864:
397:
24:
644:, belief in the powers of witches and sorcerers to harm began to die out in the West. But the reasons for disbelief differed from those of early Christians. For the early Christians the reason was theological—that Christ had already defeated the powers of evil. For the post-Enlightenment Christians in West and North Europe, the disbelief was based on a belief in
831:) was tempted to use magic for selfish reasons to retain control of her world Charn, which ultimately led to the destruction of life there. Lewis related questions of the morality of magic to the same category as the morality of technology, including whether it is real, represents an 'unhealthy interest', or contravenes the basic divine plan for our universe.
382:
On 25 August 1538 there was much discussion about witches and sorceresses who poisoned chicken eggs in the nests, or poisoned milk and butter. Doctor Luther said: "One should show no mercy to these ; I would burn them myself, for we read in the Law that the priests were the ones to begin the stoning
764:
Magic in literature, while condemned by some
Christians, is often viewed by Christians as non-evil. The key distinction would be between real-life magic and pretend magic. This view holds that in real life, the practice of supernatural abilities (i.e. magic) must have a supernatural power source or
834:
Tolkien, a devout
Catholic, had strict rules imposed by the ruling powers, angels who had assumed the 'raiment of the earth', for the use of magic by their servants. These included a general discouragement of magic in all but exceptional circumstances, and also prohibitions against use of magic to
1526:
4:51–52, no. 3979 quoted and translated in Karant-Nunn, 236. The original Latin and German text is: "25, Augusti multa dicebant de veneficis et incantatricibus, quae ova ex gallinis et lac et butyrum furarentur. Respondit
Lutherus: Cum illis nulla habenda est misericordia. Ich wolte sie selber
447:
by their ascription to Arabic, Jewish, Romani, and
Egyptian sources. There was great uncertainty in distinguishing practices of vain superstition, blasphemous occultism, and perfectly sound scholarly knowledge or pious ritual. The people during this time found that the existence of magic was
777:
In literature, magical abilities have many different power sources. Technological ability (science) can appear as magic. Often, wielding magic is accomplished by imposing one's will by concentration and/or use of devices to control an external magical force. This explanation is offered for
387:
Luther's view of practitioners of magic as quasi-demons was at odds with the
Catholic view that emphasized choice and repentance. He also argued that one of the most serious perversions wrought by magic was the threatened degeneration of traditional female roles in the family.
118:
condemns anyone who "casts spells, or who is a medium or spiritist or who consults the dead. Anyone who does these things is detestable to the Lord, and because of these detestable practices the Lord your God will drive out those nations before you", and
655:
It was at this time, however, that
Western Christianity began expanding to parts of Africa and Asia where premodern worldviews still held sway, and where belief in the power of witches and sorcerers to harm was, if anything, stronger than it had been in
1859:
U.S. Department of the Army, "Religious
Requirements and Practices of Certain Selected Groups: A Handbook for Chaplains": "It is very important to be aware that Wiccans do not in any way worship or believe in "Satan", "the Devil", or any similar
773:
for details on these teachings.) Thus, magic in the
Biblical context would be viewed as only an act of evil, whereas in literature, pretend magic is a morally neutral tool available to conduct both good and bad behaviors.
373:
shared some of the views about witchcraft that were common in his time. When interpreting Exodus 22:18, he stated that, with the help of the devil, witches could steal milk merely by thinking of a cow. In his
835:
control others, to set the self up as a political power, or to create a world that violates the natural order. He did however allow his wizard character to entertain children with magical fireworks.
429:
and anti-witchcraft sentiment, there was a more acceptable form of "purely natural" occult and pagan study, the study of "natural" phenomena in general with no evil or irreligious intent whatsoever.
1536:
Sigrid
Brauner "Martin Luther on Witchcraft: A True Reformer?", in: Brian T. Levack "Demonology, Religion and Witchcraft: New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic and Demonology" (vol.1) pp. 217-230
502:
establishes the everyday practicability of
Trithemian cryptography as a "secular consequent of the ability of a soul specially empowered by God to reach, by magical means, from earth to Heaven".
358:, in charge of the subsequent investigation. The results of Salazar's investigation was that the Spanish Inquisition did not bother witches ever again though they still went after heretics and
671:
that considered witchcraft to be a religion. These perspectives do not claim that witches actually consciously enter into a pact with Satan because Satan is not normally believed to exist in
448:
something that could answer the questions that they could not explain through science. To them it was suggesting that while science may explain reason, magic could explain "unreason".
2123:'The Istari', in "Unfinished Tales of Numenor and Middle-earth", edited with commentary by Christopher Tolkien; published posthumously, George Allen & Unwin: 1980, pp.390-391.
327:, of which belief in witchcraft was merely one variety. Inquisitorial courts only became systematically involved in the witch-hunt during the 15th century: in the case of the
1111:
742:
and by banishing accused witches. During the 2008 United States presidential election, footage surfaced from a 2005 church ceremony in which an NAR apostle, Kenyan bishop
312:
which lasted about 200 years, and in some countries, particularly in North-Western Europe, tens of thousands of people were accused of witchcraft and sentenced to death.
616:
of creation and achieve a pre-apocalyptic unity of mankind. His goal was to help bring forth a unified world religion through the healing of the breach of the
45:
2002:
1329:
1683:
Schmidt, Edward W. "The Last Renaissance Man: Athanasius Kircher", SJ. Company: The World of Jesuits and Their Friends. 19(2), Winter 2001–2002.
759:
702:
568:
1282: – British writer, theologian, and literary critic (1886-1945) – Anglican theologian, mystic, member of the Fellowship of the Rosy Cross
97:
827:, Lewis specifically explains that magic is a power readily available in some other worlds, less so on Earth. The Empress Jadis (later, the
134:
Others point to a primitive idealist belief in a relation between bewitching and coveting, reflected in the occasional translation of the
496:
for cryptographic content. Behind their methods however, is an underlying theological motive for their contrivance. The preface to the
1505:
32:
1415:
Cohn, Norman: "Europe's Inner Demons: The Demonization of Christians in Medieval Christendom." London: Sussex University Press, 1975
454:
advocated the existence of spiritual beings and spirits in general, though many such theories ran counter to the ideas of the later
443:
varieties of ceremonial magic. Both bourgeoisie and nobility of that era showed great fascination with these arts, which exerted an
378:, he taught that witchcraft was a sin against the second commandment and prescribed the Biblical penalty for it in a "table talk":
1276: – English writer, theologian, retreat leader and pacifist – Anglican mystic, member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
1118:
711:
novels and telling the students that "Warlocks are enemies of God". While Fischer's summer camp has sometimes been identified as
604:
he drew a belief that man had the potential for divine power that could be exercised through mathematics. He immersed himself in
241:
1950:
1922:
1701:
1654:
1397:
462:. Ficino however theorised a "purely natural" magic that did not require the invocation of spirits, malevolent or malicious.
2147:'A long-expected party', in "The Fellowship of the Ring", 1954; 15th impression, George Allen & Unwin, 1966, pp. 35-36.
158:
1833:
Hayes, Stephen. 1995. Christian responses to witchcraft and sorcery, in Missionalia, Vol. 23(3) November. Pages 339-354.
1805:
2276:
1649:
Farmer, S.A; "Syncretism in the West: Pico's 900 Theses (1486)", Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1999,
1835:
1477:
2212:
2189:
2170:
1780:
1279:
1232:
2291:
559:
priest, hermeticist, and polymath, who wrote extensively on the subject in 1652, bringing further elements such as
510:
2015:
890:
186:
1671:
1294:
1150:
173:
comes from a root meaning "to whisper". Strong, therefore, concludes that the word means "to whisper a spell,
127:"thou shalt not suffer a witch to live"). It has also been suggested that the word "witch" (Heb. מְכַשֵּׁפָ֖ה
2281:
847:
572:
533:
101:
1615:
Ernst, Thomas (1996). "Schwarzweiße Magie: Der Schlüssel zum dritten Buch der Stenographia des Trithemius".
508:(1486–1535), a German magician, occult writer, theologian, astrologer, and alchemist, wrote the influential
1285:
1174:
1145:
335:
was not sure what to do with two women who in 1384 and in 1390 confessed to have participated in a type of
182:
1353:
692:
484:
375:
1342:"Reflections on Ethics 65: The Tenth Commandment: The Hidden Meaning of Coveting" by Joseph Lewis (1946)
608:, astrology, and Hermetic philosophy. Much effort in his last 30 years went into trying to commune with
2040:
505:
1341:
734:
documentaries by filmmaker George Otis Jr. show charismatic Christians creating mini-utopias by using
355:
1972:
1155:
720:
593:
162:
1713:
Walter I. Trattner (January 1964). "God and Expansion in Elizabethan England: John Dee, 1527–1583".
1464:
823:
796:
661:
523:
323:
had conducted trials against supposed witches in the 13th century, but these trials were to punish
223:
200:' as the practice of magic or divination through demons or the dead, and any forms of malevolent '
1166:
668:
405:
300:), belief in witchcraft became more popular and witches were seen as directly in league with the
262:
115:
37:
701:, which depicts the life of young children attending Becky Fischer's summer camp, shows Fischer
1262:
1216:
1104:
297:
69:
2004:
Spiritual Mapping: The Turbulent Career of a Contested American Missionary Paradigm, 1989-2005
2111:, David O'Hara. "Narnia and the Fields of Arbol: The Environmental Vision of C.S.Lewis", 2009
1188:
802:
790:
617:
459:
320:
301:
85:
1456:
342:
Not all Inquisitorial courts acknowledged witchcraft. For example, in 1610 as the result of
2108:
1749:
1080:
855:
770:
641:
605:
455:
432:
278:
251:
193:
139:
1368:
Teaching of the twelve Apostles, tr. from the 'editio princeps' of Bryennios, by A. Gordon
1219: – Expressions of religion distinct from the official doctrines of organized religion
8:
2286:
1457:
1308:
1242:
1090:
469:
409:
347:
343:
293:
138:
as 'Thou shalt not covet'. This may suggest that the prohibition related specifically to
120:
765:
origin, which would be either holy or evil. Thus born of Holy Spirit or of demons. (See
2011:
1730:
1237:
1139:
1020:
885:
739:
613:
564:
560:
552:
498:
401:
213:
81:
73:
1871:
1665:
1550:
476:
of his own related to beneficial communication with spirits. His works, including the
232:, a very early book of church discipline which dates from the mid-late first century.
226:
includes sorcery in a list of "works of the flesh". This disapproval is echoed in the
2208:
2185:
2166:
2048:
1977:
1946:
1918:
1895:
1891:
1786:
1776:
1697:
1650:
1588:
Reeds, Jim (1998). "Solved: The ciphers in book III of Trithemius's Steganographia".
1393:
980:
735:
727:
684:
416:
255:
247:
135:
2144:
2132:
2120:
1887:
1722:
1597:
1556:
1273:
1250:
1210:
1160:
940:
920:
910:
880:
814:
420:
289:
266:
219:
124:
2201:
1967:
1425:
1366:
1222:
1204:
1075:
1035:
716:
657:
545:
528:
451:
328:
150:
1434:...European courts executed about 45,000 witches during the early modern period.
84:. Some Christians simply view it as entertainment. Conversely, some branches of
1809:
1445:
1978 "A witch with three toes too many"; Out of this World Encyclopedia 23:9-12
1302:
1256:
1182:
766:
688:
625:
584:
478:
359:
1601:
730:
efforts to counter alleged acts of witchcraft; the NAR's globally distributed
2270:
2258:
2250:
2052:
1981:
1899:
1790:
1231: – Welsh author and mystic (1863–1947) – Anglican writer, member of the
1228:
1194:
1030:
955:
743:
621:
592:
was an intense Christian, but his religiosity was influenced by Hermetic and
440:
370:
309:
2072:
518:
in its theory and practice of Western magic. It contributed strongly to the
1839:
1201:– Anglican missionary, ceremonical magician and occult writer, chief of the
707:
489:
473:
274:
1637:, ed. Wouter J. Hanegraff (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), pp. 1135-1139.
863:
1872:"Harry Potter and the Witch Hunters: A Social Context for the Attacks on
1070:
995:
985:
925:
915:
828:
810:
747:
712:
645:
601:
519:
463:
436:
426:
350:) gave everybody an Edict of Grace (during which confessing witches were
336:
316:
258:
178:
1667:
The Occult Sciences in the Renaissance: A Study in Intellectual Patterns
165:
and Spiros Zodhiates, disagree. These scholars say that the Hebrew word
2099:, Arthur C. Clarke. "Profiles of The Future", 1961 (Clarke's third law)
1943:
The new apostolic reformation: history of a modern charismatic movement
1750:"The identity of the mathematical practitioner in 16th-century England"
1734:
1133:
1000:
960:
950:
945:
930:
697:
649:
597:
537:
396:
305:
201:
197:
192:
At the very least, older biblical prohibitions included those against '
154:
153:. The Bible sometimes is translated as referring to "necromancer" and "
146:
107:
2240:
by Marvin W. Meyer and Richard Smith, Princeton University Press. 1999
695:
believe that witchcraft is a danger to children. The 2006 documentary
2135:"The Hobbit", 1937; 4th edition, George Allen & Unwin, 1978: p.14
1694:
Prisci Theologi and the Hermetic Reformation in the Fifteenth Century
1040:
970:
965:
935:
784:
779:
541:
493:
444:
1726:
1330:"Thou Shalt Not Suffer a Witch to Live: A Murderous Mistranslation?"
750:
and called upon God to protect her from "every form of witchcraft".
250:, the Christian Churches did not conduct witch trials. The Germanic
1392:
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press
726:
Among Christian organizations, the NAR is especially aggressive in
629:
589:
515:
1510:, Trans. Robert E. Smith, (Fort Wayne: Project Wittenberg, 2004),
1806:"John Dee and the English Calendar: Science, Religion and Empire"
1527:
verprennen, more legis, ubi sacerdotes reos lapidare incipiebant.
1050:
990:
556:
228:
1213: – Variety of regional or ethnic expressions of Catholicism
683:
Several Christian groups believe in witchcraft and view it as a
23:
1085:
1045:
609:
488:. However these works were later revealed to be concerned with
324:
282:
254:
in 785 explicitly outlawed the very belief in witches, and the
170:
975:
672:
466:
332:
111:
77:
142:
or the casting of spells to unnaturally possess something.
2077:
664:
developed their own responses to witchcraft and sorcery.
1945:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 95–96.
1569:
Dawes, Gregory. "The Rationality of Renaissance Magic".
1454:
1168:
The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark
354:
to be punished) and put the only dissenting inquisitor,
72:
and among individuals. Many Christians actively condemn
1455:
Karant-Nunn, Susan C.; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2003).
1305: – Renewal movement within Protestant Christianity
1290:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1199:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
571:
recently evaluated the writings of Marsilio Ficino and
522:
view of ritual magic's relationship with Christianity.
169:(כשפ), used in Exodus 22:18 and 5 other places in the
2238:
Ancient Christian Magic: Coptic Texts of Ritual Power
678:
667:
The situation was further complicated by the rise of
123:
states "Do not allow a sorceress to live" (or in the
1617:
Daphnis: Zeitschrift für Mittlere Deutsche Literatur
1552:
White Magic, Black Magic in the European Renaissance
1332:
by Elizabeth Sloane, at Haaretz.com, 17 August 2017.
1269:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1247: – Treatise on the prosecution of witches, 1486
551:
Pico's Hermetic syncretism was further developed by
1968:"Targeting cities with 'spiritual mapping,' prayer"
1645:
1643:
492:and steganography, and the "magical" formulae were
114:that strongly condemn such practices. For example,
2200:
1915:Religious affects: animality, evolution, and power
1808:. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from
1712:
1225: – Divination, magic, and occultism in Islam
2268:
1803:
1747:
1640:
1364:
1259: – 17th-century European spiritual movement
809:The latter two works are by notable Christians,
675:or other modern neo-pagan witchcraft practices.
2073:"The Evangelicals Engaged In Spiritual Warfare"
281:, belief in witchcraft had begun to be seen as
145:Some adherents of near-east religions acted as
1635:Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism
760:Religious debates over the Harry Potter series
715:, Fischer is most closely associated with the
269:, belief in witchcraft was widely regarded as
149:, channeling messages from the dead or from a
2041:"Video shows Palin in anti-witchcraft prayer"
1411:
1409:
1112:
207:
98:Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible
2203:Pagan religions of the ancient British Isles
1142: – Christian interpretation of Kabbalah
435:(15th and 16th century) saw a resurgence in
1633:Brann, Noel L., "Trithemius, Johannes", in
1546:
1544:
1542:
304:. This marked the beginning of a period of
161:). However, some lexicographers, including
131:) might be a mistranslation of "poisoner."
1752:. Museum of the History of Science, Oxford
1463:. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press. pp.
1406:
1299: – 1693 book written by Cotton Mather
1119:
1105:
862:
277:—and by the 9th and 10th centuries in the
2038:
1775:. London: John Murray. pp. 268–269.
1770:
1191: – Mystical approach to Christianity
687:. Much of the criticism originates among
458:, and were treated with hostility by the
2221:
1912:
1869:
1829:
1827:
1539:
1163: – Syncretic new religious movement
575:as an attempted "Hermetic Reformation".
395:
48:of all important aspects of the article.
1965:
1764:
1432:(4th ed.). Routledge. p. 21.
526:expanded on many of these ideas in his
346:the Suprema (the ruling council of the
242:Witch trials in the early modern period
2269:
2198:
1940:
1424:
1358:
1197: – British missionary (1853–1926)
753:
91:
88:actively engage in magical practices.
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
1936:
1934:
1824:
1804:Dr. Robert Poole (6 September 2005).
1696:, Repristination Press: Texas, 2011.
1614:
1587:
1430:The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe
817:, respectively. In the first book in
189:as referring to "any kind of magic".
2160:
1966:Lampman, Jane (September 23, 1999).
1311: – Christian mystical practices
391:
196:' to obtain something unnaturally; '
80:, holding that it opens the way for
17:
2179:
2165:. London: Sussex University Press.
2000:
1797:
1706:
1185: – System of Renaissance magic
13:
2231:
1931:
1741:
1344:, at apathetic agnostic.com, 2020.
1179: – 1584 book by Reginald Scot
679:Christian opposition to witchcraft
14:
2303:
2244:
1917:. Durham: Duke University Press.
1568:
1372:(Original from Oxford University)
1280:Charles Williams (British writer)
1233:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
482:, were immediately placed on the
235:
2014:. pp. 98–99. Archived from
1892:10.1111/j.1542-734x.2006.00272.x
1507:Luther's Little Instruction Book
511:Three Books of Occult Philosophy
365:
106:There are several references to
22:
2154:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2093:
2065:
2032:
1994:
1959:
1906:
1880:The Journal of American Culture
1870:Cockrell, Amanda (2006-02-10).
1863:
1853:
1715:Journal of the History of Ideas
1686:
1677:
1659:
1627:
1608:
1581:
1562:
1530:
1517:
1498:
1482:
1471:
1288: – Western esoteric symbol
1267: – book by Joseph Glanvill
1171: – 1995 book by Carl Sagan
891:Psychological theories of magic
635:
261:later confirmed the law. Among
36:may be too short to adequately
2039:MacAskill, Ewen (2008-09-24).
1672:University of California Press
1448:
1439:
1418:
1386:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1296:Wonders of the Invisible World
1151:Christian views on Freemasonry
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
1913:Schaefer, Donovan O. (2015).
1459:Luther on Women: A Sourcebook
1316:
573:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
548:, Hermeticism, and Kabbalah.
534:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
408:, based on a 1625 version by
102:Witchcraft in the Middle East
1286:Fellowship of the Rosy Cross
1176:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
1146:Christian views on astrology
662:African Independent Churches
567:to the mix. Lutheran Bishop
183:Contemporary English Version
7:
1207: – Occult organisation
838:
578:
485:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
263:Eastern Orthodox Christians
10:
2308:
2222:Williams, Charles (1959).
1773:The Secret Lives of Colour
1771:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
757:
582:
506:Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa
414:
239:
211:
208:Early Paulian Christianity
95:
2277:Christianity and paganism
1973:Christian Science Monitor
1748:Stephen Johnston (1995).
1602:10.1080/0161-119891886948
1365:Apostles didachē (1884).
1156:Christianity and paganism
721:New Apostolic Reformation
693:fundamentalist Christians
594:Renaissance Neo-Platonism
404:'s 1652 depiction of the
292:and the beginning of the
2180:Fox, Robin Lane (1987).
1026:Christian views on magic
819:The Chronicles of Narnia
797:The Chronicles of Narnia
738:to locate and drive off
717:neo-Pentecostal movement
524:Giambattista della Porta
224:Epistle to the Galatians
181:or practice magic". The
66:Christian views on magic
2292:Religious controversies
2254:"Occult Art, Occultism"
2199:Hutton, Ronald (1991).
669:new religious movements
356:Alonso de Salazar Frías
288:Towards the end of the
70:Christian denominations
1489:Sermon on Exodus, 1526
1264:Saducismus Triumphatus
1136: – English writer
791:Dungeons & Dragons
412:
385:
2260:Catholic Encyclopedia
2252:Catholic Encyclopedia
2226:. New York: Meridian.
2207:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2182:Pagans and Christians
2163:Europe's inner demons
2161:Cohn, Norman (1975).
1941:Weaver, John (2016).
1253: – German pastor
1189:Esoteric Christianity
824:The Magician's Nephew
803:The Lord of the Rings
689:Evangelical Christian
612:, so as to learn the
460:Roman Catholic Church
399:
380:
344:a witch-hunting craze
331:, the Inquisition of
321:Roman Catholic Church
86:esoteric Christianity
2282:Magic (supernatural)
2109:Matthew T. Dickerson
1081:Magical organization
771:Christian demonology
642:Age of Enlightenment
540:worldview combining
456:Age of Enlightenment
433:Renaissance humanism
400:The "Kircher Tree":
279:Latin Christian West
265:concentrated in the
252:Council of Paderborn
116:Deuteronomy 18:11–12
2184:. New York: Knopf.
1670:by Wayne Shumaker (
1555:by Paola Zambelli (
1309:Christian mysticism
1244:Malleus Maleficarum
1091:Western esotericism
754:Magic in literature
740:territorial spirits
472:reportedly created
470:Johannes Trithemius
348:Spanish Inquisition
294:early modern period
92:Biblical references
2012:Utrecht University
1692:Heiser, James D.,
1238:Magic and religion
1140:Christian Kabbalah
1021:Magic and religion
886:Magic and religion
614:universal language
565:Egyptian mythology
553:Athanasius Kircher
425:In the era of the
413:
402:Athanasius Kircher
256:Holy Roman Emperor
214:Early Christianity
82:demonic possession
68:vary widely among
2145:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2133:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2121:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2081:. August 19, 2011
1952:978-1-4766-2421-1
1924:978-0-8223-5982-1
1702:978-1-4610-9382-4
1655:978-0-86698-209-2
1398:978-0-19-280290-3
1354:Galatians 5:19–21
1217:Folk Christianity
1129:
1128:
981:Sympathetic magic
736:spiritual mapping
728:spiritual warfare
632:of the ancients.
624:churches and the
417:Renaissance magic
392:Renaissance views
248:Early Middle Ages
187:Deuteronomy 18:11
159:Deuteronomy 18:11
136:Tenth Commandment
63:
62:
2299:
2227:
2218:
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2100:
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2027:
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2020:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1838:. Archived from
1831:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1710:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1663:
1657:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1560:
1548:
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1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1508:
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1436:
1422:
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1413:
1404:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1291:
1274:Evelyn Underhill
1270:
1251:Anton Praetorius
1211:Folk Catholicism
1200:
1161:Christo-Paganism
1121:
1114:
1107:
921:Ceremonial magic
911:Apotropaic magic
881:History of magic
866:
843:
842:
815:J. R. R. Tolkien
746:, laid hands on
600:doctrines. From
544:, Neoplatonism,
514:, incorporating
421:Christian Cabala
410:Philippe d'Aquin
267:Byzantine Empire
125:King James Bible
58:
55:
49:
26:
18:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2267:
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2247:
2234:
2232:Further reading
2215:
2192:
2173:
2157:
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2143:
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2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
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2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2007:
2001:Holvast, René.
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
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1960:
1953:
1939:
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1925:
1911:
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1727:10.2307/2708083
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1609:
1586:
1582:
1567:
1563:
1549:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1512:Small Catechism
1511:
1506:
1504:Martin Luther,
1503:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1391:
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1359:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1289:
1268:
1223:Islam and magic
1205:Stella Matutina
1198:
1125:
1096:
1095:
1076:Magical formula
1066:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1036:Islam and magic
1016:
1015:
1006:
1005:
906:
905:
896:
895:
876:
875:
841:
794:, and magic in
762:
756:
732:Transformations
681:
658:Northern Europe
638:
587:
581:
546:Aristotelianism
529:Magia Naturalis
452:Marsilio Ficino
423:
394:
376:Small Catechism
368:
329:Madonna Oriente
244:
238:
216:
210:
151:familiar spirit
104:
96:Main articles:
94:
59:
53:
50:
43:
31:This article's
27:
12:
11:
5:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2246:
2245:External links
2243:
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1596:(4): 191–317.
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1312:
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1303:Pentecostalism
1300:
1292:
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1277:
1271:
1260:
1257:Rosicrucianism
1254:
1248:
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1235:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1183:Enochian magic
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1064:Related topics
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767:Spiritual gift
755:
752:
685:negative force
680:
677:
637:
634:
618:Roman Catholic
596:and pervasive
585:Enochian magic
580:
577:
479:Steganographia
393:
390:
383:of criminals."
367:
364:
237:
236:Medieval views
234:
209:
206:
93:
90:
61:
60:
40:the key points
30:
28:
21:
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6:
4:
3:
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2214:0-631-17288-2
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2191:0-394-55495-7
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2035:
2021:on 2015-09-19
2017:
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1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1856:
1842:on 2007-04-15
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1812:on 2007-09-30
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1782:9781473630819
1778:
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1431:
1427:
1426:Levack, Brian
1421:
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1395:
1389:
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1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:Arthur Machen
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1195:Robert Felkin
1193:
1190:
1187:
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1177:
1173:
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1031:Folk religion
1029:
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967:
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962:
959:
957:
956:Natural magic
954:
952:
949:
947:
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942:
939:
937:
934:
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927:
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798:
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792:
787:
786:
781:
775:
772:
768:
761:
751:
749:
745:
744:Thomas Muthee
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
719:known as the
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
699:
694:
691:groups; many
690:
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676:
674:
670:
665:
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430:
428:
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407:
403:
398:
389:
384:
379:
377:
372:
371:Martin Luther
366:Martin Luther
363:
361:
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349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
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291:
286:
284:
280:
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272:
271:deisidaimonia
268:
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29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2262:"Witchcraft"
2259:
2251:
2237:
2223:
2202:
2181:
2162:
2155:Bibliography
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2076:
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2045:The Guardian
2044:
2034:
2023:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2003:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1971:
1961:
1942:
1914:
1908:
1883:
1879:
1874:Harry Potter
1873:
1865:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1799:
1772:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1743:
1721:(1): 17–34.
1718:
1714:
1708:
1693:
1688:
1679:
1666:
1661:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1551:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:Exodus 22:18
1473:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1401:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1367:
1360:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1295:
1263:
1243:
1175:
1167:
1025:
833:
822:
818:
808:
801:
795:
789:
783:
776:
763:
731:
725:
708:Harry Potter
706:
696:
682:
666:
654:
639:
636:Modern views
628:of the pure
588:
569:James Heiser
550:
527:
509:
504:
497:
490:cryptography
483:
477:
474:incantations
450:
445:exotic charm
441:Neo-Platonic
431:
424:
406:Tree of Life
386:
381:
369:
351:
341:
314:
308:among early
287:
275:superstition
270:
245:
227:
220:Apostle Paul
217:
191:
174:
166:
163:James Strong
144:
133:
128:
121:Exodus 22:18
105:
65:
64:
51:
35:
33:lead section
15:
1623:(1): 1–205.
1590:Cryptologia
1374:. p. 7
1071:Incantation
996:White magic
986:Thaumaturgy
926:Chaos magic
916:Black magic
829:White Witch
811:C. S. Lewis
788:, magic in
748:Sarah Palin
713:Pentecostal
646:rationalism
640:During the
602:Hermeticism
598:Pythagorean
536:promoted a
520:Renaissance
499:Polygraphia
494:cover texts
464:Benedictine
437:hermeticism
427:Inquisition
360:Crypto-Jews
337:white magic
319:within the
317:Inquisition
310:Protestants
306:witch hunts
298:Reformation
290:Middle Ages
259:Charlemagne
246:During the
185:translates
129:məḵaššêp̄āh
2287:Witchcraft
2271:Categories
2224:Witchcraft
2058:2024-05-01
2025:2008-10-25
2010:(Thesis).
1987:2024-05-01
1860:entities."
1846:2007-04-15
1836:"Untitled"
1816:26 October
1756:27 October
1495:16, 551 f.
1378:20 October
1317:References
1134:Thomas Ady
1001:Witchcraft
961:Necromancy
951:Invocation
946:Gray magic
931:Divination
874:Background
758:See also:
703:condemning
698:Jesus Camp
650:empiricism
622:Protestant
583:See also:
415:See also:
240:See also:
212:See also:
202:bewitchery
198:necromancy
155:necromancy
108:witchcraft
2053:0261-3077
1982:0882-7729
1900:1542-7331
1886:(1): 26.
1791:936144129
1041:Mysticism
971:Shamanism
966:Sex magic
936:Evocation
785:Star Wars
780:the Force
626:recapture
542:Platonism
538:syncretic
38:summarize
1428:(2015).
1014:Religion
848:a series
846:Part of
839:See also
630:theology
590:John Dee
579:John Dee
516:Kabbalah
54:May 2020
1735:2708083
1674:, 1972)
1571:Paregon
1559:, 2007)
1402:Didache
1051:Thelema
991:Theurgy
723:(NAR).
660:. Many
561:Orphism
229:Didache
194:sorcery
167:kashaph
147:mediums
140:sorcery
110:in the
78:satanic
2211:
2188:
2169:
2085:May 1,
2051:
1980:
1949:
1921:
1898:
1789:
1779:
1733:
1700:
1653:
1396:
1086:Occult
1046:Shinto
976:Sigils
941:Goetia
610:angels
557:Jesuit
325:heresy
296:(post-
283:heresy
179:incant
171:Tanakh
2019:(PDF)
2008:(PDF)
1731:JSTOR
1557:BRILL
1524:WA Tr
904:Forms
856:Magic
673:Wicca
606:magic
467:abbot
333:Milan
302:Devil
112:Bible
74:magic
2209:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2087:2024
2049:ISSN
1978:ISSN
1947:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1896:ISSN
1818:2006
1787:OCLC
1777:ISBN
1758:2006
1698:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1514:1.2.
1394:ISBN
1380:2013
813:and
800:and
769:and
705:the
648:and
620:and
563:and
555:, a
439:and
419:and
315:The
218:The
175:i.e.
100:and
2078:NPR
1888:doi
1723:doi
1598:doi
1465:228
1400:):
782:in
352:not
222:'s
204:'.
177:to
157:" (
76:as
2273::
2075:.
2047:.
2043:.
1976:.
1970:.
1933:^
1894:.
1884:29
1882:.
1878:.
1826:^
1785:.
1729:.
1719:25
1717:.
1642:^
1621:25
1619:.
1594:22
1592:.
1575:30
1573:.
1541:^
1493:WA
1491:,
1408:^
850:on
821:,
806:.
652:.
532:.
362:.
339:.
285:.
2217:.
2194:.
2175:.
2089:.
2061:.
2028:.
1990:.
1955:.
1927:.
1902:.
1890::
1876:"
1849:.
1820:.
1793:.
1760:.
1737:.
1725::
1604:.
1600::
1577:.
1467:.
1382:.
1120:e
1113:t
1106:v
273:—
56:)
52:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
