951:, averaging 40 m (1,400 cu ft) for males and 30 m (1,100 cu ft) for females. The reproductive cycle is initiated when the water temperature reaches 20 °C (68 °F) and mating occurs between July and September. The female lays 400–500 eggs in an underwater breeding cavity, which is guarded by the male until the eggs hatch after 50–60 days. They have a variety of different courtship displays including knocking bellies, leaning side-to-side, riding, mouth-to-mouth posturing, chasing, rolling over, inviting, and cohabiting. When laid, the eggs measure 7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in) in diameter, but they increase to about double that size by absorbing water. When hatching, the larvae are about 3 cm (1.2 in) long and
31:
1406:, which cloud the water and force the temperature to rise. The salamanders reside primarily in very cold underwater cavities and follow a specific nesting requirement, which means that they will only reproduce and care for their eggs in areas such as these, so changes in temperature are incredibly detrimental to their health and well-being as well as to their perpetuation as a species. These algal blooms also deplete the levels of oxygen in the water, and a lesser supply of oxygen can quite easily hold the potential to kill off many members of the dwindling species.
1440:
3409:
1281:
222:
1171:
100:
940:
662:
58:
1110:
1088:
25 °C (50 to 77 °F) and at high elevation sites from 3 to 20 °C (37 to 68 °F). Although they prefer to have quick flow in the stream, the burrows in which they lay their eggs often have much slower flow. Furthermore, their habitat often possesses very rocky, irregular stream beds with a lot of gravel and small rocks as well as some vegetation. Chinese giant salamanders are also known from
911:
straight ahead of them compared to water coming in from the sides of their mouth. This is possible because of their large, wide, and flat upper and lower jaws. This process causes the prey to shoot back into their mouths as well as a copious amount of water. They then close their mouths, but leave a small gap between their upper and lower lips so that the captured water can escape.
1410:
members of the species they manage to save through the reserves, the poachers still manage to capture and kill that many more. Although habitat destruction is certainly not assisting in the perpetuation of the species, it is certainly not the biggest obstacle that the
Chinese giant salamander faces in its quest to avoid extinction.
956:
Maturity is reached at an age of 5 to 6 years and a length of 40–50 cm (16–20 in). The maximum age reached by
Chinese giant salamanders is unknown, but it is at least 60 years based on captive individuals. Undocumented claims have been made of 200-year-old Chinese giant salamanders, but these are considered unreliable.
1509:
because captive-bred animals have proven difficult to mate. In addition, salamander farms would need to increase their yield manifold before the black-market price of poached salamander drop significantly, meaning that a stricter enforcement of anti-poaching law is still very much the future for the
Chinese giant salamander.
915:
are missing a bone which usually lies along the upper cheek region of most salamanders, which gives them a much stronger bite force. The bite force of the adult
Chinese giant salamander is much stronger than the bite force of the maturing Chinese giant salamander due to differences in cranial structure.
910:
have developed a system for bidirectional flow suction feeding under water. They start by moving to their prey very slowly, then once close enough to them the
Chinese giant salamander abruptly gapes its mouth open. The gaping motion of their mouth causes a great increase in the velocity of the water
1409:
Many efforts have been undertaken to create reserves and faux habitats for the
Chinese giant salamander so that they can reproduce without worry of soiled water, but many of these reserves have failed in having a great impact overall due to the massive overhunting of the species. No matter how many
1313:
have been established as an effort to conserve the species. Despite this, the population continues to decline with the salamanders becoming increasingly difficult to find. In a recent survey of the species in the
Qinghai Province, none were found indicating the population size is at a significantly
898:
range, the stomach content of five included remains of other
Chinese giant salamanders and this made up 28% of the combined weight of all food items in the study. The most frequent items in the same study were freshwater crabs (found in 19 specimens), which made up 23% of the combined weight of all
1508:
But the salamander populations have continued to decline. The domestic demand for salamander meat and body parts greatly exceeds what can sustainably be harvested from the wild. Commercial captive breeding operations so far still rely on the regular introduction of new wild-caught breeding adults,
1504:
is overhunting. 75% of native species in China are harvested for food. The salamander is also used for traditional medicinal purposes. In 1989, the
Chinese government placed legal protection on the salamander (category II due to its population decline by The Wild Animal Protection Law of China and
1397:
of the
Chinese giant salamander; the immense decline in their population can be traced to, among the other major problems of over-hunting and failed conservation efforts, the tainting of the water that they live in. Mining activity in particular in areas near their streams often causes runoff that
1146:
are the three most important economic activities in Shaanxi's Qinling Mountain region, and many thousands of families rely on the giant salamander farms for income. The giant salamander farming mainly supplies the food market, but whether this can be achieved to an extent where the pressure on the
1125:
are either wild-caught or first-generation captive-bred. This is partially explained by the fact that the industry is relatively new, but some farms have also struggled to produce second-generation captive-bred offspring. Registrations showed that 2.6 million Chinese giant salamanders were kept in
914:
The Chinese giant salamander catches its prey on land with an asymmetrical bite, in such a way that the force created by their jaws will be maximized in the anterior region where their prey is located. After capture they use their bite to subdue and kill their prey, both on land and in water. They
902:
It has very poor eyesight, so it depends on special sensory nodes that run in a line on the body from head to tail. It is capable of sensing the slightest vibrations around it with the help of these nodes. Based on a captive study, most activity is from the earlier evening to the early night. Most
1079:
The Chinese giant salamander is entirely aquatic and lives in rocky hill streams and lakes with clear water. It typically lives in dark, muddy, or rocky crevices along the banks. It is usually found in forested regions at altitudes of 100 to 1,500 m (300 to 4,900 ft), with most records
955:
remain until a length of about 20 cm (8 in) at an age of 3 years. The external gills start to slowly decrease in size around 9 to 16 months, the rate of this phenomenon occurs in relation to the rate of dissolved oxygen, breeding density, water temperatures, and individual differences.
926:
that move mucous from mucous glands over the surface of the esophagus to lubricate it and reduce friction from large foods such as whole crabs. The ciliated structure and flexibility of the Chinese giant salamander's esophagus is hypothesized to be the reason why it is capable of swallowing such
1547:
what they described as five distinct species of Chinese giant salamanders. All the wild populations studied were found "critically depleted or extirpated" by the study. A related study found that some of the five distinct genetic lineages were probably already extinct in the wild. However, the
1087:
The salamanders prefer to live in streams of small width (on average, 6.39 m or 21 ft across), quick flow, and little depth (on average, 1.07 m or 3 ft 6 in deep). Water temperature varies depending on season, with typical range at low elevation sites being from 10 to
968:
comprises five clades, with multiple possibly worthy of species recognition. Their native ranges differ, but release of Chinese giant salamanders from captivity has complicated this picture. They were widespread in central, south-western, and southern China, although their range is now highly
1349:
The Chinese giant salamander is listed as a critically endangered species. It has experienced a drastic population decline, which is estimated to be more than 80% in the last 3 generations and due to human causes. Human consumption is the main threat to the Chinese giant salamander. They are
1422:. Most Chinese giant salamanders stop feeding at water temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) and feeding ceases almost entirely at 28 °C (82 °F). Temperatures of 35 °C (95 °F) are lethal to Chinese giant salamanders. As a consequence, the species is vulnerable to
1157:
B), although those from other regions also occur. Farms have generally not considered this issue when releasing giant salamanders and Yellow River animals now dominate in some regions outside their original range, further endangering the native types. Additionally, release of untreated
930:
Chinese giant salamanders are also capable of fasting for several years if they need to. This is possible because of their metabolic reserves as well as their liver, which is capable of up regulating and down regulating certain proteins according to how long they have been fasting for.
1542:
reported on their surveys for giant salamanders in 16 Chinese provinces over four years. The researchers had been unable to confirm survival of wild salamanders at any of the 97 sites they surveyed. The study also brought up worries that commercial farms and conservation programs were
820:
The average adult salamander weighs 25–30 kg (55–66 lb) and is 1.15 m (3.8 ft) in length. It can reach up to 50 kg (110 lb) in weight and 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length, making it the second-largest amphibian species, after the
1722:
Nishikawa, Kanto; Matsui, Masafumi; Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko; Tominaga, Atsushi; Eto, Koshiro; Fukuyama, Ibuki; Fukutani, Kazumi; Matsubara, Kohei; Hattori, Yasunari; Iwato, Shohei; Sato, Tsukasa; Shimizu, Zenkichi; Onuma, Hirokazu; Hara, Sotaro (2024-01-31).
1147:
wild populations is reduced is doubtful. Release of captive-bred Chinese giant salamanders is supported by the government (8,000 were released in Shaanxi in 2011 alone), but represent a potential risk to the remaining wild population, as diseases such as
1838:
1556:, and another third of the surveys had been performed in provinces that were only selected by habitat suitability modeling and had no actual historic records of giant salamanders. Based on this, the extent of extirpation of Chinese
1358:
According to a recent study, 90% of the Chinese giant salamanders' habitat was destroyed by the year 2000, and there are many human-related causes of such massive destruction. Because the salamander dwells in free-flowing streams,
903:
individuals stop feeding at water temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) and feeding ceases almost entirely at 28 °C (82 °F). Temperatures of 35 °C (95 °F) are lethal to Chinese giant salamanders.
840:
The giant salamander is known to vocalize, making barking, whining, hissing, or crying sounds. Some of these vocalizations bear a striking resemblance to the crying of a young human child, and as such, it is known in the
758:
of the Chinese giant salamander, as well as two only known from captives (their possible wild range was previously unknown). They diverged from each other 4.71–10.25 million years ago and should possibly be recognized as
1212:
holds four individuals (one of them on display) that were seized from an illegal importation of amphibians in 2016. A medium-sized individual, approximately 0.9 m (3 ft) long, was kept for several years at the
3743:
620:. On farms in central China, it is extensively farmed and sometimes bred, although many of the salamanders on the farms are caught in the wild. It has been listed as one of the top-10 "focal species" in 2008 by the
1309:. Despite the Chinese Government listing the salamander as a Class II Protected Species, 100 salamanders are hunted illegally every year in the Hupingshan Natural Nature Reserve alone. Since the 1980s, 14
1300:
In the past, the Chinese giant salamander was fairly common and widespread in China. Since the 1950s, the population has declined rapidly due to habitat destruction and overhunting. It has been listed as
1345:
across China. Furthermore, previously built concrete dams that destroyed the salamander's habitat are now fitted with stairs so that the animal can easily navigate the dam and make it back to its niche.
1138:
and several in other provinces. Among 43 south Shaanxi farms surveyed, 38 bred the species in 2010 and each produced an average of c. 10,300 larvae that year. Farming of Chinese giant salamanders,
1398:
sullies the water, and farming—and all of the pesticides and chemicals that affect the soil that come with it—has a vastly negative effect on the areas near the streams as well. The presence of
833:, was 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in 2007. At 59 kg (130 lb), both this individual, and a 1.4 m (4.6 ft) long, 52 kg (114 lb) individual found in a remote cave in
1853:
2843:
2794:
1153:
are known from many farms. The vast majority of the farmed Chinese giant salamanders, almost 80% based on a study published in 2018, are of Yellow River origin (the so-called
1946:
1080:
between 300 and 800 m (1,000 and 2,600 ft). There is an isolated population at an altitude of 4,200 m (13,800 ft) in Qinghai (Tibetan Plateau), but its
813:
that run around its head and throat. Its color is typically dark brown with a mottled or speckled pattern, but it can also be other brownish tones, dark reddish, or black.
1704:
3344:
Chai, Jing; Lu, Chen-Qi; Yi, Mu-Rong; Dai, Nian-Hua; Weng, Xiao-Dong; Di, Ming-Xiao; Peng, Yong; Tang, Yong; Shan, Qing-Hua; Wang, Kai; Liu, Huan-Zhang (2022-05-18).
2373:
2149:
Chai, Jing; Lu, Chen-Qi; Yi, Mu-Rong; Dai, Nian-Hua; Weng, Xiao-Dong; Di, Ming-Xiao; Peng, Yong; Tang, Yong; Shan, Qing-Hua; Wang, Kai; Liu, Huan-Zhang (2022-05-18).
781:, with the study supporting its revival as a distinct taxon. Another then-undescribed species was also identified that formerly inhabited rivers originating from the
3240:
Turvey, Samuel T.; Chen, Shu; Tapley, Benjamin; Wei, Gang; Xie, Feng; Yan, Fang; Yang, Jian; Liang, Zhiqiang; Tian, Haifeng; Wu, Minyao; Okada, Sumio (2018-05-21).
1383:
into the streams as well, which reduces the water quality to a great extent. The reduced water quality makes it much more difficult for the salamanders to absorb
1516:, or about US$ 6, which is less than one hundred times the black-market price. Establishments such as restaurants can charge up to US$ 250–US$ 400 per kilogram.
639:
Appendix I, the wild population has declined by more than an estimated 80% since the 1950s. Although traditionally recognized as one of two living species of
3708:
3000:
922:
are made up of four different layers, one of which being a strong muscular tissue used to help move food through to the stomach. The outer most layer has
1076:(the Yangtze River clade, or lineage B), although at least one genetically pure individual of the captive-only lineage U1 was also detected in the wild.
1254:
1885:"Development of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus farming industry in Shaanxi Province, China: conservation threats and opportunities"
1665:
3576:
2400:"Biomechanics and hydrodynamics of prey capture in the Chinese giant salamander reveal a high-performance jaw-powered suction feeding mechanism"
2220:
2058:
Turvey, Samuel T.; Marr, Melissa M.; Barnes, Ian; Brace, Selina; Tapley, Benjamin; Murphy, Robert W.; Zhao, Ermi; Cunningham, Andrew A. (2019).
1005:. One clade is from the Pearl River basin (at least in Guangxi), two from the Yellow River basin, one from the Yangtze River basin (at least in
817:, which are white or orange, have been recorded. All species of giant salamanders produce a sticky, white skin secretion that repels predators.
1501:
3763:
3615:
2862:
1367:
greatly disturbs their habitat by either causing these streams to dry up or to stand still, thus making it uninhabitable by the salamanders.
1021:). Two additional clades were only known from captivity (their wild range is unknown) and no samples are available for the population in the
2457:"3D Bite Modeling and Feeding Mechanics of the Largest Living Amphibian, the Chinese Giant Salamander Andrias davidianus (Amphibia:Urodela)"
3738:
3753:
2940:
809:
It has a large head, small eyes and dark wrinkly skin. Its flat, broad head has a wide mouth, round, lidless eyes, and a line of paired
3748:
2455:
Fortuny, Josep; Marcé-Nogué, Jordi; Heiss, Egon; Sanchez, Montserrat; Gil, Lluis; Galobart, Àngel (2015-04-08). Jeffery, Nathan (ed.).
1520:
3503:
2802:
1130:
alone, far surpassing the entire countrywide wild population estimated at less than 50,000 individuals. Shaanxi farms (mainly in the
3733:
3550:
1954:
1064:, as the two hybridize. A 2024 genetic study confirmed that in spite of the recent taxonomic changes within the genus, the Chinese
1113:
Chinese giant salamanders are bred in large numbers in Chinese farms, but the breeding stock (parents) have often been wild-caught
3589:
1725:"Discovery of ex situ individuals of Andrias sligoi, an extremely endangered species and one of the largest amphibians worldwide"
1608:
2817:
1531:
to kill the salamander. Farmers often poach wild salamanders to stock their breeding programs, while others are hunted as food.
2060:"Historical museum collections clarify the evolutionary history of cryptic species radiation in the world's largest amphibians"
1527:
and sharp hooks baited with frogs or smaller fish. This is used to capture the salamander and keep it alive. Some hunters use
3728:
3723:
2342:
2281:
3594:
2293:
2524:"Heterogeneous vesicles in mucous epithelial cells of posterior esophagus of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)"
2377:
1837:
Browne, R.K.; Li, H.; Wang, Z.; Okada, S.; Hime, P.; McMillan, A.; Wu, M.; Diaz, R.; McGinnity, D.; Briggler, J.T. (2014).
3326:
3025:
1523:
is one of the preferred methods used by hunters to catch the salamander. This hunting tool is made with a combination of
1190:
2736:"Mechanisms of Caspases 3/7/8/9 in the Degeneration of External Gills of Chinese Giant Salamanders (Andrias davidianus)"
1982:
Yan, Fang; Lü, Jingcai; Zhang, Baolin; Yuan, Zhiyong; Zhao, Haipeng; Huang, Song; Wei, Gang; Mi, Xue; Zou, Dahu (2018).
2734:
Yang, Shijun; Tan, Caixia; Sun, Xuerong; Tang, Xiong; Huang, Xiao; Yan, Fan; Zhu, Guangxiang; Wang, Qin (2022-07-29).
3040:
1883:
Cunningham, A. A.; Turvey, S. T.; Zhou, F.; Meredith, H. M. R.; Guan, W.; Liu, X.; Sun, C.; Wang, Z.; Wu, M. (2016).
1483:
1461:
1454:
3680:
3620:
2954:
2125:
3758:
3004:
2398:
Heiss, Egon; Natchev, Nikolay; Gumpenberger, Michaela; Weissenbacher, Anton; Van Wassenbergh, Sam (2013-05-06).
3498:
1226:
1214:
500:
427:
352:
270:
3306:
3065:
Meng, Yan (2014). "Pathological and microbiological findings from mortality of the Chinese giant salamander (
2579:
Geng, Xiaofang; Guo, Jianlin; Zhang, Lu; Sun, Jiyao; Zang, Xiayan; Qiao, Zhigang; Xu, Cunshuan (2020-03-18).
1334:
in both juveniles and adult salamanders. The virus was named the Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV).
767:
among each other, and also with the Japanese giant salamander. One of these clades was identified in 2019 as
535:
441:
404:
284:
62:
1272:. The main attraction is the largest individual in Europe, which is 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) long.
3718:
3463:
1539:
1535:
822:
769:
716:
617:
1314:
low number or the species is locally extinct in the province. This is believed to be due to the increased
1205:); as well as one in the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, where it is also the museum's mascot.
1056:, though their exact taxonomic identity is unknown. Chinese giant salamanders have been introduced to the
3511:
2252:
1194:
3516:
1669:
3399:
3346:"Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities"
2151:"Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities"
1626:
1599:
1134:
region) accounted for about 70% of the total output in China in 2012, but there are also many farms in
1084:
position is uncertain and the site likely does not support giant salamanders anymore due to pollution.
3685:
3713:
2228:
1061:
906:
Adult Chinese giant salamanders and maturing Chinese giant salamanders with nonexistent or shrinking
708:
646:
3113:
886:. Presumably ingested by mistake, plant material and gravel have also been found in their stomachs.
99:
1448:
793:
724:
1262:
1250:
774:
3659:
2650:
1122:
3581:
3425:
1465:
732:
1884:
3654:
1302:
1296:, or about 215 EUR/kg or US$ 127/lb. Such prices make them an attractive target for poaching.
887:
605:
194:
30:
3646:
2924:
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
2307:
699:
fossils. It has also been given the moniker of "living fossil" for being part of the family
3537:
3477:
3472:
3253:
2468:
2071:
1995:
1736:
1562:
3607:
2581:"Differential Proteomic Analysis of Chinese Giant Salamander Liver in Response to Fasting"
1839:"The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part B. Biogeography, ecology and reproduction"
8:
2966:
2357:
1394:
1202:
1002:
883:
814:
707:
species of the family, the others being the slightly smaller, but otherwise very similar
679:
47:
3257:
3139:
2472:
2075:
1999:
1775:
1740:
1724:
1268:
Since May 2014, 33 Chinese giant salamanders, including three adults, have been held in
649:, evidence indicates that the Chinese giant salamander may be composed of at least five
3378:
3361:
3345:
3287:
3185:
3094:
2770:
2735:
2711:
2680:
2615:
2580:
2556:
2499:
2456:
2432:
2399:
2183:
2166:
2150:
2102:
2059:
1512:
China's penalty for illegally hunting these creatures is very low and only comes to 50
1089:
1081:
1053:
948:
810:
589:
388:
380:
240:
94:
211:
3641:
3524:
3413:
3383:
3365:
3279:
3271:
3086:
2903:
2895:
2775:
2757:
2716:
2620:
2602:
2561:
2543:
2523:
2504:
2486:
2437:
2419:
2338:
2331:
2277:
2188:
2170:
2107:
2089:
2021:
2013:
1780:
1762:
1360:
1037:
in 2023). A 2022 study identified one of the two clades known only from captivity as
751:
336:
328:
3189:
3098:
1258:
1253:
in Japan has both a Chinese and a Japanese giant salamander on display, as does the
3373:
3357:
3291:
3261:
3220:
3177:
3078:
2765:
2747:
2706:
2696:
2610:
2592:
2551:
2535:
2494:
2476:
2427:
2411:
2178:
2162:
2097:
2079:
2003:
1984:"The Chinese giant salamander exemplifies the hidden extinction of cryptic species"
1899:
1770:
1752:
1744:
1621:
1118:
1057:
867:
842:
764:
700:
593:
472:
307:
161:
3529:
1350:
considered to be a luxury food item and source of traditional medicines in China.
1280:
3628:
3327:"Human demand pushes Chinese giant salamander to brink of extinction, study says"
2481:
2038:
1513:
1390:
1310:
1230:
1033:, and the Qiantang clade comprises the Huangshan Mountains species (described as
1022:
965:
760:
674:
650:
613:
3672:
2522:
Zhang, H.; Guo, X.; Zhong, S.; Ge, T.; Peng, S.; Yu, P.; Zhou, Z. (2015-08-25).
1096:, there are some parts of China where only the subterranean populations remain.
1025:. A 2019 study has identified that the Yangtze River clade comprises the "true"
221:
3111:
2979:
1748:
1423:
1399:
1380:
1338:
1337:
Its natural range has suffered in the past few decades due to habitat loss and
1014:
990:
952:
863:
829:). The longest recently documented Chinese giant salamander, kept at a farm in
688:
3266:
3241:
3225:
3204:
3181:
3082:
2008:
1983:
1904:
3702:
3602:
3369:
3275:
2899:
2761:
2606:
2597:
2547:
2490:
2423:
2174:
2093:
2017:
1766:
1372:
1284:
Chinese giant salamanders for sale in a restaurant in Hongqiao Town (虹桥镇) in
1218:
1131:
787:
628:
67:
1371:
also contributes to the degradation of their habitats by soiling the water.
1170:
837:
in December 2015, surpassed the species' typically reported maximum weight.
3448:
3387:
3283:
3090:
2907:
2779:
2720:
2624:
2565:
2508:
2441:
2415:
2294:"Newly described Chinese giant salamander may be world's largest amphibian"
2192:
2111:
2025:
1784:
1641:
1403:
1376:
1331:
1238:
1143:
998:
704:
621:
609:
528:
479:
397:
314:
3633:
3112:
Evolutionary Distinct & Globally Endangered (EDGE) (2 December 2013).
2752:
2539:
1387:
through their skin and can often bring death to those within the species.
3744:
Species endangered by human consumption for medicinal or magical purposes
3563:
3485:
3457:
2841:
1924:
1552:., who noted that over a third of the surveys had been performed only in
1419:
1363:
is a large problem for many stream-dwelling species. The construction of
1198:
1186:
830:
696:
632:
3203:
Wang, X.; Zhang, K.; Wang, Z.; Ding, Y.; Wu, W. & Huang, S. (2004).
1092:. As populations in aboveground rivers and lakes are more vulnerable to
939:
797:, and was found to have maintained genetically pure wild populations in
703:
which dates back 170 million years. It is one of only five to six known
661:
3555:
3490:
2701:
2681:"Observation of the Breeding Behavior of the Chinese Giant Salamander (
1757:
1666:"Amphibian Species of the World – Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871)"
1548:
exhaustiveness of these surveys was questioned in a 2022 study by Chai
1544:
1269:
1234:
1225:, and is now on display again in the "Water Planet" section of the new
1222:
1209:
1182:
1175:
1159:
872:
740:
569:
151:
39:
2795:"This Giant Salamander Isn't 200 Years Old, But It's Still Super Rare"
2084:
1109:
3568:
2941:
Chinese Giant Salamander: millions farmed, nearly extinct in the wild
2922:
Conservation status of Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus).
2397:
1528:
1368:
1326:
1322:
1154:
1149:
1006:
986:
919:
907:
859:
834:
782:
573:
493:
345:
141:
111:
3419:
1505:
Appendix I in the Convention of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna.).
3442:
1836:
1597:
1342:
1289:
1285:
1246:
1242:
1093:
895:
858:
The Chinese giant salamander has been recorded feeding on insects,
577:
514:
366:
131:
3242:"Imminent extinction in the wild of the world's largest amphibian"
1162:
from farms may spread diseases to wild Chinese giant salamanders.
791:
in 2023. In 2022, one of the captive-only clades was described as
3202:
3164:
Meng, Y. (2012). "Genetic diversity of Chinese giant salamander (
1553:
1135:
1127:
1042:
1010:
994:
982:
978:
974:
970:
891:
878:
798:
692:
666:
641:
581:
171:
3542:
1721:
1524:
1384:
1315:
1049:
923:
755:
601:
121:
2967:
State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe - terrarium exhibits
2454:
3667:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1293:
1018:
653:, further compounding each individual species' endangerment.
636:
597:
585:
540:
409:
84:
78:
1882:
3311:
1617:
1500:, has been placed on the critically endangered list by the
1496:
One of the main reasons that the Chinese giant salamander,
1364:
1139:
2679:
Luo; Tong, F.; Song, Y.; Wang, H.; Du, M.; Ji, H. (2018).
1912:
1560:
remains uncertain, especially as a natural population of
519:
505:
385:
371:
357:
3038:
2842:
Pierson, T.W.; Yan, F.; Wang, Y.; Papenfuss, T. (2014).
3307:"Chinese giant salamanders being eaten into extinction"
2826:
Amphibian Species of the World 6.2, an Online Reference
1418:
Like other amphibians, the Chinese giant salamander is
1321:
In recent years populations have also declined with an
612:, pollution, and overcollection, as it is considered a
3397:
2359:
Largest Base for Endangered Giant Salamander Underway
2057:
484:
333:
319:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
1237:
zoos and animals parks in its native China, such as
1185:
records show only five individuals held in US zoos (
627:
The Chinese giant salamander is considered to be a "
3239:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
1341:. Consequently, many salamanders are now farmed in
1060:in Japan where they present a threat to the native
2882:Luo, Qing-Hua (2009). "Habitat characteristics of
2330:
1627:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T179010104A48438418.en
1265:also has a Chinese giant salamander on display.
785:mountains in eastern China; this was described as
2199:
1229:building. There are also two in residence at the
1068:species introduced to Japan and hybridizing with
890:is frequent; in a study of 79 specimens from the
3700:
3001:"Exhibits of the California Academy of Sciences"
2631:
1947:"Creating a Future for Wild Chinese Salamanders"
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1233:. Additional individuals are likely kept in non-
3140:"Giant salamander: Human threat, human promise"
3026:"Zoo Praha ukáže největšího velemloka v Evropě"
2678:
2578:
2521:
2221:"Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus)"
622:Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered
3168:) based on the novel microsatellite markers".
2877:
2875:
2733:
2329:Stebbins, Robert C.; Cohen, Nathan W. (1997),
1981:
1502:International Union for Conservation of Nature
943:A 30-year-old giant salamander in a German zoo
3205:"The decline of the Chinese giant salamander
2881:
2328:
1863:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1241:. Several of them are kept in the aquaria of
845:as the "infant fish" (娃娃鱼 / 鲵 - Wáwáyú/ ní).
446:
432:
289:
275:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2844:"A survey for the Chinese giant salamander (
2822:Xu, Gong, Li, Jiang, Huang, and Huang, 2023"
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1598:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2023).
1197:), and an additional four in European zoos (
969:fragmented. Their range spans the area from
3709:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
3343:
2872:
2848:; Blanchard, 1871) in the Qinghai Province"
2274:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
2247:
2245:
2148:
1307:Chinese Red Book of Amphibians and Reptiles
959:
866:, amphibians (both frogs and salamanders),
801:, in contrast to most of the other clades.
580:to rocky mountain streams and lakes in the
2649:Yan, Fang; et al. (2 December 2013).
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1683:
576:in the world. It is fully aquatic, and is
220:
56:
29:
3377:
3265:
3224:
2927:
2920:Dai, Q.; Wang, Y.; and Liang, G. (2010).
2837:
2835:
2769:
2751:
2710:
2700:
2648:
2614:
2596:
2555:
2498:
2480:
2431:
2182:
2101:
2083:
2007:
1903:
1791:
1774:
1756:
1625:
1484:Learn how and when to remove this message
934:
763:. Despite this deep divergence, they can
2242:
2218:
1447:This section includes a list of general
1279:
1275:
1174:A Chinese Giant Salamander shown at the
1169:
1165:
1108:
938:
660:
645:salamander in Asia, the other being the
3196:
3041:"Chinese giant salamander conservation"
2980:"Zoo unveils smuggled giant salamander"
1968:
1609:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3701:
3304:
3209:and implications for its conservation"
3133:
3131:
2832:
2792:
2404:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1353:
739:), and the far smaller North American
691:) – a name otherwise restricted to an
677:of this species has been argued to be
387:
335:
3424:
3423:
3137:
2945:Mongabay. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
2053:
2051:
1933:Chinese Giant Salamander Conservation
1540:Kunming Institute of Zoology in China
1375:in areas near the streams can worsen
1330:infection. The disease causes severe
3764:Critically endangered fauna of China
3163:
3064:
2855:Amphibian & Reptile Conservation
2685:) Using a Digital Monitoring System"
1717:
1715:
1433:
3739:Critically endangered fauna of Asia
3157:
3128:
2142:
2118:
2039:Amphibian Species of the World 5.2.
1668:. Research.amnh.org. Archived from
1580:
13:
3754:Species endangered by habitat loss
3362:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.101
2938:Salisbury, C. (13 November 2015).
2888:Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology
2528:European Journal of Histochemistry
2167:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.101
2048:
1846:Amphibian and Reptile Conservation
1453:it lacks sufficient corresponding
1029:, the Pearl River clade comprises
754:revealed that there are five wild
14:
3775:
3749:Species endangered by use as food
2815:
1712:
1413:
773:, a species described in 1924 by
3407:
3003:. Calacademy.org. Archived from
2362:, Xinhua News Agency, 2006-08-18
1438:
98:
3337:
3319:
3305:Kooser, Amanda (May 22, 2018).
3298:
3233:
3105:
3058:
3032:
3018:
2993:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2914:
2809:
2793:Bittel, J. (16 December 2015).
2786:
2727:
2672:
2572:
2515:
2448:
2391:
2366:
2350:
2333:A Natural History of Amphibians
2322:
2300:
2286:
2276:. Sterling Pub Co Inc. (1983),
2266:
2251:Sparreboom, M.; Wu, Y. (2014).
2032:
1925:"The Chinese giant salamander (
1566:was discovered during the Chai
1099:
541:
520:
506:
410:
386:
372:
358:
3039:Zoological Society of London.
2661:. Zoological Society of London
2337:, Princeton University Press,
2310:(in Chinese). December 4, 2015
1939:
1658:
1634:
1429:
1402:in the streams can also cause
1393:is also a great factor in the
1227:California Academy of Sciences
804:
485:
447:
433:
334:
320:
290:
276:
1:
3734:Taxa named by Émile Blanchard
2263:. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
1573:
1117:Very large numbers are being
964:The Chinese giant salamander
3729:Traditional Chinese medicine
3724:Amphibians described in 1871
3122:Zoological Society of London
2482:10.1371/journal.pone.0121885
2376:. Noeman.org. Archived from
2374:"World's Weirdest Creatures"
1536:Zoological Society of London
1041:, found in the wild only in
823:South China giant salamander
745:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
717:South China giant salamander
631:". Although protected under
618:traditional Chinese medicine
38:Chinese giant salamander at
7:
3170:Russian Journal of Genetics
3114:"Chinese Giant Salamander (
2651:"Chinese Giant Salamander (
1195:Saint Louis Zoological Park
848:
777:and later synonymized with
669:of Chinese giant salamander
656:
10:
3780:
2955:Andrias davidianus in zoos
2886:in Zhangjiajie of China".
1852:(4): 30–50. Archived from
1749:10.1038/s41598-024-52907-6
1519:A hunting tool known as a
1121:in China, but most of the
1104:
1013:), and the final from the
918:Chinese giant salamanders
249:Megalobatrachus davidianus
3432:
3267:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.005
3226:10.1017/S0030605304000341
3182:10.1134/s102279541212006x
3083:10.1007/s00705-013-1962-6
2009:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.004
1905:10.1017/S0030605314000842
1620:: e.T179010104A48438418.
1062:Japanese giant salamander
709:Japanese giant salamander
647:Japanese giant salamander
552:
534:
527:
513:
499:
492:
478:
471:
466:
462:
454:
440:
426:
421:
403:
396:
379:
365:
351:
344:
327:
313:
306:
301:
297:
283:
269:
265:
260:
246:
239:
229:Approximate distribution
228:
219:
200:
193:
95:Scientific classification
93:
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
24:Chinese giant salamander
23:
2861:(1): 1–6. Archived from
2598:10.3389/fphys.2020.00208
2308:"重庆现百斤野生娃娃鱼 年龄或超200岁（图）"
960:Distribution and habitat
870:, shrimp, fish (such as
725:Jiangxi giant salamander
568:) is one of the largest
560:Chinese giant salamander
428:Traditional Chinese
422:Alternative Chinese name
271:Traditional Chinese
261:Chinese giant salamander
251:(Reviewed by Liu, 1950)
3138:Black, Richard (2010).
2585:Frontiers in Physiology
2045:. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
1468:more precise citations.
1263:Ueno Zoological Gardens
1251:Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan
853:
775:Edward George Boulenger
715:), the slightly larger
695:species described from
584:river basin of central
572:and one of the largest
442:Simplified Chinese
285:Simplified Chinese
3759:Endemic fauna of China
2416:10.1098/rsif.2012.1028
1297:
1178:
1114:
947:Both sexes maintain a
944:
935:Breeding and lifecycle
733:Qimen giant salamander
670:
3655:Paleobiology Database
2805:on December 18, 2015.
2753:10.3390/genes13081360
2540:10.4081/ejh.2015.2521
2064:Ecology and Evolution
1534:In a 2018 study, the
1303:Critically Endangered
1283:
1276:Decline in population
1173:
1166:In zoos and aquariums
1112:
1052:may be the result of
942:
664:
606:critically endangered
63:Critically Endangered
3071:Archives of Virology
2296:. 17 September 2019.
2261:Salamanders of China
2219:Krebs, Jessi (ed.).
1642:"Appendices | CITES"
1563:Andrias jiangxiensis
794:Andrias jiangxiensis
729:Andrias jiangxiensis
16:Species of amphibian
3719:Amphibians of China
3350:Zoological Research
3258:2018CBio...28.R592T
2799:National Geographic
2683:Andrias davidaianus
2473:2015PLoSO..1021885F
2155:Zoological Research
2076:2019EcoEv...910070T
2070:(18): 10070–10084.
2000:2018CBio...28.R590Y
1741:2024NatSR..14.2575N
1395:habitat destruction
1354:Habitat destruction
1090:subterranean rivers
884:Asiatic water shrew
680:Andrias scheuchzeri
608:in the wild due to
604:. It is considered
588:. It has also been
234: Species range
48:Conservation status
3504:Andrias-davidianus
3478:Andrias_davidianus
3464:Andrias davidianus
3434:Andrias davidianus
3207:Andrias davidianus
3166:Andrias davidianus
3116:Andrias davidianus
3067:Andrias davidianus
2884:Andrias davidianus
2846:Andrias davidianus
2702:10.3390/ani8100161
2653:Andrias Davidianus
2257:(Blanchard, 1871)"
2255:Andrias davidianus
1927:Andrias davidianus
1729:Scientific Reports
1706:Andrias davidianus
1602:Andrias davidianus
1498:Andrias davidianus
1298:
1215:Steinhart Aquarium
1181:As of early 2008,
1179:
1115:
945:
685:Andrias davidianus
671:
665:Image showing the
600:, and possibly to
565:Andrias davidianus
204:Andrias davidianus
186:A. davidianus
3696:
3695:
3642:Open Tree of Life
3426:Taxon identifiers
3252:(10): R592–R594.
3176:(12): 1227–1231.
2982:. BBC. 2019-04-03
2659:Edge of Existence
2344:978-0-691-10251-1
2282:978-0-85112-235-9
2225:Wildscreen Arkive
2085:10.1002/ece3.5257
1994:(10): R590–R592.
1494:
1493:
1486:
1361:industrialization
1126:farms in 2011 in
989:; notably in the
752:mitochondrial DNA
713:Andrias japonicus
556:
555:
548:
547:
501:Yale Romanization
473:Standard Mandarin
417:
416:
353:Yale Romanization
308:Standard Mandarin
256:
255:
88:
71:
3771:
3714:Cryptobranchidae
3689:
3688:
3676:
3675:
3663:
3662:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3610:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3546:
3545:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3269:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3077:(6): 1403–1412.
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2936:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2894:(7): 1723–1730.
2879:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2816:Frost, Darrell.
2813:
2807:
2806:
2801:. Archived from
2790:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2755:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2600:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2484:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2410:(82): 20121028.
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2336:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2270:
2264:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2227:. Archived from
2216:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2087:
2055:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2011:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1953:. Archived from
1951:Save Our Species
1943:
1937:
1936:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1889:
1880:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1834:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1760:
1719:
1710:
1702:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1595:
1554:Guizhou Province
1489:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1464:this section by
1455:inline citations
1442:
1441:
1434:
1288:, China for 880
1255:Saitama aquarium
1132:Qinling Mountain
1058:Kyoto Prefecture
1043:Jiangxi Province
868:freshwater crabs
843:Chinese language
799:Jiangxi Province
750:A 2018 study of
701:Cryptobranchidae
594:Kyoto Prefecture
544:
543:
523:
522:
509:
508:
488:
487:
464:
463:
450:
449:
436:
435:
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392:
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375:
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340:
339:
338:
323:
322:
299:
298:
293:
292:
279:
278:
258:
257:
233:
224:
206:
162:Cryptobranchidae
103:
102:
82:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3629:Observation.org
3627:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3428:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3342:
3338:
3333:. May 22, 2018.
3325:
3324:
3320:
3303:
3299:
3246:Current Biology
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2865:
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2840:
2833:
2814:
2810:
2791:
2787:
2732:
2728:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2647:
2632:
2577:
2573:
2520:
2516:
2467:(4): e0121885.
2453:
2449:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
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2327:
2323:
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2311:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
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2250:
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2147:
2143:
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2132:
2130:dwxzz.ioz.ac.cn
2124:
2123:
2119:
2056:
2049:
2037:
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1988:Current Biology
1980:
1969:
1960:
1958:
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1923:
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1913:
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1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1596:
1581:
1576:
1490:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1460:Please help to
1459:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1416:
1391:Water pollution
1356:
1318:in the region.
1311:nature reserves
1278:
1231:Los Angeles Zoo
1168:
1107:
1102:
1039:A. jiangxiensis
1023:Tibetan Plateau
966:species complex
962:
937:
864:horsehair worms
856:
851:
807:
761:cryptic species
683:(in which case
675:scientific name
659:
651:cryptic species
455:Literal meaning
235:
231:
215:
208:
202:
189:
97:
89:
72:
61:
57:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3777:
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3716:
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3664:
3651:
3638:
3625:
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3599:
3586:
3573:
3560:
3547:
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3521:
3508:
3495:
3482:
3469:
3454:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3416:
3394:
3393:
3356:(3): 469–480.
3336:
3318:
3297:
3232:
3219:(2): 197–202.
3195:
3156:
3127:
3104:
3057:
3031:
3028:. 27 May 2014.
3017:
2992:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2926:
2913:
2871:
2868:on 2015-08-10.
2831:
2808:
2785:
2726:
2671:
2630:
2571:
2514:
2447:
2390:
2365:
2349:
2343:
2321:
2299:
2285:
2265:
2241:
2198:
2161:(3): 469–480.
2141:
2117:
2047:
2031:
1967:
1938:
1911:
1898:(2): 265–273.
1862:
1859:on 2016-10-16.
1790:
1711:
1682:
1657:
1633:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1492:
1491:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1424:global warming
1415:
1414:Climate change
1412:
1400:macronutrients
1355:
1352:
1339:overharvesting
1277:
1274:
1259:Hanyū, Saitama
1191:Cincinnati Zoo
1167:
1164:
1123:breeding stock
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1072:is the "true"
1015:Qiantang River
961:
958:
953:external gills
936:
933:
924:ciliated cells
855:
852:
850:
847:
827:Andrias sligoi
806:
803:
770:Andrias sligoi
689:junior synonym
658:
655:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
538:
532:
531:
525:
524:
517:
511:
510:
503:
497:
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494:Yue: Cantonese
490:
489:
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476:
475:
469:
468:
467:Transcriptions
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355:
349:
348:
346:Yue: Cantonese
342:
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331:
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317:
311:
310:
304:
303:
302:Transcriptions
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91:
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55:
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35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
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2:
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3405:
3404:
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3308:
3301:
3293:
3289:
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3277:
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3268:
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3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
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3167:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3007:on 2009-10-22
3006:
3002:
2996:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2956:
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2942:
2935:
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2923:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:Andrias cheni
2812:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
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2675:
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2656:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
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2635:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
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2599:
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2590:
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2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2380:on 2009-07-12
2379:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2246:
2231:on 2014-12-01
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
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2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:on 2014-08-06
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1877:
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1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1672:on 2007-07-13
1671:
1667:
1661:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1545:crossbreeding
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1485:
1477:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:Deforestation
1370:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
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1304:
1295:
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1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:San Francisco
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1203:Rotterdam Zoo
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1074:A. davidianus
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:A. davidianus
1024:
1020:
1017:(at least in
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
977:and south to
976:
972:
967:
957:
954:
950:
941:
932:
928:
927:large foods.
925:
921:
916:
912:
909:
904:
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:
875:
874:
869:
865:
861:
846:
844:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
818:
816:
812:
802:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
788:Andrias cheni
784:
780:
779:A. davidianus
776:
772:
771:
766:
762:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
737:Andrias cheni
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
676:
668:
663:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
629:living fossil
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
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551:
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537:
533:
530:
526:
518:
516:
512:
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502:
498:
495:
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483:
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477:
474:
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461:
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453:
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389:
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318:
316:
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305:
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296:
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274:
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268:
264:
259:
252:
250:
245:
242:
238:
227:
223:
218:
213:
207:
205:
199:
196:
195:Binomial name
192:
188:
187:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
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133:
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117:
116:
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110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
80:
75:
69:
64:
53:
49:
44:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3433:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3310:
3300:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3143:
3121:
3115:
3107:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3044:
3034:
3020:
3009:. Retrieved
3005:the original
2995:
2984:. Retrieved
2974:
2962:
2950:
2939:
2921:
2916:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2863:the original
2858:
2854:
2845:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2803:the original
2798:
2788:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2663:. Retrieved
2658:
2652:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:the original
2368:
2358:
2352:
2332:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2302:
2288:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:the original
2224:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:
2120:
2067:
2063:
2042:
2034:
1991:
1987:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:the original
1950:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1895:
1891:
1854:the original
1849:
1845:
1732:
1728:
1709:-Amphibiaweb
1705:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:the original
1660:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1533:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1480:
1474:January 2015
1471:
1452:
1417:
1408:
1404:algal blooms
1389:
1377:soil erosion
1357:
1348:
1336:
1332:hemorrhaging
1325:
1320:
1306:
1299:
1267:
1239:Shanghai Zoo
1208:As of 2019,
1207:
1180:
1148:
1116:
1100:In captivity
1086:
1078:
1073:
1070:A. japonicus
1069:
1065:
1054:introduction
1047:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1003:Pearl Rivers
963:
946:
929:
917:
913:
905:
901:
899:food items.
877:
871:
857:
839:
826:
819:
808:
792:
786:
778:
768:
749:
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
684:
678:
673:The correct
672:
640:
626:
616:and used in
610:habitat loss
564:
563:
559:
557:
529:Southern Min
480:Hanyu Pinyin
398:Southern Min
315:Hanyu Pinyin
248:
247:
203:
201:
185:
184:
172:
18:
3564:iNaturalist
3486:AmphibiaWeb
3458:Wikispecies
3149:30 November
3050:30 November
2746:(8): 1360.
2695:(10): 161.
2534:(3): 2521.
2314:December 5,
2126:"欢迎访问动物学杂志"
1758:2433/286948
1735:(1): 2575.
1466:introducing
1430:Overhunting
1420:ectothermic
1379:and create
1199:Dresden Zoo
1187:Zoo Atlanta
920:esophaguses
888:Cannibalism
831:Zhangjiajie
805:Description
687:would be a
633:Chinese law
570:salamanders
521:Waa-waa jyu
458:"baby fish"
373:Daaih-ngàih
3703:Categories
3414:Amphibians
3011:2010-02-04
2986:2019-11-13
2957:. isis.org
2665:2014-10-21
2384:2010-02-04
2235:2014-10-23
2135:2023-11-21
1961:2016-07-08
1676:2010-02-04
1651:2022-01-14
1574:References
1529:pesticides
1449:references
1270:Prague Zoo
1235:Species360
1223:California
1210:London Zoo
1183:Species360
1176:London Zoo
1160:wastewater
908:gill slits
873:Saurogobio
860:millipedes
741:hellbender
590:introduced
574:amphibians
81:Appendix I
40:Prague Zoo
3370:2095-8137
3276:0960-9822
2969:. smnk.de
2900:1001-9332
2762:2073-4425
2607:1664-042X
2548:2038-8306
2491:1932-6203
2424:1742-5689
2175:2095-8137
2094:2045-7758
2018:0960-9822
1767:2045-2322
1646:cites.org
1369:Siltation
1343:mesocosms
1327:Ranavirus
1323:epizootic
1155:haplotype
1150:Ranavirus
1144:mushrooms
1082:taxonomic
1048:Finds in
1031:A. sligoi
1007:Chongqing
987:Guangdong
949:territory
835:Chongqing
811:tubercles
783:Huangshan
765:hybridize
721:A. sligoi
624:project.
507:Wā-wā yùh
359:Daai-ngai
212:Blanchard
180:Species:
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
3668:Species+
3582:10203403
3443:Wikidata
3388:35514224
3331:CBS News
3284:29787717
3190:15179900
3144:BBC News
3099:17391583
3091:24385158
2908:19899477
2780:36011271
2721:30257506
2625:32256382
2566:26428885
2509:25853557
2461:PLOS ONE
2442:23466557
2193:35514224
2112:31624538
2026:29787716
1785:38297026
1776:10831114
1538:and the
1521:bow hook
1286:Zhejiang
1243:Shanghai
1094:poaching
1035:A. cheni
973:east to
896:Dabashan
849:Behavior
657:Taxonomy
614:delicacy
542:Ua-ua hî
515:Jyutping
367:Jyutping
241:Synonyms
158:Family:
142:Amphibia
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
3686:1398063
3556:2432037
3543:1018725
3379:9113980
3292:4075404
3254:Bibcode
3045:zsl.org
2771:9407298
2712:6211081
2689:Animals
2616:7093600
2591:: 208.
2557:4598597
2500:4390218
2469:Bibcode
2433:3627076
2184:9113980
2103:6787787
2072:Bibcode
2043:Andrias
1996:Bibcode
1737:Bibcode
1570:study.
1558:Andrias
1462:improve
1305:in the
1136:Guizhou
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