Chinese orchestra - Knowledge

531: 1793: 1096: 2153: 1529: 1321: 3734: 3717: 717: 2645:. There are normally 2 types, the northern Lion drum (normally in red) and southern lion drum (painted in black). It is a single-headed drum, and its large size helps to create a majestic, booming resonance upon striking of the drum head. The lion drum head is made of thick, durable goat skin, and its wooden body is normally decorated with intricate hand-drawn drawings. The sound produce by it usually sound higher key than the 1255: 21: 2428:(1271–1368). The small gongs in a set, usually numbering up to 10 and in distinct pitches, are suspended vertically in a wooden frame. Each is attached to a cubicle within the frame, secured by cords. These gongs are all of the same diameter but vary in thickness. In terms of tuning, thicker dimensions give higher pitches, and thinner ones, lower. The instruments are struck with a small beater. 2383:, or Chinese gong, is made of high-tin bronze, hammered into the shape of a sifter. Its central resonating area can be either flat or convex. Its long history can be traced back to the early Western Han period (206 BC-AD 24) according to an archaeological find from a tomb of that period in Guangxi. In a text dating to the Tang period (AD 618–907), it was known as the 2093:, singing or dancing, but also for more sombre occasions, such as during a traditional Chinese funeral procession. It is also utilised in solos or ensembles for various occasions and ceremonies. Being a double-reeded wind instrument, it is extremely difficult to master it to produce perfect pitches. There are modified types, such as the keyed alto, tenor and bass 2669:

disrupted cultural activities. Experimental pieces were composed in the early days of Chinese orchestra, an example of the earliest compositions for the Chinese orchestra with triadic chordal progression, Spring on the Lake, was composed by Tan Xiaolin in the 1930s. Numerous compositions for a modern

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The modern large Chinese orchestra is a 20th-century development and is based on the Western symphony orchestra, but uses Chinese instruments in place of Western instruments. It also emulates the Western orchestra in terms of the seating position of its musicians and composition techniques. The music

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Musical works that are written for modern Chinese orchestra are influenced by the musical structures, composition techniques, music theories, etc. of Western orchestral music. These compositions include parts scored for Western instruments, such as cello, double bass, harp and Western percussion. As

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or pig skin. Four lateral iron rings around the shell allow the drum to be vertically suspended in a frame. It is struck with a pair of wooden beaters. Tone quality can be modified by moving the striking point closer to the centre of the surface, with varying dynamics. Usually the different tone are

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It has a strong folk flavour, which often puts it in the limelight when in usage with other instruments. For this reason too, it is not suitable for playing accompaniment, as it tends to overshadow the sound of the melody instruments. It is more frequently used in plucked string ensembles and solos.

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proposed using the best of Western music tradition to compensate for the perceived weaknesses in Chinese music, and the Peking University Music Society was formed in 1919. The interest in improving traditional Chinese music along Western model led to a number of music club and ensembles being formed

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that can produce a complete chromatic scale was also invented. It became known as the BCC Chinese Orchestra, which is considered to be the first Chinese orchestra formed. The orchestra was organized along the line of a Western orchestra into a form that is recognizable today, with a conductor, full

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by increasing the number of pipes to increase its range and allow it to play harmony and chords. In the past, each player would embellish their parts at will, but in this new orchestra, Zheng wrote specific music for each instrument or sections. An early signature tune of the music club was "Spring

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ensemble in the 1920s into a form that is based on the structure and principles of a Western symphony orchestra but using Chinese instruments. The orchestra is divided into four sections – wind, plucked strings, bowed strings, and percussion, and usually performs modernized traditional music called

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In September 2008, the 21st Century Chinese Orchestra Development Group (CO21) was formed by enthusiasts to gather support for the improvement of orchestra formation and instruments that have hindered the development of Chinese classical music. Suggested improvements included a change in orchestra

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and wrote music for it, turning a folk instrument into one suitable for concert performance. Liu also wrote for the ensemble and expanded on traditional musical notation so it may be used for an orchestra, specifying ornamentation details and tempo and the use of particular instruments in specific

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The type used for Beijing opera and other northern Chinese musical dramas, with a smaller central striking area, has a relatively solid tone quality. In the southern gong and drum ensemble, the bangu has a larger striking area, rendering a looser and softer tone. The southern type can be used for

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referring to Beijing, the prefix used to define the instruments in the Beijing opera). This type is clear and forceful in tone quality. It is also used in other regional opera genres and ensembles, and is one of the four major instruments (drum, large and small gongs and cymbals) in the jubilant

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The modern Chinese orchestra typically consists of four main sections. These instruments are generally grouped according to the way they are played – the bowed strings (inclusive of the Western bass section), plucked strings, woodwinds and percussion. Many of the Chinese instruments are modified

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The modern Chinese orchestra has since become a cultural institution in China as well as Chinese communities outside of mainland China. Amateur Chinese orchestras are commonly found in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia where they may be organized by clan associations, community centres and

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glued together in a circle, wrapped with a metal band. Its body is bell-mouthed in shape, which opens at the bottom. Its top surface (about 25 cm), covered with a piece of pig or cow hide, has a small convex central circular opening (about 5 or 6 cm in diameter), which is called the

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with strings tuned to a perfect fourth lower: D2-A2-D3-A3. Soloists generally use the D-A-D-A tuning, as it allows easy performance of diatonic chords. Some orchestral players tune to C-G-D-A, which is the same as cello tuning. The advantage of using C-G-D-A in orchestras is so that the

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Many of the popular early pieces for Chinese orchestra are based on folk music and other traditional genres. They may be originally traditional or solo pieces for Chinese instruments or written for Western orchestra, but later rearranged for a Chinese orchestra. A notable figure is

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In a recently redesigned type, the number of gongs was increased, ranging from 29 to 38, and two mallets with either hard or soft tips are used for different tonal effects. One sounds loud and solid, while the other soft and drifting. Owing to the expanded range, modification in

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players who play ruan as a second instrument also use fingernails. Plectrums produce a louder and clearer tone, which makes them suitable for orchestral use. Fingernails allow performance of polyphonic solo music, however this advantage is not useful in orchestras, where the

2606:(bells with handles for suspension at a slight angle). Because of the shape of the bells, two different pitches, a major or minor third apart, can be produced on any of the bells, depending on the two striking locations, which are either the frontal or the lateral. 12 2473:

is constructed mainly in two types. The larger one, with diameters of over a metre, can produce a deep and sonorous tone and the smaller, with a diameter of 20 to 30 cm, is solid and forceful in tone quality. It is traditionally used with other instruments like

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Like its Western counterpart, instruments used in the percussion section of the modern Chinese orchestra vary according to the musical work. The percussion section of the modern Chinese orchestra consists of two main parts: Chinese percussion and Western percussion.

2315:(lit. drum heart, which is the middle of the drum), the actual sounding position. The player strikes on this central area with a pair of bamboo sticks. The use of normal sticks would cause the pain of hand and the bamboos sticks used are also not commonly used. 2698:

The following are examples of pieces written for large modern Chinese orchestra. These musical works may utilise Western musical composition techniques, as well as the inclusion of Western instruments like cello, double bass, harp and Western percussion.

2270:, directs the rest of the orchestra through his different methods and positions of striking his instrument. He has control over the overall development of the action and creation of atmosphere, and is equivalent to the conductor of the Western orchestra. 1079:, as well as Western percussion instruments. In fact, the roles of cello, double bass and Western percussion in modern Chinese orchestra are so important that almost all compositions use them. However, certain composers may prefer to use the 870:, where it held its first public performance in 1942. The ensemble also held classes, and it quickly expanded. In order to increase the pitch range, extra instruments were invented and added to the ensemble, such as the middle-to-low range 2583:(1766–1122 BC), when a set of 3 bronze bells was common, though the earlier earthenware type of the late Stone Age was unearthed in Shaanxi province. From the 5th to the 3rd century BC the number of bells increased, mostly from 9 to 13. 4597: 782:), to develop and maintain Chinese music in the modern age, recreating ancient music and instruments as well as creating new ensemble music for Chinese instruments. Zheng experimented with increasing the number of player in a 2209:

Percussion instruments produce sound through striking on the surface. Common materials used for making percussion instruments in the past were gold, rock, wood and bamboo. The more popular percussion instruments include the

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in 1956, and who rearranged many compositions for the Chinese orchestra. Some modern Chinese orchestras have also adapted contemporary Chinese popular songs as well as Western classical and pop music in their performances.

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was first recorded in the ancient inscriptions on oracle bones and tortoise shells dating from the Shang dynasty. At that time (1562–1066 BC) more than 50 percent of Chinese instruments were percussive in nature.

846:), was founded. Breaking from a tradition where each part is played by only one player, he formed an ensemble where more than one player may play a part. He made changes to traditional instruments such as 1194:). Some songs even require the player to hold the mallets vertically and use the other end or even using the player hands to pluck. It is a versatile instrument capable of playing rapid running notes or 1189:

played using a pair of bamboo mallets rubberised on one end. Besides hitting the strings with the rubberised ends, the mallets can also be turned over to create a sharper note (this technique is called

996:. By the 1960s, a largely standardized and modernized form of Chinese orchestra had emerged, although experimentation with the orchestra, compositions and instruments used continues to the present day. 788:

ensemble to 35, and separated the instruments into different sections. He began to standardize the instruments, for example inventing methods to resolve the problem of traditional instruments such as

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There are many varieties of gongs, each with varying tone qualities. The name is usually preceded by a prefix to specify each different kind. The largest type (over 120 cm in diameter) called

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can also be considered part of this section. This is true in some orchestras, but in others the cello and bass are considered distinct from the bowed strings. Some Chinese orchestras still use the

960:, who became the conductor of the orchestra in 1956, adapted many pieces for the orchestra. Another significant orchestra was the Vanguard Chinese Folk Orchestra that added instruments such as 2402:. Both the larger and the smaller boast distinct acoustic features, functions and performing styles. Different size and thinkness of the cymbals will affect the sound tone being produced. The 2670:

Chinese orchestra have been added to the repertoire since the 1980s. Such music composed generally follows the rules of traditional Chinese modal harmony, even if the music has become less

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temples, but recently appears in sets, varying in diameters and tonal qualities. The set is mainly used for regular rhythms when used for accompaniment. Playing the different parts of the

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image of a demure damsel. Despite the absence of soundholes, it is able to produce music as well as other plucked string instruments. The modern-day player has to wear a set of customised

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classification of Chinese instruments. The common type is similar in shape to a barrel. Its wooden body, entirely painted red with decorative patterns, is covered with two drumheads of

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II. These two sub-sections play either similar or vastly different melodies simultaneously, which is akin to the first and second violins in a Western orchestra. Occasionally, the

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is most commonly used to refer to the modern Chinese orchestra that is found in China and various overseas Chinese communities. This modern Chinese orchestra first developed out of

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Based on the Chinese idiom of the same name, the piece's main features are the percussion solos and is groundbreaking for the expansion of the Chinese percussion music genre.

1655:(lowest-pitched huqin) are proportionately fewer in numbers in the Chinese orchestra. The erhu forms the bulk of this section and is divided into distinct sections, known as 667:

tradition, were also found among the general population to provide popular entertainment, and religious groupings may perform music in festivals and other religious settings.

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More often than not, musical works written for modern Chinese orchestra incorporate a large Western percussion section, including important roles for instruments like the

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Because of the richness of the timbre, sound and variety of Chinese percussion instruments, they are frequently used in Western-style musical compositions. A large

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produced by the Chinese orchestra however is unique and very distinct from any Western counterpart. Such orchestras usually perform Chinese orchestral music called

1022:(五线谱) is more commonly used throughout the entire orchestra. Modern Chinese orchestral works are often published in standard notation, both parts and full scores. 1520:

members in a Chinese Orchestra, but it can also be played as a solo instrument. It emerged from the Warring period and became more popular since the Qin dynasty.

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schools, and some professional orchestras are also formed. For example, in Singapore the first amateur Chinese orchestra was formed in 1959, and its professional

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mentioned above, the development of the modern Chinese orchestra itself in the 20th century was based on the foundation laid by the Western symphonic orchestra.

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is loud, piercing and uplifting, thus it is usually used to perform vibrant and lively pieces. However, its repertoire also includes some mellower pieces. The

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on each side of the body. The four strings are tuned G3-D4-G4-D5. By pressing slightly above any of the frets on the instrument, one can vary the pitch of the

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The plucked strings section is unique to the modern Chinese orchestra due to the large number of plucked instruments in China. This section consists of the

956:, were added to enhance the sound and range of the orchestra. Traditional pieces, as well as regional ensemble music were rearranged for a large orchestra. 1508:

is a Chinese plucked zither. Generally, it has 18 or more strings and movable bridges. Performers use picks to play this instrument and they are known as

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is the alto range member of the plucked string section. One of the more well-known Chinese instruments, this instrument has been associated with imperial

915:. The plucked string section is unique to Chinese orchestra due to the large number of traditional Chinese lute-type instruments. The orchestra moved to 672: 381: 346: 326: 2103: 640:, Korea and India. The Tang imperial court also had a large outdoor band of nearly 1,200 performers. Chinese music then continued to evolve during the 311: 2198:, etc. are also utilized in modern Chinese orchestra. Western percussion is considered an essential part of the Chinese orchestra percussion section. 2035:

today include a 17-pipe instrument and a modified version for contemporary compositions, which has an expanded range of 21–42 pipes. The tone of the

271: 2107:, a double-reed Chinese instrument of much mellower quality (like that of the clarinet.) This usage has also led to the development of keyed lower 3594: 296: 276: 738:, although its repertoire may occasionally include adaptations of Western orchestral pieces or music originally composed for Western instruments. 55: 1350:

in this section. Its four strings are tuned to G2-D3-G3-D4. The instrument can be played using a plectrum similar to a guitar pick, as with the

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ensemble as part of the activity of the Society for Improving National Music he established at Peking University in 1927, and a periodical, the

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is carved from a block of wood and into the shape of a fish, then its interior is hollowed out. Sounds can be produced by striking." Since the

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is a Chinese free-reed bamboo mouth organ. The earliest type ever recorded in history had 14 pipes and was discovered in Zeng Houyi's tomb in

1762:), but due to the limitations and the costs of the instruments, they are now quite rare. A notable example of an ensemble still utilising the 938:

tuning system, improvements were made to instruments, and further various newly created instruments based on traditional instruments, such as

4691: 2587: 4568: 1465:, lit. large) has a soundbox covered on both sides with python skin. Its sound is forceful, penetrating and articulated; in fact, a single 2590:(from sometime after 433 BC) in Hubei province. This archaeological finding has become a focus of international academic attention. The 2201:

The history of Chinese percussion instruments is longer than any other section of traditional Chinese instruments. The character of the

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In the early 20th century a number of Chinese musicians became interested in improving traditional Chinese music. While some such as

2394:, known for its deep and grave tone, is used in official settings like weddings, funerals and temple ceremonies. The smallest, the 407: 221: 583:-type string instruments were used. All the bowed string instruments and many plucked string instruments first came to China from 3818: 172: 708:. It is said that there were more than 70 different musical instruments, but many of them have been lost or are obsolete today. 2482:

in folk festivals, and in ensembles or for accompaniment as well. Types for local operas are mostly smaller, for instance, the

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dynasty (475–221 BC). With the construction for two different pitches from a single bell and its unique casting methods, the

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Some of the well-known pieces for Chinese orchestra were originally composed in the 1930s until the interruption due to the

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In Chinese opera, the percussion section of the orchestra is particularly important, especially for martial scenes known as

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is shorter in length and smaller in diameter and produces a clear and bright tone. It is frequently used in bangzi opera of

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where the fundamental tuning for various instruments may be different. He also updated traditional instruments such as the

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family of instruments is very large, with different variants used in different tribes in China. The orchestra often uses

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This section sets the structure of modern Chinese orchestras apart from their Western counterparts. This largely plucked

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Even when used in the orchestra, it is also attributed with the main melody. However, since the orchestral usage of the

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thickness cannot change the pitch of each small gong. Thus varying diameters are used for the new tones for variation.

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series lies in how music can be produced from two fine metal strings less than 2 mm apart, without any frets or

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period. The Tang period was a very important epoch in the evolution of Chinese music, and court banquet music called

4722: 4717: 4561: 3766: 2398:(dog-calling gong), only 8 cm in diameter, can often be seen in theatrical ensembles in the southern parts of 1687:, if there is a solo part for it. There are various ways to play an erhu, such as bowing or plucking the strings. 1360:

players use plectrums, though there are some schools which teach the fingernail technique, similar to that of the

3062: 535: 926:. In 1953, the PRC government established a Chinese orchestra for the broadcast of Chinese music, the 35-member 4525: 2678:. One example of such modern compositions is The Great Wall Capriccio, a concerto composed in 1981 for erhu by 1771: 488: 464: 2575:'collected bell') is listed as a primary metal instrument, and thus heads the metal section under the 4427:

Chinese Culture in the 21st Century and its Global Dimensions: Comparative and Interdisciplinary Perspectives

476: 452: 440: 4478: 2923: 1308:(by plucking with all five fingers, one after another in a wavelike motion), the playing techniques of the 550:

Archaeological findings suggest that ancient China has a highly developed and sophisticated music culture.

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A four-movement concerto written for Chinese percussion, Western percussion and modern Chinese orchestra.

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promoted Western music, others defended traditional Chinese and worked to improve it. The president of

566:(c. 1111–222 BC). The ancient orchestra of the Zhou dynasty played a form of ceremonial music known as 206: 158: 3178:

Unnamed movements; the three movements are simply labeled "Movement I", "Movement II", "Movement III".

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but is larger in size and is played by either plucking or using a bow similar to a cello or bass bow.

904: 525: 38: 1993:, with extra finger holes and no membrance. It is even lower in pitch and mellower in tone than the 4638: 3796: 3737: 3008: 2658: 2602:(bells with bronze loops for vertical suspension), while those on the two lower layers were called 863: 336: 177: 4530: 530: 3508: 3047: 2898: 2754: 2749: 1304:(tilting the instrument and using the middle finger to continuously cut across the strings) and 908: 772:, 1872–1935) who founded a music institution in Shanghai in 1921, the Great Unity Music Society ( 393: 306: 216: 3447:

This three-movement work depicts the cultures of three different tribal groups based in western

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A number of folk ensembles were established in the 1950s in the PRC, the first of these was the

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This piece consists of 15 variations based on one main theme, divided into three movements.

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The inscriptions on the bells unite to form a literary text on the large tone system of the

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The largest set ever recorded was exhumed from the tomb of Marquis Yi of the State of Zeng,

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Many modern Chinese orchestral pieces include parts written for Western instruments such as

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Early recording of Spring Flowers on Moonlit River by (春江花月夜) Great Unity Music Club (大同樂會)

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Aside from the orchestras found in the court, musical ensembles, for example those in the

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dynasties (AD 581–907) with varying designs. Now it is commonly made of high-tin bronze.

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can create a stately and imposing atmosphere; dramatic effects can be achieved with the

1171:-based section creates tunes different from that of the Western orchestral instruments. 3868: 3602: 3545: 3432: 3401: 3390: 3348: 3301: 3216: 3029: 3023: 2988: 2702:

This is not a complete list of all musical works written for modern Chinese orchestra.

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being found still have a good sound quality despite many years after it was made. The

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In addition to the above-listed instruments, some musical works include parts for the

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Composed in 1982, this musical work depicts the exotic beauty of the Dabo River in

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era following the collapse of the Han dynasty saw a wave of musical influence from

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and modern Chinese orchestra. Also known as "Zhongruan Concerto No. 1" (第一中阮协奏曲).

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The following are examples of famous pieces written for modern Chinese orchestra.

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layout, the use of staff notation and also modifications to existing instruments.

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and monks only. An account of this instrument was found in the literature of the

1581:; 低音革胡) in place of cello and double bass respectively; however, the adoption of 1138: 900: 376: 356: 246: 109: 3823: 2622: 2517: 935: 784: 693: 657: 425: 366: 331: 321: 301: 286: 251: 241: 28: 4535: 4212:

Kaleidoscope of Cultures: A Celebration of Multicultural Research and Practice

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Composed in 1984, this four-movement symphonic suite depicts the scenery of

2424:(cloud gong) was first mentioned in historical records as yun'ao during the 1320: 1296:

on the right hand. From simple plucking with the thumb and index finger and

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Han Kuo-Huang (16 December 2009). Marvelene C. Moore; Philip Ewell (eds.).

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This three-movement symphonic work depicts the rich history and culture of

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set consists of 64 bells, hung in three layers, with the upper ones called

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is sometimes used in the modern Chinese orchestra for Chinese instruments,

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Traditional Chinese musical instruments were classified into eight groups (

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was an important element in traditional ritualistic ceremonies during the

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The bowed strings section of the modern Chinese orchestra includes the

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The woodwinds section of the modern Chinese orchestra consists of the

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instruments. There were also several wind instruments, but only a few

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is one of the more unusual instruments of traditional Chinese music.

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but it may not always be the concertmaster – an example is the piece

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and was used in royal courts and later during Confucian ceremonies.

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is lucid and bright. It has a huge range, a chromatically complete

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Chinese Music in the 20th Century (Chinese Music Monograph Series)

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mainly plays the accompaniment. It possesses a very mellow tone.

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Tradition and Change in the Performance of Chinese Music, Part 2

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Tradition and Change in the Performance of Chinese Music, Part 2

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Tradition and Change in the Performance of Chinese Music, Part 2

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The size of a lion drum is very big, and is widely used for the

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with both hands with different skills. There are usually a few

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players also take up a second instrument, which is usually the

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Kelly Kar Yue Chan; Chi Sum Garfield Lau, eds. (11 May 2020).

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The Oxford Handbook of Music in China and the Chinese Diaspora

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Beyond the May Fourth Paradigm: In Search of Chinese Modernity

2532:(AD 1644–1911) the instrument has appeared in folk ensembles. 2457:(hall drum) is listed as a hide instrument in the traditional 862:

for the broadcasting of traditional Chinese music. Due to the

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Chinese Music and Translated Modernity in Shanghai, 1918—1937

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Chinese Music and Translated Modernity in Shanghai, 1918—1937

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Chinese Music and Translated Modernity in Shanghai, 1918—1937

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and the life of the Baima Tibetan people living in the area.

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are mostly used in ensembles, and recently in solos as well.

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Musicians in a plucked string section in a Chinese orchestra.

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orchestra in this period may have over 200 instrumentalists.

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Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series)

3937:(4th ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 261–262. 3621: 2379: 2240: 2215: 2202: 1881: 1748: 1635: 1567: 1547: 1535:

players in the bowed strings section of a Chinese orchestra

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The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2

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The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2

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tune (夕陽簫鼓), later orchestral arrangement by Peng Xiuwen

602:, and Central Asian Music became very popular during the 4598:

China National Opera & Dance Drama Theater Orchestra

4479:"上海之春国际音乐节 Shanghai Spring International Music Festival" 2156:

Percussion section, to the right are a large gong and a

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CO21 – 21st Century Chinese Orchestra Development Group

4003:

Chenwei Wang; Samuel Wong; Jun Yi Chow (25 June 2019).

2009:, this instrument has a membrane and sounds like a low 508:

is sometimes used to distinguish the current form from

4508:. 2001. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. 4494:. 1999. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. 4450: 3851:

Han Kuo-Huang (1979). "The Modern Chinese Orchestra".

1312:

are visibly dimensionless. Its tuning is A2-D3-E3-A3.

1040:

versions of traditional instruments, for example, the

766:

in various cities. An early pioneer was Zheng Jinwen (

1633:

series of instruments in common usage consist of the

858:(BCC, also known as Central Broadcasting Company) in 4120:"The Modern Chinese Folk Orchestra: A Brief History" 2579:

classifications. Its long history dates back to the

2406:(big gong) has a very deep sound in contrast to the 2319:

solos with a variety of techniques and rhythms. The

1565:(低音提琴 or 倍大提琴). Certain compositions are scored for 1469:

can be clearly heard even in a 70-member orchestra.

4373:

Traditional Chinese Music in Contemporary Singapore

3007:A five-movement symphony that depicts the infamous 1589:is limited in Chinese orchestras around the world. 3930: 1607:Like the violins in Western orchestral music, the 1034: 2144:would also be used according to the composition. 1651:. The gaohu (highest-pitched of the series) and 4756: 4297:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–280. 3533:Also known as "Northwest Suite No. 1" (西北第一组曲). 3524:I: The Timely Rain Fall from High Heaven 老天爷下甘雨, 3444:III: Sacrifice, Torches, Potent Liquor 祭祀·火把·烈酒 4149: 4145: 4143: 3135:This four-movement tone poem depicts the grand 2516:(wooden fish) was used originally to accompany 2369:ensemble often accompanies acrobatic fighting. 2047:voicings. Most orchestras use a full range of 1477:is lower as compared to the other instruments, 723:, one of the foremost modern Chinese orchestras 4451:Tsao Penyeh; Penyeh Tsao (16 September 1998). 4083: 4029: 3972: 3957: 3586:Also known as "The Uyghur Tone Poem" (维吾尔音诗). 2915:often performed with orchestral accompaniment 2610:are found in the set, with a total range of 5 2486:in Beijing opera. Some could also be known as 1441:is the only plucked string instrument without 811:), arranged for the ensemble by Liu Yaozhang ( 562:), and it reached one of its peaks during the 4692:Philippine Cultural College Chinese Orchestra 4562: 4396: 4343:Hui, Yu; Stock, Jonathan P. J. (2023-07-09). 4322:. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–151. 4317: 4311: 4235: 4208: 4181: 4056: 3850: 3802:Philippine Cultural College Chinese Orchestra 3697: 2547:) wood. The larger type is primarily used in 2323:is the lead instrument in the Beijing opera. 1981:is usually a fourth higher in pitch than the 1730:section if a strong piccolo voice is needed. 812: 767: 615: 401: 4290: 4153:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture 4140: 4117: 2768:Originally composed for a Western orchestra 2690:who was appointed conductor and director of 2365:(gong and drum) music. In local operas, the 2089:is commonly used as an accompaniment in the 1953:frequently used in the wind section are the 854:In 1935, a music ensemble was formed at the 824:Another important figure of this period was 519: 4240:. Oxford University Press. pp. 36–41. 4057:Frederick Lau (2008). Kai-wing Chow (ed.). 3610:I: Strolling Through the Mountain Pass 关山行, 2570: 711: 496: 4569: 4555: 3907:A Cultural History of the Chinese Language 3903: 2350:together. The most common type now is the 1683:, for instance in Zhao Ji Ping's Festival 1453:, lit. string), it has three strings. The 899:scores for musicians, and four sections – 408: 394: 19: 3530:IV: The Sidedrum in Stoneplate Form 石板腰鼓 2335:(bronze cymbals) were frequently used in 741: 501:'national orchestra') in Taiwan. 4576: 4342: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 3341:Impressions of the Mountain and the Sea 2865:tune, orchestral version by Peng Xiuwen 2151: 1791: 1733: 1726:may sometimes be singularly used in the 1527: 1319: 1253: 1136:Some compositions include parts for the 1094: 715: 644:(AD 960–1279) with major development in 529: 4259: 4257: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4050: 4009:. World Scientific. pp. xxx–xxxi. 4006:The Teng Guide To The Chinese Orchestra 3910:. McFarland & Company. p. 24. 3819:Traditional Chinese musical instruments 3670:form with a free and fast-paced style. 3317:Fishermen's Song of the East China Sea 3050:and the culture of the Tibetan people. 2996:I: Jinling and the Yangtze River 金陵·大江, 2928:Liu Yaozhang (柳堯章), Zheng Jinwen (鄭覲文) 2259:also can invoke an element of mystery. 4757: 4263: 4150:Edward L. Davis, ed. (2 August 2004). 3998: 3996: 2944: 2692:Central Broadcasting Station Orchestra 2005:) may be used as substitution for the 1025: 928:Central Broadcasting Station Orchestra 435:. The orchestra may be referred to as 4550: 4215:. R&L Education. pp. 64–65. 4104: 4063:. Lexington Books. pp. 212–215. 3846: 3844: 2290:, lit. drum) is also commonly called 1405:Other members of the ruan family are 1087:(Bass Gehu) in place of double bass. 919:after the Communist victory in 1949. 817:) in 1925 based on an older tune for 4603:China National Traditional Orchestra 4593:China Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra 4284: 4254: 4170: 3757:China National Traditional Orchestra 3752:China Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra 3710:Example of a Chinese Orchestra Piece 3333:Later used in various films such as 2895:Hundred Birds Pay Homage to Phoenix 2162:, a group of differently-sized gongs 1867:Some pieces are also scored for the 1445:. As can be inferred from the name ( 628:, and music of other places such as 4744:were recorded. ** Orchestra inside 4369: 4229: 3993: 3614:III: Memorial for the Patriots 忠魂祭, 3128:II: A Lost Empire in the Desert 漠楼, 2031:province. The most common types of 1494:are also included in this section. 13: 4713:Chinese Music Ensemble of New York 4294:Putting Popular Music in Its Place 4264:Penyeh, Tsao (16 September 1998). 4118:Tsui Yingfai (16 September 1998). 3841: 3727:featuring erhuist Sun Huang, 2013. 2744:Arranged from a traditional piece 1402:can easily double the cello part. 1090: 14: 4776: 4519: 3468:I: Remembrance of Things Past 怀古, 3292:The Terracotta Warriors Fantasia 2791:Beautiful Flowers on a Full Moon 2705: 2101:players are also now doubling on 1698:. Well-known solo pieces for the 575:It featured a great abundance of 190:Nationalistic and patriotic songs 4723:Forbidden City Chamber Orchestra 4718:Firebird Youth Chinese Orchestra 4490:Lee Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sinyan. 3960:Zhongguo Chuantong Yinyue Gailun 3931:Don Michael Randel, ed. (2003). 3767:Firebird Youth Chinese Orchestra 3732: 3715: 3039:II: Yarlung Tsangpo River 雅鲁藏布江, 3000:III: The Sorrow of the River 江怨, 2920:Spring Flowers on Moonlit River 2887:Later orchestral arrangement by 2803:Later orchestral arrangement by 2773:Coloured Cloud Chasing the Moon 1523: 1234:. It is commonly played using a 676:) according to their materials: 4471: 4444: 4417: 4390: 4363: 4336: 4202: 4077: 3934:The Harvard Dictionary of Music 3904:Sharron Gu (22 December 2011). 3675:Dragons Rising, Tigers Leaping 3160:Also known as "Kumtag" (库姆塔格). 2730:Wild Dance of the Golden Snake 1989:is longer and thicker than the 1417:(alto, tuning D3-A3-D4-A4) and 1411:(soprano, tuning G3-D4-G4-D5); 1035:Instruments in modern orchestra 4370:Loh, Michelle; Sing, Lum Yan. 4023: 3966: 3951: 3924: 3897: 3879: 3625:and modern Chinese orchestra. 3423:Three Melodies of West Yunnan 3077:A three-movement concerto for 2998:II: The Tears of the River 江泪, 2979:Symphony No. 2 "Ode to Peace" 1391:lute. A larger version of the 866:, the ensemble later moved to 842: 837: 813: 807: 778: 773: 768: 492: 480: 468: 456: 444: 222:Three Principles of the People 1: 4526:Chinese Orchestra @ Singapore 4182:Tsui Yingfang (14 May 2014). 4126:. Routledge. pp. 22–24. 3962:. Shanghai Yinyue Chuban She. 3834: 3740:Dagger Society Suite Overture 3619:A four-movement concerto for 3561:V: The Battle of Hualin 桦林大战, 3472:III: Vicissitudes of Life 沧桑 3088:Impressions of Chinese Music 3002:IV: The Fury of the River 江怒, 2652: 2555:could have different volume. 2147: 1800:player in a Chinese orchestra 1324:Two Zhongruan players of the 856:Broadcasting Company of China 3111:A Glimpse of the Taklamakan 2846:Based on a traditional tune 2636: 2558: 1787: 1315: 7: 4697:Singapore Chinese Orchestra 4655:Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra 4608:Guangdong Chinese Orchestra 4403:. Routledge. p. 1120. 4349:. Oxford University Press. 4188:. Routledge. p. 1119. 3812: 3782:Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra 3777:Singapore Chinese Orchestra 3772:Guangdong Chinese Orchestra 3479:, formerly called Jinling. 3187:The Yellow River Capriccio 1971:Northern and southern China 1961:(曲笛), and occasionally the 1780:, which has the shape of a 1772:Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra 1611:part is often divided into 1007: 1002:Singapore Chinese Orchestra 801:Flowers on Moonlit River" ( 721:Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra 10: 4781: 4634:National Chinese Orchestra 4627:Taiwan (Republic of China) 4618:Shanghai Chinese Orchestra 3807:Canadian Chinese Orchestra 3792:Shanghai Chinese Orchestra 3787:National Chinese Orchestra 3698:Notable Chinese orchestras 3043:IV: Vanquishing Demons 打鬼 2346:The performer strikes the 1497: 1430: 1220:. It looks similar to the 1174: 1083:in place of cello, or the 924:Shanghai Chinese Orchestra 523: 510:ancient Chinese orchestras 159:Midi Modern Music Festival 4731: 4705: 4679: 4663: 4647: 4626: 4585: 4457:. Routledge. p. 26. 4430:. Springer. p. 115. 3731: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3591:The Great Wall Capriccio 3470:II: The Qinhuai River 秦淮, 3456:Symphony No. 1 "Jinling" 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2870:The Moon Mirrored in the 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2446: 2413: 1376: 1201: 802: 616: 526:Chinese traditional music 520:Ancient Chinese orchestra 212:Patriotic / Revolutionary 4639:Taipei Chinese Orchestra 4613:Huaxia Chinese Orchestra 4376:. Pagesetters Services. 4122:. In Tsao Penyeh (ed.). 3859:(1). The Society: 1–43. 3797:Taipei Chinese Orchestra 3055:Reminiscences of Yunnan 3041:III: Heavenly Burial 天葬, 3009:Second Sino-Japanese War 2659:Second Sino-Japanese War 2273: 2074: 2016: 1622: 1328:playing in a concert in 1326:NENU Folkloric Orchestra 1262:playing in a concert in 1260:NENU Folkloric Orchestra 1258:Two Pipa players of the 712:Modern Chinese orchestra 506:modern Chinese orchestra 483:) in Southeast Asia, or 178:China Record Corporation 4671:Macao Chinese Orchestra 4084:Hoi Yan Cheung (2011). 4030:Hoi Yan Cheung (2011). 3973:Hoi Yan Cheung (2011). 3958:Yuan Jing Fang (2000). 3570:The Legend of Shadi'er 3484:The Desert Smoke Suite 2851:The Purple Bamboo Tune 2750:Dance of the Yao People 2505: 2466:not easily identified. 2266:, or The player of the 2043:and is able to produce 1942: 1427:, tuning G1-D2-G2-D3). 1249: 512:that existed since the 217:March of the Volunteers 4736:: * only modern large 4397:Tsui Yingfang (2014). 4318:Frederick Lau (2007). 4236:Frederick Lau (2007). 3165:Variations of Emotion 3037:I: Potala Palace 布达拉宫, 2372: 2163: 1801: 1690:The uniqueness of the 1536: 1512:. Performers can play 1346:plays the role of the 1337: 1288:, often conveying the 1267: 1100: 742:Origin and development 724: 547: 4687:Ding Yi Music Company 4291:Charles Hamm (1995). 3762:Ding Yi Music Company 3666:Utilises the Western 3616:IV: Looking Afar 遥望篇 3612:II: Beacon March 烽火操, 3538:The Mohe Tribe Suite 3440:I: A Va Mountain 阿佤山, 2834:Year of Good Fortune 2524:(AD 1368–1644): "The 2326: 2155: 2079:The tone produced by 1795: 1734:Cello and double bass 1531: 1323: 1257: 1226:but smaller with two 1098: 1004:was founded in 1974. 719: 533: 459:) in mainland China, 144:Media and performance 3979:. pp. 181–182. 3139:in northwest China. 3004:V: Ode to Peace 和平颂 2968:Number of Movements 2903:Ren Tongxiang (任同祥) 2719:Composers/Arrangers 4742:Chinese instruments 3442:II: Gino Dance 基诺舞, 3411:II: Allegretto 小快板 3370:Kuan Nai-chung 关乃忠 3074:III: Allegro 机械的快板 2945:Recent compositions 2759:Liu Tieshan (劉鐵山), 2667:Cultural Revolution 2286:, lit. flat board; 1026:Recent developments 808:Chūnjiāng huāyuè yè 542:) from the tomb of 4765:Chinese orchestras 4578:Chinese orchestras 4270:. pp. 26–27. 3636:Tang Jianping 唐建平 3391:Dabo River Caprice 3380:III: The Stars 星辰, 3364:The Age of Dragon 3171:Liu Changyuan 刘长远 3070:I: Moderato 中庸的中板, 2971:List of Movements 2797:Huang Yijun (黄貽鈞) 2625:period during the 2539:is mostly made of 2164: 2140:(conch shell) and 1947:The main types of 1802: 1537: 1338: 1268: 1101: 828:who also formed a 725: 548: 544:Marquis Yi of Zeng 207:Historical anthems 4752: 4751: 4738:Chinese orchestra 4383:978-981-14-6793-6 4356:978-0-19-066196-0 3748: 3747: 3695: 3694: 3681:Li Min-xiong 李民雄 3193:Cheng Dazhao 程大兆 3137:Taklamakan Desert 3020:Journey to Lhasa 2942: 2941: 2663:Chinese Civil War 2573: 1973:, hence the name 1020:standard notation 888:. An eleven-hole 864:Sino-Japanese war 760:Peking University 591:(202 BC-AD 219). 499: 422:Chinese orchestra 418: 417: 229: 228: 185: 184: 4772: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4538: 4483: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4179: 4168: 4167: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3848: 3738:Orchestra Piece 3736: 3735: 3723:Butterfly Lovers 3719: 3718: 3702: 3701: 3685:Standalone piece 3660:Standalone piece 3640:Standalone piece 3580:Standalone piece 3555:II: Princess 公主, 3505:Northwest Suite 3490:Zhao Jiping 赵季平 3462:Peng Xiuwen 彭修文 3382:IV: The Land 大地 3378:II: The Moon 月亮, 3354:Standalone piece 3327:Standalone piece 3307:Standalone piece 3282:Standalone piece 3278:Lu Lianghui 卢亮辉 3262:Standalone piece 3258:Lu Lianghui 卢亮辉 3242:Standalone piece 3238:Lu Lianghui 卢亮辉 3222:Standalone piece 3197:Standalone piece 3154:Standalone piece 3072:II: Lento 呆滞的慢板, 3013:Nanjing Massacre 2956: 2955: 2934:Based on an old 2811:Great Happiness 2710: 2709: 2574: 2571: 2051:, including the 1334:Land of Valencia 844: 839: 816: 815: 809: 804: 780: 775: 771: 770: 619: 618: 500: 497: 494: 482: 471:) in Hong Kong, 470: 458: 446: 410: 403: 396: 196: 195: 150: 149: 23: 16: 15: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4727: 4701: 4675: 4659: 4643: 4622: 4581: 4575: 4536: 4522: 4487: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4180: 4171: 4164: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4116: 4105: 4098: 4090:. p. 224. 4082: 4078: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4036:. p. 157. 4028: 4024: 4017: 4001: 3994: 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42: 41: 35: 32: 31: 29:Music of China 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4777: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706:International 4704: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4514:1-880464-04-7 4511: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4500:1-880464-03-9 4497: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4437:9789811527432 4433: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4410:9781136095948 4406: 4402: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4287: 4279: 4277:9789057550416 4273: 4269: 4268: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4222:9781607093039 4218: 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Routledge. 4155: 4154: 4146: 4144: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4018: 4016:9789813233669 4012: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3917:9780786488278 3913: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3845: 3840: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3498:IV: Elegy 悼歌 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409:I: Adagio 柔板, 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3335:Kungfu Hustle 3332: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2840:Liu Mingyuan 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2711: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2581:Shang dynasty 2578: 2568: 2567: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091:Chinese opera 2088: 2084: 2083: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:zhongyinsuona 1847: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:zhongyinsheng 1821: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1665:concertmaster 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1534: 1530: 1524:Bowed strings 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294:acrylic nails 1291: 1290:stereotypical 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1097: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1032: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1005: 1003: 997: 995: 994: 989: 988: 983: 982: 977: 976: 971: 970: 965: 964: 959: 955: 954: 949: 948: 943: 942: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 909:bowed strings 906: 902: 897: 896: 891: 887: 886: 881: 880: 875: 874: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 849: 845: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 810: 799: 798: 793: 792: 787: 786: 781: 779:Dàtóng Yuèhuì 764: 761: 757: 753: 752:Yuen Ren Chao 749: 739: 737: 733: 732: 722: 718: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 674: 668: 666: 665: 660: 659: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 596:Six Dynasties 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 570: 565: 561: 557: 556:Shang dynasty 553: 545: 541: 537: 532: 527: 517: 515: 514:Shang dynasty 511: 507: 502: 490: 486: 478: 474: 466: 462: 454: 450: 442: 438: 437:Minzu Yuetuan 434: 433: 427: 423: 411: 406: 404: 399: 397: 392: 391: 389: 388: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 238: 237: 233: 232: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 203: 202: 198: 197: 194: 193: 189: 188: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 169: 168: 164: 163: 160: 157: 156: 152: 151: 148: 147: 143: 142: 137: 134: 132: 129: 128: 127: 126: 122: 121: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80: 79: 78: 77: 73: 72: 67: 64: 62: 59: 57: 54: 53: 52: 51: 47: 46: 40: 37: 36: 34: 33: 30: 27: 26: 22: 18: 17: 4746:Conservatory 4737: 4733: 4680:Rest of Asia 4577: 4505: 4491: 4473: 4453: 4446: 4426: 4419: 4399: 4392: 4372: 4365: 4345: 4338: 4319: 4313: 4293: 4286: 4266: 4237: 4231: 4211: 4204: 4184: 4152: 4123: 4086: 4079: 4059: 4052: 4032: 4025: 4005: 3975: 3968: 3959: 3953: 3933: 3926: 3906: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3856: 3852: 3739: 3722: 3684: 3659: 3639: 3620: 3579: 3576:Liu Yuan 刘湲 3353: 3326: 3306: 3281: 3261: 3241: 3221: 3215:Lu Lianghui 3196: 3177: 3153: 3078: 2974:Elaboration 2952: 2948: 2935: 2910: 2861:Traditional 2818:Liu Mingyuan 2701: 2697: 2684: 2656: 2646: 2640: 2630: 2627:Eastern Zhou 2618: 2616: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2576: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2545:Chinese Toon 2536: 2534: 2530:Qing dynasty 2525: 2522:Ming dynasty 2511: 2509: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2426:Yuan dynasty 2419: 2417: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2356:(the prefix 2351: 2345: 2332: 2330: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2208: 2200: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2068: 2064: 2063:(tenor) and 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921:zhongyinguan 1920: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1797: 1781: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1737: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1699: 1696:fingerboards 1691: 1689: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1626: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1532: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1282:songstresses 1271: 1269: 1238:like in the 1231: 1221: 1207: 1205: 1191: 1180: 1178: 1166: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1066: 1059: 1051: 1045: 1044:(large bass 1041: 1038: 1029: 1013: 1011: 998: 991: 985: 979: 973: 967: 961: 951: 945: 939: 921: 893: 889: 883: 877: 871: 853: 843:Yīnyuè Zázhì 841: 833: 829: 823: 806: 795: 789: 783: 777: 745: 735: 729: 726: 671: 669: 662: 656: 654: 649: 645: 642:Song dynasty 625: 621: 611: 608:Tang dynasty 600:Central Asia 593: 585:Central Asia 574: 567: 564:Zhou dynasty 549: 536:bronze bells 505: 503: 484: 472: 460: 448: 436: 430: 421: 419: 282:Heilongjiang 131:Taoist music 65: 3853:Asian Music 3430:Guo Wenjing 3347:Su Wenqing 3299:Peng Xiuwen 2986:Zhao Jiping 2982:第二交响曲"和平颂" 2889:Peng Xiuwen 2872:Erquan Pool 2829:folk songs 2805:Peng Xiuwen 2688:Peng Xiuwen 2588:Zeng-hou Yi 2484:jing tanggu 2302:opera) and 2119:diyin Guans 2055:(soprano), 1840:gaoyinsuona 1814:gaoyinsheng 1744:double bass 1718:Lan Hua Hua 1716:as well as 1563:double bass 1228:sound holes 1169:chordophone 1077:double bass 1050:), and the 975:datongsheng 958:Peng Xiuwen 826:Liu Tianhua 763:Cai Yuanpei 748:Xiao Youmei 682:earthenware 589:Han dynasty 165:Music media 105:Heavy metal 94:Hokkien pop 56:Instruments 3835:References 3600:Liu Wenjin 3544:Liu Xijin 3459:第一交响曲"金陵" 3399:He Xuntian 2909:Piece for 2680:Liu Wenjin 2672:pentatonic 2653:Repertoire 2643:Lion dance 2500:xiaotanggu 2408:goujiaoluo 2396:goujiaoluo 2321:jing bangu 2292:jing bangu 2180:snare drum 2148:Percussion 2061:cizhongyin 1965:(新笛). The 1957:(梆笛), the 1911:gaoyinguan 1858:diyinsuona 1832:diyinsheng 1561:(大提琴) and 1488:Sometimes 1425:contrabass 1408:gaoyinruan 1278:concubines 1042:diyinsheng 953:zhongsheng 913:percussion 851:sections. 587:after the 577:percussion 485:Guoyuetuan 473:Huayuetuan 449:Minyuetuan 61:Musicology 4648:Hong Kong 3557:III: 百戏童, 3528:III: 想亲亲, 3295:秦·兵马俑幻想曲 3118:Jin Xiang 3102:II: 前世今生, 3080:zhongruan 3061:Liu Xing 2965:Composer 2825:Based on 2780:Ren Guang 2676:chromatic 2674:and more 2637:Lion drum 2631:bianzhong 2619:bianzhong 2608:semitones 2604:yongzhong 2596:bianzhong 2592:bianzhong 2566:bianzhong 2559:Bianzhong 2404:da di luo 2392:dachaoluo 2233:bianzhong 2222:(drums), 2188:vibraslap 2184:mark tree 2176:bass drum 1929:diyinguan 1913:(soprano 1842:(soprano 1816:(soprano 1788:Woodwinds 1768:diyingehu 1755:diyingehu 1709:Capriccio 1702:includes 1677:(忙春), or 1675:Mang Chun 1587:diyingehu 1574:diyingehu 1571:(革胡) and 1483:zhongruan 1459:dasanxian 1420:diyinruan 1394:zhongruan 1371:zhongruan 1343:zhongruan 1316:Zhongruan 1286:teahouses 1196:arpeggios 1124:zhongruan 1085:diyingehu 868:Chongqing 756:He Luting 638:Samarkand 546:, 433 BC. 540:Bianzhong 504:The term 420:The term 337:Northeast 292:Hong Kong 257:Guangdong 66:Orchestra 4759:Category 3813:See also 3563:VI: 踏垂舞 3526:II: 闹洞房, 3487:大漠孤烟直组曲 3130:III: 漠舟, 3114:塔克拉玛干掠影 3104:III: 大曲 3011:and the 2863:Jiangnan 2761:Mao Yuan 2716:Chinese 2647:datanggu 2600:niuzhong 2549:Buddhist 2541:mulberry 2492:datanggu 2308:hardwood 2264:wu chang 2136:(horn), 2115:zhongyin 2097:. 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