1401:. Her succession initially resulted in a relaxation of state control over Christianity. The island's first printing press, which was imported by LMS missionaries at the end of Radama's reign, was only effectively put into operation in 1828. The press was in heaviest use during the first several years of Ranavalona's reign, when thousands of hymnals and other materials were transcribed and printed. Translation of the New Testament was completed in the second year of her reign, and 3,000 copies were printed and distributed between 1829 and 1830. From the beginning of her reign, Ranavalona forbade the distribution of books within the military to prevent subversion and preserve discipline. She allowed missionaries free rein in operating the printing press, however, and exempted from military service all Malagasy personnel trained to operate the press. In 1835, translation of the Old Testament was completed and the first copies were printed. The freedom allowed to LMS and Malagasy Christians to print religious materials and teach religion in the state schools during the first six years of Ranavalona's reign allowed Christianity to become firmly established among a small but growing group of converts in and around the capital. In 1831, Ranavalona authorized Malagasy attendance at church services, administration of the sacrament, and baptism of her subjects. Within a year, the first 100 Malagasy were baptized out of an estimated 200 practicing Christians total; these converts were drawn from all social classes, including slaves, commoners, respected elders, court officials and even sampy guardians, who were considered the bulwarks of traditional culture.
1446:"To the English or French strangers: I thank you for the good that you have done in my land and my kingdom, where you have made known European wisdom and knowledge. Do not worry yourselves—I will not change the customs and rites of our ancestors. Nevertheless, whoever breaks the laws of my kingdom will be put to death—whoever he may be. I welcome all wisdom and all knowledge which are good for this country. It would be a waste of time and effort to grab the customs and rites of my ancestors. Concerning religious practice—baptism or assemblies—it is forbidden for my people who inhabit this land to take part whether on Sunday or during the week. Concerning you, foreigners, you can practice according to your own manners and customs. Nevertheless, if skilled handiwork and other practical skills exist, which can profit our people, exercise these skills that good will come. These are my instructions which I make known to you."
1311:
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1368:. Schools were constructed in larger towns throughout the central highlands and staffed with teachers from the LMS and other missionary organizations. By the end of Radama's reign in 1829, 38 schools were providing basic education to over 4,000 students in addition to the 300 students studying at the Palace School, teaching dual messages of loyalty and obedience to Radama's rule and the fundamentals of Christian theology. These schools also provided Radama with a ready pool of educated conscripts for his military activities; consequently, some
1486:
Christian leaders near the queen's palace who were dangled on ropes 150 feet above a rock-filled ravine before the ropes were cut upon their refusal to renounce
Christianity. The Andohalo cathedral was constructed on this outcropping to commemorate early Malagasy Christians martyred at the site. The number of Malagasy citizens put to death for religious reasons during Ranavalona's reign is unknown. British missionary to Madagascar W.E. Cummins places the number executed at between 60 and 80. Far more were required to undergo the
1523:(crowned on 3 September 1868 following Rasoherina's death), was a pupil of Protestant missionaries and had converted to Christianity. Rainilaiarivony recognized the growing power of Christianity on the island and identified the need to bring it under his influence in order to avert destabilizing cultural and political power struggles. The prime minister encouraged the new queen to Christianize the court through a public baptism ceremony at Andohalo on 21 February 1869, the day of their marriage. In this ceremony the
1409:, and Ranavalona requested the departure of three missionaries, retaining only those whose particular technical skills she viewed as valuable to the state. In 1835, the queen attempted to shut down the press without directly targeting the LMS by banning Malagasy personnel from working at the printing house. The LMS missionaries, capitalizing on the absence of legal decrees against their own work at the press, managed to continue independently printing and distributing materials.
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1503:, who rapidly repealed many of his mother's policies. Freedom of religion was declared, persecution of Christians ceased, missionaries returned to the island, and their schools were authorized to be reopened. However, Radama's disregard for the counsel of his advisers' warning against too abrupt a process of modernization produced a coup d'Ă©tat, in which Radama was presumably killed and power effectively transferred to Prime Minister
1405:
the queen enacted a ban on
Christian marriages, church services, and baptisms for soldiers and members of government studying in the schools. In December 1831, she extended the ban on church service attendance to all Malagasy. From 1832 to 1834, baptisms and church services continued, increasingly in secret. During this time, several Christians each year were charged with witchcraft and exiled or made to undergo the tangena
1415:
the descendant of the royal ancestors, who were in a mystical sense the ancestors of all the Merina. To deny her mystical power was to repudiate not only her but also the ancestors, the quintessence of good and blessings ... She was the custodian of a holy trust ... Christianity was therefore treason ... in
Ranavalona's words it was "the substitution of the respect of her ancestors,
1355:. This dialect, spoken in the central highlands around Antananarivo, was declared the official version of the Malagasy language that year – a status that the highlands dialect has retained ever since. The Bible, which was incrementally translated into this dialect and printed on a press, was the first book printed in the Malagasy language and became the standard text used to teach literacy.
1574:, whereby a deceased family member's remains may be exhumed to be periodically re-wrapped in fresh silk shrouds before being replaced in the tomb. In the 2010, many Christians integrated their religious beliefs with traditional ones related to honoring the ancestors; for instance, the Malagasy may bless their dead at church before proceeding with traditional burial rites or invite a
1532:
largely a political gesture and most likely did not denote a genuine spiritual shift until late in his life, if ever. Some local officials attempted to force conversions to
Protestantism by mandating church attendance and persecuting Catholics, but Rainilaiarivony quickly responded to quell these overzealous practices. The prime minister's criminalization of
1457:
rather than remain on the island without authorization to proselytize. The last two remaining missionaries chose to continue teaching practical skills in the hope that the restrictions might loosen, but one year later, after receiving indirect information that the government desired their departure, they shuttered the LMS mission and left
Madagascar.
1442:
permitted freedom of religion and conscience. She furthermore acknowledged the valuable intellectual and technological contributions that
European missionaries had made to the advancement of her country and invited them to continue working to that end on the condition that their proselytizing would cease:
1485:
or another trial by ordeal, or executed. Lurid accounts of the execution and torture of
Christians were reported by missionaries with informants on the island who placed emphasis on what they perceived as the savagery of the queen's actions. For instance, they reported the public execution of fifteen
1441:
In a kabary speech on 26 February 1835, Queen
Ranavalona formally forbade the practice of Christianity among her subjects. In her discourse, she was careful to differentiate between her own people, for whom the new religion was forbidden and its practice a capital offense, and foreigners, to whom she
1531:
These conversions were commonly motivated by a desire to express political allegiance to the Crown, and as such were largely nominal, with the majority of converts practicing a syncretic blend of
Christian and traditional religions. Rainilaiarivony's biographers conclude that his conversion was also
1456:
The majority of the London
Missionary Society missionaries, whose primary activity was teaching Christian theology and literacy at their newly established schools using the Bible as the principal Malagasy-language text, departed the island. James Cameron and other key missionaries preferred to leave
1404:
The conversion of major religious, political and social leaders sparked a backlash that led Ranavalona to become increasingly wary of the political and cultural effects of Christianity, which she saw as leading the Malagasy to forsake the ancestors and their traditions. In October and November 1831,
1414:
Christianity involved a repudiation of the ancestral customs of the country, established by previous monarchs who were her ancestors. The queen's legitimacy depended entirely on her relation to her predecessors, who had given the kingdom to her. Furthermore ... she was queen because she was
1590:
In 2022, the World Religion Database stated that 58% of the country was Christian; 30.88% of the population were Protestant, 25.28% were Catholic and there were a few followers of other Christian groups. Other surveys suggested that approximately 34% were Catholic and 36.5% were Protestant.
1377:. Despite high attendance at the schools, the LMS were initially unsuccessful in converting pupils to Christianity. Near the end of Radama's reign, the king perceived the few Malagasy who had been converted as irreverent toward royal authority. He forbade Malagasy people from being
1331:
by members of the London Missionary Society (LMS). King Radama I, the first sovereign to bring about half the island of Madagascar under his rule, was interested in strengthening ties with European powers; to this end, he invited LMS missionaries to open a school in his capital at
1372:
families sent slave children to spare their own offspring from the perils of military life, exposing an educated minority among the lower classes of Merina society to the tenets of Christianity. An additional 600 students received vocational training under Scottish missionary
1490:
ordeal, condemned to hard labor, or stripped of their land and property, and many of these died. Persecution of Christians intensified; in 1849, 1,900 people were fined, jailed, or otherwise punished for their Christian faith, of whom 18 were executed.
1527:
were ordered to be destroyed and replaced by the Bible. The Christianization of the court and the establishment of the independent royal Protestant chapel on the palace grounds prompted the wide-scale conversion of hundreds of thousands of Malagasy.
1606:) and has been an influential force in Malagasy politics. In the disputed 2001 presidential elections, the council rallied behind Protestant candidate Ravalomanana, whose electoral slogan was "Don't be afraid, only believe."
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on 8 December 1820 within Besakana, a Rova building of great historic and cultural significance. Within months, classes were transferred to a larger, purpose-built structure on the Rova grounds.
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Pursuant to the 26 February decree, those who possessed a Bible, worshiped in congregation, or continued to profess adherence to Christianity were fined, jailed, manacled, subjected to
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elite resulted in a degree of class and ethnic differentiation among practitioners of Christianity, with the association of Protestantism with the upper classes and Merina
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1358:
Convinced that Western schooling was vital to developing Madagascar's political and economic strength, in 1825 Radama declared primary schooling to be compulsory for the
1323:
Portuguese and French began the first Christianization of Madagascar during the 17th century. They preached in the southeastern parts of the country. The Antanosy prince
1340:
palace compound to instruct the royal family in literacy, numeracy and basic education. This first school, known as the Palace School, was established by LMS missionary
1302:, and Catholicism attracting more adherents among the popular classes and coastal regions. Practitioners of Protestantism slightly outnumber adherents to Catholicism.
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to legislate the conversion of the royal court. This prompted widespread popular conversion to Protestantism throughout the highlands in the late 19th century.
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103:
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1985:
Larson, Pier (1997). "Capacities and modes of thinking: Intellectual engagements and subaltern hegemony in the early history of Malagasy Christianity".
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is the first known Malagasy receiving baptism. The first formal European-style school was established in 1818 on the east coast of Madagascar at
1290:
was introduced principally through French diplomats and missionaries beginning in the mid-19th century but only gained significant converts under
2648:
Histoire de l'Enseignement Privé et Officiel à Madagascar (1820–1995): les Implications Religieuses et Politiques dans la Formation d'un Peuple
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Beginning in December 1820, LMS missionaries established workshops in Antananarivo to teach trades and technical skills, and developed a
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in 2010. A survey in 2020 put this figure at 39.22%. This traditional religion attributes all of creation to a single god, called
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Campbell, Gwyn (1988). "Slavery and fanompoana: The structure of forced labor in Imerina (Madagascar), 1790–1861".
1257:. The number of converts remained low but gradually grew under repression during the reign of his successor, Queen
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The Malagasy Council of Churches comprises the four oldest and most prominent Christian denominations (Catholic,
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1351:. By 1822, LMS missionaries had successfully transcribed the Merina dialect of the Malagasy language using the
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1427:." She saw the introduction of a new religion as a political act, and there is no doubt that she was right.
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in 2020. However, other surveys put the figure at 58%. Malagasy Christianity is generally practised in
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From blessing to violence: history and ideology in the circumcision ritual of the Merina of Madagascar
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Madagascar: An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Island and its Former Dependencies, Volume 1
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has led to the widespread tradition of tomb building, as well as the highlands practice of the
1565:
1280:, coupled with the growing political influence of the British missionaries, led Prime Minister
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2593:
Deschamps, H. (1994). "Tradition and change in Madagascar: 1790–1870". In Flint, J.E. (ed.).
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Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar - Etat postcolonial, légitimités et territoire (1956-2002)
2575:
An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, And the Making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914
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2386:"Political Change in Madagascar: populist democracy or neopatrimonialism by another name?"
8:
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2002:
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or Andriamanitra. In addition, it tends to emphasize links between the living and the
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Bible at the public schools they established in the highlands at the request of King
1250:
2433:
2089:
Campbell, Gwyn (1987). "The Adoption of Autarky in Imperial Madagascar, 1820–1835".
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Approximately 4.5% of the population practiced traditional beliefs according to the
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2400:
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1994:
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2522:
2501:
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1824:
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1508:
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1314:
Besakana, site of the original Palace School on the Rova compound of Antananarivo
1281:
1219:
3560:
3039:
2748:
The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar
1352:
1324:
1273:
2317:. U.S. Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2006
2102:
1875:
4076:
2795:
1544:, were likewise inspired by the growing Protestant influence in the country.
1520:
1295:
1277:
1242:
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2461:
General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s
2353:
1472:
1468:
1398:
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1629:
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Upon Ranavalona's death in 1861, she was succeeded by her reformist son,
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2830:
2006:
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1519:
of the capital in September 1894. Rainilaiarivony's second royal wife,
1512:
1266:
1227:
3509:
2668:
A history of Christianity in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 1450-1990
2200:
2198:
1460:
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Andrew, David; Blond, Becca; Parkinson, Tom; Anderson, Aaron (2008).
1500:
1328:
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29:
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From C. 1790 to C. 1870: Volume 5 of the Cambridge history of Africa
1998:
2958:
2922:
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2348:(Madagascar, les urnes et la rue). Paris: Karthala Editions: 5–17.
2195:
1557:
1533:
1420:
1360:
1254:
2235:
World Religions Database at the ARDA website, retrieved 2023-08-08
2155:. Vol. 1. London: Daldy, Isbister & Co. pp. 405–410.
1684:
World Religions Database at the ARDA website, retrieved 2023-08-08
2976:
2292:
World Religion Database at the ARDA website, retrieved 2023-08-08
1625:
1481:
1378:
1365:
1173:
2335:
1393:
Ambatonakanga Church, Madagascar (London LMS], 1869, p. 48)
1294:
beginning in 1896. The early spread of Protestantism among the
3053:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Madagascar
2855:
1524:
1424:
2665:
Koschorko, Klaus; Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano (2007).
2478:
1617:
church, had 2.5 million adherents in 2004; former President
2545:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
1908:
1822:
1515:
and governed from 1864 until his exile in 1895 following
1261:, and the more permissive religious policies of her son,
2781:. San Francisco, California: Stanford University Press.
2688:
Female Caligula: Ranavalona, the Mad Queen of Madagascar
1249:
in 1818, who proselytized and taught literacy through a
1540:
consumption, as well as the declaration of Sunday as a
1276:
upper classes by the mid-19th century, including Queen
2664:
2336:
Raison-Jourde, Francoise; Raison, Jean-Pierre (2002).
1494:
2315:"International Religious Freedom Report: Madagascar"
1831:. London: Daldy, Isbister & Co. pp. 647–648
1397:
Radama died in 1828 and was succeeded by his widow,
2985:
Association of Bible Baptist Churches in Madagascar
2174:
Andrew, Blond, Parkinson and Anderson (2008), p. 79
2774:
2671:. Cambridge, U.K.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
1585:
2723:
2061:
2043:
2028:
1972:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1896:
1784:
1423:, for the respect of the ancestor of the whites:
4074:
2751:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
1912:Fruits of Toil in the London Missionary Society
2825:
2772:
2631:(in French). Antananarivo: Karthala Editions.
2263:"Dead Join the Living in a Family Celebration"
3525:
3101:
2990:Baptist Evangelical Association of Madagascar
2811:
2724:Ralibera, Daniel; De Taffin, Gabriel (1993).
2562:
2506:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2256:
2254:
1748:(in French). Editions Karthala. p. 196.
1475:had early Malagasy Christian martyrs executed
1196:
2524:Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide
2338:"Ravalomanana et la troisieme independence?"
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2212:
2210:
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2075:
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1978:
1968:
1966:
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1902:
1451:Ranavalomanjaka, Kabary, February 26, 1835
1245:was introduced by the first envoys of the
1203:
1189:
2873:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria
2599:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2592:
2567:(in French). Paris: Editions Diloutremer.
2565:Un homme d'etat malgache: Rainilaiarivony
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2207:
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2140:
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2070:
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1809:
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2055:
1963:
1915:. London: John Snow & Co. p. 48
1861:
1848:
1846:
1741:
1699:"Religions in Madagascar | PEW-GRF"
1671:"Religions in Madagascar | PEW-GRF"
1459:
1388:
1309:
3539:
2777:The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar today
2730:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
2685:
2645:
2082:
1951:
1927:
1909:London Missionary Society, ed. (1869).
1735:
1721:"Antanosy - Madagascar l'ĂŽle Empreinte"
4075:
2704:
2482:Lonely Planet Madagascar & Comoros
2383:
2260:
2225:Chapus & Mondain (1953), pp. 91–93
2153:The Sunday Magazine for Family Reading
2135:
2034:
1984:
1802:
1769:
1628:in Madagascar in 2013, including five
1272:The spread of Protestantism among the
3513:
3089:
2799:
2744:
2613:
2578:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2520:
2499:
2417:
2245:
2204:Thompson & Adloff (1965) pp. 9–10
1843:
1796:
1693:
1691:
1547:
2949:Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar
2393:Institute for Security Studies Paper
2329:
2307:
1611:Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar
1596:Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar
2967:Anglican Church of the Indian Ocean
2377:
13:
3654:
2563:Chapus, G.S.; Mondain, G. (1953).
2548:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
2384:Marcus, Richard R. (August 2004),
2261:Bearak, Barry (5 September 2010).
1823:London Missionary Society (1877).
1688:
1495:Legitimization and mass conversion
28:
14:
4094:
2773:Thompson, V.; Adloff, R. (1965).
2690:. London: John Wiley & Sons.
2123:Campbell (2012), pp. 185–186
1381:or attending Christian services.
1318:
1292:French colonization of Madagascar
3416:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3186:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2458:Ade Ajayi, Jacob Festus (1989).
1172:
991:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
104:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3075:Alliance Evangelique Madagascar
3026:Assemblies of God of Madagascar
2650:(in French). Paris: Harmattan.
2527:. London: Bradt Travel Guides.
2434:"Catholic Church in Madagascar"
2426:
2296:
2285:
2228:
2219:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2126:
2049:
2044:Ralibera & De Taffin (1993)
2029:Ralibera & De Taffin (1993)
2022:
2013:
1973:Ralibera & De Taffin (1993)
1958:Ralibera & De Taffin (1993)
1946:Ralibera & De Taffin (1993)
1939:
1934:Ralibera & De Taffin (1993)
1897:Ralibera & De Taffin (1993)
1890:
1855:
1785:Ralibera & De Taffin (1993)
1647:Roman Catholicism in Madagascar
1621:served as its vice-president.
1586:Denominations and organizations
1232:traditional religious practices
2727:Madagascar et le christianisme
2436:. Catholic-hierarchy.org. 2013
2091:The Journal of African History
1987:The American Historical Review
1864:The Journal of African History
1816:
1790:
1745:Madagascar et le christianisme
1713:
1677:
1663:
1652:Malagasy Lutheran Church (FLM)
1:
2451:
2132:Oliver (1886), pp. 60–63
1384:
1237:
3008:Seventh-day Adventist Church
2711:. New York: Macmillan and Co
2423:Galibert (2009), pp. 451–452
2269:. p. A7. Archived from
2067:Bloch (1986), pp. 18–19
1701:. Globalreligiousfutures.org
1525:supernatural royal talismans
1222:population according to the
7:
2147:Cousins, W.E. (1877–1878).
1635:
10:
4099:
4083:Christianity in Madagascar
2149:"Since 1800 in Madagascar"
1305:
1216:Christianity in Madagascar
4034:
3925:
3916:
3889:
3843:
3834:
3755:
3746:
3674:
3665:
3652:
3551:
3429:
3404:
3123:
3065:
3038:
3016:
2998:
2975:
2957:
2939:
2921:
2912:
2894:
2885:
2846:
2837:
2646:Koerner, Francis (1999).
2625:Galibert, Didier (2009).
2485:. London: Lonely Planet.
2303:US State Dept 2022 report
2103:10.1017/S0021853700030103
1876:10.1017/s0021853700030589
1742:Ralibera, Daniel (1993).
1511:, who wed Radama's widow
1434:From Blessing to Violence
1349:network of public schools
1247:London Missionary Society
1218:is practiced by 85.3% of
3571:Indian Ocean slave trade
3171:Central African Republic
2931:Malagasy Lutheran Church
2192:Deschamps (1994), p. 413
2079:Koschorko (2007), p. 199
1657:
89:Central African Republic
3117:Christianity in Africa
2705:Oliver, Samuel (1886).
2686:Laidler, Keith (2005).
2614:Ellis, William (1870).
2572:Daughton, J.P. (2006).
2542:Campbell, Gwyn (2012).
2500:Bloch, Maurice (1986).
2216:Daughton (2006), p. 172
1725:rob-histo.e-monsite.com
1624:There were 21 Catholic
1566:veneration of ancestors
1265:, and his widow, Queen
1179:Christianity portal
22:Christianity by country
3659:
3636:Transitional Authority
2745:Sharp, Leslie (2002).
2521:Bradt, Hilary (2011).
2399:: 1–19, archived from
2354:10.3917/polaf.086.0005
1642:Religion in Madagascar
1507:. He was succeeded by
1476:
1467:, built on a cliff in
1454:
1429:
1394:
1315:
659:Bosnia and Herzegovina
33:
3658:
3631:2009 political crisis
3586:Malagasy Protectorate
3331:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3191:Republic of the Congo
2904:Roman Catholic Church
1505:Rainivoninahitriniony
1463:
1444:
1412:
1392:
1313:
981:Saint Kitts and Nevis
249:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
109:Republic of the Congo
32:
3734:World Heritage Sites
2887:Western Christianity
2848:Eastern Christianity
1825:"Our monthly survey"
1417:Andrianampoinimerina
1364:(nobles) throughout
610:United Arab Emirates
3621:Democratic Republic
3406:States with limited
3066:Interdenominational
3048:Jehovah's Witnesses
2406:on 14 February 2012
2342:Politique Africaine
2019:Ellis (1870), p. 71
1829:The Sunday Magazine
1615:Reformed Protestant
1554:Pew Research Center
1224:Pew Research Center
996:Trinidad and Tobago
891:Antigua and Barbuda
3679:Biosphere reserves
3660:
3596:Colonial governors
2620:. London: J. Snow.
2273:on 27 January 2012
2165:Laidler (2005), p.
1813:Koerner (1999), p.
1576:Christian minister
1548:Syncretic practice
1521:Ranavalona II
1477:
1465:Andohalo cathedral
1395:
1316:
931:Dominican Republic
34:
4070:
4069:
4030:
4029:
3912:
3911:
3830:
3829:
3807:Political parties
3795:National Assembly
3770:Foreign relations
3742:
3741:
3641:COVID-19 pandemic
3616:Malagasy Republic
3606:Malagasy Uprising
3591:French Madagascar
3507:
3506:
3433:other territories
3206:Equatorial Guinea
3083:
3082:
3061:
3060:
3034:
3033:
2881:
2880:
2788:978-0-8047-0279-9
2758:978-0-520-22951-8
2737:978-92-9028-211-2
2697:978-0-470-02226-9
2678:978-0-8028-2889-7
2657:978-2-7384-7416-2
2638:978-2-8111-3143-2
2617:The Martyr Church
2606:978-0-521-20701-0
2585:978-0-19-530530-2
2555:978-90-04-20980-0
2534:978-1-84162-341-2
2513:978-0-521-31404-6
2492:978-1-74104-608-3
2471:978-0-520-03917-9
2464:. Paris: UNESCO.
2363:978-2-8111-0064-3
2183:Oliver (1886), p.
2058:, p. 184–186
2031:, p. 222–223
1787:, p. 208–209
1619:Marc Ravalomanana
1564:(ancestors). The
1251:Malagasy language
1213:
1212:
516:
124:Equatorial Guinea
4090:
4050:
4043:
3923:
3922:
3856:
3841:
3840:
3753:
3752:
3672:
3671:
3646:2021–2022 famine
3581:Franco-Hova Wars
3534:
3527:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3494:
3493:(United Kingdom)
3489:Tristan da Cunha
3485:Ascension Island
3477:
3464:
3455:
3431:Dependencies and
3124:Sovereign states
3110:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3086:
2919:
2918:
2892:
2891:
2866:
2857:Eastern Orthodox
2853:
2852:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2780:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2741:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2682:
2661:
2642:
2621:
2610:
2589:
2568:
2559:
2538:
2517:
2496:
2475:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2205:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1859:
1853:
1852:Sharp (2011), p.
1850:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1731:on 3 April 2013.
1727:. Archived from
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1578:to consecrate a
1452:
1437:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1177:
1176:
1061:Papua New Guinea
1036:Marshall Islands
859:Northern Ireland
512:
18:
17:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4026:
4012:Public holidays
3908:
3885:
3876:Illegal logging
3854:
3826:
3780:Law enforcement
3738:
3704:Protected areas
3661:
3650:
3547:
3538:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3475:
3462:
3453:
3434:
3432:
3425:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3119:
3114:
3084:
3079:
3067:
3057:
3030:
3012:
2994:
2971:
2953:
2935:
2908:
2877:
2860:
2859:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2789:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2738:
2714:
2712:
2698:
2679:
2658:
2639:
2607:
2586:
2556:
2535:
2514:
2493:
2472:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2252:
2248:, p. 13–20
2244:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2145:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2056:Campbell (2012)
2054:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
1999:10.2307/2170626
1993:(4): 996–1002.
1983:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1740:
1736:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1638:
1588:
1550:
1509:Rainilaiarivony
1497:
1453:
1450:
1439:
1432:Maurice Bloch,
1431:
1387:
1321:
1308:
1282:Rainilaiarivony
1240:
1209:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1071:Solomon Islands
1016:
1006:
1005:
886:
876:
875:
779:North Macedonia
629:
619:
618:
521:
501:
500:
329:
319:
318:
44:
12:
11:
5:
4096:
4086:
4085:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3817:Prime Minister
3814:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:Third Republic
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Merina Kingdom
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:Western Sahara
3495:
3478:
3465:
3456:
3442:Canary Islands
3438:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3040:Restorationism
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2770:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2721:
2702:
2696:
2683:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2643:
2637:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2539:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2425:
2416:
2376:
2362:
2328:
2306:
2295:
2284:
2267:New York Times
2250:
2238:
2227:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2097:(3): 395–411.
2081:
2069:
2060:
2048:
2033:
2021:
2012:
1977:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1901:
1889:
1870:(3): 463–486.
1854:
1842:
1815:
1801:
1789:
1768:
1754:
1734:
1712:
1687:
1676:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1587:
1584:
1549:
1546:
1517:French capture
1496:
1493:
1448:
1411:
1386:
1383:
1353:Latin alphabet
1325:Andriandramaka
1320:
1319:Initial spread
1317:
1307:
1304:
1239:
1236:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
882:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
872:
871:
866:
861:
856:
849:United Kingdom
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
520:
519:
518:
517:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
407:
406:
401:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
40:
39:
36:
35:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4095:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Ethnic groups
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Food security
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
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3690:
3687:
3685:
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3680:
3677:
3676:
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3670:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
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3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
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3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Guinea-Bissau
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:organisations
3064:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:(in French).
2343:
2339:
2332:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2046:, p. 223
2045:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1975:, p. 222
1974:
1969:
1967:
1960:, p. 210
1959:
1954:
1948:, p. 221
1947:
1942:
1936:, p. 196
1935:
1930:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1899:, p. 206
1898:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1757:
1755:9789290282112
1751:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:James Cameron
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:Ranavalona II
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Protestantism
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:South America
1095:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:United States
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:North America
880:
879:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:Liechtenstein
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
623:
622:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
515:
511:
510:
509:
508:
505:
504:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
328:
323:
322:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
164:Guinea-Bissau
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
46:
43:
38:
37:
31:
27:
26:
23:
20:
19:
16:
3960:Demographics
3945:Architecture
3861:Central bank
3822:Subdivisions
3775:Human rights
3760:Constitution
3611:Independence
3601:World War II
3481:Saint Helena
3452:
3356:South Africa
3346:Sierra Leone
3275:
3151:Burkina Faso
2863:Main article
2840:Main article
2839:
2827:Christianity
2776:
2762:. Retrieved
2747:
2726:
2713:. Retrieved
2707:
2687:
2667:
2647:
2627:
2616:
2595:
2574:
2564:
2544:
2523:
2502:
2481:
2460:
2438:. Retrieved
2428:
2419:
2408:, retrieved
2401:the original
2396:
2392:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2345:
2341:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2309:
2298:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:the original
2266:
2246:Bradt (2011)
2241:
2230:
2221:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2128:
2119:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2063:
2051:
2024:
2015:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1919:12 September
1917:. Retrieved
1911:
1904:
1892:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1833:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1799:, p. 43
1797:Sharp (2002)
1792:
1759:. Retrieved
1744:
1737:
1729:the original
1724:
1715:
1705:20 September
1703:. Retrieved
1679:
1665:
1630:archdioceses
1623:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1561:
1551:
1530:
1498:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1473:Ranavalona I
1471:where Queen
1469:Antananarivo
1455:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:Jesus Christ
1413:
1403:
1399:Ranavalona I
1396:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1334:Antananarivo
1322:
1300:ethnic group
1286:
1271:
1259:Ranavalona I
1241:
1220:Madagascar's
1215:
1214:
595:Saudi Arabia
486:Turkmenistan
274:South Africa
264:Sierra Leone
193:
69:Burkina Faso
15:
3985:LGBT rights
3848:Agriculture
3408:recognition
3361:South Sudan
3251:Ivory Coast
3018:Pentecostal
1835:12 February
1542:day of rest
1342:David Jones
1336:within the
1288:Catholicism
1051:New Zealand
986:Saint Lucia
936:El Salvador
839:Switzerland
774:Netherlands
514:Middle East
456:Philippines
404:South Korea
399:North Korea
334:Afghanistan
279:South Sudan
169:Ivory Coast
3995:newspapers
3855:(currency)
3790:Parliament
3694:Ecoregions
3576:Libertatia
3541:Madagascar
3463:(Portugal)
3421:Somaliland
3341:Seychelles
3306:Mozambique
3291:Mauritania
3276:Madagascar
3231:The Gambia
3166:Cape Verde
2914:Protestant
2831:Madagascar
2764:2 February
2715:3 February
2452:References
2440:15 October
2321:22 January
2277:13 January
1582:reburial.
1580:famadihana
1571:famadihana
1513:Rasoherina
1385:Repression
1267:Rasoherina
1238:Background
1230:form with
1041:Micronesia
916:Costa Rica
809:San Marino
769:Montenegro
749:Luxembourg
530:Azerbaijan
491:Uzbekistan
476:Tajikistan
411:Kyrgyzstan
389:Kazakhstan
364:East Timor
339:Bangladesh
259:Seychelles
224:Mozambique
209:Mauritania
194:Madagascar
84:Cape Verde
4007:Mythology
3980:Languages
3965:Education
3891:Transport
3866:Companies
3812:President
3765:Elections
3724:Volcanoes
3709:Provinces
3689:Districts
3667:Geography
3296:Mauritius
3000:Adventist
2941:Calvinist
2111:162901304
1884:162792561
1761:7 January
1501:Radama II
1329:Toamasina
1263:Radama II
1228:syncretic
1161:Venezuela
1106:Argentina
1021:Australia
971:Nicaragua
946:Guatemala
744:Lithuania
585:Palestine
466:Sri Lanka
461:Singapore
379:Indonesia
369:Hong Kong
214:Mauritius
4077:Category
4057:Category
4017:Religion
3930:Abortion
3904:Railways
3785:Military
3748:Politics
3729:Wildlife
3566:Monarchs
3545:articles
3487: /
3483: /
3476:(France)
3470: /
3448: /
3444: /
3396:Zimbabwe
3371:Tanzania
3221:Ethiopia
3216:Eswatini
3196:Djibouti
3161:Cameroon
3146:Botswana
2959:Anglican
2923:Lutheran
2896:Catholic
1636:See also
1626:dioceses
1604:Anglican
1600:Lutheran
1558:Zanahary
1534:polygamy
1449:—
1379:baptized
1370:andriana
1361:andriana
1255:Radama I
1151:Suriname
1141:Paraguay
1126:Colombia
1031:Kiribati
956:Honduras
926:Dominica
901:Barbados
864:Scotland
824:Slovenia
819:Slovakia
794:Portugal
664:Bulgaria
481:Thailand
451:Pakistan
436:Mongolia
431:Maldives
426:Malaysia
354:Cambodia
314:Zimbabwe
289:Tanzania
139:Ethiopia
134:Eswatini
114:Djibouti
79:Cameroon
64:Botswana
4041:Outline
3955:Cuisine
3950:Culture
3918:Society
3899:Driving
3881:Tourism
3853:Ariary
3836:Economy
3714:Regions
3699:Islands
3553:History
3472:RĂ©union
3468:Mayotte
3459:Madeira
3454:(Spain)
3450:Melilla
3381:Tunisia
3351:Somalia
3336:Senegal
3321:Nigeria
3311:Namibia
3301:Morocco
3266:Liberia
3261:Lesotho
3211:Eritrea
3181:Comoros
3156:Burundi
3131:Algeria
2977:Baptist
2007:2170626
1538:alcohol
1488:tangena
1482:tangena
1366:Imerina
1306:History
1156:Uruguay
1131:Ecuador
1111:Bolivia
1086:Vanuatu
1014:Oceania
961:Jamaica
941:Grenada
896:Bahamas
854:England
844:Ukraine
799:Romania
759:Moldova
719:Ireland
714:Iceland
709:Hungary
699:Germany
689:Finland
684:Estonia
679:Denmark
674:Czechia
669:Croatia
654:Belgium
649:Belarus
644:Austria
639:Andorra
634:Albania
575:Lebanon
545:Georgia
535:Bahrain
525:Armenia
496:Vietnam
441:Myanmar
299:Tunisia
269:Somalia
254:Senegal
239:Nigeria
229:Namibia
219:Morocco
184:Liberia
179:Lesotho
129:Eritrea
99:Comoros
74:Burundi
49:Algeria
4062:Portal
4022:Sports
3935:Anthem
3800:Senate
3719:Rivers
3684:Cities
3543:
3491:
3474:
3461:
3391:Zambia
3386:Uganda
3326:Rwanda
3281:Malawi
3241:Guinea
3136:Angola
2785:
2755:
2734:
2694:
2675:
2654:
2635:
2603:
2582:
2552:
2531:
2510:
2489:
2468:
2410:7 July
2369:8 July
2360:
2109:
2005:
1882:
1752:
1602:, and
1562:razana
1436:(1986)
1421:Radama
1407:ordeal
1296:Merina
1274:Merina
1136:Guyana
1116:Brazil
1081:Tuvalu
976:Panama
966:Mexico
911:Canada
906:Belize
834:Sweden
814:Serbia
804:Russia
789:Poland
784:Norway
764:Monaco
734:Latvia
729:Kosovo
704:Greece
694:France
627:Europe
605:Turkey
570:Kuwait
565:Jordan
560:Israel
540:Cyprus
471:Taiwan
349:Brunei
344:Bhutan
309:Zambia
304:Uganda
244:Rwanda
199:Malawi
159:Guinea
149:Gambia
54:Angola
42:Africa
4048:Index
4002:Music
3990:Media
3446:Ceuta
3366:Sudan
3316:Niger
3271:Libya
3256:Kenya
3236:Ghana
3226:Gabon
3201:Egypt
3141:Benin
2404:(PDF)
2389:(PDF)
2107:S2CID
2003:JSTOR
1880:S2CID
1658:Notes
1121:Chile
1076:Tonga
1066:Samoa
1056:Palau
1046:Nauru
951:Haiti
869:Wales
829:Spain
754:Malta
724:Italy
615:Yemen
600:Syria
590:Qatar
446:Nepal
421:Macau
394:Korea
384:Japan
374:India
359:China
284:Sudan
234:Niger
189:Libya
174:Kenya
154:Ghana
144:Gabon
119:Egypt
59:Benin
3975:Flag
3940:Seal
3376:Togo
3286:Mali
3176:Chad
2783:ISBN
2766:2011
2753:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2717:2011
2692:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2652:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2508:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2442:2013
2412:2012
2371:2012
2358:ISBN
2323:2012
2279:2012
1921:2016
1837:2011
1763:2011
1750:ISBN
1707:2017
1613:, a
1609:The
1536:and
1419:and
1338:Rova
1146:Peru
1026:Fiji
921:Cuba
580:Oman
555:Iraq
550:Iran
416:Laos
327:Asia
294:Togo
204:Mali
94:Chad
2829:in
2350:doi
2099:doi
1995:doi
1991:102
1872:doi
4079::
2397:89
2395:,
2391:,
2356:.
2346:86
2340:.
2265:.
2253:^
2209:^
2197:^
2151:.
2137:^
2105:.
2095:28
2093:.
2072:^
2036:^
2001:.
1989:.
1965:^
1878:.
1868:29
1866:.
1845:^
1827:.
1804:^
1771:^
1723:.
1690:^
1632:.
1598:,
1269:.
1234:.
3533:e
3526:t
3519:v
3109:e
3102:t
3095:v
2865:)
2861:(
2819:e
2812:t
2805:v
2791:.
2768:.
2740:.
2719:.
2700:.
2681:.
2660:.
2641:.
2609:.
2588:.
2558:.
2537:.
2516:.
2495:.
2474:.
2444:.
2373:.
2352::
2325:.
2281:.
2113:.
2101::
2009:.
1997::
1923:.
1886:.
1874::
1839:.
1765:.
1709:.
1673:.
1204:e
1197:t
1190:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
