1133:
858:. Besides a high concentration of cholesterol, two other factors are important in causing gallstones. The first is how often and how well the gallbladder contracts; incomplete and infrequent emptying of the gallbladder may cause the bile to become overconcentrated and contribute to gallstone formation. This can be caused by high resistance to the flow of bile out of the gallbladder due to the complicated internal geometry of the cystic duct. The second factor is the presence of proteins in the liver and bile that either promote or inhibit cholesterol crystallization into gallstones. In addition, increased levels of the hormone
1061:
1323:(CDCA) have been used in treatment to dissolve gallstones. A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that UDCA or higher dietary fat content appeared to prevent formation of gallstones during weight loss. Medical therapy with oral bile acids has been used to treat small cholesterol stones, and for larger cholesterol gallstones when surgery is either not possible or unwanted. CDCA treatment can cause diarrhea, mild reversible hepatic injury, and a small increase in the plasma cholesterol level. UDCA may need to be taken for years.
996:
1160:
984:
883:
1117:
1148:
1049:
1011:
53:
667:
1303:
1172:
1261:
1288:
1026:
504:, 10–15% of adults experience gallstones. Gallbladder and biliary-related diseases occurred in about 104 million people (1.6% of people) in 2013 and resulted in 106,000 deaths. Gallstones are more common among women than men and occur more commonly after the age of 40. Gallstones occur more frequently among
1282:
cholecystectomy, introduced in the 1980s, is performed via three to four small puncture holes for a camera and instruments. Post-operative care typically includes a same-day release or a one-night hospital stay, followed by a few days of home rest and pain medication. Perforation of the gall bladder
905:
stones vary from light yellow to dark green or brown or chalk white and are oval, usually solitary, between 2 and 3 cm long, each often having a tiny, dark, central spot. To be classified as such, they must be at least 80% cholesterol by weight (or 70%, according to the
Japanese classification
1223:
is a non-invasive method to manage gallstones that uses high-energy sound waves to disintegrate them first applied in
January 1985. Side effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy include biliary pancreatitis and liver haematoma. The term is derived from the Greek words meaning 'breaking (or
1176:
1175:
1177:
674:
Gallstones, regardless of size or number, are often asymptomatic. These "silent stones" do not require treatment and can remain asymptomatic even years after they form. Sometimes, the pain may be referred to tip of the scapula in cholelithiasis; this is called "Collin's sign".
1174:
1028:
1032:
1031:
1027:
742:
could significantly contribute to gallbladder stones, as melatonin inhibits cholesterol secretion from the gallbladder, enhances the conversion of cholesterol to bile, and is an antioxidant, which is able to reduce oxidative stress to the gallbladder.
1033:
698:
or below the right shoulder. If one or more gallstones block the bile ducts and cause bilirubin to leak into the bloodstream and surrounding tissue, jaundice and itching may also occur. In this case, liver enzyme levels are likely to be raised.
2208:
Koppisetti S, Jenigiri B, Terron MP, Tengattini S, Tamura H, Flores LJ, et al. (October 2008). "Reactive oxygen species and the hypomotility of the gall bladder as targets for the treatment of gallstones with melatonin: a review".
1116:
737:
Gallstone risk increases for females (especially before menopause) and for people near or above 40 years; the condition is more prevalent among people of
European or American Indigenous descent than among other ethnicities. A lack of
690:, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Pain from symptomatic gallstones may range from mild to severe and can steadily increase over a period lasting from 30 minutes to several hours. Other symptoms may include fever, as well as
1686:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1030:
972:
Gallstones can vary in size and shape from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. The gallbladder may contain a single large stone or many smaller ones. Pseudoliths, sometimes referred to as sludge, are thick
3682:
3667:
2353:
1283:
is not uncommon—it has been reported in the range of 10% to 40%. Unretrieved gallstone spillage has been reported as 6% to 30%, but gallstones that are not retrieved rarely cause complications (0.08%–0.3%).
1094:
On abdominal ultrasound, sinking gallstones usually have posterior acoustic shadowing. In floating gallstones, reverberation echoes (or comet-tail artifact) is seen instead in a clinical condition called
1132:
2654:
894:. On the basis of their composition, gallstones can be divided into the following types: cholesterol stones, pigment stones, and mixed stones. An ideal classification system is yet to be defined.
1253:(gallbladder removal) has a 99% chance of eliminating the recurrence of cholelithiasis. The lack of a gallbladder has no negative consequences in most people, however 10 to 15% of people develop
2354:
Institute of
Medicine, Food Nutrition Board, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water (2005).
1878:
Acalovschi M, Blendea D, Feier C, Letia AI, Ratiu N, Dumitrascu DL, et al. (August 2003). "Risk factors for symptomatic gallstones in patients with liver cirrhosis: a case-control study".
1735:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1276:) below the lower right ribs. Recovery typically requires 3–5 days of hospitalization, with a return to normal diet a week after release and to normal activity several weeks after release.
1173:
1264:
The outcomes of choosing to 'do nothing' (watchful waiting) and having cholecystectomy in the case of symptomatic gallstones, as shown in the NHS decision aid for gallstones. Data from .
1010:
1481:
917:("pigment", "black pigment") stones are small, dark (often appearing black), and usually numerous. They are composed primarily of bilirubin (insoluble bilirubin pigment polymer) and
3184:"Restrictive strategy versus usual care for cholecystectomy in patients with gallstones and abdominal pain (SECURE): a multicentre, randomised, parallel-arm, non-inferiority trial"
1926:
925:
that are found in bile. They contain less than 20% of cholesterol (or 30%, according to the
Japanese classification system). Between 2% and 30% of stones are bilirubin stones.
1029:
4626:
520:
Gallstone disease refers to the condition where gallstones are either in the gallbladder or common bile duct. The presence of stones in the gallbladder is referred to as
747:
has been linked to an increased risk of gallstones. Researchers believe that gallstones may be caused by a combination of factors, including inherited body chemistry,
2438:
Misciagna G, Leoci C, Guerra V, Chiloiro M, Elba S, Petruzzi J, et al. (June 1996). "Epidemiology of cholelithiasis in southern Italy. Part II: Risk factors".
391:(or "gallbladder attack"). This happens in 1–4% of those with gallstones each year. Complications from gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (
1945:
1937:
3610:
512:
experience gallstones, whereas gallstone rates in many parts of Africa are as low as 3%. Once the gallbladder is removed, outcomes are generally positive.
2490:
710:
In rare cases, gallstones that cause severe inflammation can erode through the gallbladder into adherent bowel, potentially causing an obstruction termed
3804:
2658:
2811:
Experimental investigation of the flow of bile in patient specific cystic duct models M Al-Atabi, SB Chin..., Journal of biomechanical engineering, 2010
1619:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). October 2014. p. 101.
1930:
4308:
2520:
1795:
1296:
293:
2976:"Ursodeoxycholic acid and diets higher in fat prevent gallbladder stones during weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1207:(UDCA) appears to prevent formation of gallstones during weight loss. A high fat diet during weight loss also appears to prevent gallstones.
725:
caused by blockage of the bile ducts that prevents active enzymes from being secreted into the bowel, instead damaging the pancreas. Rarely,
2543:"Impaired intestinal cholecystokinin secretion, a fascinating but overlooked link between coeliac disease and cholesterol gallstone disease"
1473:
1060:
3903:
3477:
2679:
Cahan MA, Balduf L, Colton K, Palacioz B, McCartney W, Farrell TM (September 2006). "Proton pump inhibitors reduce gallbladder function".
1088:
937:
stones) typically contain 20–80% cholesterol (or 30–70%, according to the
Japanese classification system). Other common constituents are
1826:
3942:
2834:
2061:
1295:
Obstruction of the common bile duct with gallstones can sometimes be relieved by endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy (ERS) following
3074:
Paumgartner G, Sauter GH (May 2005). "Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones: 20th anniversary of the first treatment".
3039:
Paumgartner G, Sauter GH (May 2005). "Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones: 20th anniversary of the first treatment".
3158:
3114:
1986:
3797:
2905:
3537:
Thistle JL, Hofmann AF (September 1973). "Efficacy and specificity of chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for dissolving gallstones".
2722:
Kan HP, Guo WB, Tan YF, Zhou J, Liu CD, Huang YQ (September 2015). "Statin use and risk of gallstone disease: A meta-analysis".
46:
Gallstone disease, cholelith, cholecystolithiasis (gallstone in the gallbladder), choledocholithiasis (gallstone in a bile duct)
2303:
5107:
4170:
3015:
2373:
2164:
2082:
1820:
1404:
983:
509:
357:
Most people with gallstones (about 80%) are asymptomatic. However, when a gallstone obstructs the bile duct and causes acute
4082:
3822:
755:(movement), and low-calorie diet. The absence of such risk factors does not, however, preclude the formation of gallstones.
2254:"Coinheritance of Gilbert Syndrome Increases the Risk for Developing Gallstones in Patients With Hereditary Spherocytosis"
3697:
2594:"Studies on the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones in hemolytic anemia: description and characteristics of a mouse model"
2007:
Gilani SN, Bass G, Leader F, Walsh TN (December 2009). "Collins' sign: validation of a clinical sign in cholelithiasis".
17:
2184:
4383:
3790:
1666:
5055:
4902:
3473:
3461:
874:, may increase cholesterol levels in bile and also decrease gallbladder motility, resulting in gallstone formation.
4800:
1220:
842:
increase cholesterol concentration in bile and their use has been associated with an increased risk of gallstones.
1099:. Another sign is wall-echo-shadow (WES) triad (or double-arc shadow) which is also characteristic of gallstones.
4941:
4553:
4536:
4041:
4036:
3913:
995:
3614:
838:
inhibit cholesterol synthesis and there is evidence that their use may decrease the risk of getting gallstones.
702:
Often, gallbladder attacks occur after eating a heavy meal. Attacks are most common in the evening or at night.
5097:
4795:
4751:
4645:
4467:
4066:
3270:"Is cholecystectomy effective treatment for symptomatic gallstones? Clinical outcome after long-term follow-up"
2903:
Gallstones—Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder attack; Biliary colic; Gallstone attack; Bile calculus; Biliary calculus
2482:
3231:"Prevalence of Postcholecystectomy Symptoms: Long-term Outcome after Open versus Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy"
5006:
4852:
1941:
1232:
824:
1355:(yellow thing of cattle) in Chinese. Some slaughterhouses carefully scrutinize workers for gallstone theft.
4761:
4280:
3888:
3182:
van Dijk AH, Wennmacker SZ, de Reuver PR, Latenstein CS, Buyne O, Donkervoort SC, et al. (June 2019).
1340:
1254:
807:
Pigment gallstones are most commonly seen in the developing world. Risk factors for pigment stones include
638:
2253:
1949:
721:, which occurs when a bacterial infection causes purulent inflammation in the biliary tree and liver, and
481:. If there are no symptoms, treatment is usually not needed. In those who are having gallbladder attacks,
3975:
977:
that may be present within the gallbladder, either alone or in conjunction with fully formed gallstones.
1159:
1122:
A 1.9 cm gallstone impacted in the neck of the gallbladder and leading to cholecystitis as seen on
4341:
4270:
3871:
1147:
1016:
The large, yellow stone is largely cholesterol, while the green-to-brown stones are mostly composed of
2512:
4614:
4570:
4523:
4329:
3947:
2391:"Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gall stone disease in men"
606:. Choledocholithiasis is frequently associated with obstruction of the bile ducts, which can lead to
435:
1616:
Gallstone
Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis and Choledocholithiasis
969:
and increases the amount of unconjugated bilirubin in bile. Between 4% and 20% of stones are mixed.
4960:
4640:
4275:
4233:
4046:
3921:
3908:
3878:
3849:
3708:
957:. They typically arise secondary to infection of the biliary tract which results in the release of
816:
3403:"Postcholecystectomy diarrhoea rate and predictive factors: a systematic review of the literature"
5092:
4885:
4662:
4403:
4195:
3854:
3499:
3498:
Vandervoort J, Soetikno RM, Tham TC, Wong RC, Ferrari AP, Montes H, et al. (November 2002).
3183:
1843:
Gurusamy KS, Davidson C, Gluud C, Davidson BR (2013-06-30). Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group (ed.).
1183:
A normal gallbladder on ultrasound with bowel peristalsis creating the false appearance of stones
1123:
843:
200:
1925:
1396:
Essential
Surgery E-Book: Problems, Diagnosis and Management: With student consult online access
4965:
4689:
4672:
4056:
3932:
3883:
3844:
3814:
3465:
3366:
Keus F, de Jong J, Gooszen HG, Laarhoven CJ (2006-10-18). Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group (ed.).
2302:
Ortega RM, Fernández-Azuela M, Encinas-Sotillos A, Andrés P, López-Sobaler AM (February 1997).
1684:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (August 2015).
1331:
Gallstones can be a valued by-product of animals butchered for meat because of their use as an
871:
828:
804:
increases risk of gallstone formation, especially when diagnosis of celiac disease is delayed.
493:. In rare cases when surgery is not possible, medication can be used to dissolve the stones or
3759:
2272:
1810:
1788:
1394:
4897:
4816:
4805:
4766:
4694:
3997:
1776:
1369:
1364:
1320:
1001:
934:
831:
has been shown to decrease gallbladder function, potentially leading to gallstone formation.
744:
718:
608:
408:
3575:
Hofmann AF (September 1989). "Medical dissolution of gallstones by oral bile acid therapy".
3368:"Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis"
3230:
2912:
Last reviewed: July 6, 2009. Reviewed by: George F. Longstreth. Also reviewed by David Zieve
2822:
1560:
Ansaloni L, Pisano M, Coccolini F, Peitzmann AB, Fingerhut A, Catena F, et al. (2016).
477:
The risk of gallstones may be decreased by maintaining a healthy weight with exercise and a
4936:
4880:
4701:
4597:
4180:
4175:
4009:
3927:
3893:
2053:
1336:
1316:
1204:
1107:
1080:
1017:
946:
687:
486:
274:
1641:
572:
470:. Gallstones may be suspected based on symptoms. Diagnosis is then typically confirmed by
8:
5102:
5030:
4840:
4733:
4716:
4677:
4650:
4602:
4445:
4422:
4415:
4364:
4336:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4165:
3782:
3686:
1516:
Lee JY, Keane MG, Pereira S (June 2015). "Diagnosis and treatment of gallstone disease".
812:
566:
347:
328:
3110:
1974:
1048:
5042:
4907:
4890:
4875:
4862:
4845:
4711:
4346:
4238:
4210:
4144:
3970:
3866:
3831:
3435:
3343:
3318:
3294:
3269:
2948:
2923:
2902:
2768:
Preiss D, Tikkanen MJ, Welsh P, Ford I, Lovato LC, Elam MB, et al. (August 2012).
2747:
2704:
2569:
2542:
2463:
2415:
2390:
2357:
4 Water | Dietary
Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
2284:
2252:
del
Giudice EM, Perrotta S, Nobili B, Specchia C, d'Urzo G, Iolascon A (October 1999).
2234:
2137:
2032:
1903:
1845:"Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for people with acute cholecystitis"
1844:
1759:
1734:
1710:
1685:
1588:
1561:
726:
722:
490:
427:
411:). Symptoms of these complications may include pain that lasts longer than five hours,
380:
233:
187:
3515:
3199:
2618:
2593:
1750:
1701:
958:
854:
Cholesterol gallstones develop when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough
670:
The proportion of people with gallstones who experience symptoms as a result of them.
5020:
5001:
4374:
3719:
3592:
3588:
3554:
3519:
3440:
3422:
3383:
3348:
3319:"Spilled gall stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a review of the literature"
3299:
3281:
3250:
3211:
3203:
3140:
3091:
3087:
3056:
3052:
2997:
2953:
2885:
2794:
2739:
2696:
2657:. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation. Archived from
2623:
2574:
2455:
2451:
2420:
2369:
2323:
2276:
2226:
2160:
2129:
2124:
2107:
2024:
1895:
1891:
1860:
1816:
1764:
1715:
1620:
1593:
1525:
1400:
938:
501:
257:
171:
3691:
2751:
2708:
2467:
2288:
2238:
2141:
2036:
1907:
1732:
346:
may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones, and
5067:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4834:
4706:
4634:
4452:
4359:
4354:
4284:
4243:
4051:
4016:
3770:
3584:
3546:
3511:
3430:
3414:
3375:
3338:
3330:
3289:
3242:
3195:
3083:
3048:
2987:
2943:
2935:
2875:
2784:
2731:
2688:
2613:
2605:
2564:
2554:
2447:
2410:
2402:
2361:
2332:
2319:
2315:
2304:"Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls"
2268:
2218:
2119:
2016:
1887:
1856:
1852:
1754:
1746:
1705:
1697:
1583:
1573:
1103:
950:
922:
808:
643:
561:
176:
113:
78:
3367:
2054:"Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination"
827:(EPP) are at increased risk to develop gallstones. Additionally, prolonged use of
5025:
4955:
4821:
4756:
4721:
4592:
4457:
4393:
4295:
4214:
4205:
4155:
4095:
3980:
3957:
3713:
2909:
1257:, which may cause nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, and episodes of abdominal pain.
1250:
1096:
867:
711:
505:
482:
297:
180:
3550:
3418:
1614:
1226:
642:, 'inflammation'), a serious infection of the bile ducts. Gallstones within the
620:
550:
526:
404:
5062:
4977:
4531:
4504:
4369:
4304:
4300:
4190:
4160:
3402:
2355:
1348:
1138:
801:
787:
647:
3724:
3379:
3229:
Peterli R, Schuppisser JP, Herzog U, Ackermann C, Tondelli PE (October 2000).
3159:"NHS England » Decision support tool: making a decision about gallstones"
2992:
2975:
2880:
2863:
2692:
2222:
2020:
1578:
632:
538:
5086:
4995:
4948:
4741:
4684:
4667:
4579:
4324:
4151:
4026:
3992:
3937:
3523:
3426:
3285:
3254:
3207:
2769:
1198:
783:
691:
679:
392:
388:
376:
365:
205:
3676:
3334:
2939:
2406:
2301:
4870:
4782:
4655:
4558:
4509:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4398:
4223:
4139:
4031:
4021:
3987:
3444:
3387:
3352:
3215:
3144:
3095:
3060:
3001:
2889:
2798:
2789:
2743:
2700:
2578:
2424:
2280:
2230:
2133:
2105:
2028:
1899:
1864:
1768:
1719:
1624:
1597:
1529:
1344:
1194:
891:
779:
759:
748:
655:
478:
400:
336:
209:
3638:
3596:
3558:
3317:
Sathesh-Kumar T, Saklani AP, Vinayagam R, Blackett RL (17 February 2004).
3303:
3246:
2957:
2627:
2459:
2327:
2106:
Fitzgerald JE, Fitzgerald LA, Maxwell-Armstrong CA, Brooks AJ (May 2009).
5050:
4812:
4790:
4621:
4541:
4185:
4086:
3839:
3754:
3642:
1332:
1279:
1193:
Maintaining a healthy weight by getting sufficient exercise and eating a
1067:
966:
954:
902:
494:
451:
450:, or rapid weight loss. The bile components that form gallstones include
358:
332:
228:
61:
790:
diet. Wine and whole-grained bread may decrease the risk of gallstones.
4826:
4499:
4477:
4122:
4061:
3401:
Farrugia A, Attard JA, Khan S, Williams N, Arasaradnam R (2022-02-01).
2735:
1273:
1141:
and gallstones. There is borderline thickening of the gallbladder wall.
962:
763:
471:
455:
263:
3659:
2609:
2559:
882:
4776:
4609:
4587:
4440:
4291:
4265:
4127:
4117:
4004:
3965:
3898:
3765:
3730:
3316:
3181:
2770:"Lipid-modifying therapies and risk of pancreatitis: a meta-analysis"
1733:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015).
974:
942:
914:
863:
855:
820:
793:
Rapid weight loss increases risk of gallstones. The weight loss drug
775:
767:
739:
459:
447:
431:
351:
304:
249:
237:
213:
3135:
Zackria R, Lopez RA (January 2019). "Postcholecystectomy Syndrome".
2924:"Pitfalls in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder diseases"
4410:
4388:
4100:
3268:
Gui GP, Cheruvu CV, West N, Sivaniah K, Fiennes AG (January 1998).
3067:
2823:"Analysis of human gallstones by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)"
2365:
1978:
859:
794:
752:
651:
443:
396:
245:
3735:
2207:
886:
From left to right: cholesterol stone, mixed stone, pigment stone.
834:
Cholesterol modifying medications can affect gallstone formation.
4462:
4228:
4132:
4104:
3228:
2251:
1039:
918:
839:
778:; low fluid consumption; and, at least for men, a high intake of
771:
758:
Nutritional factors that may increase risk of gallstones include
695:
439:
384:
241:
193:
3702:
2087:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1927:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1671:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1559:
1343:. The most highly prized gallstones tend to be sourced from old
4928:
4546:
4432:
3671:
2389:
Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL (June 2005).
2388:
906:
system). Between 35% and 90% of stones are cholesterol stones.
835:
362:
287:: none, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and Chenodeoxycholic acid
1393:
Quick CR, Reed JB, Harper SJ, Saeb-Parsy K, Deakin PJ (2013).
666:
4378:
4108:
1982:
1842:
1302:
1272:
Open cholecystectomy is performed via an abdominal incision (
1237:
683:
625:
613:
595:
589:
583:
577:
555:
543:
531:
420:
416:
412:
372:
368:
52:
2821:
Channa NA, Khand FD, Khand TU, Leghari MH, Memon AN (2007).
2437:
140:
102:
64:
and may result in symptoms if they block the biliary system.
3497:
3365:
1877:
1683:
1260:
1084:
890:
The composition of gallstones is affected by age, diet and
339:
146:
143:
128:
122:
93:
87:
3812:
3500:"Risk factors for complications after performance of ERCP"
3400:
2541:
Wang HH, Liu M, Li X, Portincasa P, Wang DQ (April 2017).
1091:. Gallstone complications may be detected on blood tests.
762:; eating fewer meals per day; low intake of the nutrients
2864:"Classification and nomenclature of gallstones revisited"
2678:
2655:"Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Cutaneous Porphyrias"
1392:
485:
is typically recommended. This can be carried out either
152:
134:
99:
2973:
2862:
Kim IS, Myung SJ, Lee SS, Lee SK, Kim MH (August 2003).
2592:
Trotman BW, Bernstein SE, Bove KE, Wirt GD (June 1980).
2591:
2159:. Pymble, NSW: HarperCollins e-books. pp. 175–206.
2108:"Recurrent gallstone ileus: time to change our surgery?"
1287:
870:, or the use of combined (estrogen-containing) forms of
3460:
2820:
2767:
2641:
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Cutaneous Porphyrias
2185:"Gallstones: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention"
1808:
1562:"2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis"
989:
Gallbladder opened to show small cholesterol gallstones
462:. Gallstones formed mainly from cholesterol are termed
3267:
3008:
2974:
Stokes CS, Gluud LL, Casper M, Lammert F (July 2014).
2510:
2483:"Should you lose weight fast? – Live Well—NHS Choices"
3076:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3041:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2440:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2006:
1946:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1938:
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
350:
refers to the presence of migrated gallstones within
155:
149:
119:
116:
84:
3649:
1268:
There are two surgical options for cholecystectomy:
953:). Because of their calcium content, they are often
466:, and those formed mainly from bilirubin are termed
131:
125:
96:
90:
3613:. Omaha, Nebraska: Medscape (WebMD). Archived from
2540:
1809:Rosenthal RA, Zenilman ME, Katlic MR, eds. (2011).
489:or through a single larger incision, usually under
474:. Complications may be detected using blood tests.
137:
81:
3274:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
2331:
1126:. There is 4 mm gall bladder wall thickening.
3470:NHS Choices: Health A-Z—Conditions and treatments
3073:
3038:
5084:
2513:"Safety Information—Xenical (orlistat) capsules"
1972:
560:, 'process'). The presence of gallstones in the
273:Healthy weight, diet high in fiber, diet low in
3565:
1815:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 944.
1515:
3570:
3568:
3536:
2861:
2643:, pp. 63–220 in Beers, Porter and Jones (2006)
2201:
1871:
1326:
1297:endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
3798:
2921:
2721:
2431:
2360:. The National Academies Press. p. 124.
2083:"Symptoms & Causes of Gallstones | NIDDK"
1066:Numerous small gallstones made up largely of
949:(calcium bilirubinate, calcium palmitate and
797:is known to increase the risk of gallstones.
601:
3904:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
3134:
2308:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1812:Principles and practice of geriatric surgery
823:, and biliary tract infections. People with
27:Disease where stones form in the gallbladder
3530:
2646:
2585:
2534:
2182:
3943:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
3805:
3791:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2814:
2547:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
2295:
2148:
1966:
1609:
1607:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
51:
3434:
3342:
3293:
3102:
2991:
2969:
2967:
2947:
2879:
2788:
2634:
2617:
2568:
2558:
2414:
2273:10.1182/blood.V94.7.2259.419k42_2259_2262
2123:
1758:
1709:
1636:
1634:
1587:
1577:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1399:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 281.
1388:
1386:
1384:
965:and bacteria) which hydrolyzes bilirubin
2980:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2154:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1880:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1794:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1659:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1301:
1286:
1259:
881:
665:
3611:"Interview with Darren Wise. Transcrip"
3574:
3372:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2848:
2652:
2480:
1849:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1604:
14:
5085:
3456:
3454:
3108:
2964:
1631:
1496:
1413:
1381:
1201:may help prevent gallstone formation.
705:
371:often occurs, resulting in an intense
4927:
4171:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
3786:
3113:. Omaha, Nebraska: Medscape (WebMD).
2763:
2761:
2598:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2178:
2176:
2048:
2046:
1973:Heuman DM, Mihas AA, Allen J (2010).
1914:
1838:
1836:
1536:
1221:Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
897:
800:Cholecystokinin deficiency caused by
661:
192:None, crampy pain in the right upper
3645:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3603:
2827:Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
1083:. Other imaging techniques used are
1079:Diagnosis is typically confirmed by
426:Risk factors for gallstones include
3539:The New England Journal of Medicine
3451:
2157:Gut Feelings: Your Digestive System
24:
2922:Fitzgerald EJ, Toi A (July 1987).
2758:
2173:
2043:
1833:
1566:World Journal of Emergency Surgery
849:
317:10–15% of adults (developed world)
25:
5119:
5056:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4903:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
3631:
1484:from the original on 28 July 2016
1153:Gallstones as seen on plain X-ray
909:
508:than others. For example, 48% of
483:surgery to remove the gallbladder
415:, yellowish skin, vomiting, dark
60:Gallstones typically form in the
4801:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
3088:10.1097/00042737-200505000-00009
3053:10.1097/00042737-200505000-00009
2452:10.1097/00042737-199606000-00017
2125:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2009.00378.x
2009:Irish Journal of Medical Science
1892:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07618.x
1829:from the original on 2016-08-15.
1170:
1158:
1146:
1131:
1115:
1059:
1047:
1024:
1009:
994:
982:
717:Other complications can include
497:can be used to break them down.
262:Based on symptoms, confirmed by
112:
77:
4042:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
4037:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3914:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
3491:
3480:from the original on 2010-11-14
3394:
3359:
3310:
3261:
3222:
3175:
3151:
3128:
3117:from the original on 2010-12-23
3032:
2915:
2896:
2837:from the original on 2011-08-24
2805:
2715:
2672:
2523:from the original on 2016-06-11
2504:
2493:from the original on 2016-02-16
2474:
2382:
2347:
2245:
2211:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
2099:
2075:
2064:from the original on 2016-11-14
2000:
1989:from the original on 2010-11-20
1802:
1339:of some cultures, particularly
945:phosphate, bilirubin and other
928:
732:
688:upper-right side of the abdomen
487:through several small incisions
407:, and infection in bile ducts (
206:Inflammation of the gallbladder
4796:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
4646:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
4468:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
3111:"Postcholecystectomy syndrome"
2320:10.1080/07315724.1997.10718655
2183:Afdhal N, Zakko S (Sep 2022).
1857:10.1002/14651858.CD005440.pub3
1726:
1677:
1215:
877:
678:A characteristic symptom of a
13:
1:
4853:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
3516:10.1016/s0016-5107(02)70112-0
3200:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30941-9
3016:"Gallstone Disease Treatment"
2986:(7): 1090–1100.e2, quiz e61.
2112:Journal of Digestive Diseases
1942:National Institutes of Health
1751:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61682-2
1702:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
1375:
1188:
1165:Large gallstone as seen on CT
1110:during a gallbladder attack.
825:erythropoietic protoporphyria
729:may occur as a complication.
515:
5108:Steatorrhea-related diseases
4762:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
4281:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
3889:Esophageal motility disorder
3589:10.1016/0002-9610(89)90252-3
3323:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2928:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2511:Office of the Commissioner.
1341:traditional Chinese medicine
1255:postcholecystectomy syndrome
1238:
1210:
1074:
614:
596:
590:
584:
210:inflammation of the pancreas
7:
3577:American Journal of Surgery
3551:10.1056/NEJM197309272891303
3419:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046172
1358:
1327:Use in traditional medicine
1245:
10:
5124:
4747:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
4271:Functional colonic disease
4067:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
3504:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
1667:"Treatment for Gallstones"
1310:
1231:
637:
626:
582:, 'bile-containing', from
578:
556:
544:
532:
5041:
4920:
4861:
4775:
4732:
4578:
4569:
4522:
4476:
4431:
4317:
4204:
4094:
4081:
3956:
3948:Acute esophageal necrosis
3830:
3821:
3745:
3653:
3380:10.1002/14651858.CD006231
2993:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.11.031
2881:10.3349/ymj.2003.44.4.561
2693:10.1007/s00464-005-0247-x
2223:10.1007/s10620-007-0195-5
2155:Roizen MF, Oz MC (2005).
2021:10.1007/s11845-009-0404-7
1579:10.1186/s13017-016-0082-5
1291:Risks of cholecystectomy.
313:
303:
280:
269:
256:
227:
219:
199:
186:
170:
68:
59:
50:
42:
37:
4047:Gastric dumping syndrome
3922:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3909:Diffuse esophageal spasm
3466:"Gallstones — Treatment"
3235:World Journal of Surgery
955:radiographically visible
817:hereditary spherocytosis
4663:Alcoholic liver disease
4196:Bile acid malabsorption
4140:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
3474:National Health Service
3462:National Health Service
3335:10.1136/pmj.2003.006023
2940:10.1136/pgmj.63.741.525
2407:10.1136/gut.2003.031435
1106:is a common finding on
844:Bile acid malabsorption
395:), inflammation of the
4673:Hepatic encephalopathy
4057:Buried bumper syndrome
3988:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
3872:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
3815:human digestive system
3020:Johns Hopkins Medicine
2868:Yonsei Medical Journal
2790:10.1001/jama.2012.8439
2058:emedicine.medscape.com
1936:. Bethesda, Maryland:
1307:
1292:
1265:
1225:
1224:pulverizing) stones':
887:
872:hormonal contraception
829:proton pump inhibitors
671:
631:
619:
602:
571:
549:
537:
525:
5098:Gallbladder disorders
4898:Pancreatic pseudocyst
4767:Porcelain gallbladder
3879:Zenker's diverticulum
3247:10.1007/s002680010243
1370:Porcelain gallbladder
1321:chenodeoxycholic acid
1305:
1290:
1263:
885:
719:ascending cholangitis
669:
506:certain ethnic groups
342:components. The term
4702:Hepatorenal syndrome
4641:Budd–Chiari syndrome
4598:Autoimmune hepatitis
4423:Intestinal adhesions
4181:Short bowel syndrome
4010:Functional dyspepsia
3928:Esophageal stricture
3894:Nutcracker esophagus
3194:(10188): 2322–2330.
1337:traditional medicine
1335:and antidote in the
1317:ursodeoxycholic acid
1205:Ursodeoxycholic acid
1108:physical examination
1081:abdominal ultrasound
1042:images of gallstones
1002:X-ray microtomograph
921:(calcium phosphate)
846:may also be a risk.
405:obstructive jaundice
275:simple carbohydrates
4841:Choledocholithiasis
4712:Metabolic disorders
4678:Acute liver failure
4651:Portal hypertension
4603:Alcoholic hepatitis
4446:Radiation proctitis
4365:Mesenteric ischemia
4337:Gastroenterocolitis
4166:Blind loop syndrome
3976:Ménétrier's disease
3884:Barrett's esophagus
2724:Hepatology Research
1977:. Omaha, Nebraska:
813:sickle-cell disease
706:Other complications
682:is the presence of
567:choledocholithiasis
502:developed countries
428:birth control pills
348:choledocholithiasis
252:, rapid weight loss
234:Birth control pills
18:Cholecystolithiasis
5016:Undefined location
5007:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
4908:Pancreatic fistula
4891:Pancreatic abscess
4846:Biliary dyskinesia
4817:Mirizzi's syndrome
4318:Large and/or small
3998:Dieulafoy's lesion
3867:Boerhaave syndrome
3746:External resources
3163:www.england.nhs.uk
2908:2011-02-07 at the
2736:10.1111/hepr.12433
2681:Surgical Endoscopy
2653:Thunell S (2008).
1787:has generic name (
1365:Mirizzi's syndrome
1308:
1293:
1266:
898:Cholesterol stones
888:
727:gallbladder cancer
723:acute pancreatitis
672:
662:Signs and symptoms
654:and can result in
612:, from the Greek:
491:general anesthesia
464:cholesterol stones
331:formed within the
309:Good after surgery
240:, family history,
223:After 40 years old
214:liver inflammation
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
4916:
4915:
4518:
4517:
4375:Bowel obstruction
4077:
4076:
3780:
3779:
3241:(10): 1232–1235.
2610:10.1172/JCI109793
2560:10.1111/eci.12734
2375:978-0-309-09169-5
2166:978-0-06-198079-4
1822:978-1-4419-6999-6
1696:(9995): 743–800.
1524:(1783): 15–9, 2.
1480:. November 2013.
1406:978-0-7020-5483-9
1178:
1034:
939:calcium carbonate
862:, as a result of
809:hemolytic anemias
646:can obstruct the
570:, from the Greek
524:, from the Greek
321:
320:
258:Diagnostic method
110:, cholelithiasis
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5115:
5068:Pneumoperitoneum
4925:
4924:
4835:Common bile duct
4717:Wilson's disease
4707:Peliosis hepatis
4576:
4575:
4453:Proctalgia fugax
4360:Abdominal angina
4285:Ogilvie syndrome
4234:Pseudomembranous
4092:
4091:
4052:Gastric volvulus
4017:Pyloric stenosis
3828:
3827:
3813:Diseases of the
3807:
3800:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2919:
2913:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2859:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2330:. Archived from
2299:
2293:
2292:
2267:(7): 2259–2262.
2258:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2217:(10): 2592–603.
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2127:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1975:"Cholelithiasis"
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1948:. Archived from
1935:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1762:
1745:(9963): 117–71.
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1673:. November 2017.
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1557:
1534:
1533:
1518:The Practitioner
1513:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1470:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1315:The medications
1241:
1235:
1197:that is high in
1180:
1179:
1162:
1150:
1135:
1119:
1063:
1051:
1036:
1035:
1013:
998:
986:
951:calcium stearate
745:Gilbert syndrome
680:gallstone attack
644:ampulla of Vater
641:
629:
628:
617:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
580:
562:common bile duct
559:
558:
547:
546:
535:
534:
510:Native Americans
381:right upper part
177:Gastroenterology
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
55:
35:
34:
21:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5072:
5037:
5026:Internal hernia
4912:
4857:
4822:Biliary fistula
4780:
4771:
4757:Adenomyomatosis
4752:Cholesterolosis
4728:
4722:Hemochromatosis
4593:Viral hepatitis
4565:
4514:
4472:
4458:Rectal prolapse
4427:
4394:Fecal impaction
4384:Intussusception
4347:Crohn's disease
4313:
4296:Toxic megacolon
4208:
4206:Large intestine
4200:
4145:Curling's ulcer
4098:
4096:Small intestine
4085:
4073:
3981:Gastroenteritis
3952:
3817:
3811:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3741:
3740:
3662:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3573:
3566:
3535:
3531:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3459:
3452:
3399:
3395:
3374:(4): CD006231.
3364:
3360:
3315:
3311:
3266:
3262:
3227:
3223:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3109:Jensen (2010).
3107:
3103:
3072:
3068:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2972:
2965:
2934:(741): 525–32.
2920:
2916:
2910:Wayback Machine
2901:
2897:
2860:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2720:
2716:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2590:
2586:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2436:
2432:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2300:
2296:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2153:
2149:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1876:
1872:
1851:(6): CD005440.
1841:
1834:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1731:
1727:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1642:"Complications"
1640:
1639:
1632:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1558:
1537:
1514:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1414:
1407:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1361:
1329:
1313:
1306:Risks of ERCP.
1251:Cholecystectomy
1248:
1218:
1213:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1097:adenomyomatosis
1077:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1054:Large gallstone
1052:
1043:
1037:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1005:
999:
990:
987:
959:β-glucuronidase
931:
912:
900:
880:
868:hormone therapy
852:
850:Pathophysiology
735:
712:gallstone ileus
708:
696:shoulder blades
664:
518:
438:of gallstones,
298:Cholecystectomy
288:
181:General surgery
179:
166:
115:
111:
80:
76:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5093:Abdominal pain
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5063:Hemoperitoneum
5060:
5059:
5058:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4933:
4931:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4787:
4785:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4584:
4582:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4534:
4532:Blood in stool
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4505:Anal dysplasia
4502:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4372:
4370:Angiodysplasia
4367:
4362:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4305:Diverticulosis
4301:Diverticulitis
4298:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4191:Milroy disease
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Tropical sprue
4158:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4114:
4112:
4089:
4083:Lower GI tract
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3823:Upper GI tract
3819:
3818:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3716:
3705:
3694:
3679:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:Classification
3648:
3647:
3633:
3632:External links
3630:
3628:
3627:
3602:
3583:(3): 198–204.
3564:
3529:
3510:(5): 652–656.
3490:
3450:
3413:(2): e046172.
3393:
3358:
3329:(940): 77–79.
3309:
3260:
3221:
3174:
3150:
3127:
3101:
3082:(5): 525–527.
3066:
3047:(5): 525–527.
3031:
3007:
2963:
2914:
2895:
2847:
2813:
2804:
2757:
2730:(9): 942–948.
2714:
2671:
2645:
2633:
2584:
2553:(4): 328–333.
2533:
2503:
2473:
2430:
2381:
2374:
2366:10.17226/10925
2346:
2294:
2244:
2200:
2172:
2165:
2147:
2098:
2074:
2042:
2015:(4): 397–400.
1999:
1965:
1913:
1886:(8): 1856–60.
1870:
1832:
1821:
1801:
1785:|author1=
1725:
1676:
1658:
1630:
1603:
1535:
1495:
1412:
1405:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1349:calculus bovis
1328:
1325:
1312:
1309:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1247:
1244:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1139:Biliary sludge
1137:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:of a gallstone
1000:
993:
991:
988:
981:
930:
927:
911:
910:Pigment stones
908:
899:
896:
879:
876:
851:
848:
811:(such as from
802:celiac disease
788:glycemic index
751:, gallbladder
734:
731:
707:
704:
663:
660:
650:system of the
630:, 'vessel') +
522:cholelithiasis
517:
514:
468:pigment stones
436:family history
344:cholelithiasis
319:
318:
315:
311:
310:
307:
301:
300:
282:
278:
277:
271:
267:
266:
260:
254:
253:
231:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
203:
197:
196:
190:
184:
183:
174:
168:
167:
165:
164:
72:
70:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5120:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:Diaphragmatic
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:Cholecystitis
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4685:Liver abscess
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4668:Liver failure
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:Enterocolitis
4323:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:Malabsorption
4150:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:Gastroparesis
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Cushing ulcer
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Megaesophagus
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3617:on 2010-11-21
3616:
3612:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:(13): 655–9.
3544:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2874:(4): 561–70.
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2836:
2833:(4): 546–50.
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2783:(8): 804–11.
2782:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:(9): 1364–7.
2686:
2682:
2675:
2661:on 2020-03-12
2660:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:(6): 1301–8.
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:NHS Choices.
2477:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:(6): 585–93.
2445:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2336:on 2008-07-20
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2118:(2): 149–51.
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1955:on 2010-12-05
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1824:
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1109:
1105:
1104:Murphy's sign
1100:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1022:
1019:
1018:bile pigments
1012:
1007:
1003:
997:
992:
985:
980:
979:
978:
976:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:bile pigments
944:
940:
936:
935:brown pigment
926:
924:
920:
916:
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904:
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884:
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789:
785:
784:glycemic load
781:
777:
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761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:referred pain
689:
685:
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659:
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623:
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611:
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552:
548:, 'stone') +
541:
540:
529:
528:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
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449:
448:liver disease
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:cholecystitis
390:
389:biliary colic
386:
382:
378:
377:visceral pain
374:
370:
367:
366:smooth muscle
364:
360:
355:
353:
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250:liver disease
247:
243:
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207:
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202:
201:Complications
198:
195:
191:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
173:
169:
160:
107:
74:
73:
71:
69:Pronunciation
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5015:
4994:
4871:Pancreatitis
4833:
4783:biliary tree
4746:
4656:Nutmeg liver
4633:
4559:Hematochezia
4510:Pruritus ani
4495:Anal abscess
4490:Anal fistula
4486:Anal fissure
4399:Constipation
4353:
4224:Appendicitis
4032:Gastroptosis
4022:Achlorhydria
3861:
3850:Eosinophilic
3764:
3753:
3729:
3718:
3707:
3696:
3681:
3666:
3639:"Gallstones"
3619:. Retrieved
3615:the original
3605:
3580:
3576:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3482:. Retrieved
3469:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3371:
3361:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3280:(1): 25–32.
3277:
3273:
3263:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3166:. Retrieved
3162:
3153:
3136:
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3104:
3079:
3075:
3069:
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3040:
3034:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:
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2979:
2931:
2927:
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2867:
2839:. Retrieved
2830:
2826:
2816:
2807:
2780:
2776:
2727:
2723:
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2659:the original
2648:
2640:
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2516:
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2486:
2476:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2401:(6): 823–8.
2398:
2394:
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2338:. Retrieved
2333:the original
2314:(1): 88–95.
2311:
2307:
2297:
2264:
2260:
2247:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2156:
2150:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2066:. Retrieved
2057:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1950:the original
1931:"Gallstones"
1883:
1879:
1873:
1848:
1811:
1804:
1777:cite journal
1742:
1738:
1728:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
1615:
1569:
1565:
1521:
1517:
1486:. Retrieved
1477:
1474:"Gallstones"
1395:
1352:
1330:
1314:
1294:
1280:Laparoscopic
1267:
1249:
1219:
1203:
1195:healthy diet
1192:
1101:
1093:
1078:
971:
967:glucuronides
961:(by injured
932:
929:Mixed stones
913:
901:
889:
853:
833:
806:
799:
792:
780:carbohydrate
760:constipation
757:
736:
733:Risk factors
716:
709:
701:
694:between the
686:pain in the
677:
673:
656:pancreatitis
607:
594:, 'duct') +
565:
536:, 'bile') +
521:
519:
499:
479:healthy diet
476:
467:
463:
425:
401:pancreatitis
356:
343:
337:precipitated
324:
322:
289:
285:Asymptomatic
284:
229:Risk factors
29:
5051:Peritonitis
4813:Cholestasis
4791:Cholangitis
4734:Gallbladder
4622:Fatty liver
4542:Hematemesis
4524:GI bleeding
4330:Necrotizing
4259:Lymphocytic
4254:Collagenous
4249:Microscopic
4186:Steatorrhea
4087:Enteropathy
3933:Inlet patch
3855:Herpetiform
3840:Esophagitis
3755:MedlinePlus
3643:MedlinePlus
2517:www.fda.gov
1333:antipyretic
1319:(UDCA) and
1216:Lithotripsy
1102:A positive
1068:cholesterol
963:hepatocytes
903:Cholesterol
878:Composition
786:, and high
749:body weight
609:cholangitis
573:choledocho-
495:lithotripsy
452:cholesterol
419:, and pale
409:cholangitis
387:known as a
359:cholestasis
333:gallbladder
220:Usual onset
62:gallbladder
43:Other names
5103:Hepatology
5087:Categories
5043:Peritoneal
5021:Incisional
4942:Congenital
4886:Hereditary
4863:Pancreatic
4827:Haemobilia
4500:Hemorrhoid
4478:Anal canal
4416:Infectious
4404:Functional
4239:Ulcerative
4123:Duodenitis
4062:Gastrinoma
3720:DiseasesDB
3621:2010-11-06
3484:2010-11-06
3472:. London:
3188:The Lancet
3168:2024-09-18
3137:StatPearls
3121:2011-01-20
3025:2021-09-25
2841:2010-11-06
2665:2010-11-07
2549:(Review).
2527:2016-06-18
2497:2016-02-16
2487:www.nhs.uk
2340:2010-11-06
2194:2023-05-26
2092:2022-06-28
2068:2016-11-14
1993:2010-11-06
1959:2010-11-06
1376:References
1345:dairy cows
1274:laparotomy
1189:Prevention
1124:ultrasound
975:secretions
856:bile salts
684:colic-like
564:is called
516:Definition
472:ultrasound
456:bile salts
352:bile ducts
292:: surgery
270:Prevention
264:ultrasound
75:Cholelith
5031:Richter's
4988:Spigelian
4983:Obturator
4973:Umbilical
4806:Ascending
4777:Bile duct
4610:Cirrhosis
4588:Hepatitis
4571:Accessory
4441:Proctitis
4292:Megacolon
4266:Dysentery
4176:Whipple's
4128:Jejunitis
4118:Enteritis
4005:Dyspepsia
3966:Gastritis
3899:Achalasia
3832:Esophagus
3766:eMedicine
3736:235919008
3731:SNOMED CT
3524:0016-5107
3427:2044-6055
3286:0035-8843
3255:0364-2313
3208:0140-6736
1353:niu-huang
1347:, termed
1211:Treatment
1075:Diagnosis
943:palmitate
915:Bilirubin
892:ethnicity
864:pregnancy
821:cirrhosis
782:, a high
776:vitamin C
768:magnesium
740:melatonin
579:χοληδόχος
460:bilirubin
432:pregnancy
363:reflexive
325:gallstone
314:Frequency
305:Prognosis
281:Treatment
238:pregnancy
172:Specialty
38:Gallstone
4961:Indirect
4956:Inguinal
4690:Pyogenic
4635:Vascular
4411:Diarrhea
4389:Volvulus
4355:Vascular
4294: /
4283: /
4244:Ischemic
4211:Appendix
4101:Duodenum
3971:Atrophic
3845:Candidal
3771:emerg/97
3478:Archived
3464:(2010).
3445:35177439
3407:BMJ Open
3388:17054285
3353:14970293
3216:31036336
3145:30969724
3115:Archived
3096:15827443
3061:15827443
3002:24321208
2906:Archived
2890:12950109
2835:Archived
2799:22910758
2752:25636425
2744:25297889
2709:20833380
2701:16858534
2579:28186337
2521:Archived
2491:Archived
2468:11355563
2425:15888792
2289:40558696
2281:10498597
2239:22785223
2231:18338264
2189:UpToDate
2142:43696188
2134:19426399
2062:Archived
2037:22457009
2029:19685000
1987:Archived
1979:Medscape
1929:(2007).
1908:26695806
1900:12907344
1865:23813477
1827:Archived
1769:25530442
1720:26063472
1625:25473723
1598:27307785
1530:26455113
1482:Archived
1359:See also
1299:(ERCP).
1246:Surgical
860:estrogen
840:Fibrates
795:orlistat
753:motility
652:pancreas
648:exocrine
444:diabetes
397:pancreas
246:diabetes
188:Symptoms
5002:Petit's
4978:Femoral
4881:Chronic
4695:Amoebic
4463:Anismus
4229:Colitis
4156:Coeliac
4133:Ileitis
4105:Jejunum
3958:Stomach
3862:Rupture
3714:D042882
3597:2672842
3559:4580472
3436:8860059
3344:1742934
3304:9579123
3295:2502763
2958:3309915
2949:2428351
2628:7410545
2570:8135131
2460:8823575
2416:1774557
2328:9013440
1760:4340604
1711:4561509
1589:4908702
1488:27 July
1311:Medical
933:Mixed (
919:calcium
836:Statins
772:calcium
440:obesity
385:abdomen
383:of the
379:in the
242:obesity
194:abdomen
4996:Lumbar
4966:Direct
4949:Hiatus
4929:Hernia
4781:Other
4547:Melena
4433:Rectum
3916:(GERD)
3760:000273
3703:600803
3595:
3557:
3522:
3443:
3433:
3425:
3386:
3351:
3341:
3302:
3292:
3284:
3253:
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3000:
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2619:371467
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2163:
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2132:
2035:
2027:
1906:
1898:
1863:
1819:
1767:
1757:
1739:Lancet
1718:
1708:
1690:Lancet
1651:13 May
1646:nhs.uk
1623:
1596:
1586:
1572:: 25.
1528:
1403:
1239:tripso
1227:litho-
774:, and
764:folate
603:-iasis
591:docho-
551:-iasis
527:chole-
458:, and
421:stools
375:-like
163:
4921:Other
4876:Acute
4627:MASLD
4580:Liver
4554:Lower
4537:Upper
4379:Ileus
4215:Colon
4109:Ileum
3924:(LPR)
2773:(PDF)
2748:S2CID
2705:S2CID
2464:S2CID
2285:S2CID
2261:Blood
2257:(PDF)
2235:S2CID
2138:S2CID
2033:S2CID
1983:WebMD
1953:(PDF)
1934:(PDF)
1904:S2CID
1478:NIDDK
1233:τρίψω
1199:fiber
923:salts
639:-ῖτις
633:-itis
627:ἄγγος
615:chol-
597:lith-
585:chol-
557:ἴασις
545:λίθος
539:lith-
417:urine
413:fever
373:cramp
369:spasm
335:from
329:stone
327:is a
4309:SCAD
3725:2533
3709:MeSH
3698:OMIM
3687:9-CM
3593:PMID
3555:PMID
3520:ISSN
3441:PMID
3423:ISSN
3384:PMID
3349:PMID
3300:PMID
3282:ISSN
3251:ISSN
3212:PMID
3204:ISSN
3141:PMID
3092:PMID
3057:PMID
2998:PMID
2954:PMID
2886:PMID
2795:PMID
2777:JAMA
2740:PMID
2697:PMID
2624:PMID
2575:PMID
2456:PMID
2421:PMID
2370:ISBN
2324:PMID
2277:PMID
2227:PMID
2161:ISBN
2130:PMID
2025:PMID
1896:PMID
1861:PMID
1817:ISBN
1796:link
1789:help
1765:PMID
1716:PMID
1653:2018
1621:PMID
1594:PMID
1526:PMID
1490:2016
1401:ISBN
1089:MRCP
1087:and
1085:ERCP
815:and
621:ang-
533:χολή
434:, a
361:, a
340:bile
294:ERCP
290:Pain
4615:PBC
4342:IBD
4276:IBS
3692:574
3683:ICD
3677:K80
3668:ICD
3585:doi
3581:158
3547:doi
3543:289
3512:doi
3431:PMC
3415:doi
3376:doi
3339:PMC
3331:doi
3290:PMC
3243:doi
3196:doi
3192:393
3084:doi
3049:doi
2988:doi
2944:PMC
2936:doi
2876:doi
2785:doi
2781:308
2732:doi
2689:doi
2614:PMC
2606:doi
2565:PMC
2555:doi
2448:doi
2411:PMC
2403:doi
2395:Gut
2362:doi
2316:doi
2269:doi
2219:doi
2120:doi
2017:doi
2013:178
1985:).
1888:doi
1853:doi
1755:PMC
1747:doi
1743:385
1706:PMC
1698:doi
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1574:doi
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