Catholic Church and politics

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According to Józef Figa, the involvement of the Church in oppositionist groups was often very important for mobilising and uniting the opposition to authoritarian regimes. In Catalonia, opposition to the Franco regime "brought together members of the church and several illegal parties, including the Communists", while in Poland, Catholic opposition to the Communist regime was crucial in bridging a gap between intelligentsia oppositionist and worker and peasant organisations. Syzmon Chodak wrote: "The role of Catholic Clubs in unifying the opposition forces in Poland was spectacular. These legally independent Catholic organizations provided shop-windows for ideas and ideals of non-Catholics, left-wing socialists, humanists, and others as well as the church." Left-wing Catholic organisations that were common in Latin America and Europe, such as the

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society through the creation of structures of participation and shared responsibility. Nowadays there is a tendency to claim that agnosticism and skeptical relativism are the philosophy and the basic attitude which correspond to democratic forms of political life. Those who are convinced that they know the truth and firmly adhere to it are considered unreliable from a democratic point of view, since they do not accept that truth is determined by the majority, or that it is subject to variation according to different political trends. It must be observed in this regard that if there is no ultimate truth to guide and direct political activity, then ideas and convictions can easily be manipulated for reasons of power. As history demonstrates, a democracy without values easily turns into open or thinly disguised totalitarianism.

1197:, the things that are Ceasar's, and to God, the things that are God's") was a source of discussion regarding the role of the Church and its relations with secular governments, defining the dualism of Catholic political thinking - unlike earlier religions, the Catholic Church became a separate, independent institution that was not a part of any ethnic or political structures of already existing communities. The Church's doctrine considered Christian communities to be the "recipients of divine grace and inspiration", along with the clergy. Paul E. Sigmund argues that democratic thinking was already present in the early Church, as early Catholics "acted as communities to make decisions about common affairs, becoming almost independent self-governing entities in periods of persecution". 1441:"associated the meaning of being German with Protestantism". Germany was proclaimed as a "distinctively Protestant empire". Catholic minorities such as Poles and the French were persecuted, and "German Catholics were imagined as Germany's internal foreigners and increasingly marginalized from German society and politics as enemies of the new Reich". German authorities considered German Catholics foreign and saw them as a threat to creation of a homogenous German identity. Kulturkampf aimed to eliminate Catholicism from the cultural and public sphere completely — Catholic seminaries and schools were closed, church property was confiscated, and thousands of Catholic clergy were arrested or exiled. According to a German historian 2070:

for the most part, the Catholic workers, clerks, artisans, peasants to whom Maurice Thorez had addressed his appeal, but rather Catholic philosophers, "social priests," journalists, and cardinals". While Catholics were wary of the socialist concept of the revolution, and strongly opposed to the atheism of most socialist movements, "strong criticism of capitalism and economic liberalism was a persistent theme in episcopal pronouncements and Catholic literature". The attempt of a Communist-Catholic unity in France is considered successful, as most French Catholics were opposed to fascism and when offered an alliance on grounds of anti-fascist unity, "saw the Communist offer as a religious and moral rather than political issue".

31: 2115:, "the regime had managed to exile a significant number of its opponents, thereby giving the illusion of unanimous support from the Church." In Francoist Spain, the "members of clergy were to play a leading role in the opposition to the dictatorship". This was particularly true for the Catholic clergy in "Basque Country and Catalonia, where the clergy were actively involved in regional nationalism, and also for those priests from Catholic worker organisations who took up the defence of striking workers". As the opposition from the Catholic Church intensified, the Franco regime soon started acting against the clergy, and a prison for Catholic priests called 2239:

candidate activities since it might make them vulnerable to losing their tax-exempt status. An example of an issue-related activity the Catholic Church is legally able to support is the August, 2022 proposed amendment for an abortion ban in Kansas city. Of the $ 1.2 million raised in 2021 by the anti-abortion "Value Them Both Coalition," $ 500,000 was given by the Archdiocese of Kansas City and $ 250,000 was donated by the Catholic Diocese of Wichita, far higher amounts than other individual donations. This restriction does not apply to individuals or group provided they do not represent themselves as acting in an official Church capacity.

1475:"suspiciously agitated mood" amongst German Catholics, and a Danzig report from 1871 claimed that the Polish and German Catholic population "persists in its cool, suspicious attitude; even now hopes for the success of French arms are audible from these circles". The Kulturkampf did unite German Catholics and Poles as both were harshly affected by the anti-Catholic policies, and Catholics of Germany were supportive of the Polish national movement. As to counteract this, German settlers to Polish territories were exclusively Protestant, as the Prussian authorities believed that "the true German is a Protestant". 2061:, and political democracy". According to G. Michael McCarthy, anti-Catholicism in the United States had xenophobic and racial, but also political, overtones - Southern Protestants "strongly opposed the church's liberal policies - particularly its uncompromising position against social and political segregation." According to John Hellman, "Not long before he died, Lenin told a French Catholic visitor that "only Communism and Catholicism offered two diverse, complete and inconfusible conceptions of human life". This led 1521:. Once strongly opposed by the Church because of its anti-clerical tendencies, liberalism started to be reapproached by Catholics, giving birth to a Catholic liberal movement in Austria. As Austria was an overwhelmingly agrarian country until the 1930s, the Catholic social movement was mostly represented by agrarian leagues as well as rural trade unions. Catholic leaders had their roots in farming and artisan environments, and the social thought promoted by political Catholicism was communitarian and 1281: 6897: 69: 1470:. The Kulturkampf laws had a double purpose: they were directed against German Catholics, who were considered opponents of a unified German state and harboured pro-French sympathies, and against Poles, against whom the German state was conducting an ethnic cleansing campaign. Bismarck accused the Catholic Church of harbouring "Polish tendencies" and of actively "polonizing" German Catholics; Bismarck also saw the Church as a major obstacle to his 1085: 6886: 1644: 1479:

main vehicles of Catholic difference by promoting common Catholic values and worldviews. This led German Catholics to isolate themselves from German nationalism - German Catholics were opposed to a unified German state, and overwhelmingly rejected National Socialism. According to Jürgen W. Falter, 83% of recruits to the NSDAP were Protestant, while the Nazi Party failed to make any inroads among Catholics.

1525:, reflecting "the social model of the village". Anton Burghardt observes that Social Catholicism in Austria "was never friendly to capitalism; on the contrary, there was always a strong aversion to industrial capitalism in the Catholic camp". This allowed left-wing Catholic organisations to enter dialogue with socialist and social-democrat activists. 2206:, Catholic priest and radio firebrand, expounded an anti-communist, social justice platform influenced by the Catholic faith. Coughlin later excoriated the Democratic Party, taking on an increasingly illiberal and anti-Semitic stance. The Catholic Church denounced Couglin's rhetoric for its anti-Semitism and hostility towards trade unions. The 1162:, influenced the Church with his theory of minimal involvement in politics, according to which the Church "accepted the legitimacy of even pagan governments that maintained a social order useful to Christians as well, and to the extent that the freedom of the Church to carry out its evangelical task was allowed." In the 13th century, 1580:, a Catholic socialist confederation of trade unions. Catholic trade union membership was particularly high among rural workers, small landowners and sharecroppers, as well as peasants. The Catholic ideal appealed to marginalised and impoverished groups, and proved itself a formidable alternative to socialist unions. 1228:, comparing the organisation of society to the structure of the human body, with each social class having its role in the society and democratic right to participate in politics. The Church's tradition taught that government and laws originally emerged from the people, and were justified with their consent ( 1605:

gave political Catholic movements an impulse to develop and to spread the area of their involvement. With this encyclical, the Catholic Church expanded its interest in social, economic, political and cultural issues, and it called for a drastic conversion of Western society in the 19th century in the

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as well as the government itself because of its anti-clericalism. In late 19th century, Social Catholicism based on Catholic social teaching became a prevalent force amongst Italian Catholics, who started to organize themselves into labor federations and labour unions, promoting Catholic socialism as

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in his 1944 Christmas Message, in which he stressed that a "true democracy" must see the people as a "body of citizens" rather than "simply a mass", as the former will make the citizens aware of their fellow rights and duties, while the latter is "an undifferentiated multitude open to manipulation by

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was an anti-Pinochet group that was crucial in rescuing the victims of the regime, with its membership mostly including priests, nuns and middle-class Catholics. Similar Catholic groups were also organised in Brazil and Bolivia under authoritarian regimes there, where they endured police harassment.

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and signed a concordat with the regime to ensure that it would avoid further persecution, it soon emerged as an opponent of the regime in the 1950s. The growing opposition to the dictatorship forced the regime to start "fining priests for their sermons, jailing members of the clergy, and considering

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endorsed the notion that the Church must fight not only for democracy itself but also for human rights, and it was concluded that participation in public affairs, to the degree that the country’s level of development allowed, was a human right; the council also confirmed the Church's duty to promote

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Catholics are instructed to participate in the political process, be informed voters, and to encourage elected officials to act on behalf of the common good. There are, however, limits to official Church political activity. The Church engages in issue-related activity, but avoids partisan political

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to offer "an outstretched hand" to French Catholics in 1936, wishing "to achieve a tactical alliance to head off fascism in France and Europe and to promote social progress". A large amount of French Catholics did enter a dialogue with the party, but to Thorez's surprise, "these Catholics were not,

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In reaction to the Kulturkampf legislation, Catholic distrust of the German state grew and German Catholics retreated into confessionally separate milieus - social organisations, devotional associations, the Catholic press and the political Catholicism of the Centre Party. These institutions became

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defined democracy as protector of human dignity, and stressed that abandoning "moral reasoning" in favor of purely technical reasoning promoted by total understanding of "modern science and technology" can lead to a "dictatorship of relativism", which would lack universal moral values. Benedict XVI

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also fully endorsed democracy, but saw it as a way to prevent the exploitation of the poor and abuse of the Church by the ruling class; in that sense, the conservative Catholic view of democracy was one that supported democracy as an "institutionalization of the people’s right of resistance against

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was created. Hank Johnston and Jozef Figa also argue that in Spain, "the church was crucial in the nationalist and working-class wings of the anti-Francoist movement"; with help of the local clergy, Catholic churches served as shelters for illegal trade unions and anti-Francoist parties, as "the

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Similar alliance took place in Italy. According to a historian Elisa Carrillo, the Vatican was sceptical of "condemning any variety of communism", and Italian Catholics cooperated with Communists in the anti-fascist resistance. After WWII, members of the Italian Catholic Action "saw no essential

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Authentic democracy is possible only in a State ruled by law, and on the basis of a correct conception of the human person. It requires that the necessary conditions be present for the advancement both of the individual through education and formation in true ideals, and of the “subjectivity” of

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that followed partly targeted the Church as well. Although the Church's resistance to French, German and Italian regimes is seen as an example of the Church's opposition to democracy, Bradley Lewis argues that these regimes were not democratic at all, and Carolyn M. Warner states that the Church

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Following the council, the Catholic Church became linked to democratization movements in both developed and developing countries, opposing authoritarianism and advocating for human rights. However, this was not universal, and the extent of church involvement in politics varied greatly between

1232:). Catholic thinkers believed that government authority was to be limited by natural and customary laws, as well as independent institutions such as the Church. Even papal authority should be balanced by the secular nobility (episcopalism) and the Church hierarchy (election of the Pope by the 2098:

and helped rescue "thousands of foreigners and leftist activists that were fleeing the country or taking refuge in foreign embassies". The 1974 Bishops Conference in Chile harshly criticized the regime and urged for a return to democracy, and in 1975 the clergy started actively partaking in

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policies against Poles in Germany. Both the Catholic clergy and German Catholics were accused of aiding the Polish national movement, with Bismarck contending that Catholics in Germany "were actively supporting Polish candidates to the Reichstag". West Prussian officials would describe a

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and the Archdiocesan Labor Institute in 1939. American Catholics of that era were generally New Deal liberals who actively supported the CIO, viewed government as a positive force for social reform and often participated in non-communist trade unions, becoming a prominent group of the

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sentiment. Holborn notes that the measures against the Catholic Church "constituted shocking violations of liberal principles" and that "German liberalism showed no loyalty to the ideas of lawful procedure or of political and cultural freedom which had formerly been its lifeblood".

1186:, according to which political power was granted by God to each community, and every political official was to obey the community's determination in his political decisions; according to this concept, the community could transfer the authority from one official to another as well. 1433:, which guaranteed Catholics religious freedom. When Catholic activists requested North German parliament to enact similar protections, "Protestant liberals in the North German parliament vetoed this request and pointed to it as an act of Catholic disloyalty". Under the 1378:

However, John Paul II also highlighted that a democracy cannot be individualist, as a free civil society is one that provides "a widespread opportunity for participation in the goods only available to persons through cooperation". John Paul II also stressed the need for

2250:, "the separation of church and state does not require division between belief and public action, between moral principles and political choices, but protects the right of believers and religious groups to practice their faith and act on their values in public life." 1321:, which rejected both capitalism and communism. In terms of political development, Catholic social teaching endorsed democracy on the condition that it constitutes a protection of human dignity and the moral law, and valued common good over individualism. 2056:

of 1931, the church firmly established its Christian Democrat outlook which supported "pluralistic democracy, human rights, and a mixed economy". Paul E. Sigmund describes the church's philosophy at that time as one that promoted "free institutions, the

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In the 20th century, Catholic political movements became very strong in Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Ireland, France and Latin America. What these movements had in common was a defense of the acquired rights of the Catholic Church (attacked by

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writing that the law should be formulated by "the whole community or the person who represents it" and describing a regime in which "all participate in the election of those who rule" as the best form of governance, formulating the concept of

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points out that German liberals were not coerced by the Prussian state into supporting the Kulturkampf legislation in any way, but willingly backed it despite the fact that it betrayed their principles and included provisions that enabled

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The Catholic Church encouraged Catholic workers to join the CIO "to improve their economic status and to act as a moderating force in the new labor movement". Catholic clergy promoted and founded moderate trade unions, such as the

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not only provided aid to and organised working-class and urban poor Catholis, but also "provided a forum for contact between the middle class and the working class", especially in the context of opposing authoritarian regimes.

1313:. There, Pope Leo XIII endorsed democracy as the most Catholic type of governance, but warned that a Catholic democracy must "benefit the lower classes of society", work for the common good and reject individualism in favor of 1797:

By the 20th century, the Church's writings on democracy were "directly read, read and commented upon" by Christian politicians, inspiring Christian democratic parties and movements in Europe and South America. A visit by

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that would preserve regional cultures, and remarked that a "high degree of moral achievement" and adherence to Catholic virtues as well as "courage, moderation, justice, and prudence" are needed for democracy to succeed.

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observed that electorally, Catholic areas "saw near total opposition to the Nazis" and concluded that "Nazi party's share of a region's vote was inversely proportional to the Catholic percentage of its population".

1364:, any political regime must be measured by its ability to protect human dignity, which is "rooted in man’s living in both freedom and truth". Pope John Paul II describes democracy as having three dimensions: 1512:

Catholics attempting to encourage Catholic influence on political society. Many Catholic movements were born in 19th-century Austria, such as the Progressive Catholic movement promoted by thinkers such as

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produces "Forming Consciences for Faithful Citizenship" (formerly "Faithful Citizenship") guides, to provide guidelines and explanations of Catholic teaching to Catholic voters. According to the

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discussed the concept of political legitimacy and the moral issues of using political power, concluding that explicit limitations to governmental power are necessary. Later

5165: 6580: 1216:, who exerted wide influence over the Christian states of Europe and claimed supremacy over all of Europe's kings, engaging in major political battles such as the 5195: 878: 1113: 6500: 1895: 1305: 5598: 4141: 2315: 1967: 1332:

in its essence promotes democracy based on "justice, charity, and the realization of a fraternal community". More conservative Catholic thinkers such as

1987: 1963: 1814:. According to Paul E. Sigmund, Catholic social and political thought "became a major source of democratic theory" in Latin America as well as Europe. 6065: 2260: 2086:. The church made "no attempt to suppress or condemn the efforts of these young people to reconcile Catholicism with Marxism", and in 1943, Cardinal 2016: 1253:. He also recognised limits to papal authority, writing that the pope can only intervene in affairs "in which the temporal power is subject to him". 1445:, the Kulturkampf was a "war of annihilation waged by the Prussian state against the Catholic Church as a spiritual-religious and political power". 4851: 711: 6386: 3575: 1393:

warned that "without a consciousness of the moral law, democracy cannot be sustained and degenerates into the dictatorship of relativism or what

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struggling against a separation of Church and State. The clearest expression of this struggle arose around the 1884 publication of the book

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required clergy non-involvement in politics while allowing public practice of the Catholic faith. Similar purposes were served by the 2018

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sanctity of the church, codified in Franco's 1953 Vatican Concordat, assured that the meeting would not be interrupted by the police".

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In the modern era, which saw the rise of electoral democracy and secularism, the Church strongly rejected and clashed with regimes of

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German Catholics opposed the German Unification, as they wished to preserve the independence of German nations as well as the old

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agreement which allowed Chinese government recommendation of bishops' appointments while permitting some practice of the faith.

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The Cross and the Ballot: Catholic Political Parties in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium and The Netherlands, 1785–1985

2981: 2207: 1317:, thus reaffirming the Church's rejection of "individualistic liberal" capitalism. These declarations laid the foundation of 853: 716: 1409:

As a program and a movement, political Catholicism – a political and cultural conception which promotes the ideas and

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Boyer, John W. (2001), "Catholics, Christians, and the Challenges of Democracy: The Heritage of the Nineteenth Century",

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and the notion that democracy is more likely to pursue the common good as distinct from the good of the rulers only.

6851: 6399: 6152: 6097: 5962: 5697: 5693: 5438: 5223: 5170: 4279: 3649: 3612: 3454:"The Catholic Church in US Politics", Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs - Georgetown University 2083: 2045:, the church came to be associated with moderately social-democratic and economically left-wing causes - after the 1839: 1573: 701: 326: 2450:(4). Cambridge University Press for the University of Notre Dame du lac on behalf of Review of Politics: 530–548. 6860: 6202: 6177: 6142: 6137: 6102: 5982: 5581: 5465: 5055: 5018: 4901: 4881: 4837: 3764: 2034: 1939: 1342:

demagogues". He also affirmed the need for an "authentic democracy" to follow communitarian and Catholic values:

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Nicola Rooney argues that although Spanish clergy was accused of collaborating with Francoist forces during the

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an alternative to the nationalist, anti-clerical socialism. These political developments led to the creation of

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countries. The church started actively opposing authoritarian regimes; in Chile, the church was opposed to the

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Political changes in Spain during the second half of the nineteenth century led to the development of Catholic

1467: 1139: 766: 521: 376: 38: 6172: 6162: 5488: 5359: 5257: 4954: 3315:"The Church and Political Opposition: Comparative Perspectives on Mobilization against Authoritarian Regimes" 1971: 1871: 531: 391: 3443:"Guidelines for Parish and Church Organization Political Activity", Minnesota Catholic Conference, July 2018 2155:, formal treaties which limit persecution of Catholic practices in return for concessions to the state. The 6753: 6724: 6707: 6615: 6227: 6192: 6182: 5760: 5741: 5354: 5267: 4768: 3959: 3945: 2392:

Lewis, V. Bradley (2014). "Democracy and Catholic Social Teaching: Continuity, Development and Challenge".

52: 1701: 1268:, where the Church was the target of harsh persecution; hundreds of Catholic priests were murdered in the 6763: 5513: 5381: 5250: 4797: 4687: 4419: 4307: 4071: 4050: 2028: 1360:

democracy as a system that best ensured the protection of the common good. According to the teachings of

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Doody, Colleen (2011). "Grappling with Secularism: Anti-Communism and Catholicism in Cold-War Detroit".

1244:, medieval Catholic scholars came close to envisioning and endorsing democracy in its modern form, with 6680: 6478: 6132: 5784: 5750: 5709: 4463: 4203: 4160: 3751: 3644: 2320: 1889: 1859: 1803: 1548: 1501: 1380: 858: 848: 686: 581: 292: 30: 2539: 2330: 2090:

intervened on behalf of 400 Communist Catholics who were arrested for anti-government demonstrations.

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incompatibility between Marxism and Catholicism" and established close ties with Communists such as

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argued that democracy was a "fruit of the Gospel itself and its unfolding in history", writing that

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Prior to World War II, numerous Catholic thinkers advanced the idea of a Catholic political regime;

1277:"adapted to democratic context" and supported democracy as long as it respected clerical interests. 596: 6900: 6836: 6758: 6729: 6349: 6344: 6222: 6122: 6107: 6092: 5934: 5755: 5645: 5563: 5387: 5364: 5315: 4988: 4792: 4774: 4763: 4026: 3934: 3906: 2184: 2133: 2005: 1865: 1827: 1807: 1410: 1333: 1318: 1288:

Despite its struggle against democratic and liberal anti-clericalism, the Church's commitment to a

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The Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer

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Historically, the Church followed the policy of strict neutrality, with Catholic thinkers such as

6821: 6453: 6414: 6381: 5827: 5807: 5675: 5553: 5503: 5282: 5083: 5023: 4758: 3980: 2235:. According to Colleen Doody, Catholics were the "backbone and the bane of New Deal liberalism". 1999: 1913: 1654: 1398: 1217: 176: 1551:. The book was rapidly referred to Rome, where it received a positive, albeit cautious welcome. 1452:, German liberals were ready to give up their liberal principles and support Kulturkampf out of 6890: 6831: 6826: 6460: 6266: 6187: 6112: 5992: 5670: 5558: 5498: 5175: 5063: 4435: 4400: 4165: 3720: 2808: 2340: 2211: 2066: 2042: 1957: 1845: 1833: 1480: 1352: 1033: 873: 781: 731: 331: 270: 151: 3419: 2295: 2286:

History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance § The mid-20th-century Spanish model

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Likewise, the church often founded and engaged in human rights groups in the 20th century -

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were seen mainly as enemies and vehement opponents of political Catholicism. In Mexico, the

361: 5999: 5968: 5865: 5746: 5660: 5540: 5443: 5160: 5155: 5078: 5028: 4959: 4937: 4509: 4379: 3966: 3700: 3659: 3584: 2777:"The Young Membership of the NSDAP between 1925 and 1933. A Demographic and Social Profile" 1921: 1757: 1560: 1430: 1310: 1159: 1151: 923: 916: 646: 109: 2082:. Catholic Communists in Italy also had contacts with the clergy, such as with the priest 8: 6788: 6690: 6483: 6467: 5987: 5897: 5348: 5292: 5240: 5141: 5103: 4725: 4667: 4406: 4214: 4109: 4065: 3929: 3919: 3895: 3890: 3779: 3725: 3710: 3685: 2595:"That All May Be One? Church Unity and the German National Idea, 1866-1883 and Challenge" 2300: 2265: 2232: 2215: 1784: 1761: 1745:

politicians) and a defense of Christian faith and moral values (threatened by increasing

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which had previously floundered began to flourish in Europe, and later in North America.

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of 1929 settled long-running disputes with Italy by recognising the independence of the

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Confessions of an Interest Group: The Catholic Church and Political Parties in Europe

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believing that the Church should not concern itself with political matters. However,

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the expulsion of a bishop, thereby risking the excommunication of the government".

1917: 1811: 1799: 1563:, put in motion by anti-clerical nationalism and resulting in the abolition of the 1453: 1325: 1314: 1289: 1261: 1257: 1201: 1055: 1016: 951: 937: 746: 651: 561: 486: 416: 411: 346: 275: 193: 141: 131: 99: 94: 5870: 4239: 3420:"Catholic Church spending big on anti-abortion constitutional amendment in Kansas" 2813:"Apostasy or Religiosity? The Cultural Meanings of the Protestant Vote for Hitler" 591: 436: 371: 6865: 6748: 6605: 6570: 6376: 6371: 6296: 6291: 6232: 6157: 5907: 5837: 5369: 5310: 4860: 4443: 4249: 4079: 4060: 3994: 3774: 3396: 2998: 2694: 2196: 2176: 2100: 1769: 1611: 1505: 1493: 1458: 1414: 1384: 1371:

elections and the consequent accountability to the voters of political officials;

1273: 1131: 1077: 1001: 833: 576: 481: 341: 223: 166: 136: 3200: 2925:"Catholic Labor and Catholic Action: The Italian Context of "Quadragesimo Anno"" 2647:"Kulturkampf and Unification: German Liberalism and the War against the Jesuits" 621: 6783: 6712: 6560: 6495: 6281: 6271: 6257: 6242: 5922: 5817: 5701: 5680: 5214: 5093: 5068: 5040: 4971: 4629: 4528: 4390: 4352: 4175: 4012: 3845: 3835: 3814: 3625: 2745: 2168: 2087: 2062: 1909: 1746: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1163: 979: 958: 736: 616: 551: 546: 501: 461: 426: 336: 250: 181: 4782: 2828: 2662: 2610: 2455: 751: 6915: 6675: 6635: 6520: 6442: 6427: 6276: 6237: 6043: 5927: 5724: 5393: 5108: 4584: 4577: 4539: 4302: 4170: 4131: 4119: 4007: 3840: 3799: 3735: 3620: 3325:(1). Wiley on behalf of Society for the Scientific Study of Religion: 32–47. 2405: 2325: 2079: 2075: 2058: 2049: 1765: 1627: 1598: 1590: 1514: 1471: 1338: 1297: 1171: 1048: 909: 656: 636: 571: 511: 406: 304: 245: 198: 188: 161: 4549: 2781:

Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. Supplement, no. 25

2494: 1208:. In the Church, this meant the rise of papal authority under popes such as 6650: 6585: 6515: 6505: 6432: 6332: 6301: 6077: 6026: 5794: 5736: 5633: 5404: 5321: 5277: 5272: 5262: 5073: 5000: 4814: 4693: 4677: 4468: 4458: 4326: 4099: 3465:"Catholics in Political Life", United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 2305: 2275: 2180: 2172: 1928: 1791: 1773: 1742: 1623: 1564: 1522: 1449: 1356: 1237: 761: 631: 611: 601: 556: 526: 446: 431: 287: 146: 104: 41: 34: 3158: 2940: 2558: 6846: 6702: 6575: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6530: 5832: 5767: 5623: 5548: 5526: 5374: 5136: 5098: 4700: 4559: 4453: 4336: 4126: 4104: 4089: 3654: 3630: 3352: 3237:"Church and State in Spain from the Civil War to the Return of Democracy" 1855: 1750: 1434: 1280: 1220:. However, medieval Catholic thinkers also pioneered ideas of democracy: 536: 496: 441: 351: 218: 203: 156: 3252: 3131: 2948: 2881: 2788: 2731: 2715: 2618: 2594: 1142:

and have at times been significant political influences within nations.

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tyranny." The concept of Catholic democracy was further established by

1301: 1205: 1190: 806: 491: 260: 171: 4624: 3314: 3288: 3184: 3063: 3039: 2812: 2646: 2439: 6645: 6640: 6610: 6306: 6069: 6053: 6038: 5882: 5772: 5650: 5640: 5508: 5287: 4554: 3850: 3015: 2146: 1534: 756: 586: 68: 3330: 3079: 1920:'s mixture of Catholicism and nationalism received its own brand of 1643: 27:

Interplay of Catholicism with religious, and later secular, politics

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

1138:. The Catholic Church's views and teachings have evolved over its 6590: 5428: 5302: 5245: 4497: 4484: 4346: 4224: 3185:"Revolution, Counterrevolution, and the Catholic Church in Chile" 2151:

In dealing with hostile regimes, the Church has sometimes signed

1781: 1538: 1418: 1167: 299: 3064:"French "Left-Catholics" and Communism in the Nineteen-Thirties" 2485:

Warner, Carolyn M. (2000). "The Catholic Church and Democracy".

1417:

in public life through government action – was started by

6743: 6048: 6033: 5977: 5944: 4259: 6841: 6009: 5973: 2716:"The Polish Role in the Origin of the Kulturkampf in Prussia" 2012:

After World War II, more such unions were formed, including:

1509: 2099:

anti-government demonstrations. The church also opposed the

1492:

From Germany, political Catholic social movements spread in

6014: 5733: 2510:"Catholic Social Doctrine Isn't a Surrogate for Capitalism" 2167:

in return for Church cooperation with Napoleon's rule. The

1368:

the participation of citizens in political decision-making;

3016:"Smith vs. Hoover--The Politics of Race in West Tennessee" 1966:(IFCTO), in The Hague in 1920 (which was preceded by the 1633: 1908:

Most of these parties in Europe joined together in the

1817:

Some of the earliest important political parties were:

1610:

influences. Following the release of the document, the

1224:

spoke of a conceptual democracy based on the ideals of

3116:"The Italian Catholic Church and Communism, 1943-1963" 2103:. While the church in Spain was devastated after the 1927:

In addition to political parties, Catholic/Christian

1924:

and it inspired similar movements throughout Europe.

1776:

to both unrestrained capitalism and state socialism.

3126:(4). Catholic University of America Press: 644–657. 2935:(4). Catholic University of America Press: 650–674. 1896:

National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty

1756:

These Catholic movements developed various forms of

4142:

Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

2316:

Relations between the Catholic Church and the State

1968:

International Secretariat of Christian Trade Unions

1790:repressed the Church and Catholics, leading to the 1668:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2876:(2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 369–382. 1988:Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions 1964:International Federation of Christian Trade Unions 1421:Catholics in the second half of the 19th century. 2751:The NSDAP and the German Working Class, 1925-1933 2261:Catholic Church and politics in the United States 6913: 2969: 1296:type of democracy was officially established by 3526:Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut, eds. (2004). 3145:Philpott, Daniel (2004). "The Catholic Wave". 2807: 2041:In the 20th century, and especially after the 2017:Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions 4845: 3873: 3569: 3525: 3000:Liberation Theology: An Historical Evaluation 2489:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–16. 2440:"The Catholic Tradition and Modern Democracy" 2199:, initially a left-wing radical supporter of 1107: 3544: 3319:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 3312: 3138: 2248:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 2214:, demanded Coughlin to cease his attacks on 2163:, reduced the persecution endured under the 3178: 3176: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3003:. Washington: Wilson Center. pp. 2–17. 2973:Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview 2125:Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile 2023:Christian Trade Union Federation of Germany 1970:founded in Zürich in 1908, led through the 6774:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 4852: 4838: 3576: 3562: 3482:Christian Democracy in 20th Century Europe 3313:Johnston, Hank; Figa, Józef (March 1988). 3074:(4). Cambridge University Press: 507–523. 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2726:(2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 253–262. 2657:(4). Cambridge University Press: 545–566. 2605:(2). Cambridge University Press: 281–301. 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 1822:Conservative Catholic Party of Switzerland 1810:faction abandoning the party to found the 1189:In the early Church, the biblical passage 1114: 1100: 844:Christian Democrat Organization of America 4657: 4527: 3266: 3264: 3262: 2976:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. xiii. 2963: 2918: 2916: 2863: 2857: 2823:(3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd: 267–284. 2738: 2690: 2688: 2501: 2281:Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church 1982:French Confederation of Christian Workers 1852:General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses 1728:Learn how and when to remove this message 4378: 3583: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3173: 3144: 3113: 3102: 3026:(2). Clark Atlanta University: 154–168. 3013: 3007: 2744: 2709: 2707: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2547:Pro Publico Bono - Public Administration 2537: 2507: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 1279: 29: 3528:Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3182: 3061: 3046: 2996: 2990: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2553:(1). Jagiellonian University: 104–129. 2524: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2228:Association of Catholic Trade Unionists 2130:Movement of Priests for the Third World 1976:International Trade Union Confederation 1952:Confederation of Christian Trade Unions 1762:socially and morally conservative ideas 1567:. Italian Catholics were divorced from 234:Friendly separation of church and state 14: 6914: 5233: 4202: 3509:Catholic politics in Europe, 1918-1945 3506: 3270: 3259: 2922: 2913: 2771: 2765: 2713: 2685: 2592: 2484: 1994:Canadian Catholic Federation of Labour 1772:while supporting alternatives such as 1634:Catholic movements in the 20th century 1578:Confederazione Italiana dei Lavoratori 6937:Christianity and political ideologies 4833: 4747: 4656: 4526: 4377: 4201: 3872: 3595: 3557: 3479: 3382: 3369: 3195:(1). Sage Publications, Inc.: 25–35. 2704: 2644: 2573: 2478: 2391: 2331:Society of Jesus § Political intrigue 1802:in Chile provoked a split within the 854:European Christian Political Movement 717:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 3785:Religious views on same-sex marriage 3596: 3497: 3295: 3283:(1). Trinity College Dublin: 34–45. 3234: 3223: 2866:"Catholic Social Thought in Austria" 2801: 2633: 2412: 2354: 2220:Congress of Industrial Organizations 1666:adding citations to reliable sources 1637: 1622:were central in the campaign to end 4859: 3114:Carrillo, Elisa A. (October 1991). 1134:with religious, and later secular, 712:Christian Democratic People's Party 24: 2538:Szlachta, Bogdan (February 2021). 2296:Integralism § Catholic integralism 25: 6948: 3417: 2400:(1). Warsaw University: 167–190. 1884:Polish Christian Democratic Party 1749:). Opponents called such efforts 1620:National Catholic Welfare Council 1496:, especially in today's Austria, 864:Conservative Christian Fellowship 727:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 6896: 6895: 6884: 6852:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 6400:Criticism of the Catholic Church 3650:Constitutional references to God 3613:Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry 3277:Journal of Postgraduate Research 2701:1795-1918 pages 175-184, 461-463 2190: 1840:Christian Social Party (Austria) 1642: 1583: 1083: 702:Christian Democratic and Flemish 67: 5019:First seven ecumenical councils 3765:Religious rejection of politics 3458: 3447: 3436: 3411: 3345: 3271:Rooney, Nicola Therese (2006). 3062:Hellman, John (December 1976). 2888: 1940:Typographic Workers Trade Union 1931:were created, which fought for 1794:that lasted from 1926 to 1929. 1653:needs additional citations for 1630:during the early 20th century. 1508:was the name of many groups of 1404: 839:Centrist Democrat International 722:Christian Social People's Party 6932:Catholic theology and doctrine 5594:Separation of church and state 4708:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 3828:Separation of church and state 3120:The Catholic Historical Review 2929:The Catholic Historical Review 1760:ideology, generally promoting 1677:"Catholic Church and politics" 1468:Prussian Settlement Commission 13: 1: 3473: 3014:McCarthy, G. Michael (1978). 2923:Misner, Paul (October 2004). 2714:Blanke, Richard (June 1983). 2593:Landry, Stan M. (June 2011). 2195:During the 1930s in America, 2140: 1972:World Confederation of Labour 1912:(1922), in opposition to the 1858:) – 1904, reorganized as the 1182:introduced the idea of early 3960:German Christians (movement) 3946:Evangelical environmentalism 3545:Lovell Evans, Ellen (1999). 3397:10.1080/14743892.2011.561953 1128:Catholic Church and politics 7: 4798:Religious aspects of Nazism 4051:Christian reconstructionism 3502:. Harvard University Press. 3201:10.1177/0002716286483001003 2253: 2132:, French worker-priests or 1145: 869:Centre for European Studies 802:Popular Republican Movement 697:Christian Democratic Appeal 10: 6953: 6891:Catholic Church portal 4464:Jewish political movements 3940:Christian environmentalism 3752:Religion and peacebuilding 3385:American Communist History 2645:Gross, Michael B. (1997). 2321:Religion and peacebuilding 2144: 1860:Roman Catholic State Party 1487: 1464:ethnic cleansing in Poland 1424: 1306:Au Milieu des Sollicitudes 1130:concerns the interplay of 859:Konrad Adenauer Foundation 707:Christian Democratic Party 6879: 6817:Aid to the Church in Need 6807: 6664: 6477: 6438:Vatican Television Center 6413: 6323: 6213: 6083:Eastern Catholic Churches 6064: 5953: 5846: 5793: 5718: 5689: 5614: 5539: 5474: 5419: 5338: 5208: 5122: 5054: 4999: 4918: 4895: 4867: 4754: 4748: 4743: 4663: 4652: 4535: 4522: 4386: 4373: 4210: 4197: 3881: 3875:Christianity and politics 3868: 3602: 3591: 3353:"Social Security History" 3247:(3). MIT Press: 159–178. 3183:Sigmund, Paul E. (1986). 2997:Sigmund, Paul E. (1986). 2970:Stanley G. Payne (1984). 2864:Burghardt, Anton (1967). 2829:10.1080/03071020050143310 2663:10.1017/S000893890001565X 2611:10.1017/S0009640711000047 2456:10.1017/S0034670500035452 2438:Sigmund, Paul E. (1987). 2271:Christianity and politics 1618:("Mother Jones") and the 1547:by Roman Catholic priest 884:Center for Public Justice 742:Croatian Democratic Union 682:American Solidarity Party 6927:Catholic social teaching 6922:Catholicism and politics 6759:Communion and Liberation 6223:Eastern Catholic liturgy 5388:Mystici Corporis Christi 5316:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 4764:Disestablishmentarianism 4027:Christian libertarianism 3935:Christian egalitarianism 3896:Christian anti-communism 2720:Canadian Slavonic Papers 2651:Central European History 2508:Popiołek, Piotr (2021). 2347: 2134:Christians for Socialism 2029:Christian Workers' Union 2006:Catholic Worker Movement 1935:: the earliest include: 1828:Catholic Party (Belgium) 1554: 1528: 1319:Catholic social teaching 1007:Christian libertarianism 945:Sollicitudo rei socialis 281:Environmental protection 85:Catholic social teaching 5574:Philosophy of canon law 5504:Mariology of the saints 5084:Investiture Controversy 4759:American civil religion 4668:Buddhist anti-communism 3981:Protestant Reich Church 3507:Conway, Martin (1997). 2809:Steigmann-Gall, Richard 2495:10.1515/9781400823680.3 2000:Young Christian Workers 1948:in South Africa (1902); 1914:Communist International 1890:Bavarian People's Party 1559:The Church opposed the 1399:tyranny of the majority 1383:and the need for local 1218:Investiture Controversy 849:European People's Party 687:Austrian People's Party 6827:Catholic Charities USA 6461:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 6449:Vatican Polyglot Press 5499:Mariology of the popes 5137:Protestant Reformation 4610:Hindu environmentalism 4436:Revisionist Maximalism 3915:Christian anti-Zionism 3901:Christian anti-Masonry 3721:Religious anti-Zionism 3716:Religious anti-Masonry 3498:Cary, Noel D. (1996). 3235:Linz, Juan J. (1991). 2444:The Review of Politics 2341:Temporal power (papal) 2242:Every four years, the 2212:Edward Aloysius Mooney 2067:French Communist Party 2043:Second Vatican Council 2037:in Poland (from 1980). 2031:in Belize (from 1963); 2008:in the US (from 1933). 1958:Catholic Workers Union 1902:Democratic Labor Party 1878:Italian People's Party 1872:Croatian Popular Party 1846:Popular Liberal Action 1836:– with origins in 1870 1834:Centre Party (Germany) 1574:Italian People's Party 1481:Richard Steigmann-Gall 1353:Second Vatican Council 1349: 1285: 1264:nature. This included 874:European Ideas Network 152:Economic progressivism 45: 18:Christian trade unions 6581:Good Shepherd Sisters 6423:Holy See Press Office 5661:Doctors of the Church 5494:Immaculate Conception 5449:Anointing of the Sick 4984:History of the papacy 4803:Creativity (religion) 4658:Buddhism and politics 4529:Hinduism and politics 4220:Human Rights in Islam 4137:Political Catholicism 4043:Christian peacemaking 4032:Christian nationalism 3974:Positive Christianity 3925:Christian corporatism 3770:Religious segregation 3741:Religious nationalism 3159:10.1353/jod.2004.0034 2941:10.1353/cat.2005.0050 2896:"Liberalism is a Sin" 2559:10.32575/ppb.2021.2.6 2512:. Church Life Journal 2208:Archbishop of Detroit 1866:Slovak People's Party 1788:Plutarco Elías Calles 1549:Félix Sardà y Salvany 1397:famously called the “ 1344: 1330:political Catholicism 1283: 1226:Christian corporatism 1160:Doctors of the Church 1012:Christian nationalism 797:Polish People's Party 767:National Action Party 256:Social market economy 214:Person Dignity Theory 127:Consistent life ethic 90:Christian corporatism 33: 6454:L'Osservatore Romano 6392:Role in civilisation 6118:Croatian and Serbian 5866:Episcopal conference 5828:St. Peter's Basilica 5186:Sexual abuse scandal 5142:Catholic Reformation 4793:Neopaganist feminism 4688:Buddhist nationalism 4510:World Agudath Israel 4380:Judaism and politics 4240:Islamic anti-Zionism 4235:Islamic anti-Masonry 3967:National Catholicism 3775:Religious separatism 3701:Organized secularism 3660:Engaged Spirituality 3585:Religion in politics 3147:Journal of Democracy 1922:National Catholicism 1808:progressive Catholic 1764:such as traditional 1758:Christian democratic 1662:improve this article 1561:Unification of Italy 1431:German Confederation 1311:Graves de communi re 1266:Revolutionary France 1152:Eusebius of Caesarea 924:Graves de communi re 917:Populorum progressio 6789:Neocatechumenal Way 6754:Charismatic Renewal 6468:Annuario Pontificio 6066:Particular churches 5742:Ecumenical councils 5514:Perpetual virginity 5349:Communitas perfecta 5293:Sermon on the Mount 4726:Humanistic Buddhism 4401:Jewish anti-Zionism 4215:Hui pan-nationalism 4110:Liberation theology 4066:Christian socialism 3930:Christian democracy 3920:Christian communism 3891:Christian anarchism 3780:Religious socialism 3726:Religious communism 3711:Religious anarchism 3686:Freedom of religion 3549:. Humanities Press. 2900:Liberalism is a Sin 2301:Liberation theology 2266:Christian democracy 2233:United Auto Workers 1910:White International 1569:Italian nationalism 1544:Liberalism is a Sin 1270:September Massacres 1184:Christian democracy 1090:Christianity portal 1029:Religious democracy 995:Christian socialism 990:Christian communism 985:Christian anarchism 692:Christian Democracy 241:Religious pluralism 209:Option for the poor 61:Christian democracy 6626:Premonstratensians 5009:Ante-Nicene period 4887:Lists of Catholics 4788:Khalistan movement 4716:Buddhist socialism 4683:Buddhist modernism 4640:Uniform civil code 4342:Political quietism 4204:Islam and politics 4182:Neo-ultramontanism 4156:Sphere sovereignty 4056:Christian republic 4037:Christian pacifism 4003:Christian humanism 3989:Christian feminism 3795:Secular liberalism 3746:Religious pacifism 3731:Religious humanism 3706:Political religion 2754:. pp. 131–134 2311:Political theology 2179:with the emergent 2002:in Belgium (1924); 1960:in Mexico (1908); 1954:in Belgium (1904); 1804:Conservative Party 1351:In the 1960s, the 1286: 1251:universal suffrage 1238:conciliar movement 1204:was the heyday of 879:Schuman Foundation 266:Sphere sovereignty 46: 6909: 6908: 6319: 6318: 5712: 5535: 5534: 5227: 5204: 5203: 5196:COVID-19 pandemic 5166:French Revolution 5156:Thirty Years' War 5064:Islamic conquests 4977:Apostolic fathers 4912: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4777: 4739: 4738: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4673:Buddhist feminism 4648: 4647: 4620:Indigenous Aryans 4615:Integral humanism 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4565:Hindu nationalism 4518: 4517: 4487: 4474:Jewish secularism 4438: 4431: 4415:Jewish Autonomism 4409: 4369: 4368: 4361:Two-nation theory 4355: 4321: 4298:Islamic socialism 4282: 4275: 4268: 4245:Islamic democracy 4230:Islamic anarchism 4193: 4192: 4184: 4150: 4115:Maronite politics 4095:Dominion Theology 4085:Christian Zionism 4074: 4045: 4021: 3997: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3954:Christian fascism 3948: 3909: 3864: 3863: 3830: 3823: 3754: 3696:Identity politics 3680: 3678:Womanist theology 3673: 3665:Feminist theology 3639: 3615: 3484:, Böhlau Verlag, 2983:978-0-299-09804-9 2773:Falter, Jürgen W. 2394:Studia Gilsoniana 2291:Holy Roman Empire 2216:industrial unions 2165:French Revolution 2157:Concordat of 1801 2113:Spanish Civil War 2105:Spanish Civil War 2054:Quadragesimo Anno 1974:(WCL) to today's 1738: 1737: 1730: 1712: 1616:Mary Harris Jones 1519:Ernst Karl Winter 1439:Otto von Bismarck 1390:Pope Benedict XVI 1362:Pope John Paul II 1222:John of Salisbury 1180:Robert Bellarmine 1124: 1123: 1061:Ethical socialism 1024:Liberal democracy 931:Quadragesimo anno 889:Paneuropean Union 777:Nationalist Party 229:Religious liberty 16:(Redirected from 6944: 6899: 6898: 6889: 6888: 6631:Redemptoristines 6479:Religious orders 6405:Anti-Catholicism 6355:Church buildings 6215:Catholic liturgy 5955:Consecrated life 5813:Apostolic Palace 5780:Synod of Bishops 5716: 5715: 5692: 5298:Ten Commandments 5231: 5230: 5213: 5114:Age of Discovery 4948:Great Commission 4916: 4915: 4900: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4810:Personality cult 4773: 4745: 4744: 4731:Secular Buddhism 4721:Engaged Buddhism 4706: 4699: 4692: 4654: 4653: 4605:Hindu revivalism 4600:Hindu revolution 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4524: 4523: 4483: 4479:Jewish socialism 4434: 4427: 4420:Jewish democracy 4405: 4396:Jewish anarchism 4375: 4374: 4351: 4317: 4293:Islamic republic 4288:Islamic pacifism 4278: 4271: 4264: 4255:Islamic feminism 4199: 4198: 4180: 4146: 4070: 4041: 4019:Evangelical left 4017: 3993: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3944: 3905: 3886:Blaine Amendment 3870: 3869: 3826: 3821:Secular religion 3819: 3790:Secular humanism 3760:Religious police 3750: 3676: 3669: 3637:Clerical fascism 3635: 3611: 3607:Anti-clericalism 3597:General concepts 3593: 3592: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3522: 3503: 3494: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3380: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3310: 3293: 3292: 3268: 3257: 3256: 3232: 3221: 3220: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3111: 3100: 3099: 3059: 3044: 3043: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2811:(October 2000). 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2711: 2702: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2642: 2631: 2630: 2590: 2571: 2570: 2544: 2535: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2435: 2410: 2409: 2389: 2117:Concordat Prison 2084:Giuseppe De Luca 1942:in Spain (1897); 1898:in Mexico – 1924 1848:in France – 1901 1812:National Falange 1806:in 1938, with a 1800:Jacques Maritain 1733: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1670: 1646: 1638: 1326:Jacques Maritain 1315:communitarianism 1240:). According to 1202:High Middle Ages 1195:Render to Ceasar 1176:Francisco Suárez 1116: 1109: 1102: 1087: 1080: 1056:Social democracy 1017:Theoconservatism 952:Centesimus annus 938:Laborem exercens 747:Democratic Rally 327:Arizmendiarrieta 276:Environmentalism 194:Multiculturalism 142:Dignity of labor 132:Cultural mandate 100:Communitarianism 95:Christian ethics 71: 48: 47: 21: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6883: 6875: 6854: 6837:Relief Services 6803: 6749:Catholic Action 6739:Military orders 6676:Confraternities 6668:of the faithful 6667: 6660: 6482: 6473: 6409: 6315: 6209: 6068: 6060: 5993:Prior, Prioress 5949: 5842: 5838:Vatican Museums 5789: 5722: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5610: 5564:Social teaching 5531: 5470: 5415: 5370:One true church 5334: 5311:Sixtine Vulgate 5307:Official Bible 5221: 5217: 5212: 5200: 5118: 5050: 4995: 4965:Petrine primacy 4908: 4904: 4899: 4891: 4863: 4861:Catholic Church 4858: 4828: 4819: 4750: 4735: 4659: 4644: 4560:Hindu modernism 4531: 4514: 4459:Jewish pacifism 4444:Jewish feminism 4424:Jewish fascism 4382: 4365: 4308:Islamic Zionism 4250:Islamic fascism 4206: 4189: 4080:Christian state 4061:Christian right 3995:Mormon feminism 3877: 3860: 3645:Confessionalism 3598: 3587: 3582: 3538: 3519: 3492: 3476: 3471: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3426: 3416: 3412: 3381: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3331:10.2307/1387400 3311: 3296: 3269: 3260: 3233: 3224: 3181: 3174: 3143: 3139: 3112: 3103: 3080:10.2307/3164351 3060: 3047: 3012: 3008: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2968: 2964: 2921: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2870:Social Research 2862: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2746:Stachura, Peter 2743: 2739: 2712: 2705: 2699:Historia Polski 2695:Andrzej Chwalba 2693: 2686: 2643: 2634: 2591: 2574: 2542: 2536: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2483: 2479: 2436: 2413: 2390: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2256: 2197:Father Coughlin 2193: 2177:Reichskonkordat 2149: 2143: 2096:Pinochet Regime 1933:worker's rights 1770:culture of life 1734: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1671: 1669: 1659: 1647: 1636: 1612:labour movement 1603:(Of New Things) 1588: 1576:as well as the 1557: 1531: 1506:Catholic Action 1500:, Slovenia and 1494:Austria-Hungary 1490: 1459:Gordon A. Craig 1427: 1415:Catholic Church 1411:social teaching 1407: 1385:self-government 1274:Reign of Terror 1156:Saint Augustine 1148: 1120: 1078:Politics portal 1076: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1002:Christian right 974: 966: 965: 964: 903: 895: 894: 893: 834:Catholic Action 828: 820: 819: 818: 787:Patriotic Union 676: 668: 667: 666: 476: 468: 467: 466: 321: 313: 312: 311: 224:Public morality 167:Just war theory 137:Culture of life 79: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6950: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6893: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6855: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6784:Legion of Mary 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6713:Lay Carmelites 6710: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6561:Conceptionists 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6496:Assumptionists 6492: 6490: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6219: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6198:Syro-Malankara 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6148:Italo-Albanian 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5966: 5959: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5857: 5855: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Lateran Treaty 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5744: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5713: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5620: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5579: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5554:Moral theology 5551: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5237: 5235: 5228: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5139: 5128: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5069:Pope Gregory I 5066: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5041:Biblical canon 5038: 5036:Late antiquity 5033: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4972:Church fathers 4969: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4906:Ecclesiastical 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4630:Saffronisation 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4545:Hindu feminism 4542: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4398: 4393: 4391:Halachic state 4387: 4384: 4383: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4353:Talibanization 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4176:Ultramontanism 4173: 4168: 4166:Temporal power 4163: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4013:Christian left 4010: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3846:State religion 3843: 3838: 3836:Spiritual left 3833: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3815:Secularization 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3628: 3626:Civil religion 3623: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3542: 3536: 3523: 3517: 3504: 3495: 3490: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3457: 3446: 3435: 3410: 3368: 3344: 3294: 3258: 3222: 3172: 3137: 3101: 3068:Church History 3045: 3032:10.2307/274510 3006: 2989: 2982: 2962: 2912: 2887: 2856: 2817:Social History 2800: 2764: 2737: 2703: 2684: 2632: 2599:Church History 2572: 2523: 2500: 2477: 2411: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2192: 2189: 2185:Holy See-China 2169:Lateran Treaty 2159:, signed with 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2088:Luigi Maglione 2063:Maurice Thorez 2039: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2010: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1747:secularization 1736: 1735: 1650: 1648: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1587: 1582: 1556: 1553: 1530: 1527: 1489: 1486: 1443:Herbert Lepper 1426: 1423: 1406: 1403: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1242:Walter Ullmann 1164:Thomas Aquinas 1147: 1144: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1081: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 999: 998: 997: 992: 987: 980:Christian left 976: 975: 973:Related topics 972: 971: 968: 967: 963: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 905: 904: 901: 900: 897: 896: 892: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 817: 816: 809: 804: 799: 794: 792:People's Party 789: 784: 779: 774: 772:National Party 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 737:Civic Platform 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 678: 677: 674: 673: 670: 669: 665: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 465: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 310: 309: 308: 307: 297: 296: 295: 293:in Catholicism 285: 284: 283: 278: 268: 263: 258: 253: 251:Social justice 248: 243: 238: 237: 236: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 185: 184: 179: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 102: 97: 92: 87: 81: 80: 77: 76: 73: 72: 64: 63: 57: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6949: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 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6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6443:Vatican Radio 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6428:Vatican Media 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725:List of popes 5721: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509:Mother of God 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5394:People of God 5392: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5383: 5382:Infallibility 5380: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:Body and soul 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161:Enlightenment 5159: 5157: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5132:Protestantism 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5109:Scholasticism 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Schism (1378) 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5079:Schism (1054) 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4769:Imperial cult 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585:Panun Kashmir 4582: 4579: 4578:Hindu Rashtra 4575: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4540:Akhand Bharat 4538: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4303:Islamic state 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4280:In South Asia 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Theodemocracy 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4132:Pillarisation 4130: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4120:Phoenicianism 4118: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4008:Christian law 4006: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841:State atheism 3839: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3800:Secular state 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3736:Religious law 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3621:Caesaropapism 3619: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3537:0-7146-5650-X 3533: 3530:. Routledge. 3529: 3524: 3520: 3518:0-415-06401-5 3514: 3511:. Routledge. 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3491:3-205-99360-8 3487: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3439: 3425: 3421: 3418:Legum, Judd. 3414: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2917: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2516:September 27, 2511: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2353: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2326:Rerum novarum 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2191:United States 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2101:Franco Regime 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080:Pietro Ingrao 2077: 2076:Mario Alicata 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:welfare state 2055: 2051: 2050:Rerum Novarum 2048: 2044: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:family values 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1732: 1729: 1721: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1679: – 1678: 1674: 1673:Find sources: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1651:This article 1649: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1631: 1629: 1628:United States 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599:Rerum novarum 1596: 1592: 1591:Pope Leo XIII 1586: 1585:Rerum novarum 1581: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:Wilfried Daim 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1472:Germanisation 1469: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1454:anti-Catholic 1451: 1448:According to 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1339:Pope Pius XII 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:Pope Leo XIII 1295: 1291: 1290:communitarian 1284:Pope Leo XIII 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:anti-Catholic 1259: 1258:anti-clerical 1254: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:Saint Cajetan 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158:, one of the 1157: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 982: 981: 978: 977: 970: 969: 961: 960: 956: 954: 953: 949: 947: 946: 942: 940: 939: 935: 933: 932: 928: 926: 925: 921: 919: 918: 914: 912: 911: 910:Rerum novarum 907: 906: 899: 898: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827:Organizations 824: 823: 815: 814: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 782:New Democracy 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 672: 671: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 647:von der Leyen 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 472: 471: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 422:Nell-Breuning 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 317: 316: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 294: 291: 290: 289: 286: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 246:Social Gospel 244: 242: 239: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 199:Neo-Calvinism 197: 195: 192: 190: 189:Mixed economy 187: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 162:Human dignity 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 75: 74: 70: 66: 65: 62: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 43: 40: 36: 32: 19: 6871:Universities 6703:Third orders 6666:Associations 6656:Visitandines 6651:Trinitarians 6601:Mercedarians 6586:Hieronymites 6531:Camaldoleses 6516:Benedictines 6506:Augustinians 6466: 6459: 6452: 6433:Vatican News 6387:Distinctions 6193:Syro-Malabar 6078:Latin Church 6000:Grand master 5898:Metropolitan 5795:Vatican City 5690:Organisation 5603: 5569:Philosophers 5434:Confirmation 5411:In canon law 5405:Subsistit in 5403: 5399:Three states 5386: 5347: 5340:Ecclesiology 5322:Nova Vulgata 5320: 5278:Original sin 5273:Nicene Creed 5263:Divine grace 5222: 5104:Universities 5074:Papal States 5001:Great Church 4943:Resurrection 4920:Early Church 4815:State Shinto 4775:Ancient Rome 4694:969 Movement 4678:Buddhist law 4469:Jewish right 4327:Islamization 4161:Subsidiarity 4148:In Argentina 4136: 4100:Febronianism 3546: 3527: 3508: 3499: 3481: 3460: 3449: 3438: 3427:. 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