Southeast Asia, New Guinea and parts of Australia. Its nativity in the
607:
It is also known locally by common names such as "coffee weed" (coffeeweed) or "java bean" (in
Australia) or "coffee pod" (in the American South or West), although the terms "coffee weed" or "coffee pod" are ambiguous as they also apply to
2343:
1180:"An Extract of Transgenic Senna obtusifolia L. hairy roots with Overexpression of PgSS1 Gene in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agent Induces Apoptosis in the Leukemia Cell Line"
293:
1079:
954:
is drunk instead of regular tea as a preventative for hypertension. It is also purported to have the ability to clear the eye. In Korea also, medicinal
2990:
2623:
319:
862:
are known to feed on the seeds. Mammalian herbivory is rare due to the foliage's foul taste and toxicity, which is known to poison livestock.
2805:
2714:
3083:
2146:
2779:
1178:
Kowalczyk, Tomasz; Sitarek, Przemysław; Toma, Monika; Picot, Laurent; Wielanek, Marzena; Skała, Ewa; Śliwiński, Tomasz (2020-03-27).
2951:
2561:
1464:
570:
3016:
2964:
2649:
2574:
2309:
2300:
502:
effect, as well as to be beneficial for the eyes. As a folk remedy, the seeds are often roasted, then boiled in water to produce
2680:
2450:
1793:
802:
is non-nodulating and does not have a symbiotic association with soil bacteria, unlike other members of the family
Fabaceae.
2654:
806:
is usually self pollinated as many flowers being fertilized before opening, though the flowers are heavily visited by bees.
3128:
3021:
3088:
2147:
Tōhō University, Yakugakubu fuzoku yakuyō shokubutsuen (medicinal herbarium attached to pharmacology dept.) (May 2019).
1823:
3103:
3098:
1322:"The American Cassiinae : a synoptical revision of Leguminosae tribe Cassieae subtribe Casiinae in the New World"
3123:
2131:
2056:
2022:
1988:
1654:
1622:
1592:
1562:
1506:
1455:
1423:
1391:
1360:
2719:
2977:
2610:
92:
2455:
1152:
645:
2797:
510:, a food additive usually used as a thickener and named for the Chinese Senna's former placement in the genus
3034:
2701:
2305:
895:
637:
466:
17:
1321:
3108:
2943:
2530:
885:
456:
2465:
3003:
2912:
2636:
2437:
2398:
921:
2579:
2291:
1496:
3029:
2792:
2335:
773:
2969:
974:) is used similarly, and though distinguished in the Chinese market as the "little/lesser" variety or
3113:
2675:
1918:
1383:
CRC World
Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms. Synonyms, and Etymology
1291:
2329:
2124:
New edition of Makino's great encyclopedia of
Japanese and Chinese medicinal herbs in original color
1677:
2543:
2179:
Doughari, J.H.; El-Mahmood, A.M.; Tyoyina, S.P. (2008). "Antmicrobial activity of leaf extracts of
1691:
1267:
2693:
2148:
2046:
107:
2784:
2114:
859:
528:
such as hairy roots may be a source of valuable secondary metabolites with medical applications.
2843:
612:. It may be called by the Hindi name "chakunda" in India, but this is also one of the names for
3093:
2995:
2938:
2628:
2525:
2360:
2202:
Dirar, Hamid (1 July 1984). "Kawal, meat substitute from fermented Cassia obtusifolia leaves".
1439:
1381:
555:
259:
2667:
1978:
1639:
1612:
1552:
1413:
2833:
1664:
950:
is used widely in Asia, including
Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, and its herbal
811:
784:
780:
729:
575:
234:
2758:
2602:
2486:
2005:
1579:
2853:
486:
The green leaves of the plant are fermented to produce a high-protein food product called
8:
1763:
1111:
713:
551:
255:
52:
43:
2517:
2409:
2048:
Ancient Wisdom, Modern
Kitchen: Recipes from the East for Health, Healing, and Long Life
1853:
814:
on the upper surface of the rachis that usually attract ants, but occasionally attracts
3055:
2861:
2538:
2227:
2219:
1501:. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. p. 800.
1214:
1179:
1021:
267:
102:
1237:
2925:
2810:
2771:
2753:
2473:
2256:
2127:
2052:
2018:
1984:
1650:
1618:
1608:
1588:
1558:
1502:
1419:
1387:
1356:
1219:
1201:
960:
855:
850:
740:
674:
663:
546:
2231:
3060:
2866:
2478:
2211:
2095:
1896:
1743:
1209:
1191:
875:
623:
201:
2930:
2917:
2442:
2904:
2893:
2740:
2429:
810:
has one (in
Caribbean and North American forms) to two (in South American forms)
691:
681:
413:
145:
2706:
1883:
Retzinger Jr., E. James (September 1984). "Growth and
Development of Sicklepod (
3118:
2766:
2419:
2383:
2349:
871:
844:
838:
788:
512:
132:
1900:
723:
3077:
2662:
2260:
2247:
1726:
Sosnoskie, Lynn M.; Steckel, Sandy; Steckel, Lawrence E. (6 September 2021).
1205:
1120:
1073:
1042:
951:
776:
769:
560:
537:
503:
495:
417:
409:
394:
251:
211:
72:
67:
3047:
3008:
2823:
2732:
2641:
1525:
1444:. Library of Congress, Cataloging Distribution Service. 2009. p. 1449.
1223:
1085:
1057:
487:
2745:
2688:
2587:
2392:
1196:
832:
827:
592:, rarely "Chinese senna" or even "American sicklepod", it is also called
2553:
2276:
International Legume
Database & Information Service (ILDIS) (2005):
1748:
1727:
1587:. Vol. 5. Taipei: Guo li Zhongguo yi yao yan jiu suo. p. 800.
516:. Roasted and ground, the seeds have also been used as a substitute for
2956:
2566:
2223:
2215:
1557:. Joab L. Thomas (foreword). University of Alabama Press. p. 102.
507:
438:
2099:
2592:
2512:
2499:
1554:
Poisonous Plants and Venomous Animals of Alabama and Adjoining States
399:
2354:
1015:, as the name suggests, was originally brewed from the seeds of the
904:). The medicinal seeds are also known by the equivalent Korean name
3042:
2887:
2818:
2377:
2080:
1947:
499:
494:
as a meat substitute. Its leaves, seeds, and root are also used in
191:
158:
2615:
2504:
1468:
939:
449:
In the traditional medicine of Eastern Asia, the seeds are called
2982:
2727:
436:
in many places. It has a long-standing history of confusion with
429:
181:
1498:
Weeds of California and Other Western States: Aizoaceae-Fabaceae
1415:
American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook
2491:
627:
517:
425:
329:
171:
1355:(3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 263.
588:
is known by a number of common names. Apart from "sicklepod",
1544:
819:
815:
747:
701:
491:
443:
390:
361:
343:
119:
1551:
Gibbons, Whit; Haynes, Robert R.; Geller, Robert J. (1990).
2086:[Observations III on herbal medicine in Thailand].
1061:
823:
772:
disputed, but it is usually considered to be native to the
433:
421:
304:
1614:
Ethnobotany of Pohnpei: Plants, People, and Island Culture
2178:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1177:
2277:
717:
446:
in many sources actually refers to the present species.
1725:
1407:
1405:
1403:
2031:
1970:
1732:(L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby] "Getting sleepy?""
1640:"Kika & gairai shokubutsu miwake manyuaru 950shu"
667:
2287:. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
631:
536:
This species was first formally described in 1753 by
2126:] (in Japanese). Hokuryukan. pp. 204, 205.
1400:
779:, while others also consider it to be native to the
685:
2185:
African Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacology
1550:
1520:
1518:
1033:as substitute, since it is a higher-yielding crop.
751:
1353:Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings
498:, primarily in Asia. It is believed to possess a
3075:
1515:
733:
1411:
865:
506:. The plant's seeds are a commercial source of
432:, and is considered a particularly problematic
2106:
1008:
930:
2116:Shintei genshoku makino wakan yakusō daizukan
2045:Wang, Yuan; Sheir, Warren; Ono, Mika (2010).
1977:Chang, Zhangfu; Liu, Li; Bare, James (2015).
1882:
1320:Irwin, Howard S.; Barneby, Rupert C. (1982).
978:
899:
889:
470:
460:
2044:
2017:] (in Korean). Kugil Media. p. 88.
1976:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1319:
915:
909:
705:
695:
2245:"Plants that provide a protein-rich diet".
2088:Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1997:
1617:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 394.
1490:
1488:
1350:
1109:
759:
1386:. Vol. 4. 1999. pp. 2460, 2461.
1351:Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019).
83:
61:
42:
2112:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
1876:
1834:. The Institute for Regional Conservation
1747:
1714:
1369:
1213:
1195:
1684:
1494:
1485:
1465:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
1412:Gardner, Zoë; McGuffin, Michael (2013).
1326:Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden
1272:. Vol. 1. Berlin: Junk. p. 377
1265:
826:. It serves as a host plant for several
571:Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden
2310:United States Department of Agriculture
2301:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1832:Floristic Inventory of the Florida Keys
14:
3076:
2140:
2078:
2065:
1607:
1601:
1448:
1418:(2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 804.
1315:
1313:
1147:
1145:
1143:
531:
2359:
2358:
2201:
2195:
2113:Okada, Minoru; Wada, Hiroshi (2002).
1912:
1910:
558:transferred the species to the genus
2350:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
1958:. National Museum of Natural History
1637:
1631:
1454:
1441:Library of Congress Subject Headings
1344:
1230:
619:Names in its native range are also:
3084:IUCN Red List least concern species
2003:
1577:
1571:
1432:
1310:
1284:
1140:
1121:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1103:
1036:
24:
2332:from ENaturalHealthCenter.com site
2081:"Tai koku shōyaku no kōsatsu III"
1907:
1052:
377:, known by common names including
25:
3140:
2323:
1916:
1864:. Institute for Systematic Botany
1259:
490:which is eaten by many people in
2798:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:234560-2
1774:. U.S. Department of Agriculture
1530:CABI—Invasive Species Compendium
987:) officially acknowledges both
106:
3035:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:48844-2
2270:
2238:
2172:
2015:Korea's wild plants as medicine
1940:
1846:
1816:
1786:
1756:
1526:"Senna obtusifolia (sicklepod)"
2051:. Hachette Books. p. 23.
2007:Yag-idoeneunhangug-uisan-yacho
1983:. PMPH-USA. pp. 123–124.
1171:
983:) the Japanese government's (
916:
910:
880:
706:
696:
652:), though this could apply to
649:
641:
451:
13:
1:
2306:Agricultural Research Service
1828:(L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby"
1298:. Australian Plant Name Index
1097:
1045:activity of leaf extracts of
398:, sometimes separated in the
2338:from Missouriplants.com site
2156:Yakuyō shokubutsuen mihon-en
1700:Go Botany Native Plant Trust
1581:Chángyòng zhōngyào zhī yàolǐ
1495:DiTomaso, Joseph M. (2007).
1159:. Plants of the World Online
958:is usually prepared as tea (
866:Traditional Eastern medicine
830:and other insects including
7:
3129:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2255:(1468): 30. 8 August 1985.
1804:. Missouri Botanical Garden
1246:Australian Plant Name Index
1093:lit. ‘riverside sicklepod’)
1067:
924:, and by the Japanese name
922:traditional Korean medicine
752:
718:
686:
668:
632:
10:
3145:
3089:NatureServe secure species
794:
3104:Flora of Southern America
3099:Flora of Northern America
2877:
2367:
1901:10.1017/S0043174500059658
1802:Missouri Botanical Garden
1768:(L.) Irwin & Barneby"
1025:, but currently marketed
1009:
979:
931:
900:
890:
471:
461:
273:
266:
240:
233:
103:Scientific classification
101:
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
3124:Plants described in 1753
2158:
2150:
2118:
2082:
2009:
1696:— sickle-pod wild senna"
1649:(1). Shuwa System: 224.
1642:帰化&外来植物見分け方ﾏﾆｭｱﾙ950種
1641:
1583:
860:greater prairie chickens
760:Distribution and habitat
678:grass": エビスグサ; 胡草; 恵比須草)
582:) means "blunt-leaved".
1266:Linnaeus, Carl (1753).
1128:: e.T19375580A122395452
2083:<報告>タイ国生薬の考察 III
2079:Kijima, Masao (1969).
1980:Chinese Materia Medica
1672:Cite journal requires
1638:Mori, Akihiko (2020).
1578:Yan, Kun-ying (1970).
1002:The Japanese beverage
874:name for the seeds in
734:
556:Rupert Charles Barneby
2004:Kim, Taejung (1996).
964:, "sickle pod tea").
845:Phoebis sennae cubule
812:extrafloral nectaries
540:who gave it the name
1927:Illinois Wildflowers
1772:USDA PLANTS Database
1702:. Native Plant Trust
1197:10.3390/biom10040510
1110:Bachman, S. (2018).
389:, is a plant in the
300:Emelista obtusifolia
3109:Dietary supplements
1862:Florida Plant Atlas
1749:10.1017/wet.2021.70
1080:Chamaecrista nomame
1049:have been studied.
995:to be commerced as
646:traditional Chinese
552:Howard Samuel Irwin
532:Taxonomy and naming
408:. It grows wild in
226:S. obtusifolia
53:Conservation status
2879:Cassia obtusifolia
2345:Cassia obtusifolia
2216:10.1007/bf02859013
1885:Cassia obtusifolia
1609:Balick, Michael J.
1532:. 21 November 2019
656:or loosely to the
638:simplified Chinese
542:Cassia obtusifolia
383:American sicklepod
277:Cassia obtusifolia
3071:
3070:
2754:Open Tree of Life
2544:Senna obtusifolia
2456:Senna_obtusifolia
2399:Senna obtusifolia
2369:Senna obtusifolia
2361:Taxon identifiers
2294:Senna obtusifolia
2181:Senna obtusifolia
1950:Calycomyza malvae
1921:Senna obtusifolia
1856:Senna obtusifolia
1826:Senna obtusifolia
1796:Senna obtusifolia
1766:Senna obtusifolia
1730:Senna obtusifolia
1694:Senna obtusifolia
1294:Senna obtusifolia
1269:Species Plantarum
1240:Senna obtusifolia
1155:Senna obtusifolia
1114:Senna obtusifolia
1047:Senna obtusifolia
961:gyeolmyeongja-cha
856:Northern bobwhite
851:Calycomyza malvae
808:Senna obtusifolia
804:Senna obtusifolia
800:Senna obtusifolia
765:Senna obtusifolia
741:Senna macranthera
547:Species Plantarum
374:Senna obtusifolia
370:
369:
364:
354:
346:
332:
322:
307:
296:
281:
244:Senna obtusifolia
96:
76:
36:Senna obtusifolia
27:Species of legume
16:(Redirected from
3136:
3114:Medicinal plants
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3063:
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3024:
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3011:
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2908:
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2814:
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2801:
2800:
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2775:
2774:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2707:NBNSYS0200003136
2697:
2696:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2657:
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2644:
2632:
2631:
2619:
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2605:
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2521:
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2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
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2469:
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2459:
2458:
2446:
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2423:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2356:
2355:
2330:Cassia Seed page
2319:
2317:
2316:
2265:
2264:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
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1944:
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1905:
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1880:
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1844:
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1809:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1742:(6): 1052–1058.
1728:"Sicklepod [
1723:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1635:
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1605:
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1569:
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1541:
1539:
1537:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1467:. Archived from
1462:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1199:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1107:
1037:Western medicine
1014:
1012:
1011:
985:Nihon yakkyokuhō
982:
981:
936:
934:
933:
919:
918:
913:
912:
903:
902:
893:
892:
882:
755:
737:
721:
709:
708:
699:
698:
689:
671:
660:genus generally.
651:
643:
635:
590:sickle-pod senna
576:specific epithet
474:
473:
464:
463:
453:
360:
352:
342:
328:
317:
302:
291:
279:
246:
202:Caesalpinioideae
111:
110:
90:
87:
86:
70:
65:
64:
46:
32:
31:
21:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2873:
2865:
2860:
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2822:
2817:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2741:Observation.org
2739:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2679:
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1889:Weed Technology
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1039:
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1006:
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762:
753:chirauta chokad
738:(also used for
719:thảo quyết minh
534:
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350:Cassia toroides
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2210:(3): 342–349.
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989:S. obtusifolia
872:materia medica
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2161:(in Japanese)
2157:
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2149:"Ebsisugusa"
2143:
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2133:9784832608108
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2119:新訂原色牧野和漢薬草大圖鑑
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1474:on 2015-06-26
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1074:Sicklepod tea
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1043:antimicrobial
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956:gyeolmyeongja
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952:sicklepod tea
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538:Carl Linnaeus
529:
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504:sicklepod tea
501:
497:
496:folk medicine
493:
489:
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483:in Japanese.
482:
478:
477:gyeolmyeongja
468:
458:
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418:South America
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68:Least Concern
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
18:Chinese Senna
2878:
2368:
2344:
2313:. Retrieved
2299:
2293:
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2271:Bibliography
2252:
2246:
2240:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2163:. Retrieved
2155:
2142:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2094:(1): 78–79.
2091:
2087:
2047:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1979:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1955:
1949:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1920:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1861:
1855:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1831:
1825:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1801:
1795:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1765:
1758:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1704:. Retrieved
1699:
1693:
1686:
1665:cite journal
1646:
1633:
1613:
1603:
1580:
1573:
1553:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1529:
1497:
1476:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1456:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1414:
1382:
1352:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1332:(1): 252–255
1329:
1325:
1300:. Retrieved
1293:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1268:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:
1239:
1232:
1187:
1184:Biomolecules
1183:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1154:
1130:. Retrieved
1125:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1090:
1086:Chamaecrista
1084:
1078:
1056:
1046:
1040:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
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996:
992:
988:
984:
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959:
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947:
945:
938:
926:ketsumei-shi
925:
905:
879:
869:
849:
843:
837:
831:
807:
803:
799:
798:
774:Southeastern
764:
763:
744:and others)
739:
673:
657:
653:
618:
613:
609:
606:
601:
597:
594:arsenic weed
593:
589:
585:
584:
579:
569:
565:
559:
545:
541:
535:
525:
524:cultures of
521:
511:
485:
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476:
455:in Chinese (
450:
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393:
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243:
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212:
165:
152:
139:
126:
35:
29:
2689:NatureServe
2588:iNaturalist
2393:Wikispecies
1919:"Sicklepod
1536:20 December
1132:14 November
997:ketsumeishi
972:Cassia tora
948:jue ming zi
896:traditional
881:jué míng zǐ
833:Eurema lisa
828:Lepidoptera
704::
694::
580:obtusifolia
550:. In 1979,
481:ketsumeishi
467:traditional
452:jué míng zǐ
336:Cassia tora
315:obtusifolia
289:obtusifolia
285:Cassia tora
198:Subfamily:
146:Angiosperms
93:NatureServe
3078:Categories
2841:WisFlora:
2767:Plant List
2463:Calflora:
2315:2007-12-20
2165:2020-12-19
2100:2433/55564
2010:약이되는한국의산야초
1478:2014-10-17
1190:(4): 510.
1098:References
968:Senna tora
943:medicine.
932:ケツメイシ, 決明子
886:simplified
822:and small
730:Portuguese
714:Vietnamese
669:ebisu-gusa
602:wild senna
508:cassia gum
457:simplified
439:Senna tora
311:Senna tora
2944:242311371
2894:Q21872214
2531:242348610
2513:FloraBase
2261:0028-6664
2159:薬用植物園 見本園
1962:15 August
1932:15 August
1868:15 August
1838:15 August
1808:15 August
1778:15 August
1706:15 August
1336:12 August
1302:12 August
1276:12 August
1251:12 August
1206:2218-273X
1163:12 August
442:and that
405:Diallobus
400:monotypic
387:sicklepod
256:H.S.Irwin
220:Species:
116:Kingdom:
3048:13028283
3043:Tropicos
2996:10577640
2888:Wikidata
2824:13041411
2819:Tropicos
2772:ild-1083
2694:2.147336
2668:19375580
2629:11228575
2616:234560-2
2384:Q1378803
2378:Wikidata
2232:32446384
1611:(2009).
1224:32230928
1068:See also
1027:habu-cha
1004:habu-cha
789:New York
735:fedegoso
664:Japanese
633:jué míng
500:laxative
268:Synonyms
192:Fabaceae
188:Family:
159:Eudicots
73:IUCN 3.1
2983:48844-2
2957:5354123
2834:4952084
2728:NTFlora
2676:MoBotPF
2567:2957408
2278:Genera
2224:3793107
2191:: 7–13.
1584:常用中藥之藥理
1215:7226363
993:S. tora
876:Chinese
795:Ecology
785:central
781:eastern
724:chữ Hán
654:S. tora
624:Chinese
614:S. tora
610:S. tora
568:in the
430:Oceania
414:Central
340:humilis
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