294:(TSPM). In addition to accepting the worrying institutional memory of government use of the TSPM to suppress churches during the 1950s, groups joining the TSPM would have to agree to limits on the time and location of religious activities, among other restrictions. Further, some Christians find certain TSPM teachings inconsistent with their personal faith. All churches submit to government monitoring as a condition of state approval; the government has direct oversight over TSPM congregations and can insist that Christians honor the government, in addition to traditional Christian theological teachings. Many Chinese Christians choose to attend house churches to practice their faith without government interference.
2811:
2699:
200:, strongly resisted the TSPM both for its allegiance to a political entity and its liberal theological leanings. As a result of their refusal to join with the TSPM, an entire generation of China's independent pastors were severely persecuted and their churches forced to close. These resistant churches often began meeting in undisclosed locations, such as individual homes or fields, thus gaining the name "house church". Despite the TSPM's efforts to maintain a good relationship with the CCP, it too was eventually dismantled and persecuted during the
31:
189:", which publicly supported the CCP's policy of overseeing the church for the sake of national unity and progress and called on all Protestant Christians to follow suit. In the 1950s, Wu successfully oversaw the signing of "The Christian Manifesto" by roughly half of the Protestant population across China. He also played a key role in creating and leading the
252:
The house church has grown by some estimations to tens of millions of
Christians. They had demonstrated national-level influence when Christians organized to provide relief to the deadly 2008 Sichuan earthquake, a disaster which the government was slow to handle. In 2018, the CCP began to introduce a
160:
Some scholars prefer to use terms such as "unregistered church" to speak about the
Protestant phenomenon, because these groups can reach several hundred and do not always literally meet in someone's home. Others suggest the need to discard the "house church" vs. "TSPM church" dichotomy as there is a
238:
The rapid urbanization has also resulted in migration to China's urban centers and the rise of urban house churches. Some of these have developed through migrant worker communities and university students. Other new communities can be seen among urban intellectuals and entrepreneurs, the latter
164:
Moreover, as a result of the rapid urbanization of China since the 1990s, there has been a growing development within urban
Christianity. Some congregations have preferred to self-identify as being part of a "third church" to differentiate from both traditional house churches and TSPM churches.
297:
Some house churches, however, submit their activities for government approval in an attempt to follow the law as closely as possible while remaining independent. In some instances, authorities have allowed such house churches to continue to operate. In others, officials have arrested pastors,
286:
argues that house churches are subject to persecution when they cross red lines, which include, apart from size, rapid growth, active proselytization, the attempt to form national networks, contacts with foreign
Christian organization, and criticism of the government.
222:
Since the 1990s, a number of developments have resulted from the rapid urbanization experienced in
Chinese society. While house churches originated as being quite independent of one another, a number of house church networks have developed, with some headquartered in
413:
Robert
Menzies disputes these views, arguing, "The common thread that unites Pentecostals in China with other Pentecostals around the world is their sense of connection with the apostolic church as reflected in the book of Acts."
435:
While foreign media often focus discussion about house churches mainly with relation to
Protestantism, other religious traditions in China have chosen a similar form of organization. These include house assemblies of
123:
277:
House churches in China are generally considered illegal, yet smaller house churches of less than 25 members tend to be tolerated by the government. However, some have grown to a fairly large size, such as the
590:
204:(1966–1976) so that all Christian practice in China became persecuted and hidden. During the period from the 1950s to 1970s, the strongest house church networks could be found in China's countryside.
1151:
282:
which reached 1,000 members at its height. House churches today still experience persecution, though the situation tends to differ depending on the region. American political scientist
1825:
360:
However, a number of scholars have attempted to reconsider this description, using phrases such as "Pentecostal-like" or "Pentecostal characteristics" to indicate this ambiguity.
654:
398:, can trace themselves back to missionaries coming from Pentecostal denominations. Many of the Pentecostal characteristics in Chinese churches are seen to have parallels with
323:
859:
219:
would be formed. Protestant congregations that wished to worship publicly registered with the TSPM, but those that did not would eventually be termed house churches.
2115:
2092:
2057:
1981:
2120:
2034:
1971:
2591:
1337:
586:
1045:
Tang, Edmond (2005). "'Yellers' and
Healers: Pentecostalism and the Study of Grassroots Christianity in China". In Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (eds.).
2485:
139:, one of the key leaders of the TSPM and the CCC for many years, did not like the term "house church" and preferred to use the term "house gathering" (
283:
1590:
1143:
1513:
298:
congregants, and others affiliated with the targeted congregations, and have even gone so far as the destruction of buildings used for worship.
1430:
815:
2687:
1189:
128:
1330:
613:
1716:
2665:
1277:
1885:
1070:
Oblau, Gotthard (2005). "Pentecostal by
Default? Contemporary Christianity in China". In Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (eds.).
851:
1323:
1183:
720:
17:
2654:
2621:
1506:
1372:
1219:
1104:
1079:
1054:
997:
890:
528:
2952:
2729:
2213:
1742:
461:
315:
2611:
792:
2979:
1397:
932:
330:. These groups would also be instrumental in inspiring the creation of indigenous Pentecostal groups, such as the
3005:
2810:
2680:
2550:
1618:
906:
2734:
2455:
2072:
1752:
1499:
469:
149:). This was because he found designations such as "house church" and "official church" as returning to the pre-
119:
2475:
1598:
1450:
641:
354:
291:
212:
190:
178:
73:
47:
2825:
3000:
2947:
2855:
2724:
2445:
2067:
1835:
1817:
1807:
1377:
1346:
960:
380:
2921:
1792:
1693:
1536:
852:"Chinese Police Proudly Record Their Torture of Christians - Resources - Eternal Perspective Ministries"
2926:
2783:
2673:
1991:
1767:
1656:
1646:
1556:
1551:
1475:
372:
258:
80:(CCC). They represent a tradition of independent churches that would not come under the control of the
2967:
2962:
2695:
2596:
2508:
2125:
2110:
1830:
1797:
1664:
1367:
1123:
Gao, Shining (Dec 2000). "Twenty-first
Century Chinese Christianity and the Chinese Social Process".
353:. According to some surveys, 90% of converts to Protestant Christianity, in both house churches and
2565:
2555:
2470:
2082:
2006:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1711:
1636:
1573:
1561:
1546:
1403:
346:
2130:
2001:
2973:
2880:
2788:
2649:
2631:
2480:
2465:
2391:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1933:
1928:
1603:
1580:
1470:
707:
Jesus in Beijing: How Christianity is Transforming China and Changing the Global Balance of Power
368:
216:
186:
174:
81:
77:
825:
2778:
2606:
2513:
2087:
2011:
1923:
1845:
1802:
1568:
1425:
751:
678:
556:
494:
403:
154:
1173:
161:
lot that blurs these divisions, including the relationship between the two groups themselves.
2911:
2773:
2719:
2376:
2077:
2062:
2039:
2029:
1918:
1747:
1631:
1626:
1522:
712:
705:
399:
548:
2306:
1757:
1465:
1420:
1392:
311:
453:
269:, was given a jail sentence of 9 years, the longest given to a pastor in several decades.
8:
2957:
2885:
2865:
2570:
2371:
2271:
1762:
1641:
1460:
1236:
384:
254:
208:
201:
150:
89:
2870:
2766:
2626:
2460:
1706:
1669:
1269:
1095:
Chan, Simon (2005). "Wither Pentecostalism?". In Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (eds.).
965:
646:
101:
290:
House churches are often reluctant to become official by joining the state-sanctioned
235:
all over the country and have even started sending them abroad to neighboring states.
2931:
2916:
2895:
2850:
2751:
2711:
2703:
2560:
2523:
2296:
1684:
1387:
1273:
1215:
1179:
1100:
1075:
1050:
993:
937:
886:
784:
716:
650:
549:
524:
391:
364:
331:
327:
319:
232:
1305:
2890:
2860:
2761:
2756:
2601:
2540:
2416:
1865:
1259:
1251:
1022:
636:
628:
441:
266:
2616:
1840:
883:
The Politics of Protestant Churches and the Party-State in China: God Above Party?
2575:
2545:
2533:
2341:
2321:
2226:
1870:
1860:
1480:
988:
Bays, Daniel H.; Johnson, Todd M. (2002). "China". In Burgess, Stanley M. (ed.).
820:
279:
193:(TSPM), a state-sanctioned governing body for Protestant Christianity in China.
88:
in the 1950s. However, they came into their current form of existence after the
2795:
1880:
1787:
1782:
1772:
1701:
1315:
1255:
1026:
376:
342:
307:
632:
387:
are not prevalent in Chinese churches, when compared with miraculous healing.
371:
argues that "an adequate definition of Pentecostalism cannot be restricted to
118:
assemblies who have chosen to operate independently from the state-sanctioned
2994:
2875:
2528:
2291:
2256:
2021:
1958:
1850:
788:
587:"'House Church' and 'Three-Self': Cooperation Across the Christian Community"
375:
description" – that is, based on experiences. Chan continues to explain that
350:
197:
85:
2741:
2386:
2326:
2266:
2241:
2231:
2193:
2185:
2175:
2157:
1875:
1777:
1674:
1541:
1382:
424:
419:
395:
335:
2411:
2401:
2381:
2336:
2311:
2286:
2281:
2246:
2102:
2049:
1855:
1726:
990:
The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements
776:
457:
437:
1491:
1264:
2800:
2518:
2431:
2426:
2406:
2396:
2366:
2316:
2261:
2251:
2236:
2221:
2203:
2170:
2165:
1910:
1212:
The Spread of Tibetan Buddhism in China: Charisma, Money, Enlightenment
521:
Reconstructing Christianity in China: K. H. Ting and the Chinese Church
136:
65:
30:
1310:
410:. Some have described this as a folk religionization of Christianity.
2845:
2830:
2361:
2276:
473:
2421:
2301:
2198:
1097:
Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia
1072:
Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia
1047:
Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia
407:
228:
182:
115:
27:
Protestant assemblies in China outside of state-sanctioned churches
1013:
Koesel, Karrie J. (2014-01-14). "China's Patriotic Pentecostals".
2835:
2331:
1608:
262:
816:"Why Do Christian Groups in China Put Authorities on Red Alert?"
2746:
1721:
465:
55:
933:"For China's underground churches, this was no easy Christmas"
341:
Today, Chinese house churches are commonly described as being
2698:
2351:
449:
390:
Edmond Tang has pointed out that only a few groups, like the
224:
69:
207:
Due to the changes in religious policy after the end of the
445:
177:(CCP) gained control of mainland China and established the
1237:"From "Congregations" to "Small Group Community Building""
430:
2840:
357:
churches, cite healing as a reason for their conversion.
738:
China's Urban Christians: A Light That Cannot Be Hidden
181:(PRC). Shortly thereafter, well-known Christian leader
492:
196:
However, China's independent churches, championed by
72:
that operate independently from the state-sanctioned
849:
740:. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications. pp. 6–21.
704:
349:. This is often the case due to the experience of
642:20.500.11820/9dc682b5-4fe2-4022-932a-89d466dd71c1
2992:
1345:
614:"Calvinist Public Theology in Urban China Today"
310:missionaries arrived in China shortly after the
992:. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. pp. 58–64.
711:. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. pp.
253:series of new religious regulations. It closed
100:While these groups are sometimes described as "
1431:Shangdong Chinese Independent Christian Church
961:"Chinese Police Dynamite Christian Megachurch"
301:
124:Bishops Conference of Catholic Church in China
2681:
1507:
1331:
1306:Statement of Faith for Chinese House Churches
1144:"Pentecostal Theology and the Chinese Church"
987:
907:"Inside the House Church Movement in China"
2688:
2674:
1514:
1500:
1338:
1324:
114:), this term is generally associated with
1717:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1521:
1263:
640:
584:
569:
1214:. New York: Routledge. pp. 22, 88.
813:
807:
621:International Journal of Public Theology
555:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp.
29:
1141:
1135:
1040:
1038:
1036:
518:
431:Similar organization in other religions
14:
2993:
1283:from the original on 25 September 2019
1234:
1178:. Yale University Press. p. 356.
1118:
1116:
1015:Review of Religion and Chinese Society
1012:
850:Voice of the Marytrs (June 12, 2003).
845:
843:
795:from the original on November 27, 2017
735:
702:
551:A New History of Christianity in China
542:
540:
2669:
1495:
1319:
1171:
1069:
523:. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis. p. 237.
1235:Palmer, David A. (1 December 2012).
1142:Menzies, Robert (January 21, 2015).
1094:
1074:. Oxford: Regnum. pp. 411–436.
1049:. Oxford: Regnum. pp. 481–485.
1044:
1033:
880:
756:The Center for House Church Theology
683:The Center for House Church Theology
611:
574:. London: Routledge. pp. 15–18.
546:
499:The Center for House Church Theology
231:provinces. These networks have sent
2655:National Christian Council of China
1311:Persecution News Reports from China
1154:from the original on April 27, 2016
1122:
1113:
840:
593:from the original on March 26, 2016
572:Christian Values in Communist China
537:
24:
1373:China Christian Independent Church
1209:
1175:Chinese Theology: Text and Context
25:
3017:
2953:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
1299:
585:McLeister, Mark (June 24, 2013).
316:Christian and Missionary Alliance
34:A house church in Shunyi, Beijing
2980:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
2809:
2697:
1398:Evangelical Free Church of China
862:from the original on May 8, 2016
814:Gauthier, Ursula (2 June 2011).
1228:
1203:
1192:from the original on 2017-02-17
1165:
1099:. Oxford: Regnum. p. 578.
1088:
1063:
1006:
981:
953:
925:
899:
874:
769:
744:
660:from the original on 2019-04-27
2735:Chinese salvationist religions
2456:Catholic Patriotic Association
2073:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
729:
696:
671:
605:
578:
563:
512:
486:
314:as part of groups such as the
245:
240:
145:
140:
120:Catholic Patriotic Association
110:
105:
95:
60:
51:
13:
1:
2476:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
1451:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
752:""What is the House Church?""
479:
292:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
213:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
191:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
74:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
2948:Freedom of religion in China
2068:Christianity in Heilongjiang
1347:Chinese Independent Churches
324:Pentecostal Missionary Union
215:would be reinstated and the
7:
2597:Anti-sex-selective abortion
1537:Timeline of Chinese history
1244:Chinese Sociological Review
679:"What is the House Church?"
519:Wickeri, Philip L. (2007).
495:"What is the House Church?"
493:What is the House Church?.
456:study groups, unregistered
302:Pentecostal characteristics
272:
10:
3022:
2622:Chinese Christian Colleges
1743:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
1557:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
1552:Catholic Church in Sichuan
1476:Back to Jerusalem movement
1256:10.2753/CSA2162-0555450205
1027:10.1163/22143955-04102002b
259:Early Rain Covenant Church
239:termed "boss Christians" (
179:People's Republic of China
168:
70:People's Republic of China
2968:Ghosts in Chinese culture
2963:Regional Religious System
2940:
2904:
2818:
2807:
2710:
2640:
2602:Anti-footbinding campaign
2584:
2501:
2444:
2350:
2212:
2184:
2156:
2143:
2126:Christianity in Hong Kong
2111:Christianity in Guangdong
2101:
2048:
2020:
1967:Christianity in Chongqing
1957:
1909:
1900:
1831:Medical missions in China
1816:
1808:St. Paul's College, Macau
1798:Chinese Rites controversy
1735:
1692:
1683:
1665:Hymns of Universal Praise
1655:
1617:
1589:
1529:
1443:
1413:
1368:Church of Christ in China
1360:
1353:
881:Vala, Carsten T. (2017).
633:10.1163/15697320-12341340
570:Wielander, Gerda (2013).
2712:Major religions in China
2566:Second Sino-Japanese War
2083:Christianity in Liaoning
2007:Christianity in Xinjiang
1949:Christianity in Zhejiang
1944:Christianity in Shanghai
1939:Christianity in Shandong
1753:Foreign Missions Society
1712:Mogao Christian painting
1637:Studium Biblicum Version
1574:Protestantism in Sichuan
1562:Catholic Church in Tibet
1547:Catholic Church in China
1404:Lutheran Church of China
612:Chow, Alexander (2014).
470:folk religious groupings
427:themes, is widely used.
185:authored and published "
2974:Three Persian religions
2881:Mongolian folk religion
2650:China Christian Council
2632:Sino-Christian theology
2551:Anti-Christian Movement
2481:China Christian Council
2466:The Christian Manifesto
2116:Christianity in Guangxi
2093:Christianity in Tianjin
2058:Christianity in Beijing
1997:Christianity in Sichuan
1992:Christianity in Shaanxi
1987:Christianity in Qinghai
1982:Christianity in Ningxia
1977:Christianity in Guizhou
1934:Christianity in Jiangxi
1929:Christianity in Jiangsu
1768:Giovanni de' Marignolli
1647:Today's Chinese Version
1581:Chinese Orthodox Church
1471:China Gospel Fellowship
885:. New York: Routledge.
217:China Christian Council
187:The Christian Manifesto
175:Chinese Communist Party
82:Chinese Communist Party
78:China Christian Council
3006:Protestantism in China
2730:Folk ritual ministries
2592:Science and technology
2514:Century of humiliation
2446:Church-state relations
2272:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
2237:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
2121:Christianity in Hainan
2088:Christianity in Shanxi
2012:Christianity in Yunnan
1924:Christianity in Fujian
1846:Divie Bethune McCartee
1803:Martyr Saints of China
1793:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
1748:Jesuit missions (Ming)
1569:Protestantism in China
1426:Gospel of Grace Church
1210:Yu, Dan Smyer (2013).
736:Fulton, Brent (2015).
703:Aikman, David (2003).
255:Zion Church in Beijing
35:
2720:Chinese folk religion
2377:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
2131:Christianity in Macau
2078:Christianity in Jilin
2063:Christianity in Hebei
2040:Christianity in Hunan
2035:Christianity in Hubei
2030:Christianity in Henan
2002:Christianity in Tibet
1972:Christianity in Gansu
1919:Christianity in Anhui
1632:Chinese Union Version
1523:Christianity in China
1456:House church movement
1444:Established post-1949
1172:Starr, Chloë (2016).
547:Bays, Daniel (2012).
400:Chinese folk religion
377:classical Pentecostal
33:
2617:Cantonese Roman Type
2448:in People's Republic
2307:John Ching Hsiung Wu
1758:John of Montecorvino
1466:Fangcheng Fellowship
1421:Christian Tabernacle
1393:Bread of Life Church
1354:Established pre-1949
320:China Inland Mission
312:Azusa Street Revival
102:underground churches
92:in the early-1980s.
18:Chinese house church
3001:Christian movements
2958:Irreligion in China
2886:Qiang folk religion
2725:Ancestor veneration
2641:Interdenominational
2607:Anti-opium campaign
2571:Cultural Revolution
2471:Protestant Lianghui
2372:Aloysius Jin Luxian
2144:Chinese Christians
1763:Odoric of Pordenone
1642:Chinese New Version
1461:Born Again Movement
1125:China Study Journal
783:. October 2, 2008.
402:, such as trances,
385:speaking in tongues
209:Cultural Revolution
202:Cultural Revolution
151:Cultural Revolution
90:Cultural Revolution
2871:Miao folk religion
2767:Theravada Buddhism
2627:Manchurian revival
2612:Chinese Roman Type
2461:Underground church
1707:Jingjiao Documents
1694:Church of the East
1670:Chinese New Hymnal
1627:Delegates' Version
1619:Bible translations
966:The New York Times
941:. 25 December 2019
351:miraculous healing
68:assemblies in the
36:
2988:
2987:
2896:Yao folk religion
2704:Religion in China
2663:
2662:
2561:Chinese Civil War
2546:Xinhai Revolution
2524:Taiping Rebellion
2509:Rites controversy
2440:
2439:
2297:Francis C. M. Wei
2150:
2139:
2138:
1896:
1895:
1489:
1488:
1439:
1438:
1388:True Jesus Church
1185:978-0-300-22493-1
969:. 12 January 2018
938:Los Angeles Times
722:978-0-89526-128-1
406:, and the use of
404:ancestral worship
392:True Jesus Church
365:Assemblies of God
332:True Jesus Church
328:Assemblies of God
155:denominationalism
16:(Redirected from
3013:
2861:Manchu shamanism
2813:
2762:Tibetan Buddhism
2757:Chinese Buddhism
2702:
2701:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2556:Nanjing incident
2541:Tianjin Massacre
2154:
2153:
2146:
1907:
1906:
1866:Jonathan Goforth
1690:
1689:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1358:
1357:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1267:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1042:
1031:
1030:
1010:
1004:
1003:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
913:. 19 August 2019
911:palladiummag.com
903:
897:
896:
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
847:
838:
837:
835:
833:
824:. Archived from
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
777:"Sons of heaven"
773:
767:
766:
764:
762:
748:
742:
741:
733:
727:
726:
710:
700:
694:
693:
691:
689:
675:
669:
668:
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665:
659:
644:
618:
609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
582:
576:
575:
567:
561:
560:
554:
544:
535:
534:
516:
510:
509:
507:
505:
490:
442:Tibetan Buddhism
379:beliefs such as
373:phenomenological
265:, whose pastor,
247:
242:
147:
142:
132:
112:
107:
62:
53:
21:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2936:
2900:
2819:Other religions
2814:
2805:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2664:
2659:
2642:
2636:
2580:
2576:Boluan Fanzheng
2534:Boxer Rebellion
2497:
2447:
2436:
2353:
2346:
2342:David Z. T. Yui
2322:Y. C. James Yen
2227:Chiang Kai-shek
2208:
2180:
2148:
2145:
2135:
2097:
2044:
2016:
1953:
1902:
1892:
1871:Cambridge Seven
1861:Timothy Richard
1836:Robert Morrison
1812:
1731:
1685:Mission history
1679:
1651:
1613:
1585:
1525:
1520:
1490:
1485:
1481:Shouwang Church
1435:
1409:
1349:
1344:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1157:
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1136:
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1107:
1093:
1089:
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1057:
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1034:
1011:
1007:
1000:
986:
982:
972:
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959:
958:
954:
944:
942:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
905:
904:
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893:
879:
875:
865:
863:
848:
841:
831:
829:
812:
808:
798:
796:
775:
774:
770:
760:
758:
750:
749:
745:
734:
730:
723:
701:
697:
687:
685:
677:
676:
672:
663:
661:
657:
616:
610:
606:
596:
594:
589:. ChinaSource.
583:
579:
568:
564:
545:
538:
531:
517:
513:
503:
501:
491:
487:
482:
452:, Buddhist and
433:
425:pneumatological
304:
284:Carsten T. Vala
280:Shouwang Church
275:
211:, in 1980, the
171:
126:
98:
84:dating back to
61:jiātíng jiàohuì
44:family churches
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2927:Inner Mongolia
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
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2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2784:Roman Catholic
2781:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2716:
2714:
2708:
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2693:
2692:
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2652:
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2638:
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2629:
2624:
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2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
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2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
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2399:
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2348:
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2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2147:(by period of
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1881:Gladys Aylward
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:Angelo Zottoli
1785:
1783:Joachim Bouvet
1780:
1775:
1773:Francis Xavier
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1565:
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1554:
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1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1300:External links
1298:
1295:
1294:
1227:
1221:978-0415575324
1220:
1202:
1184:
1164:
1134:
1112:
1106:978-1870345439
1105:
1087:
1081:978-1870345439
1080:
1062:
1056:978-1870345439
1055:
1032:
1021:(2): 131–155.
1005:
999:978-0310224815
998:
980:
952:
924:
898:
892:978-1138036901
891:
873:
839:
828:on 7 June 2011
806:
768:
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728:
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695:
670:
604:
577:
562:
536:
530:978-1570757518
529:
511:
484:
483:
481:
478:
468:, and various
432:
429:
381:Spirit-baptism
303:
300:
274:
271:
170:
167:
97:
94:
40:house churches
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2999:
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2679:
2677:
2672:
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2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:organisations
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
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2559:
2557:
2554:
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2549:
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2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Yangzhou riot
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
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2398:
2395:
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2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Wang Ming-Dao
2290:
2288:
2287:Tseng Pao-sun
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Lu Zhengxiang
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Hong Xiuchuan
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Hudson Taylor
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Karl Gützlaff
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1591:Terms for God
1588:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1131:(2–3): 14–18.
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1001:
995:
991:
984:
968:
967:
962:
956:
940:
939:
934:
928:
912:
908:
902:
894:
888:
884:
877:
861:
857:
853:
846:
844:
827:
823:
822:
817:
810:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:The Economist
778:
772:
757:
753:
747:
739:
732:
724:
718:
714:
709:
708:
699:
684:
680:
674:
656:
652:
648:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
608:
592:
588:
581:
573:
566:
558:
553:
552:
543:
541:
532:
526:
522:
515:
500:
496:
489:
485:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
428:
426:
422:
421:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
299:
295:
293:
288:
285:
281:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
248:
246:lǎobǎn jīdūtú
236:
234:
230:
226:
220:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
198:Wang Ming-Dao
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:In 1949, the
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
146:jiātíng jùhuì
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:dìxià jiàohuì
103:
93:
91:
87:
86:Wang Ming-Dao
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2972:
2826:Baháʼí Faith
2774:Christianity
2742:Confucianism
2493:House church
2492:
2392:Liu Xiaofeng
2387:Lin Shengben
2327:Ying Lianzhi
2267:Watchman Nee
2242:Feng Yuxiang
2232:Cheng Jingyi
2176:Yang Tingyun
1886:
1876:Eric Liddell
1778:Matteo Ricci
1675:Canaan Hymns
1542:Christianity
1455:
1406:(since 1951)
1400:(since 1949)
1383:Jesus Family
1378:Local church
1287:25 September
1285:. Retrieved
1265:10722/189427
1250:(2): 78–98.
1247:
1243:
1230:
1211:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1174:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1096:
1090:
1071:
1065:
1046:
1018:
1014:
1008:
989:
983:
971:. Retrieved
964:
955:
943:. Retrieved
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2382:Samuel Lamb
2337:Paul Yu Pin
2312:Wu Leichuan
2247:Francis Hsu
2149:prominence)
1901:By province
1856:Lottie Moon
1702:Xi'an Stele
1530:Foundations
1148:ChinaSource
856:www.epm.org
438:Han Chinese
417:The hymnal
367:theologian
347:charismatic
343:Pentecostal
308:Pentecostal
127: [
96:Terminology
76:(TSPM) and
2995:Categories
2801:Falun Gong
2779:Protestant
2519:Opium Wars
2486:Seminaries
2432:Zhao Fusan
2427:Allen Yuan
2407:K. H. Ting
2397:Lü Xiaomin
2367:He Guanghu
2317:Wu Yi-fang
2282:Sun Yatsen
2262:Ma Xiangbo
2252:Jia Yuming
2222:T. C. Chao
2204:Xi Shengmo
2171:Xu Guangqi
2166:Candida Xu
1903:and region
1818:Protestant
1196:2017-02-14
1158:2016-04-21
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917:11 October
664:2019-01-29
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559:, 190–195.
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440:following
423:, rich in
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2905:By region
2846:Dongbaism
2831:Benzhuism
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1887:(more...)
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789:0013-0613
761:4 October
688:4 October
651:143357822
597:March 18,
504:4 October
474:Yiguandao
464:forms of
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2789:Orthodox
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2302:Paul Wei
2214:Republic
2199:Liang Fa
1826:Agencies
1736:Catholic
1414:Regional
1361:National
1278:Archived
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860:Archived
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472:such as
394:and the
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