Religion in ancient Rome

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religion. Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased, an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods. As Roman society developed, its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead, and more on monumental endowments to the community, such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name. Persons of low or negligible status might receive simple burial, with such grave goods as relatives could afford.

3894: 3260: 2706:" justified their very different policies by the divinely inspired utterances of private diviners. The Senate and armies used the public haruspices: at some time during the late Republic, the Senate decreed that Roman boys of noble family be sent to Etruria for training in haruspicy and divination. Being of independent means, they would be better motivated to maintain a pure, religious practice for the public good. The motives of private haruspices – especially females – and their clients were officially suspect: none of this seems to have troubled Marius, who employed a Syrian prophetess. 2904:

at the site of the cremation. For the less well-off, inhumation with "a libation of wine, incense, and fruit or crops was sufficient". Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead: the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living. The ashes (or body) were entombed or buried. On the eighth day of mourning, the family offered further sacrifice, this time on the ground; the shade of the departed was assumed to have passed from the world of the living into the underworld, as one of the

4176:, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship; it might prove fatal. By the end of his reign, Augustus had appropriated Rome's political apparatus – and most of its religious cults – within his "reformed" and thoroughly integrated system of government. Towards the end of his life, he cautiously allowed cult to his 3123: 1234: 2471:, once an obscure Republican priesthood dedicated to several deities, then co-opted by Augustus as part of his religious reforms. The Arvals offered prayer and sacrifice to Roman state gods at various temples for the continued welfare of the Imperial family on their birthdays, accession anniversaries and to mark extraordinary events such as the quashing of conspiracy or revolt. Every 3 January they consecrated the annual vows and rendered any sacrifice promised in the previous year, provided the gods had kept the Imperial family safe for the contracted time. 1617: 3982: 2313:) and therefore harm the State. The official deities of the state were identified with its lawful offices and institutions, and Romans of every class were expected to honour the beneficence and protection of mortal and divine superiors. State cult rituals were almost always performed in daylight and in full public view, by priests who acted on behalf of the Roman state and the Roman people. Congregations were expected to respectfully observe the proceedings. Participation in public rites showed a personal commitment to the community and its values. 897: 1451:, where Ovid treats the assassination of the newly deified Julius Caesar as utterly incidental to the festivities among the Roman people. But official calendars preserved from different times and places also show a flexibility in omitting or expanding events, indicating that there was no single static and authoritative calendar of required observances. In the later Empire under Christian rule, the new Christian festivals were incorporated into the existing framework of the Roman calendar, alongside at least some of the traditional festivals. 3764: 537: 4107: 2868: 2347: 4430: 1101: 3389: 4349:

systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome's elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these practices as ungodly, and a primary cause of economic and political crisis.

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voters and the bottleneck of the city's ancient electoral apparatus meant that perhaps 12% of eligible citizens actually voted. This nevertheless represents a substantial increase from the estimated 1% adult male enfranchisement rights of 145 BC. At any time, the overwhelming majority of citizens – meaning the plebs – had minimal direct involvement in central government. See Henrik Mouritsen, Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 2001), 32ff.

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future. Secretive consultations between private diviners and their clients were thus suspect. So were divinatory techniques such as astrology when used for illicit, subversive or magical purposes. Astrologers and magicians were officially expelled from Rome at various times, notably in 139 BC and 33 BC. In 16 BC Tiberius expelled them under extreme penalty because an astrologer had predicted his death. "Egyptian rites" were particularly suspect: Augustus banned them within the

1466: 2760: 8411: 4495: 16243: 2675: 5595:, 3. For further context and interpretive difficulties, see Beard et al., Vol. 1, 81: the live burial superficially resembles the punishment of Vestals who broke their vows. A living entombment assuages the blood-guilt of the living: the guilty are consigned to earth deities. But the Vestals are entombed outside the city limits, not its centre; no sacrificial victims are burned in either case, and the Gauls and Greeks appear to be personally guiltless. 3878:. For Varro – well versed in Euhemerus' theory – popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction; what the people believed was not itself the truth, but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with. Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives, the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals, and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult. 4369: 16253: 2973: 1179: 3497:, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the Senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". 1752: 6716:"From Etruria the Romans derived the idea of housing a deity in a temple and of providing him with a cult statue. ... The most famous... dedicated in the first year of the Republic to the Etruscan triad, Tinia, Uni and Minerva. Of these deities, however, two were Italian, Juno and Minerva, while Tinia was identified with Jupiter." Howard Hayes Scullard, (2003), A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC, page 397. Routledge 2739:. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains and on ears of corn: all were expiated by sacrifice of "greater victims". The minor prodigies were less warlike but equally unnatural; sheep become goats, a hen become a 4180:. By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed, first in the Eastern Provinces, then in the West. Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context; bathhouses, shrines and temples to Roman and local deities, amphitheatres and festivals. In the early Imperial period, the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship. 2445:. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religious law was collegial and traditional; it informed political decisions, could overturn them, and was difficult to exploit for personal gain. 974: 7940: 6588:), which "offered a supernatural legitimacy for decisions or actions... entailed being assisted and reassured, through the forwarding of hopes or dis- appointments, anger or contentment, to superior powers." See also Versnel, Henrik S., (ed.), "Religious mentality in ancient prayer," in Versnel, Henrik S., Faith, Hope and Worship: Aspects of Religious Mentality in the Ancient World, Leyden, 1981, pp 1–64. 4648:, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as 2322:). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to state deities. The public Vestals prepared ritual substances for use in public and private cults, and held the state-funded (thus public) opening ceremony for the 4722: 1360: 4219:; a small number refused this honour and there is no evidence of any emperor receiving more than that. In the crises leading up to the Dominate, Imperial titles and honours multiplied, reaching a peak under Diocletian. Emperors before him had attempted to guarantee traditional cults as the core of Roman identity and well-being; refusal of cult undermined the state and was treasonous. 2004:, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "sacrifice" in connection with this bloodless human life-offering; Plutarch does not. The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BC, preparatory to an invasion of Gaul. Its religious dimensions and purpose remain uncertain. 2480: 2514:

take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced: a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive. Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties, which were considered essential to the security of Rome.

4486:. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an official recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313." 4389:

and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his eventual fate – a disgraceful capture and death – as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence.

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were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.

3444:, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense or rejection. Others appeal for divine redress of wrongs, in terms familiar to any Roman magistrate, and promise a portion of the value (usually small) of lost or stolen property in return for its restoration. None of these 3164:, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a 1399:, all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control: the most lavish were subsidised by emperors, and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office. Additional festivals and games celebrated Imperial accessions and anniversaries. Others, such as the traditional Republican 3414:. Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze, during the hours of darkness. Burial grounds and isolated crossroads were among the likely portals. The barrier between private religious practices and "magic" is permeable, and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public 2947:. The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued; St Augustine (following St Ambrose) feared that this invited the "drunken" practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor. Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying 5364:. Beans were considered seeds of life. Lemures may have been the restless dead who had not passed into the underworld, and still craved the life they had lost. Beans were a ritual pollution for Jupiter's priesthood, possibly because his offerings must be emasculated and thus devoid of generative power. 4037:. Autonomy and concord were official policy, but new foundations by Roman citizens or their Romanised allies were likely to follow Roman cultic models. Romanisation offered distinct political and practical advantages, especially to local elites. All the known effigies from the 2nd century AD forum at 3057:

Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and

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Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites

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Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family

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Most of Rome's mystery cults were derived from Greek originals, adopted by individuals as private, or were formally adopted as public. Mystery cults operated through a hierarchy consisting of transference of knowledge, virtues and powers to those initiated through secret rites of passage, which might

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In the wider context of Graeco-Roman religious culture, Rome's earliest reported portents and prodigies stand out as atypically dire. Whereas for Romans, a comet presaged misfortune, for Greeks it might equally signal a divine or exceptionally fortunate birth. In the late Republic, a daytime comet at

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declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action, and knowledge of the correct verbal formulas the key to efficacy. Accurate

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Public religious ceremonies of the official Roman religion took place outdoors, and not within the temple building. Some ceremonies were processions that started at, visited, or ended with a temple or shrine, where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use, or where an offering would be

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The political, cultural and religious coherence of an emergent Roman super-state required a broad, inclusive and flexible network of lawful cults. At different times and in different places, the sphere of influence, character and functions of a divine being could expand, overlap with those of others,

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briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the

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In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar

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against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded officials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... or capital punishments

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singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. In another edict, he described Christianity as a threat to Empire – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome's equites

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were appointed, with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate. In principle, the augural and pontifical colleges were now open to plebeians. In reality, the patrician and to a lesser extent, plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and

1155:, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the divine authority of Rome's highest offices, internal organization and external relations. During the archaic and early Republican eras, he shared 5128:

Beard et al., 6–7; those titled in capital letters on Roman calendars were probably more important and ancient than those titled in small letters: it is not known how ancient they were, nor to whom they were important. Their attribution to Numa or Romulus is doubtful. The oldest surviving religious

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The reasons for this change remain unclear, though they are attributed to Etruscan influence. For a summary of Jupiter's complex development from the Regal to Republican eras, see Beard et al., Vol. 1, 59–60. Jupiter's image in the Republican and Imperial Capitol bore regalia associated with Rome's

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The wall-paintings in Pompeii's "Villa of the Mysteries" could have functioned equally as religious inspiration, instruction, and high quality domestic decor (described by Beard as "expensive wallpaper"). They also attest to an increasingly personal, even domestic experience of religion, whether or

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Priesthood was a costly honour: in traditional Roman practice, a priest drew no stipend. Cult donations were the property of the deity, whose priest must provide cult regardless of shortfalls in public funding – this could mean subsidy of acolytes and all other cult maintenance from personal funds.

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world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage, building temples

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Gradel, 21: but this need not imply sacrifice as a mutual contract, breached in this instance. Evidently the gods had the greater power and freedom of choice in the matter. See Beard et al., 34: "The gods would accept as sufficient exactly what they were offered – no more, no less." Human error in

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had condemned the diverse non-Christian religions practiced throughout the Empire as "pagan". Constantine's actions have been regarded by some scholars as causing the rapid growth of Christianity, though many modern scholars disagree. Constantine's unique form of Imperial orthodoxy did not outlast

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The overall scarcity of evidence for smaller or local cults does not always imply their neglect; votive inscriptions are inconsistently scattered throughout Rome's geography and history. Inscribed dedications were an expensive public declaration, one to be expected within the Graeco-Roman cultural

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The priesthoods of most Roman deities with clearly Greek origins used an invented version of Greek costume and ritual, which Romans called "Greek rites." The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals

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and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest "the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers" and make "austere old men blaze with illicit passions". She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods, mankind and destiny. A

2648:) to adjourn and overturn the process of law, but were obliged to base their decision on the augur's observations and advice. For Cicero, himself an augur, this made the augur the most powerful authority in the Late Republic. By his time (mid 1st century BC) augury was supervised by the college of 2513:

A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to

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The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation – a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation,

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During the Augustan era, the city of Rome probably housed around a million people, including an unknown number of provincials: by Mouritsen's estimate, around 200,000 Roman citizens were eligible to vote in Rome itself during the late Republican era but during major elections, the influx of rural

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and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, "contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms", regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief

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had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client

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Under the rule of Augustus, there existed a deliberate campaign to reinstate previously held belief systems amongst the Roman population. These once held ideals had been eroded and met with cynicism by this time. The imperial order emphasized commemoration of great men and events which led to the

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Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their

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and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their

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The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe

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Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman

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A common theme among the eastern mystery religions present in Rome became disillusionment with material possessions, a focus on death and a preoccupation with regards to the afterlife. These attributes later led to the appeal to Christianity, which in its early stages was often viewed as mystery

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was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most

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Galinsky, in Rüpke (ed.), 72: "...the change that comes about at the end of the republic and solidifies under Augustus is not political, but cultural. Most of the members of the priestly colleges in Augustus’ time continued to be aristocrats, but the real power and control over religion and the

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The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious

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The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was

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In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the

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Smallwood, 2-3, 4-6: the presence of practicing Jews in Rome is attested "at least a century" before 63 BC. Smallwood describes the preamble to Judaea's clientage as the Hellenising of ruling Jewish dynasties, their claims to kingly messianism and their popular, traditionalist rejection in the

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launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices". In defiance of the omen, he threw them into the sea, "saying that they might drink, since they would not eat. He was defeated, and on being bidden by the Senate to appoint a dictator, he appointed his

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In an empire of great religious and cultural diversity, the Imperial cult offered a common Roman identity and dynastic stability. In Rome, the framework of government was recognisably Republican. In the Provinces, this would not have mattered; in Greece, the emperor was "not only endowed with

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Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public

2455:, permanent priesthood was best sought or granted after a lifetime's service in military or political life, or preferably both: it was a particularly honourable and active form of retirement which fulfilled an essential public duty. For a freedman or slave, promotion as one of the Compitalia 1586:

forgot to include the "Roman people" among the list of beneficiaries in his prayer; the festival had to be started over. Even private prayer by an individual was formulaic, a recitation rather than a personal expression, though selected by the individual for a particular purpose or occasion.

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supposedly did the following: lowered an existing property bar on conscription, increased the efficiency of Rome's armies, and made them available as instruments of political ambition and factional conflict. The consequent civil wars led to changes at every level of Roman society. Augustus'

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were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and

1277:. I am at the ends of the earth, but the distance cannot tempt me to make my vows to another goddess. Love of the truth brought me to Tibur, but Onuava's favourable powers came with me. Thus, divine mother, far from my home-land, exiled in Italy, I address my vows and prayers to you no less. 3312:

to doubtful effect; Tiberius repeated and extended the ban with extreme force in AD 19. Despite several Imperial bans, magic and astrology persisted among all social classes. In the late 1st century AD, Tacitus observed that astrologers "would always be banned and always retained at Rome".

941:, a characteristic religious institution of Rome that is portrayed as existing from earliest times. The brothers quarrel while building the city walls, and Romulus kills Remus, an act that is sometimes seen as sacrificial. Fratricide thus became an integral part of Rome's founding myth. 7153:

and Augustus maintained their status. Josephus infers an early "charter" offering protection to Jews, but Tessa Rajack, "Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews?" Journal of Roman Studies, 74, (1984) 107-23, finds evidence only for Rome's official suppression of anti-Jewish activities.

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as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.

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Temple buildings and shrines within the city commemorated significant political settlements in its development: the Aventine Temple of Diana supposedly marked the founding of the Latin League under Servius Tullius. Many temples in the Republican era were built as the fulfillment of a

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was no longer in use. Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice, not a centralised legal requirement. Major cult centres to "non-Roman" deities continued to prosper: notable examples include the magnificent Alexandrian

1140:(immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, gods of the underworld and a myriad of lesser deities between. Some evidently favoured Rome because Rome honoured them, but none were intrinsically, irredeemably foreign or alien. 1578:) were offered loudly and clearly by a priest on behalf of the community. Public religious ritual had to be enacted by specialists and professionals faultlessly; a mistake might require that the action, or even the entire festival, be repeated from the start. The historian 2959:

to forbid them in AD 567. Other funerary and commemorative practices were very different. Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life. The Christian Church fostered the veneration of saintly

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had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title: his religious duties still included the daily, ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role – the supervision of the

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with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious – or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the

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consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of

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dismantled the well-established narrative of the decline of religious in the late Republic, opening the way for more innovative and dynamic perspectives. Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of

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replaced by two annually elected consular offices. In the early Republic, as presumably in the regal era, plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office, and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge. They resorted to

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Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as

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became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire. Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason. This was the context for Rome's conflict with

836:, concerning the foundation and rise of the city. These narratives focus on human actors, with only occasional intervention from deities but a pervasive sense of divinely ordered destiny. For Rome's earliest period, history and myth are difficult to distinguish. 2266:

in Greek – belonged to action and not to contemplation. Consequently religious acts took place wherever the faithful were: in houses, boroughs, associations, cities, military camps, cemeteries, in the country, on boats. 'When pious travelers happen to pass by a

4073:(all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman "domestic" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military. 3000:

provoked divine wrath and led to military disaster. Military success was the touchstone of a special relationship with the gods, and to Jupiter Capitolinus in particular; triumphal generals were dressed as Jupiter, and laid their victor's laurels at his feet.

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The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various

2690:

Roman authors describe haruspicy as an ancient, ethnically Etruscan "outsider" religious profession, separate from Rome's internal and largely unpaid priestly hierarchy, essential but never quite respectable. During the mid-to-late Republic, the reformist

1742:– including the Emperor's – were offered fertile victims. After the sacrifice, a banquet was held; in state cults, the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion ( 4211:, he could receive much the same honours as any other state deity – libations of wine, garlands, incense, hymns and sacrificial oxen at games and festivals. What he did in return for these favours is unknown, but literary hints and the later adoption of 2644:) or an unacceptable plan of action. If an unfavourable sign was given, the magistrate could repeat the sacrifice until favourable signs were seen, consult with his augural colleagues, or abandon the project. Magistrates could use their right of augury ( 3571:, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; 3179:, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of 4361:(ancestors' customs) might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. 6274:(a "calling forth") initiated by Roman soldiers who snatched the goddess's sacrificial portion during her Veiian rites; the Veiian priest had announced that whoever possessed the sacred entrails would win the coming battle. Preview via googlebooks 3618:

Because of you we are living, because of you we can travel the seas, because of you we enjoy liberty and wealth. —A thanksgiving prayer offered in Naples' harbour to the princeps Augustus, on his return from Alexandria in 14 AD, shortly before his

1511:

originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect

2795:. Despite her presumed status as an ancestral, Trojan goddess, a priesthood was drawn from Rome's highest echelons to supervise her cult and festivals. These may have been considered too exotically "barbaric" to trust, and were barred to slaves. 3540:

While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to

7282:, 7.29–30: Paul actually remained in office until "Aurelian's victory over Palmyra in 272, when he was forced to leave the 'building of the church'... Political conflicts, local rivalry, and theological debates converged in this quarrel." 1322:). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions. Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated 2732:

haruspices for ritual expiation. In 207 BC, during one of the Punic Wars' worst crises, the Senate dealt with an unprecedented number of confirmed prodigies whose expiation would have involved "at least twenty days" of dedicated rites.

5050:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 8-10; Cornell, pp. 1–30; Feeney, in Rüpke (ed.), 129–42, on religious themes in Roman Historiography and epic; Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 31–42 for broad discussion of sources, modern schools of thought and divergent

3237:

Literary sources vary in their depiction of women's religiosity: some represent women as paragons of Roman virtue and devotion, but also inclined by temperament to self-indulgent religious enthusiasms, novelties and the seductions of

2188:) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to have been responsible for at least some of the household shrines (lararia) and their deities. Household cults had state counterparts. In Vergil's 1210:, and by some of the complementary threefold deity-groupings of Imperial cult. Other major and minor deities could be single, coupled, or linked retrospectively through myths of divine marriage and sexual adventure. These later Roman 2069:, attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committed for magical purposes. 625:

to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion. Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side-by-side worship of local and Roman deities, including dedications made by Romans to local gods.

6029:

Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 295–8: the task fell to the haruspex, who set the child to drown in the sea. The survival of such a child for four years after its birth would have between regarded as extreme dereliction of religious

926:, had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin, in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father. Through divine intervention, the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god 4356:

decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common

2028:

was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpose. Even so, the gladiators swore their lives to the gods, and the combat was dedicated as an offering to the

3448:

seem produced by, or on behalf of the elite, who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice. Similar traditions existed throughout the empire, persisting until around the 7th century AD, well into the Christian era.

2462:

During the Imperial era, priesthood of the Imperial cult offered provincial elites full Roman citizenship and public prominence beyond their single year in religious office; in effect, it was the first step in a provincial

5129:

calendars date to the late Republic; the most detailed are Augustan and later. Beard et al., Vol. 1, 6: a selection of festivals is given in Vol. 2, 3.1–3. For a list of Fasti, with bibliography and sources, see Degrassi,

2938:

In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of

2058:, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice, whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses; 1879:

arrival or return. In times of great crisis, the Senate could decree collective public rites, in which Rome's citizens, including women and children, moved in procession from one temple to the next, supplicating the gods.

4710:, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic Senate in traditional Hellenic terms. He was the last emperor of both East and West. 3956:; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient 6065:

For Livy's use of prodigies and portents as markers of Roman impiety and military failure, see Feeney, in Rüpke (ed.), 138–9. For prodigies in the context of political decision-making, see Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.),

1705:, typically of domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep and pigs. Each was the best specimen of its kind, cleansed, clad in sacrificial regalia and garlanded; the horns of oxen might be gilded. Sacrifice sought the 6795:"Traditionally in 499, the cult of Castor and Pollux was introduced from Tusculum and temple was erected in the Forum." Howard Hayes Scullard, (2003), A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC, page 398. Routledge 4262:

by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews. In some periods under Roman rule, Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice, under certain conditions. Judaism was a

2506:. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her office, a Vestal was emancipated from her 2580:, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century, after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians. When the Christian emperor 7375:

Constantine's permission for a new cult temple to himself and his family in Umbria is extant: the terms are vague – cult "should not be polluted by the deception of any contagious superstition". See Momigliano,

2806:. Initiates to Attis' cult were more numerous and less wealthy, and acted as assistant citizen-priests in their deity's "exotic" festivals, some of which involved the Galli's public, bloody self-flagellation. 2517:

The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the

5083:

ancient kings and the highest consular and Imperial honours. Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus were collectively and individually associated with Rome's agricultural economy, social organisation and success in war.

520:, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported 3422:

among a circle of younger women, sews up a fish-head, smears it with pitch, then pierces and roasts it to "bind hostile tongues to silence". By this she invokes Tacita, the "Silent One" of the underworld.

2622:

had been marked by Romulus himself with oxen and plough; what lay within was the earthly home and protectorate of the gods of the state. In Rome, the central references for the establishment of an augural

6656:

Two centuries later, when Decius and Diocletian required universal sacrifice to Roman gods as a test of loyalty, any traditional gods served the purpose: loyal compliance with Imperial dictat made them

3493:

Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half of Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were

4005:

concept and practice of divine kingship. Emperors postceding Augustus subsequently held the office of Chief Priest (pontifex maximus) combining both political and religious supremacy under one title.

3342:

offers a thoroughly skeptical "History of magical arts" from their supposed Persian origins to Nero's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods.

1086:, and oral and ritual traditions. According to Cicero, the Romans considered themselves the most religious of all peoples, and their rise to dominance was proof they received divine favor in return. 4948:

Or else was murdered by his resentful Senate, who successfully concealed their crime. See Beard et al., Vol. 1, 1; Vol. 2, 4.8a for Livy, 1.9 & 5–7 (Sabines and temple to Jupiter) and Plutarch,

3148:

was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the

2743:(and vice versa) – these were expiated with "lesser victims". The discovery of an androgynous four-year-old child was expiated by its drowning and the holy procession of 27 virgins to the temple of 1667:

might be offered spelt wheat and grain-garlands, grapes and first fruits in due season, honey cakes and honeycombs, wine and incense, food that fell to the floor during any family meal, or at their

1387:, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to outdo each other in public display, and the 601:

was at its core a religious procession in which the victorious general displayed his piety and his willingness to serve the public good by dedicating a portion of his spoils to the gods, especially

7211:

Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults: see Leppin, in Rüpke, (ed.), 100.

1009:, whose doors stayed open in times of war but in Numa's time remained closed. After Numa's death, the doors to the Temple of Janus were supposed to have remained open until the reign of Augustus. 724:

posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions, but sometimes to intractable conflict. For example, religious disputes helped cause the

6616:"The change that comes about at the end of the republic and solidifies under Augustus is not political, but cultural". Galinsky, in Rüpke (ed.), 72: citing Habinek, T., and Schiesaro, A., (eds.) 5765:

Gradel, 9-15: citing legal definitions from Festus (epitome of Verrius Flaccus) "De verborum significatu" p.284 L: in Wissowa, 1912, 398ff: and Geiger, 1914): see also Beard et al., Vol. 1, 251.

4545:, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He passed laws to protect Christians from persecution; he also funded the building of churches, including 4069:. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the 4556:

Constantine promoted orthodoxy in Christian doctrine, so that Christianity might become a unitary force, rather than divisive. He summoned Christian bishops to a meeting, later known as the

956:

by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to

2802:

or the lesser sacrifice of a ram, as a substitute for the acolyte's self-castration. Magna Mater's initiates tended to be very well-off, and relatively uncommon; they included the emperor

5800:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 104–8: there can be no doubt that politicians attempted to manipulate religious law and priesthoods for gain; but were compelled to do so lawfully, and often failed.

4321:

Roman investigations into early Christianity found it an irreligious, novel, disobedient, even atheistic sub-sect of Judaism: it appeared to deny all forms of religion and was therefore

2787:

Some of Rome's most prominent deities had both public and mystery rites. Magna Mater, conscripted to help Rome defeat Carthage in the second Punic War, arrived in Rome with her consort,

4706:

and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of

3795:

The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. Livy attributed the disasters of the early part of Rome's

5976:

Cicero finds all forms of divination false, except those used in State rituals; most Romans were less skeptical. See Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 300, and Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 67.

3410:

deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although sometimes the recipients of public rites, these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the

696:

and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "

4142:

of Rome. His cult had further precedents: popular, unofficial cult offered to powerful benefactors in Rome: the kingly, god-like honours granted a Roman general on the day of his

3028:) and in through a gate, then sacrificed: Trajan's column shows three such events from his Dacian wars. The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine 2415:) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican 4049:

seems to have abandoned its native cultic sacrifice of horses and dogs in favour of a newly established, Romanised cult nearby: by the end of that century, Sabratha's so-called

5396:

Though the household Lares do just that, and at least some Romans understood them to be ancestral spirits. Sacrifices to the spirits of deceased mortals are discussed below in

2510:. In archaic Roman society, these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man, instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus. 1830:

festival. Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices. Demigods and heroes, who belonged to the heavens and the underworld, were sometimes given black-and-white victims.

1429:

lore, popular customs, and religious practice that is by turns imaginative, entertaining, high-minded, and scurrilous; not a priestly account, despite the speaker's pose as a

751:

formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the well-being of the emperor. So-called "emperor worship" expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman

5725:

Gradel, 9-15: citing legal definitions from Festus (epitome of Verrius Flaccus) "De verborum significatu" p.284 L: in Wissowa, 1912, 398ff: and Geiger, 1914): see also Beard

3602:"signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics". Likewise, political candidates could sponsor temples, priesthoods and the immensely popular, spectacular public 3890:

as an ancestor; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult. The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil's poetic, Imperial vision of the past.

1435:

or inspired poet-prophet, but a work of description, imagination and poetic etymology that reflects the broad humor and burlesque spirit of such venerable festivals as the

2631:(Sacred Way) and the pomerium. Magistrates sought divine opinion of proposed official acts through an augur, who read the divine will through observations made within the 3214:

excluded men entirely. Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the

4253:

For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite.

3058:

discipline ensured that every citizen-soldier knew his duty. As in Rome, whatever gods he served in his own time seem to have been his own business; legionary forts and

6737:." Arthur E. Gordon, "On the Origin of Diana", Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 63 (1932, pp. 177-192) page 178 note, and page 181. 4826:"This mentality," notes John T. Koch, "lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible"; entry on "Interpretatio romana" in 3020:

and in the Imperial era, the image of the ruling emperor. In one camp, this shrine is even called Capitolium. The most important camp-offering appears to have been the

704:), or subversive activity. Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity, as with the 4654:

ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.

2747:, singing a hymn to avert disaster: a lightning strike during the hymn rehearsals required further expiation. Religious restitution is proved only by Rome's victory. 7643: 6539:

Haensch, in Rüpke (ed.), 186: about 200 of these British defixiones are from Sulla-Minerva's spring in urban Bath and the remainder from a shrine to a Celtic deity (

16555: 16404: 352:

consisted of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both by the people of Rome as well as those who were brought under its rule.

314: 1502:. It might also display art works looted in war and rededicated to the gods. It is not clear how accessible the interiors of temples were to the general public. 19014: 5277:. The Roman belief in the power of the word may be reflected also in the importance of persuasive speech, formally oratory, in political life and the law courts. 3703:, its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome's inclusive hegemony. Rome's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the 2763:

Female figure, veiled and seemingly alarmed, from a wall-painting usually described as a narrative from Dionysiac/Bacchic mystery cult, which might also involve

2133:

and any other deities with whom he or his family held an interdependent relationship. His own dependents, who included his slaves and freedmen, owed cult to his

6547:

as direct appeals to divine justice, see Belayche, in Rüpke (ed.), 286. For the widespread persistence of curse-tablet rituals, see Ogden, in Flint et al., 3–5.

6056:

in the Forum Boarium followed Rome's defeat at Cannae in the same wars. In Livy's account, Rome's victory follows its discharge of religious duties to the gods.

4553:

of living emperors, though his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their elevation of the emperor as somehow more than human.

4258:

kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion. Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate

3190:

The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander

8984: 8811: 6777: 3234:

presided over the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent.

2572:

Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor

16828: 10910: 3968:, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. 3799:

to a growth of superstitious cults, errors in augury and the neglect of Rome's traditional gods, whose anger was expressed directly through Rome's defeat at

2717:

observed within or from a divine augural templum – especially the flight of birds – were sent by the gods in response to official queries. A magistrate with

477:

preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs. Even the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite such as

4864:, 2000), p. 261. See, for instance, the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess 1748:, the innards). Rome's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own. 1407:), became imperially funded to maintain traditional values and a common Roman identity. That the spectacles retained something of their sacral aura even in 19004: 16651: 4203:), its pontifex maximus (greatest priest) and at least notionally, its leading Republican. When he died, his ascent to heaven, or his descent to join the 4161:(divinity). Members of the Imperial family could be granted similar honours and cult; an Emperor's deceased wife, sister or daughter could be promoted to 16666: 1572:

naming was vital for tapping into the desired powers of the deity invoked, hence the proliferation of cult epithets among Roman deities. Public prayers (

5101:

Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 58. For related conceptual and interpretive difficulties offered by Roman deities and their cults, see Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.) 1–7.

2725:) if he deemed the omens unfavourable. Conversely, an apparently negative omen could be re-interpreted as positive, or deliberately blocked from sight. 18879: 16865: 16848: 16843: 16813: 16456: 12663: 3582:'s tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both 3280:, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundary between 1716:, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: 3870:

interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite, most of whom held – or had held – high office and traditional Roman priesthoods; notably,

16823: 16379: 12754: 4976:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 1–2 & Vol. 2: 1.2, (Livy, 1.19.6): 8.4a (Plutarch, Numa, 10). For Augustus' closure of Janus's temple doors, see Augustus,

2555:

One mythological tradition held that the mother of Romulus and Remus was a Vestal virgin of royal blood. A tale of miraculous birth also attended on

1909:

of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made.

1136:

to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that

692:, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's 16853: 15196: 6620:. Princeton, New Jersey, 1997 & Wallace-Hadrill, A., "Mutatas formas: the Augustan transformation of Roman knowledge", in: Galinsky, K., (ed.) 2145:

was the essential spirit and generative power – depicted as a serpent or as a perennial youth, often winged – within an individual and their clan (

17: 4092:

were particularly important. Some of those were initiatory religions of intense personal significance, similar to Christianity in those respects.

15045: 3462: 3385:

female foreigner from Thessaly, notorious for witchcraft, Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature, along with Horace's Canidia.

1258:

and communities, and the often idiosyncratic blends of official, unofficial, local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion.

57: 19019: 16535: 16102: 10828: 8816: 7415: 5672:, including children, slaves and freedmen. In practice, the extreme form of this right was seldom exercised, and was eventually limited by law. 4595: 4345: 3505:

to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office, public priesthood, and knowledge of civil and religious law. The Senate appointed

1709:, so the victim must seem willing to offer its own life on behalf of the community; it must remain calm and be quickly and cleanly dispatched. 327: 19044: 8871: 3016:, conquered the city in her name, brought her cult statue to Rome "with miraculous ease" and dedicated a temple to her on the Aventine Hill. 2161:

and a role in his household rites, obligations and honours upon those he fathered or adopted. His freed slaves owed him similar obligations.

1547: 5858:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 51–54, 70–71, 297. For comparison of Vestal constraints to those of Jupiter's flamen, see Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 39–40

4393:

discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor

1650:, sacred. Sacrifice reinforced the powers and attributes of divine beings, and inclined them to render benefits in return (the principle of 18389: 17101: 16054: 13402: 9413: 4195:(first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living 1012:

Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic.

307: 3614:, such opportunities were limited by law; priestly and political power were consolidated in the person of the princeps ("first citizen"). 1352:. Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes, or particular groups, such as women at the 9455: 9443: 4306: 2841:. Such cults were mistrusted by Rome's authorities as quasi-magical, potentially seductive and emotionally based, rather than practical. 1982:(ritually prepared salted flour) and wine, then placed in the fire on the altar for the offering; the technical verb for this action was 593:

The augurs read the will of the gods and supervised the marking of boundaries as a reflection of universal order, thus sanctioning Roman

6179:

Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 35–6: Rome's Latin neighbours significantly influenced the development of its domestic and funerary architecture.

688:. Foreign religions increasingly attracted devotees among Romans, who increasingly had ancestry from elsewhere in the Empire. Imported 15090: 15017: 12188: 11289: 10853: 9502: 2258:, had therefore to go through life, and one might thus understand why Cicero wrote that religion was "necessary". Religious behavior – 4215:

as a title for Christian Saints suggest him as a heavenly intercessor. In Rome, official cult to a living emperor was directed to his

3557:

cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of

3024:

performed before a major, set battle. A ram, a boar and a bull were ritually garlanded, led around the outer perimeter of the camp (a

18959: 14890: 11267: 8560: 6363:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 296–7. This exclusion prompted prurient speculation on the part of men, and a scandalous, impious intrusion by

6324: 4589: 3628: 3231: 2376:

as acolytes and assistants. Public cults required greater knowledge and expertise. The earliest public priesthoods were probably the

232: 67: 15341: 6666:

Scipio did not claim personal connections with Jupiter; but he did not deny rumours to that effect. Contrary to usual practice, his

18233: 15181: 15055: 15040: 9418: 7972: 6668: 3654:

and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's

3191: 2772:

employ dance, music, intoxicants and theatrical effects to provoke an overwhelming sense of religious awe, revelation and eventual

2283:

Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle

1630: 1308:

Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (

776: 30: 3695:

to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of

3195:

messenger Glycias, as if again making a jest of his country's peril." His impiety not only lost the battle but ruined his career.

2614:

was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary

17873: 10790: 9428: 7944: 7106: 4297: 4236: 3838: 2833:, which employed symbols and rites that were nominally Egyptian. Aspects of the Isis mysteries are almost certainly described in 300: 7112:, 120-143 for early Roman responses to Judaistic practice; but see also Tessa Rajack, "Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews?" 6312: 5041:

are cited by various later Roman authors. On the chronological problems of the kings' list, see Cornell, pp. 21–26, and 199–122.

4457:

renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous

4076:

Traders, legions and other travellers brought home cults originating from Egypt, Greece, Iberia, India and Persia. The cults of

1074:

regarded the essentials of Republican religion as complete by the end of Numa's reign, and confirmed as right and lawful by the

18321: 10735: 9423: 9157: 4062:

ambit but by no means universal. Innumerable smaller, personal or more secretive cults would have persisted and left no trace.

1602:

and breaking a sworn oath carried much the same penalty: both repudiated the fundamental bonds between the human and divine. A

784:. Ultimately, Roman polytheism was brought to an end with the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the empire. 355:

The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety (

12980: 3696: 3676:. These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned, as if noble guests, at their own inaugural banquet. 2845:

not they were ever part of organised cult meetings. The paintings probably represent the once-notorious, independent, popular

2639: 2299: 19100: 18899: 17820: 17577: 15201: 10705: 9530: 9057: 7821: 7800: 7783: 7760: 7746: 7732: 7711: 7697: 7683: 7669: 7655: 7592:

The correspondence is available online at Internet Medieval Sourcebook: Letter of St. Ambrose, trans. H. De Romestin, 1896.,

7579:(Blackwell, 2007), pp. 406–426; on vocabulary in particular, Robert Schilling, "The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion", 7467: 7399: 7220: 6928: 6129: 2751:

the murdered Julius Caesar's funeral games confirmed his deification; a discernible Greek influence on Roman interpretation.

2303:(impious errors). Excessive devotion, fearful grovelling to deities and the improper use or seeking of divine knowledge were 1608:

or vow was a promise made to a deity, usually an offer of sacrifices or a votive offering in exchange for benefits received.

3004:

Roman commanders offered vows to be fulfilled after success in battle or siege; and further vows to expiate their failures.

1498:

inside a temple housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated, and often a small altar for incense or

17439: 17151: 16451: 15666: 12658: 10795: 10670: 9823: 7232: 1671:

festival, honey-cakes and a pig on behalf of the community. Their supposed underworld relatives, the malicious and vagrant

288: 136: 4397:

in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a "pagan" basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited;

3598:, and thus an intimate source of divine inspiration for his personal character and policies. In 63 BC, his appointment as 1538:

for a temple or shrine as a building. The ruins of temples are among the most visible monuments of ancient Roman culture.

15784: 15065: 14661: 11204: 9376: 747:, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. 10880: 7105:

Maccabaean revolt. In Rome, the more "characteristically Jewish" beliefs and customs were subjects of scorn and mockery.

4413:), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the 3666:; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, installed in a Capitoline temple, built in an 2798:

For the Galli, full priesthood involved self-castration, illegal for Romans of any class. Later, citizens could pay for

937:

Romulus and Remus regained their grandfather's throne and set out to build a new city, consulting with the gods through

17424: 16992: 16289: 15994: 15724: 15606: 15060: 13640: 11552: 11229: 11091: 10821: 9047: 8828: 7605: 6813: 5469: 5007: 4541:(sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new 3161: 3157: 3153: 1897:

side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following

709: 254: 227: 6759: 1040:

which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world. The benevolent, divinely fathered

19064: 17414: 16044: 14865: 12073: 10715: 9475: 9042: 9037: 9013: 8864: 7843: 7495:, Harvard University Press, (1999), for "pagan" as a mark of socio-religious inferiority in Latin Christian polemic: 3918:

established peace and subtly transformed Rome's religious life – or, in the new ideology of Empire, restored it (see

7928: 4913:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 1; 189–90 (Aeneas and Vesta): 123–45 (Aeneas and Venus as Julian ancestors). See also Vergil,

2767:

and a marriage. There is "almost no agreement about how it works in detail". From Pompeii's "Villa of the Mysteries"

1976:), while those of sheep or pigs were grilled on skewers. When the deity's portion was cooked, it was sprinkled with 18894: 18255: 16097: 13650: 11199: 10730: 9403: 9052: 8979: 7496: 6647:

calendar now flowed from professional experts, such as the polymath Varro, because they had the power of knowledge.

6275: 4666: 4405:

was deposed by a synod of 268 both for his doctrines, and for his unworthy, indulgent, elite lifestyle. Meanwhile,

4301: 4157:

of Rome's founders. A deceased emperor granted apotheosis by his successor and the Senate became an official State

3035: 1594:, state office, treaty and loyalty—appealed to the witness and sanction of deities. Refusal to swear a lawful oath 1470: 237: 34: 5668:

held – in theory at least, and through ancient right – powers of life and death over every member of his extended

5035: 3069:

on Imperial accessions, anniversaries and their renewal of annual vows. They celebrated Rome's official festivals

2849:

mysteries, forcibly brought under the direct control of Rome's civil and religious authorities, 100 years before.

19090: 18994: 18929: 17974: 16059: 15954: 15080: 15075: 15031: 14656: 13500: 12722: 11707: 8996: 8929: 8622: 7904: 4740: 4434: 3292:, the Epicurean rationalist, against what is usually translated as "superstition" was in fact aimed at excessive 7918: 6477:, 1.22. Tacitus' prediction was accurate: in the late 3rd century, Diocletian issued a general ban on astrology. 5343:

Lott, 31: Dionysius of Halicarnassus claims the Compitalia contribution of honey-cakes as a Servian institution.

3354:, "despite his special knowledge of the future, his miraculous cures, and his ability to vanish into thin air". 3065:

From the earliest Imperial era, citizen legionaries and provincial auxiliaries gave cult to the emperor and his

1064:, whose expulsion marked the end of Roman kingship and the beginning of the Roman republic, governed by elected 18185: 17592: 17307: 17036: 16656: 15914: 15739: 15012: 14026: 13967: 13854: 13733: 13665: 12051: 11689: 11608: 9750: 9675: 9433: 6389: 3334:... someone who, because of his community of speech with the immortal gods, has an incredible power of spells ( 3330:, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition 3254: 736: 697: 559: 14146: 14021: 6336:

Livy, 5.21.3., & 8.9.8; Beard et al., Vol 1, 35–36; Hertz, in Rüpke (ed.), 312; Halm, in Rüpke (ed.), 239.

5457: 500:

For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and

18338: 17181: 17014: 16064: 15479: 15216: 14875: 14724: 14646: 14068: 13110: 12621: 11260: 11119: 11109: 10814: 10246: 7193:

Potter, 241-3: see 242 for Decian "libellus" (certificate) of oath and sacrifice on papyrus, dated to 250 AD.

5449: 5414: 3871: 2271:

or a cult place on their way, they are used to make a vow, or a fruit offering, or to sit down for a while' (

2223: 1551: 1273:

I wander, never ceasing to pass through the whole world, but I am first and foremost a faithful worshiper of

1214:

hierarchies are part literary and mythographic, part philosophical creations, and often Greek in origin. The

985:

was pious and peaceable, and credited with numerous political and religious foundations, including the first

957: 6584:

Belayche, in Rüpke (ed.), 283: citing Plutarch, Camillus, 42. Belayche describes this as a votive offering (

3610:

whose provision became increasingly indispensable to the factional politics of the Late Republic. Under the

3204: 2542:. Indirectly, they played a role in every official sacrifice; among their duties was the preparation of the 2394:

were each dedicated to a single deity, whose archaic nature is indicated by the relative obscurity of some.

19105: 18949: 18934: 18829: 17419: 16122: 15924: 13132: 11840: 10086: 9690: 9142: 8857: 7965: 7739:

The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire

7725:

The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire

4241: 4101: 3648:

Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician

2876: 2390:, dedicated to Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, were traditionally drawn from patrician families. Twelve lesser 2250:, Roman tradition and ancestral custom. It was ultimately governed by the Roman state, and religious laws. 766: 555: 14156: 6861:"Review of Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Ritual Change. (Empire and After), Jörg Rüpke" 4191:

In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As

18355: 17866: 17116: 17060: 16132: 15844: 15839: 15611: 14129: 14090: 13645: 13559: 13127: 12791: 11457: 10928: 10785: 10710: 10469: 9525: 9408: 8954: 7559: 4546: 4530:

ended the Christian persecutions. Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the

3578:

The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even

14161: 14151: 3529: 3513:

to handle the emergency; he negotiated a settlement, and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to

2065:

Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men". The practice was a mark of the

1546:

made by a general in exchange for a victory: Rome's first known temple to Venus was vowed by the consul

18226: 17949: 14905: 14850: 14546: 13286: 12781: 11452: 11394: 10745: 10409: 10301: 10071: 9843: 9665: 9573: 9438: 9381: 8493: 8467: 5015: 4695: 4633:, took over the leadership of the empire and re-divided their Imperial inheritance. Constantius was an 3960:, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the 3831:

Deities with troublesome followers were taken over, not banned. An unofficial, popular mystery cult to

3748: 1818:

or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the dead".

1337: 1079: 893:, an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era. 725: 12874: 3816:

In 206 BC, during the Punic crisis, the Sibylline books recommended the introduction of a cult to the

3755:. In 217, the Venus of Eryx was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill. 1425:, a long-form poem covering Roman holidays from January to June, Ovid presents a unique look at Roman 914:

The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the

817:

depicting Romulus and Remus suckling the she-wolf, and gods representing Roman topography such as the

508:

were offered. Neighbourhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The

18874: 18834: 18275: 17815: 17221: 17002: 16804: 16510: 16157: 15946: 15804: 15256: 14139: 13918: 13549: 13179: 12702: 11834: 11586: 11423: 11378: 11174: 11099: 10765: 9858: 9813: 9740: 9660: 9608: 9598: 9550: 8897: 8627: 8462: 3101:), and special cult to the Empress as "mother of the camp". The near ubiquitous legionary shrines to 2862: 2526:

of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festival of

2334:

in part or whole. All cults were ultimately subject to the approval and regulation of the censor and

2059: 1591: 1025: 915: 752: 486: 389: 14257: 4560:, at which some 318 bishops (mostly easterners) debated and decided what was orthodox, and what was 3165: 2780:

was among the most notable, particularly popular among soldiers and based on the Zoroastrian deity,

863:

from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the

19095: 18974: 18464: 18424: 18414: 18362: 17031: 16414: 15661: 15621: 15576: 15366: 15356: 15161: 14910: 14735: 14671: 14641: 14531: 14296: 14205: 14134: 14046: 12943: 12168: 12104: 11574: 11559: 11253: 11104: 10366: 10276: 9785: 9765: 9760: 9745: 9698: 9593: 9395: 8742: 8721: 8711: 8118: 7879: 4470: 3937: 1814:

were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a

953: 922:. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, 882: 872: 116: 12611: 7537:

A summary of relevant legislation is available online at the Wisconsin Lutheran College website –

4620:

Christianity and traditional Roman religion proved incompatible. From the 2nd century onward, the

4314: 3558: 1151:

were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era.

867:, Rome's female priesthood. Aeneas, according to classical authors, had been given refuge by King 18752: 18660: 17959: 17954: 17504: 16488: 16446: 16112: 16049: 15999: 15959: 15904: 15539: 15534: 15424: 15371: 15261: 15191: 14987: 14793: 14708: 13913: 13891: 13690: 13512: 13037: 12653: 12580: 12264: 11635: 11435: 11344: 10946: 10885: 10775: 10755: 10695: 10685: 10675: 10081: 9770: 9670: 9650: 9565: 9555: 9260: 9200: 9180: 8892: 8726: 7958: 7639: 6364: 4745: 4616:, 4th century CE (Musei Vaticani, here in a temporary exhibition at the Colosseum in Rome, Italy) 4557: 4293: 4184:

special, super-human abilities, but... he was indeed a visible god" and the little Greek town of

3933: 3715: 3402:, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" ( 3184: 2956: 2082: 1882:

Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the

1871:

with an iron implement, which was forbidden, as well as after. The pig was a common victim for a

1819: 1333: 1219: 1199: 517: 383: 4845:

Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus

3893: 2117:("the father of the family" or the "owner of the family estate"). He had priestly duties to his 2077:

as a positive consequence of the conquest of Gaul and Britain. Despite an empire-wide ban under

18924: 18914: 18503: 18434: 18419: 17900: 17859: 17723: 17649: 17629: 17499: 17434: 17363: 17131: 16939: 16870: 16774: 16419: 16282: 15979: 15874: 15834: 15814: 15671: 15646: 15551: 15524: 15474: 15444: 15434: 15351: 15316: 15301: 15286: 15241: 15176: 14845: 14776: 14681: 14676: 14417: 14340: 14102: 13984: 13908: 13705: 13695: 13554: 13522: 13460: 13431: 12938: 12933: 12717: 12598: 12558: 12343: 11684: 11679: 11659: 11655: 11159: 11142: 11047: 11035: 11027: 10863: 10780: 10770: 10720: 10700: 10514: 10489: 10454: 10336: 10061: 9708: 9470: 9001: 8554: 7923: 4762: 4561: 3875: 3506: 3502: 3005: 1822:

and other underworld goddesses of fruitfulness were sometimes offered pregnant female animals;

977:

Aeneas urged by the Penates to continue his journey to found Rome (4th century AD illustration)

264: 7678:, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England, 2007. 6831: 4469:

and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered

4365:

was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.

3887: 3595: 3259: 3210:

priesthood of the Vestals, some cult practices were reserved for women only. The rites of the

2039:

in the strict sense of the term, and Christian writers later condemned it as human sacrifice.

1152: 19034: 19009: 18939: 18622: 18350: 18123: 18081: 18051: 17392: 17370: 17111: 16789: 16646: 16585: 16505: 16473: 16220: 16165: 16082: 16034: 16009: 15809: 15631: 15626: 15494: 15484: 15306: 14982: 14920: 14740: 14686: 14107: 14085: 14004: 13945: 13611: 13050: 12901: 12031: 11630: 11542: 11194: 10750: 10680: 10504: 10256: 10056: 10051: 9848: 9755: 9680: 9643: 9628: 9603: 9583: 9485: 8773: 8670: 8326: 8245: 7993: 7538: 6921:

Rome and the distant East : trade routes to the ancient lands of Arabia, India and China

5213: 5023: 5019: 4450: 4042: 3667: 3655: 3514: 3474: 3114: 3078: 2205: 2046:, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to 1815: 1494:

or precinct, often to the side of the steps leading up to the raised portico. The main room

1095: 852: 546: 513: 372: 186: 126: 12921: 12869: 7704:

The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)

7506:

Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman empire. A.D.100-400. Yale University Press. p. 51

5444:, "The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462/464 L, or the Hazards of Interpretation", in 5131:

Inscriptiones Italiae, Vol. XIII – Fasti et elogia, fasc. II – Fasti anni Numani et Iuliani,

2744: 2606:

Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an

1411:

is indicated by the admonitions of the Church Fathers that Christians should not take part.

19029: 18784: 18697: 18675: 18598: 18594: 18523: 18439: 18384: 18379: 18202: 18046: 17935: 17760: 17489: 17429: 17126: 17106: 16949: 16902: 16833: 16818: 16794: 16779: 16752: 16693: 16210: 16200: 16185: 16092: 16019: 15989: 15964: 15929: 15889: 15884: 15859: 15729: 15651: 15601: 15581: 15571: 15459: 15406: 15381: 15231: 15226: 15206: 15171: 15156: 15100: 14870: 14803: 14771: 14651: 14586: 14452: 14330: 14183: 14063: 13962: 13874: 13842: 13837: 13685: 13417: 12786: 12670: 12254: 12014: 11625: 11569: 11520: 11505: 11358: 11081: 11073: 10938: 10900: 10848: 10760: 10725: 10414: 10281: 10181: 10106: 9971: 9934: 9310: 8974: 8768: 8652: 8606: 8396: 8240: 8013: 6268:

Cornell, T., in Walbank et al., 299, citing Livy 21.8-9 and 22.3-6. Livy describes this as

6232:

This recommended Christian commemorative rites on the 3rd, 9th & 30th days after death.

5681:

See also Severy, 9-10 for interpretation of the social, economic and religious role of the

5425: 4735: 4454: 4146:; and in the divine honours paid to Roman magnates in the Greek East from at least 195 BC. 3549:, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman 3522: 3433: 3122: 3074: 2818: 2728: 2503: 2459:

offered a high local profile, and opportunities in local politics; and therefore business.

2055: 1223: 1071: 653: 525: 401: 338: 281: 274: 12985: 11867: 10404: 3835:

was officially taken over, restricted and supervised as potentially subversive in 186 BC.

2411:(king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king ( 712:

in 186 BC. Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only,

8: 19054: 18919: 18789: 18579: 18508: 18265: 18238: 18221: 18209: 18031: 17987: 17825: 17552: 17547: 17494: 17464: 17459: 17343: 17019: 16944: 16907: 16708: 16605: 16389: 16215: 16190: 16170: 16147: 16074: 16024: 16004: 15919: 15909: 15864: 15824: 15779: 15774: 15764: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15734: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15676: 15586: 15561: 15439: 15429: 15391: 15361: 15346: 15331: 15321: 15311: 15276: 15271: 15221: 15166: 15141: 15085: 14942: 14925: 14813: 14808: 14798: 14666: 14467: 14380: 14325: 14301: 14188: 14073: 14031: 13826: 13675: 13303: 13095: 12970: 12749: 12536: 12421: 12349: 12239: 12160: 11987: 11640: 11464: 11310: 11214: 11052: 10979: 10974: 10872: 10837: 10690: 10539: 10341: 10211: 10161: 9480: 9077: 8806: 8612: 8498: 8472: 8331: 8180: 8170: 8133: 7593: 6043:. Cited by Halm, in Rüpke (ed.) 244. For remainder, see Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 297. 5635: 5220:. See also early and later Christian festivals in Beard et al., Vol. 1, 378–380, 382–383. 4894: 4727: 4662: 4641: 4479: 4443: 3898: 3633: 3369: 3347: 3105:

of the later Imperial era were not part of official cult until Mithras was absorbed into

2912:

of families were celebrated and appeased at their cemeteries or tombs, in the obligatory

2721:(the right of augury) could declare the suspension of all official business for the day ( 2402:

in particular had virtually no simultaneous capacity for a political or military career.

2047: 1721: 1061: 998: 713: 602: 575: 458:, "the way of the ancestors" or simply "tradition", viewed as central to Roman identity. 146: 121: 5634:

The sacrifice was demanded by an oracle during the reign of the last king, the Etruscan

5014:

places Rome's foundation more than 600 years before his own time. His near contemporary

1616: 1379:

Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The

398:. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks ( 18774: 18690: 18680: 18513: 18476: 18406: 18345: 18328: 18282: 18192: 18106: 17920: 17765: 17669: 17484: 17397: 17375: 17258: 17206: 17146: 17041: 16799: 16767: 16757: 16718: 16713: 16683: 16673: 16530: 16195: 16175: 16142: 16039: 16029: 15974: 15969: 15899: 15879: 15869: 15854: 15849: 15829: 15799: 15794: 15769: 15759: 15691: 15656: 15641: 15546: 15519: 15509: 15469: 15454: 15449: 15401: 15396: 15336: 15291: 15251: 15146: 15133: 14935: 14915: 14840: 14713: 14536: 14210: 14168: 14009: 13977: 13952: 13879: 13859: 13680: 13628: 13616: 13594: 13186: 13144: 13017: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12631: 12415: 12391: 11770: 11694: 11442: 11388: 11209: 11012: 10989: 10984: 10740: 10464: 10271: 10126: 10066: 9986: 9929: 9793: 9029: 9008: 8685: 8311: 8275: 8235: 8210: 8113: 8093: 8033: 7950: 7859:

Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.

7562:(accessed 30 August 2009). Julian admired the work of the Platonist (or neo-Platonist) 7526:

The Triumph of Christianity: How the Jesus Movement Became the World's Largest Religion

7409: 7149:, 66, but legislation by Julius Caesar recognised the synagogues in Rome as legitimate 6888: 5441: 4878: 4650: 4385: 4378: 4337: 3803:(216 BC). The Sibylline books were consulted. They recommended a general vowing of the 3780: 3732: 3419: 3127: 3081:

were typical. By the early Severan era, the military also offered cult to the Imperial

3040: 2977: 2814: 2682:

is an Etruscan artifact that probably served as an instructional model for the haruspex

2326:

festival, which was otherwise a private rite to household ancestors. Some rites of the

2135: 1950: 1779: 1738: 1597: 1233: 1060:

to mark his social reforms. Servius Tullius was murdered and succeeded by the arrogant

896: 868: 771: 757: 447: 13298: 12847: 12443: 12173: 10379: 7429: 4750: 3073:, and had the official triads appropriate to their function – in the Empire, Jupiter, 2419:

increased. By the late Republican era, the flamines were supervised by the pontifical

1901:'s death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In 18904: 18806: 18794: 18779: 18759: 18670: 18617: 18589: 18571: 18374: 18250: 18243: 18056: 18004: 17982: 17910: 17385: 17248: 17228: 17136: 17053: 17048: 17024: 16924: 16917: 16885: 16880: 16747: 16742: 16730: 16688: 16550: 16520: 16275: 16252: 16246: 16180: 16137: 16127: 16117: 16107: 16014: 15934: 15894: 15819: 15789: 15681: 15636: 15616: 15591: 15566: 15529: 15514: 15489: 15464: 15376: 15326: 15281: 15266: 15246: 15236: 15211: 15151: 15095: 14855: 14631: 14227: 14198: 14122: 14117: 14078: 14016: 13972: 13957: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13869: 13604: 13490: 13256: 13226: 13206: 13027: 12822: 12803: 12798: 12712: 12675: 12396: 12311: 12234: 12132: 12122: 12090: 12078: 12046: 12023: 12005: 11901: 11756: 11664: 11650: 11613: 11601: 11430: 11349: 11301: 11137: 11132: 10999: 10951: 10374: 10226: 9981: 9941: 9919: 9127: 8823: 8783: 8437: 8391: 8265: 8255: 8205: 8078: 8058: 8053: 8038: 7839: 7817: 7796: 7779: 7756: 7742: 7728: 7707: 7693: 7679: 7665: 7651: 7618: 7463: 7395: 7388: 6934: 6924: 6880: 6135: 6125: 6040: 5638:. See Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1.7 & Lilly Ross Taylor, "The Mother of the Lares", 5027: 4757: 4707: 4439: 4402: 4373: 3763: 3688: 3591: 3533: 3482: 3223: 3176: 2830: 2810: 2679: 2499: 2209: 1823: 1242: 1065: 1053: 919: 848: 810: 729: 689: 567: 419: 269: 19049: 17141: 13710: 13308: 12958: 12680: 4644:

rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of

3062:

included shrines to household gods, personal deities and deities otherwise unknown.

1762:, and ritual implements on the reverse: clockwise from top right, the augur's staff 609:(264–146 BC), when Rome struggled to establish itself as a dominant power, many new 493:

was eventually the most successful of these beliefs, and in 380 became the official

18665: 18655: 18481: 18429: 18333: 18197: 18086: 18036: 18014: 18009: 17940: 17807: 17748: 17597: 17582: 17572: 17283: 17253: 17121: 17007: 16997: 16934: 16723: 16700: 16678: 16525: 16399: 16384: 16205: 16087: 15984: 15596: 15556: 15504: 15499: 15416: 15386: 15296: 15186: 15050: 15002: 14997: 14556: 14521: 14494: 14252: 14237: 14112: 14036: 13886: 13864: 13772: 13633: 13412: 13375: 13231: 13216: 13164: 12948: 12928: 12896: 12891: 12862: 12857: 12769: 12759: 12568: 12532: 12524: 12495: 12408: 12328: 12323: 12286: 12276: 12202: 12140: 11982: 11819: 11669: 11327: 11040: 10966: 10890: 10439: 10399: 10331: 10266: 10191: 10186: 9958: 9881: 9828: 9623: 9618: 9507: 9366: 9315: 9275: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9225: 9147: 9094: 9087: 9072: 9067: 8991: 8919: 8716: 8447: 8366: 8306: 8165: 8143: 8128: 7788: 7753:

Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Ancient Greece and Rome, Vol. 2,

7304:

also says the persecutions of Christians began in the army; see Eusebius, II.8.1.8.

6872: 5217: 4686: 4670: 4398: 3981: 3943: 3842: 3800: 3796: 3637: 3579: 3365: 3227: 3219: 2817:

were supplemented with a mystery cult of Ceres-with-Proserpina, based on the Greek

2803: 2549: 2434: 1997: 1968: 1917: 1883: 1717: 1702: 1621: 1483: 1227: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1033: 1029: 1013: 927: 851:, who was said to have established the basis of Roman religion when he brought the 814: 797: 693: 583: 536: 474: 431: 203: 13849: 6270: 4325:. By the end of the Imperial era, Nicene Christianity was the one permitted Roman 4111: 4065:

Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of

3824:, supposedly an ancestral goddess of Romans and Trojans. She was installed on the 2867: 2346: 1948:(divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the 1640: 19039: 18979: 18864: 18712: 18707: 18685: 18605: 18559: 18316: 18270: 18168: 18145: 18128: 18101: 17886: 17753: 17701: 17621: 17454: 17325: 17263: 17201: 17156: 16929: 16875: 16860: 16784: 16762: 16735: 16661: 16500: 16493: 16483: 16341: 16302: 16267: 16256: 14880: 14860: 14350: 14242: 14232: 13901: 13569: 13360: 13340: 13271: 13236: 13169: 12953: 12879: 12852: 12827: 12764: 12727: 12515: 12458: 12229: 11746: 11547: 11473: 11413: 11368: 11337: 11169: 11127: 11017: 10534: 10346: 10326: 10286: 10221: 10171: 10166: 10041: 9991: 9899: 9733: 9713: 9633: 9082: 8907: 8838: 8833: 8752: 8747: 8600: 8568: 8452: 7985: 7456: 7116:

74, (1984) 107-23; no "Roman charter" for Judaism should be inferred from local,

5787:

should never again be in a position to threaten the city with tyranny." See also

5533: 4786: 4703: 4429: 4394: 4254: 4228: 4149:

The deification of deceased emperors had precedent in Roman domestic cult to the

3788: 3784: 3361: 3339: 2556: 2484: 2354:

in their distinctive pointed headgear, grouped to the centre of a panel from the

2070: 2008: 1660: 1568: 1287: 1266: 1191: 1148: 1100: 1041: 931: 829: 793: 657: 505: 407: 259: 104: 63: 4549:. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the 3388: 2240: 1625: 87: 19069: 18989: 18944: 18884: 18849: 18641: 18554: 18459: 18367: 18158: 17992: 17915: 17840: 17835: 17797: 17557: 17278: 17238: 17233: 17216: 17211: 17065: 16954: 16580: 15007: 14895: 14835: 14551: 14526: 14311: 14215: 14097: 14041: 13994: 13407: 13355: 13251: 13221: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13174: 13070: 12990: 12963: 12916: 12906: 11918: 11581: 11564: 11383: 11363: 11332: 10918: 10895: 10589: 10231: 9966: 9914: 9886: 9833: 9818: 9798: 9613: 9588: 9545: 9535: 9361: 9335: 9265: 9250: 9215: 9175: 8936: 8690: 8579: 8442: 8160: 7765: 7515:

Paul Stephenson, Constantine: Unconquered emperor, Christian victor (2009) p. 5

6734: 6726: 5038: 4865: 4626: 4621: 4604: 4542: 4515: 4511: 4423: 4276: 4232: 3961: 3957: 3925: 3910: 3510: 2984:

Military success was achieved through a combination of personal and collective

2838: 2691: 2656: 2468: 2451: 2429: 2232: 2228: 1860: 1736:

with strong connections to the earth, such as Mars, Janus, Neptune and various

1583: 1408: 1295: 986: 982: 970:. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified. 762: 563: 509: 494: 435: 333: 208: 176: 12183: 6876: 6499:

Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 30.1–18; see also Beard et al., Vol. 1, 219.

6207: 5073:

Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.) 4 and Beard et al., Vol. 1, 10–43; in particular, 30–35.

4106: 3300:

was viewed as an "inappropriate desire for knowledge"; in effect, an abuse of

2559:, sixth king of Rome, son of a virgin slave-girl impregnated by a disembodied 1984: 1567:

All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective.

628: 19084: 19024: 18909: 18824: 18769: 18629: 18549: 18444: 18294: 18287: 18180: 18133: 18026: 17882: 17718: 17477: 17243: 17196: 16600: 16545: 16540: 16468: 16374: 14930: 14484: 14365: 13757: 13752: 13700: 13537: 13475: 13370: 13261: 13159: 13090: 13022: 13012: 12975: 12911: 12808: 12774: 12692: 12588: 12551: 12470: 12378: 11829: 11780: 11485: 10956: 10923: 10121: 10091: 10006: 9540: 9517: 9330: 9185: 9170: 9117: 8924: 8617: 8541: 8457: 8386: 8356: 8336: 8185: 8108: 8098: 7999: 7692:

illustrated, University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeton, 1992.

7583:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 110. 6938: 6884: 6422: 5569:(Indiana University Press, 2003, originally published in French 1998), p. 84. 4645: 4573: 4527: 4519: 4499: 4483: 4268: 4173: 4143: 4058:, the temple of Aesculapeus at Pergamum and Apollo's sacred wood at Antioch. 3825: 3736: 3720: 3692: 3663: 3645: 3518: 3441: 3270:

depicting masked characters in a scene from a play: two women consult a witch

3049: 3008:

promised Veii's goddess Juno a temple in Rome as incentive for her desertion

2825:, introduced in 205 BC and led at first by ethnically Greek priestesses from 2507: 2495: 2488: 2001: 1684: 1675:, might be placated with midnight offerings of black beans and spring water. 1448: 1400: 1392: 1380: 1329: 1303: 1215: 1129: 1113: 1049: 1017: 967: 886: 864: 822: 740: 685: 621: 598: 579: 521: 379: 215: 197: 156: 17851: 17380: 13599: 7869:

Rüpke, Jörg, ed. A Companion to Roman Religion. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007.

7852:

Orr, D. G., Roman domestic religion: the evidence of the household shrines,

7120:

attempts to suppress anti-Jewish acts (as in Josephus' account); Judaism as

6139: 4568:. At Constantine's death, he was honored as a Christian and as an Imperial " 2184:

at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (

2093: 1851: 1751: 1528: 386:, introducing some religious practices that became fundamental, such as the 29:"Roman Empire religion" redirects here. For the later Christian church, see 19059: 18859: 18764: 18610: 18584: 18493: 18175: 18163: 18111: 18071: 18066: 17930: 17925: 17830: 17770: 17733: 17634: 17587: 17449: 17402: 17273: 15070: 14972: 14828: 14516: 14511: 14489: 14479: 14360: 13792: 13727: 13670: 13655: 13621: 13246: 13154: 12150: 12041: 12036: 11887: 11857: 11731: 11699: 11447: 11418: 11405: 11152: 10599: 10459: 9904: 9853: 9808: 9803: 9655: 9465: 9351: 9295: 9290: 9062: 8946: 8880: 8680: 8675: 8637: 8534: 8083: 8023: 4984: 4928: 4690: 4658: 4599: 4565: 4418: 4119: 4089: 4013: 3863: 3740: 3684: 3672: 3398: 3343: 3106: 2822: 2695: 2589: 2407: 1868: 1729: 1465: 1460: 1444: 1421: 1255: 1144:

and be redefined as Roman. Change was embedded within existing traditions.

1107: 1045: 962: 802: 705: 681: 645: 610: 594: 587: 490: 482: 443: 99: 13293: 11938: 8088: 2964:, and inscriptions marked the day of death as a transition to "new life". 2759: 1507: 1261:

In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from

1186:, consecrated in 9 BC; the iconography is open to multiple interpretations 875:, to whom were attributed other religious foundations: he established the 18999: 18747: 18742: 18734: 18719: 18544: 18449: 18260: 18096: 18061: 18041: 18021: 17999: 17964: 16434: 16319: 14992: 14967: 14786: 14754: 14745: 14691: 14621: 14606: 14499: 14390: 14051: 13999: 13787: 13505: 13485: 13325: 13266: 13004: 13000: 12813: 12301: 12249: 12219: 12056: 11910: 11802: 11726: 11591: 11527: 11478: 10394: 10016: 9838: 9728: 9122: 8432: 6603: 5955: 5562: 4810: 4613: 4576:

would criticize those Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the

4030: 3985: 3817: 3744: 3700: 3554: 3276: 2846: 2799: 2563:

arising mysteriously on the royal hearth; the story was connected to the

2318: 2246: 2035:

or the revered souls of deceased human beings. The event was therefore a

1692: 1426: 1345: 1133: 944:

Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the

923: 748: 641: 453: 14306: 14247: 13350: 12744: 12563: 12112: 8410: 6892: 6860: 5838:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

4494: 2432:

and their rites – fell to the more politically powerful and influential

461:

Roman religion was practical and contractual, based on the principle of

345:

and other offerings, copy of a relief panel from an altar or statue base

18530: 18518: 18488: 18454: 18394: 18076: 17792: 17775: 17713: 17562: 17509: 17472: 17358: 16610: 16590: 16429: 16329: 14958: 14953: 14823: 14818: 14781: 14759: 14616: 14596: 14591: 14432: 14422: 14385: 13989: 13767: 13715: 13455: 13100: 13080: 12616: 12541: 12480: 12244: 12224: 12145: 11797: 11765: 11736: 11515: 11510: 11495: 11234: 11224: 11147: 10806: 10619: 10559: 10524: 10316: 10251: 10241: 10136: 10021: 9909: 9492: 9460: 9205: 9132: 8964: 8959: 8642: 8549: 8316: 8301: 8291: 8220: 8200: 7690:

The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 BC-AD 250. Ritual, Space and Decoration,

7563: 6906: 5891:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

5614: 4978: 4532: 4462: 4271: 4246: 4154: 3915: 3859: 3813:; not the first nor the last sacrifice of its kind, according to Livy. 3805: 3640:, Queen of Heaven and goddess of marriage, and women. Fresco in Pompeii 3611: 3428: 3381: 2923:(to the Manes-gods). Regional variations include its Greek equivalent, 2913: 2674: 2650: 2569:

that was among the cult objects under the guardianship of the Vestals.

2544: 2539: 2535: 2323: 2293:

brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of

1978: 1888: 1827: 1706: 1688: 1668: 1436: 1396: 1372: 1341: 1207: 1057: 906: 890: 877: 840: 717: 637: 606: 470: 469:, "I give that you might give". Religion depended on knowledge and the 368: 364: 342: 16441: 13797: 12636: 8849: 4839:

Rüpke, "Roman Religion – Religions of Rome", p. 4; Benjamin H. Isaac,

4368: 4188:

could offer official cult to "liberating Zeus Nero for all eternity".

4000:), fresco of the 3rd style from Pompeii, first half of the 1st century 2638:

Divine disapproval could arise through unfit sacrifice, errant rites (

1886:, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see 1646: 1534: 1522: 934:

by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events.

578:. Priests married, raised families, and led politically active lives. 18964: 18801: 18536: 18498: 18091: 17905: 17743: 17738: 17706: 17689: 17348: 16912: 16565: 16560: 16324: 14900: 14696: 14611: 14601: 14472: 14427: 14412: 14345: 14193: 13660: 13582: 13542: 13532: 13495: 13470: 13450: 13345: 13211: 13065: 13055: 12817: 12737: 12732: 12643: 12453: 12438: 12403: 12386: 12368: 12281: 12061: 11977: 11956: 11951: 11928: 11923: 11882: 11877: 11814: 11751: 11674: 11645: 11596: 11537: 11490: 11007: 10649: 10644: 10604: 10529: 10499: 10479: 10356: 10296: 10206: 10156: 10151: 10076: 10036: 9924: 9894: 9703: 9578: 9371: 9255: 9230: 9109: 8788: 8376: 8270: 5360:, 94.2, (1973) 182–187: the offering of black beans is distinctively 5018:

appear to share some common sources, including an earlier history by

4861: 4689:

from the Senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals.

4458: 4289: 4185: 3855: 3845:

caresses Venus enthroned. Wall-painting in Pompeii, c. 20 BC – 50s AD

3752: 3572: 3494: 3478: 3368:, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the 3289: 3135: 3131: 2972: 2834: 2777: 2773: 2628: 2355: 2285: 2168:

was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his

2102: 2066: 2012: 1846: 1839: 1802: 1797: 1696: 1652: 1513: 1440: 1211: 1183: 1178: 945: 656:

were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote

481:, who was an augur, saw religion as a source of social order. As the 464: 415: 411: 222: 12333: 11862: 7876:. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 2003. 7650:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998. 2654:, whose powers were increasingly woven into the magistracies of the 2498:

were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of

2368:

and oracles were available for consultation. In household cult, the

1574: 1359: 1230:, and promoted a sense that the two cultures had a shared heritage. 554:

The priesthoods of most state religions were held by members of the

18954: 18650: 18471: 18299: 18214: 18153: 18116: 17674: 17664: 17659: 17444: 16478: 16424: 16409: 16394: 16298: 14703: 14447: 14437: 14292: 13782: 13762: 13589: 13465: 13320: 12884: 12606: 12546: 12465: 12373: 12360: 12338: 12318: 12296: 12291: 12271: 12211: 12178: 12117: 11961: 11946: 11824: 11785: 11741: 11532: 11469: 11373: 11276: 11219: 10609: 10594: 10584: 10569: 10484: 10474: 10444: 10434: 10429: 10419: 10321: 10236: 10116: 10101: 10031: 10011: 10001: 9996: 9976: 9775: 9356: 9320: 9210: 9137: 8969: 8695: 8632: 8573: 8477: 8296: 8250: 8225: 8155: 8063: 8048: 8043: 8018: 7836:

The Religious History of the Roman Empire: the Republican Centuries

7664:

Volume II, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

7301: 6730: 6092: 6090: 5685:

within the immediate and extended family and the broader community.

5461: 5361: 4802: 4634: 4630: 4406: 4381:(1876). According to Tacitus, Nero used Christians as human torches 4362: 4192: 4131: 4123: 4055: 4046: 4026: 3867: 3832: 3821: 3809:

and in the following year, the living burial of two Greeks and two

3776: 3768: 3728: 3710: 3705: 3542: 3466: 3407: 3377: 3373: 3327: 3211: 3011: 2952: 2928: 2686: 2669: 2617: 2588:, he took steps toward the dissolution of the order. His successor 2573: 2565: 2527: 2363: 2330:(household) were held in public places but were legally defined as 2316:

Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (

2272: 1996:

Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the

1893: 1793: 1785: 1755: 1499: 1353: 1262: 1164: 1002: 781: 744: 540: 501: 171: 6521:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 219–20, citing Lucan, Pharsalia, VI.413–830.

6345:

Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 3OO, citing Suetonius, Tiberius, 2.2.

5251:"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome", v. 1, p. 167 4858:

Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire

4115: 3964:

as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the

2244:(religion) was an everyday and vital affair, a cornerstone of the 2113:

established the dynastic authority and obligations of the citizen-

1520:

to refer to this sacred precinct, and the more common Latin words

18869: 18724: 18636: 17644: 17407: 17268: 16570: 16314: 14977: 14576: 14541: 14462: 14375: 14316: 14220: 13923: 13777: 13527: 13480: 13365: 13241: 13060: 12485: 12448: 12259: 11809: 11775: 11618: 11319: 10629: 10624: 10614: 10579: 10574: 10564: 10509: 10494: 10311: 10306: 10291: 10261: 10216: 10196: 10176: 10131: 9863: 9718: 9497: 9305: 9300: 9190: 8351: 8341: 8260: 8230: 8215: 8175: 8073: 6691: 5478: 5446:

Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic

5413:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 81 4699: 4678: 4609: 4507: 4414: 4085: 4034: 4017: 3997: 3989: 3902: 3659: 3563: 3550: 3486: 3415: 3267: 3144: 3102: 3044: 2948: 2895:("fish of the living") in Greek; the deceased's name is in Latin. 2764: 2740: 2581: 2560: 2531: 2523: 2398:

were constrained by the requirements of ritual purity; Jupiter's

2294: 2200: 2125: 2078: 1945: 1902: 1835: 1759: 1672: 1368: 1318: 1246: 1172: 1037: 966:, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first 949: 860: 774:, which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel 721: 677: 17639: 7718:

Literature and Religion at Rome: Cultures, Contexts, and Beliefs

6087: 4843:(Princeton University Press, 2004, 2006), p. 449; W.H.C. Frend, 4344:

accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later

4280:(an officially permitted religion) in contrast to Christianity. 3316:

In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as

973: 473:

of prayer, rite, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although

18889: 17787: 17728: 17684: 17679: 16897: 16595: 16515: 16463: 14885: 14764: 14749: 14568: 14457: 14442: 14400: 14178: 14056: 13330: 13085: 13075: 12687: 12648: 12490: 12098: 12068: 11792: 10639: 10519: 10449: 10389: 10384: 10351: 10111: 10096: 10046: 10026: 9448: 9325: 9220: 8778: 8520: 8514: 8427: 8361: 8346: 8321: 8103: 8028: 7939: 7171:, 10.96.8, & Beard et al., Vol. 2, 11.11a: citing Tacitus, 6540: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5199:; "Transgressive Acts: Ovid's Treatment of the Ides of March", 4963: 4915: 4390: 4353: 4077: 4050: 4038: 4025:

calendars, independent of Roman religious law. Newly municipal

3993: 3851: 3772: 3680: 3587: 3568: 3470: 3436:

and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250

3296:. Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith, but 3274:

Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were

3263: 3110: 2781: 2703: 2479: 2378: 2351: 1921: 1898: 1831: 1773: 1765: 1371:

shows Roman men celebrating a religious festival, probably the

1364: 1274: 1159:, some aspects of cult and several divine characteristics with 1121: 1021: 994: 938: 844: 839:

According to mythology, Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the

833: 806: 673: 661: 478: 439: 430:, most of Rome's religious institutions could be traced to its 427: 426:, used by the state to seek the will of the gods. According to 423: 395: 358: 166: 161: 13276: 7608:, Williams & Friell, 65-67. Limited preview at googlebooks 7300:

Lactantius, II.6.10.1-4. A date of 302 is regarded as likely.

6725:"Her cult at Aricia was first attested in Latin literature by 6508:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 217–219 & 224, citing Philostratus,

6285:

Moede, in Rüpke (ed.), 171, & Beard et al., Vol. 1, 326–7.

3218:. A host of deities, however, are associated with motherhood. 2829:. The Eleusinian mysteries are also the likely source for the 2791:, and their joint "foreign", non-citizen priesthood, known as 18854: 18844: 18839: 18311: 18306: 17782: 17654: 17567: 14581: 14355: 14335: 14320: 13896: 13722: 13517: 13380: 13335: 13315: 12475: 11872: 11718: 11500: 10424: 10146: 9873: 9165: 8647: 8371: 8195: 8150: 8138: 8123: 8068: 7554:(trans. Wright, from Cyril of Alexandria's later refutation, 5783:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 18–34, 54–61: " whoever bore the title

5510:

the previous annual vows and sacrifice remains a possibility.

4569: 4503: 3883: 3810: 3724: 3583: 3546: 3418:

festival that are indistinguishable from magic: an old woman

3357: 3171: 2961: 2888: 2872: 2792: 2788: 2699: 2607: 2601: 2577: 2519: 2268: 2194: 2119: 2074: 2051: 2031: 2020: 1809: 1664: 1604: 1543: 1487: 1431: 1384: 1349: 1311: 1291: 1238: 1203: 1195: 1117: 1006: 990: 901: 889:, and, so the legend went, he was the first to celebrate the 856: 818: 669: 614: 571: 151: 93: 7891:

Vestal Virgins, Sibyls, and Matrons: Women in Roman Religion

7862:

Revell, L., "Religion and Ritual in the Western Provinces",

6960:

As at Narbonne and Salona. See Andringa, in Rüpke (ed.), 89.

6733:. Supposed Greek origins for the Aricia cult are strictly a 6380:

217, citing the obituary of a woman whose virtues included "

5540:

11.186), before 274 BC the heart was not included among the

5376: 5119:

CIL 13.581, quotation from Van Andringa, in Rüpke (ed.), 91.

2735:

Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman

2467:. In Rome, the same Imperial cult role was performed by the 422:

was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of

18984: 17696: 14506: 14395: 12306: 11245: 10634: 10201: 10141: 9723: 9099: 8528: 8381: 7793:

Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries

7041:

Fishwick, Vol 3, part 1, 3: citing Cassius Dio, 51, 20, 6-7

6315:, Le Bohec, 249: limited preview available via Google Books 5557:(Brill, 1969), vol. 1, pp. 471–472, and "Roman Sacrifice", 5465: 5285: 5283: 5011: 4881:, "The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State", 4341: 4081: 3650: 3553:. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial 3426:

Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (

3318: 2931:'s commonplace but mysterious "dedicated under the trowel" 2714: 2146: 1892:), to be rendered after five more years of protection from 1744: 1579: 1416: 1324: 1299: 1269:

did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:

1083: 1075: 904:

removing an arrowhead from Aeneas' thigh, watched by Venus

665: 633: 528:

for centuries, until disbanded under Christian domination.

110: 5216:(AD 354), cited in Beard et al., Vol. 1, 250, and that of 5182:

Beard et al., Vol. 2, 6.4a; Vol. 1, 174–176 & 207–208.

2309:. Any of these moral deviations could cause divine anger ( 1806:("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed 16575: 14405: 14370: 13045: 12382: 9195: 8190: 7569: 6400: 6398: 3392:

Bound tablets with magic inscriptions from late antiquity

3183:

is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman

2592:

extinguished Vesta's sacred fire and vacated her temple.

2576:

appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified

1582:

reports an occasion when the presiding magistrate at the

7980: 6327:, Dixon, 78: limited preview available from Google Books 5280: 4134:(lit. "first" or "foremost" among citizens) was offered 1859:

might also be offered as a sort of advance payment; the

1842:

for the protection of crops from blight and red mildew.

1383:

of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of

18969: 7575:

Stefan Heid, "The Romanness of Roman Christianity", in

5356:, 2.500–539. See also Thaniel, G., Lemures and Larvae, 5037:. Fragments of an important earlier work (now lost) of 4489: 3545:

emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with

2988:(roughly, "manly virtue") and the divine will: lack of 2341: 2305: 1644:

means the performance of an act that renders something

382:

from the beginning of the historical period influenced

33:. For modern practice of classical Roman religion, see 11288: 6512:, I.2, IV.18, V.12, VII.11,20,33-4,39, VIII.5,7,19,30. 6395: 5476:

when he makes his vow to sacrifice himself in battle (

4685:, and against the protests of the Senate, removed the 3882:

divinity. Most notably in the very late Republic, the

1838:) was given red dogs and libations of red wine at the 620:

As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the

485:

expanded, migrants to the capital brought their local

7755:

Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 1998.

7223:, Rees, 60. Limited preview available at Google Books 7167:

Beard et al., vol. 1, 225: citing Pliny the Younger,

6427:

The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire

5840:(University of California Press, 2005, 2006), p. 141. 4352:

In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor

3850:

and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology.

2879:(3rd century), combines the traditional abbreviation 1962:

is shared among human beings in a communal meal. The

1082:, its monuments and temples, the histories of Rome's 17315: 16978: 16351: 7265:

See Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 98–99; citing Eusebius,

6039:

Livy, 27.37.5–15; the hymn was composed by the poet

5142:

Beard et al., Vol. 1, 134–135, 64–67: citing Cicero.

4717: 3723:

was established through commercial connections with

3469:(Bacchus) with long torch sitting on a throne, with 3406:) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. 2289:("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful 1958:

and blood are reserved for the gods, while the meat

787: 597:

and foreign wars as a matter of divine destiny. The

7158:

is first found much later than this, in Tertullian.

6672:(funeral mask) was stored in the Temple of Jupiter. 5022:, of which only a terse summary survives. See also 4583: 4283: 3735:as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the 3679:Rome's diplomatic agreement with its neighbours of 3396:

The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (

2916:, a multi-day festival of remembrance in February. 2073:saw the ending of human sacrifice conducted by the 2018:was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the 1845:A sacrifice might be made in thanksgiving or as an 1758:issued under Augustus, with a bust of Venus on the 1116:of 217 BC, represented on a 1st-century altar from 918:) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by 780:, while Christians considered Roman religion to be 16297: 7493:Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world 7455: 7387: 4409:(270–75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers ( 450:. This archaic religion was the foundation of the 17087: 6918: 4997:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 3, and footnotes 4 & 5. 4789:(2007). "Roman Religion – Religions of Rome". In 2081:, human sacrifice may have continued covertly in 19082: 7343:Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 103: citing Lactantius, 7313:Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 103: citing Lactantius, 6212:Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes 5454:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 4694:senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by 3594:. Julius Caesar went further; he claimed her as 2054:took credit for its abolition by their ancestor 1966:of bovine victims were usually stewed in a pot ( 1391:attendant on a triumph were expanded to include 1147:Several versions of a semi-official, structured 739:, state religion had adapted to support the new 617:to a deity for assuring their military success. 6473:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 231–233, citing Tacitus, 5941: 5939: 5397: 4045:. By the middle of the 1st century AD, Gaulish 4029:built a Capitolium near its existing temple to 3758: 2548:, the salted flour that was sprinkled on every 2000:two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the 1592:clientage and service, patronage and protection 1415:nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era, 489:, many of which became popular among Italians. 6729:, in a surviving quote by the late grammarian 6622:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus 6429:(University of California Press, 2008), p. 13. 4841:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity 4625:him. After his death in 337, two of his sons, 4596:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 3862:mortals. In the last century of the Republic, 3168:, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the 2635:before, during and after an act of sacrifice. 2024:of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator 1194:may be indicated by the later agricultural or 17881: 17867: 16283: 11261: 10822: 8865: 7966: 7778:Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004. 7278:Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 99; citing Eusebius, 5456:(University of Illinois Press, 2006), p. 122 4442:, depicts two Christians in the eve of their 3346:takes pains to point out that the celebrated 3288:is not clearly defined. The famous tirade of 2856: 2530:, they participated directly in the rites of 2504:hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame 2297:: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual were 1024:priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, 832:is particularly rich in historical myths, or 716:was not an issue in the sense that it is for 605:, who embodied just rule. As a result of the 512:was structured around religious observances. 308: 7816:, reprint, Wesleyan University Press, 1987. 7632: 7243: 7241: 7124:is only found later, in Tertullian. Cicero, 6786:, page 253-4. Oxford University Press, 1929. 6698:, 2.3: see also Beard et al., Vol. 1, 65–67. 5936: 5561:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 79; 5430:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 4982:, 13. Festus connects Numa to the triumphal 4909: 4907: 4901:(Cornell University Press, 1997), pp. 45–46. 4741:History of atheism#Classical Greece and Rome 3452: 2967: 2449:For those who had reached their goal in the 2231:(reigned 138–161 AD) in ritual attire as an 2088: 7363:The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction 7235:, Limited preview available at Google Books 6820:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 6766:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 5553:Robert Schilling, "The Roman Religion", in 5034:, 3. Loeb edn. available at Thayer's site: 4168:The first and last Roman known as a living 3858:, who explained the genesis of the gods as 3670:and dedicated in a new September festival, 3205:Women in ancient Rome § Religious life 2208:which was later installed in the temple of 1562: 1182:Three goddesses on a panel of the Augustan 462: 451: 399: 387: 356: 279: 213: 17874: 17860: 16290: 16276: 11268: 11254: 10854:List of religions and spiritual traditions 10829: 10815: 8872: 8858: 7973: 7959: 7854:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 7617:Nixon & Rodgers, 437-48: Full text of 7414:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6784:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 6456:Ogden, in Flint et al., 83: citing Pliny, 5788: 5555:Historia Religionum: Religions of the Past 4329:; all other cults were heretical or pagan 4222: 4207:was decided by a vote in the Senate. As a 1590:Oaths—sworn for the purposes of business, 1338:Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia 1222:supplied literary and artistic models for 315: 301: 7238: 7233:Bowman et al., 622-33. Books.Google.co.uk 7050:Fishwick, Vol 1, book 1, 77 & 126-30. 5993:to Cicero's disadvantage: and vice versa. 5738:Belayche, (verbatim) in Rüpke (ed.), 279. 5334:Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 28, 27. 4904: 4828:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 4813:, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors" in 4637:and his brothers were Nicene Christians. 4590:Christianization of the late Roman empire 3326:), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. 3032:; all within are purified and protected. 2919:A standard Roman funerary inscription is 2809:Rome's native cults to the grain goddess 2610:. The original meaning of the Latin word 2372:functioned as priest, and members of his 1336:), with examples including those held at 1281: 930:. She gave birth to twins, who were duly 410:and iconography for Latin literature and 13825: 10836: 7720:. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998. 7005:Kaufmann-Heinimann, in Rüpke (ed.), 200. 5712:Beard et al., 1997, 2-3, citing Vergil, 4967:3.147; MS Vat. lat. 3225, folio 28 recto 4899:The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History 4603: 4493: 4428: 4367: 4305: 4240: 4105: 4012: 3980: 3892: 3837: 3762: 3627: 3528: 3461: 3457: 3387: 3258: 3245: 3192:Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) 3121: 3034: 2971: 2866: 2758: 2673: 2478: 2345: 2222: 2215: 2192:, Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the 2157:could confer his name, a measure of his 2092: 1750: 1615: 1464: 1358: 1232: 1177: 1099: 972: 895: 801: 627: 535: 326: 31:Christianity as the Roman state religion 17180: 15122: 8879: 6905:Galinsky, in Rüpke (ed.), 76. See also 6858: 6833:Dionysius and the Bacchanalia, 186 B.C. 6206:From a Romano-Athenian veteran's tomb; 6119: 5448:(Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 99, note 129 4564:. The meeting reached consensus on the 4298:Persecution of religion in ancient Rome 4237:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 4126:provincial temple of the Imperial cult. 3854:translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian 2254:Care for the gods, the very meaning of 1954:. As a product of Roman sacrifice, the 1849:of a sacrilege or potential sacrilege ( 1720:a white heifer (possibly a white cow); 1707:harmonisation of the earthly and divine 1112:corresponding to those honoured at the 652:By the height of the Empire, numerous 14: 19083: 7491:See Peter Brown, in Bowersock et al., 7453: 7385: 6115: 6113: 6111: 5646:.3, (July–September 1925), pp 299–313. 5604:Welch, 18-19: citing Livy, summary 16. 4008: 2709: 2386:), attributed to king Numa: the major 1454: 558:. There was no principle analogous to 371:religion is known for having honoured 17855: 17821:Christianization of saints and feasts 17578:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 17532: 17323: 17179: 17086: 16977: 16631: 16359: 16271: 15121: 14274: 13824: 11287: 11249: 11215:History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic) 10810: 8853: 7954: 7886:. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1996. 7833: 7360: 6628:Syme, R., The Roman Revolution, 1939. 6259:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 44, 59–60, 143. 6124:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6120:Roberts, J. M. (John Morris) (1993). 5954:Beard et al., Vol 1, 12-20. See also 5193:Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti 4698:to the Western and Eastern emperors. 4245:Jewish ritual objects in 2nd-century 3485:) and other gods. Wall-painting from 3198: 2441:Public priests were appointed by the 1712:Sacrifice to deities of the heavens ( 1624:depicting a scene of sacrifice, with 1557: 7866:, volume 54, number 2, October 2007. 7741:, volume 3, Brill Publishers, 2002. 7727:, volume 1, Brill Publishers, 1991. 7291:Cascio, in Bowman et al. (eds), 171. 6197:Scheid, in Rüpke (ed.), 267, 270–71. 5133:Rome, 1963. See also Scullard, 1981. 4935:(Cambridge University Press, 1995), 4490:Emperor Constantine and Christianity 3976: 3909:In the late Republic, the so-called 3658:connections established a temple to 2943:found a part-match in the Christian 2908:, underworld spirits; the ancestral 2754: 2342:Public priesthoods and religious law 1728:) for the annual oath-taking by the 948:festival, inviting the neighbouring 72:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter 11205:Evolutionary psychology of religion 7856:, II, 16, 2, Berlin, 1978, 1557‑91. 7838:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7830:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. 7776:The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome, 7462:(revised ed.). Facts on File. 7390:Constantine Ruler of Christian Rome 6951:Pliny the Younger, Epistles, 10.50. 6241:Saltzman, in Rüpke, (ed.), 114–116. 6108: 5623:Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome 5092:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 134–5, 64–67. 5032:The Parallel Lives, Life of Romulus 4153:(deified ancestors) and the mythic 3590:claimed special relationships with 3156:; family tradition maintained that 2097:Small bronze statues of gods for a 1678: 720:systems. The monotheistic rigor of 566:(509–27 BC), the same men who were 24: 15091:Religions and spiritual traditions 11290:Religious groups and denominations 8409: 7625:(389) with commentary and context. 5229:Clarke, 1, citing Frank E. Brown, 5195:(Cornell University Press, 1995), 5062:On the Responses of the Haruspices 4667:state religion of the Roman Empire 4311:The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer 3919: 3134:for the wellbeing of the emperor ( 2980:of the legion (2nd–3rd century CE) 2694:, the populist politician-general 1991: 1550:in the heat of battle against the 1486:, would take place at an open-air 1473:, later incorporated into a church 1245:, mounted on a leopard. Fresco in 885:at the site that would become the 255:Glossary of ancient Roman religion 25: 19117: 19065:Western European and Others Group 7898: 7874:An Introduction to Roman Religion 7660:Beard, M., North, J., Price, S., 7528:(Harper Collins 2011) pp. 169-182 7095:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 266–7, 270. 6987:Van Andringa, in Rüpke (ed.), 88. 6969:Van Andringa, in Rüpke (ed.), 89. 6075:Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 293. 6052:See Livy, 22.1 ff: The expiatory 6020:Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed.), 297. 5655:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 233–4, 385. 5567:An Introduction to Roman Religion 5358:The American Journal of Philology 5160:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 47–49, 296. 4877:A classic essay on this topic is 4453:refused military service; in 298 3623: 2992:, civic or private negligence in 1924:'s enumeration the gall bladder ( 1315:) outnumbered "non-sacred" days ( 788:Founding myths and divine destiny 16979:Middle-Eastern and North African 16251: 16242: 16241: 16055:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15197:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11200:Evolutionary origin of religions 7938: 7611: 7599: 7586: 7544: 7531: 7518: 7509: 7500: 7485: 7476: 7458:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 7447: 7434:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 7422: 7379: 7369: 7354: 7337: 7324: 7307: 7294: 7285: 7272: 7259: 7250: 7226: 7214: 7205: 7196: 7187: 7178: 7161: 7135: 7098: 7089: 7080: 7071: 7062: 7059:Fishwick, Vol 1, book 1, 97-149. 7053: 7044: 7035: 7026: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6954: 6945: 6912: 6899: 6852: 6843: 6825: 6807: 6798: 6789: 6771: 6753: 6740: 6719: 6710: 6701: 6684: 6675: 6660: 6650: 6640: 6631: 6610: 6591: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6550: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6502: 6493: 6480: 6467: 6450: 6441: 6432: 6416: 6407: 6370: 6357: 6348: 6339: 6330: 6318: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6200: 6191: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6099: 6078: 6069: 5869:A Critical History of Early Rome 5694:Beard et al.et al., vol 1, 67-8. 5387:Scheid, in Rüpke (ed.), 263–271. 4720: 4584:Transition to Christian hegemony 4302:State church of the Roman Empire 4284:Christianity in the Roman Empire 4095: 3767:A fresco from Pompeii depicting 3536:("Temple of the Sun"), c. 150 AD 3338:) for everything he wishes to." 3053:victims under military standards 1826:was given a pregnant cow at the 1471:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina 1089: 753:veneration of the ancestral dead 56: 35:Reconstructionist Roman religion 18:Christianity in the Roman Empire 14657:Evolutionary origin of religion 7893:. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press. 7814:On Pagans, Jews, and Christians 7795:, Yale University Press, 1997. 7347:, 34 & 13 &; Eusebius, 6996:Haensch, in Rüpke (ed.), 180–3. 6223:Haensch, in Rüpke, (ed.) 186–7. 6096:Beard et al., Vol. 1,3; 161-163 6059: 6046: 6033: 6023: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5948: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5893:(Routledge, 1998), pp. 154–155. 5883: 5874: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5809:Horster, in Rüpke (ed.), 331–2. 5803: 5794: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5719: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5675: 5658: 5649: 5640:American Journal of Archaeology 5628: 5625:(Routledge, 1998, 2001), p. 59. 5621:1.379–398; see Donald G. Kyle, 5607: 5598: 5581: 5572: 5547: 5522: 5513: 5503: 5494: 5485: 5435: 5419: 5403: 5390: 5367: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5267: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5223: 5206: 5185: 5176: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5076: 5067: 5054: 5044: 5000: 4991: 4970: 4955: 4942: 4130:In the early Imperial era, the 3971: 2877:earliest Christian inscriptions 2042:The small woollen dolls called 2011:(264 BC) the first known Roman 446:, who negotiated directly with 380:Greeks on the Italian peninsula 17593:Polytheistic reconstructionism 15013:Separation of church and state 13666:Polytheistic reconstructionism 7809:, Yale University Press, 1984. 7751:Flint, Valerie I. J., et al., 7581:Roman and European Mythologies 6690:Otherwise, electoral bribery ( 6413:See Beard et al., Vol. 1, 217. 6054:burial of living human victims 6053: 5967:Horster, in Rüpke (ed.) 336–7. 5559:Roman and European Mythologies 5273:Halm, in Rüpke (ed.), 235–236 5242:Beard, et al., Vol. 1, 321 – 3 4922: 4888: 4871: 4850: 4833: 4820: 4796: 4780: 3662:on the predominantly plebeian 3517:. The religious calendars and 3440:have been recovered just from 3255:Magic in the Greco-Roman world 2955:in sufficient numbers for the 2800:the costly sacrifice of a bull 2474: 1479: 1226:Roman deities in light of the 1030:Capitoline temple to the triad 560:separation of church and state 341:and regarding an altar with a 13: 1: 17088:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 12622:Traditional Sabahan religions 7577:A Companion to Roman Religion 7430:"Roman Emperor Constantine I" 7014:Haensch, in Rüpke (ed.), 184. 6624:, Cambridge, 2005, pp 55–84: 6618:The Roman Cultural Revolution 6575:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), –– 60. 6447:Phillips, in Rüpke (ed.), 14. 6152:Beard et al., Vol. 1,2; 96-97 6002:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 65–66. 5929:Brent, 17-20: citing Cicero, 5774:Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 39–40. 5298:Hahn, in Rüpke (ed.), 239–45. 4815:A Companion to Roman Religion 4791:A Companion to Roman Religion 4768: 4518:), built during the reign of 4102:Imperial cult of ancient Rome 3747:were brought from Italy, and 3521:were eventually made public. 3232:specialized divine attendants 2048:Mania, as Mother of the Lares 1701:The most potent offering was 1190:A conceptual tendency toward 1167:, who were later replaced by 613:were built by magistrates in 19101:Religion in the Roman Empire 16632: 11275: 9444:Frontiers and fortifications 7929:Resources in other libraries 7807:Paganism in the Roman Empire 6601:were opened to plebs by the 6530:Scheid, in Rüpke (ed.), 263. 6294:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 324–6. 6188:Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 35–6. 5902:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 193-4. 5880:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 50–53. 5849:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 52–53. 5316:Hahn, in Rüpke (ed.), 235–6. 5289:Halm, in Rüpke (ed.), 241–2. 4773: 4118:, one of the best-preserved 3928:has argued that, with their 3759:Later Republic to Principate 2891:," with the Christian motto 2663: 1634:carrying the sacrificial axe 1611: 997:, and Vestals; the cults of 952:to participate; the ensuing 830:Roman mythological tradition 562:in ancient Rome. During the 365:good relations with the gods 7: 14866:National religiosity levels 14091:Nauruan Indigenous religion 13646:Hellenism (modern religion) 9503:Decorations and punishments 7394:. New York: Rosen Central. 7361:Kelly, Christopher (2006). 7184:Leppin, in Rüpke (ed.), 98. 7068:Hertz, in Rüpke (ed.), 309. 6768:, page 930-1. London, 1875. 6707:Hertz, in Rüpke (ed.), 310. 6376:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 297. 6161:Gordon, in Rüpke (ed.), 390 6105:Beard et al., Vol. 1,3; 247 6084:Hertz, in Rüpke (ed.), 315. 5920:Beard et al., Vol 1, 12-20. 5500:Beard et al., Vol 1, 32-36. 5110:Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.), 4–5. 4713: 4199:but father of his country ( 2552:as part of its immolation. 2007:In the early stages of the 1628:at a flaming altar and the 1554:, and dedicated in 295 BC. 531: 10: 19122: 17324: 14275: 10410:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 8985:historiography of the fall 8468:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 8407: 7202:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 241. 6919:McLaughlin, Raoul (2010). 6849:Orlin, in Rüpke, (ed.), 65 6822:, page 1189, London, 1875. 6681:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 66. 6637:Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 42. 6566:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 61. 6354:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 297. 6250:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 58. 6170:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 63. 6011:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed.), 60. 5911:Smith, in Rüpke (ed.), 36. 5747:Beard et al., Vol. 1, 217. 5491:Hahn, in Rüpke (ed.), 238. 5398:Funerals and the afterlife 5373:Halm, in Rüpke (ed.), 239. 5016:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4847:(Doubleday, 1967), p. 106. 4817:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 279. 4696:Quintus Aurelius Symmachus 4612:) on a plaque of a marble 4608:Monogramme of Christ (the 4593: 4587: 4287: 4226: 4099: 3252: 3202: 2860: 2857:Funerals and the afterlife 2667: 2599: 2204:from Troy, along with the 1863:, for instance, offered a 1682: 1458: 1285: 1093: 791: 644:. Roman marble, c. 50 AD ( 28: 18835:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 18815: 18733: 18570: 18405: 18276:Standard Average European 18144: 17973: 17893: 17816:Christianity and paganism 17806: 17620: 17543: 17539: 17533: 17528: 17336: 17332: 17319: 17306: 17192: 17188: 17175: 17097: 17093: 17082: 16988: 16984: 16973: 16642: 16638: 16627: 16370: 16366: 16360: 16355: 16338: 16310: 16237: 16156: 16073: 15945: 15690: 15415: 15132: 15128: 15117: 15026: 14951: 14722: 14630: 14567: 14285: 14281: 14270: 13833: 13820: 13745: 13568: 13550:Transcendental Meditation 13443: 13430: 13395: 13143: 13120: 13109: 13036: 12999: 12701: 12597: 12579: 12523: 12514: 12431: 12359: 12210: 12201: 12159: 12131: 12089: 12022: 12013: 12004: 11970: 11937: 11909: 11900: 11850: 11717: 11404: 11318: 11309: 11300: 11296: 11283: 11187: 11118: 11090: 11072: 11065: 11026: 10998: 10965: 10937: 10909: 10871: 10862: 10844: 10791:External wars and battles 10658: 10552: 10365: 9957: 9950: 9872: 9784: 9689: 9564: 9516: 9394: 9344: 9283: 9274: 9156: 9108: 9028: 8945: 8915: 8906: 8888: 8799: 8761: 8735: 8704: 8663: 8591: 8507: 8486: 8463:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 8420: 8284: 8009: 7992: 7924:Resources in your library 7889:Takács, Sarolta A. 2008. 7633:General and cited sources 7596:(accessed 29 August 2009) 7541:(accessed 30 August 2009) 7114:Journal of Roman Studies, 6877:10.1163/15685276-12341385 6404:Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.), 5. 5587:Livy, 22.57.4; Plutarch, 5151:Rüpke, in Rüpke (ed.), 4. 4830:(ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 974. 3453:History of Roman religion 2968:Religion and the military 2863:Roman funerals and burial 2595: 2089:Domestic and private cult 2060:Marcus Marius Gratidianus 1663:were part of daily life. 1104:Twelve principal deities 1076:Senate and people of Rome 1026:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 989:; the priesthoods of the 916:Latin kings of Alba Longa 765:of every individual. The 18975:Lancaster House Treaties 18465:Christian existentialism 18425:Ancient Roman philosophy 18415:Ancient Greek philosophy 15182:Central African Republic 12169:Vietnamese folk religion 11560:Charismatic Christianity 8722:Rape of the Sabine Women 7880:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley 7619:Latinus Pacata Drepanius 7454:Bunson, Matthew (2002). 7351:8.17.3–10 & 8.2.3–4. 7345:De mortibus persecutorum 7315:De mortibus persecutorum 6859:Undheim, Sissel (2015). 4961:Illustration of Vergil, 4020:in a Roman wall painting 3687:and brought the cult of 3085:, the current emperor's 2627:appear to have been the 2227:Portrait of the emperor 2101:(1st to 3rd century AD, 2062:was a gruesome example. 1563:Prayers, vows, and oaths 1265:to Italy to consult the 1218:of Latin literature and 954:rape of the Sabine women 684:, found as far north as 568:elected public officials 350:Religion in ancient Rome 18753:Equality before the law 17960:Romano-Germanic culture 15076:New religious movements 14709:Theories about religion 14662:Evolutionary psychology 13691:Modern Finnish paganism 11636:Independent Catholicism 10786:Roman–Iranian relations 9261:Optimates and populares 8727:Battle of Lacus Curtius 7884:The Roman Goddess Ceres 7623:Panegyric of Theodosius 7386:Morgan, Julian (2003). 7128:, refers to Judaism as 6392:8393.30-31 of "Turia"). 6365:Publius Clodius Pulcher 6214:. Paris 1906–27, 3.917. 5432:(London, 1922), p. 191. 4746:Italo-Roman neopaganism 4558:First Council of Nicaea 4294:History of Christianity 4223:Jews and Roman religion 3372:by consulting with the 3166:prayer recorded by Livy 3113:as a focus of military 1916:were the entrails of a 1724:a white, castrated ox ( 1334:theatrical performances 881:, "Greatest Altar", to 809:panel from an altar to 710:restrict the Bacchanals 632:Cybele enthroned, with 19091:Ancient Roman religion 18915:Eastern European Group 18504:Continental philosophy 18435:Judeo-Christian ethics 18420:Hellenistic philosophy 17901:Cradle of civilization 17724:Religion and mythology 17650:Dying and rising deity 17630:Veneration of the dead 17364:Native American Church 15725:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13706:Erzyan native religion 13555:Unitarian Universalism 12934:Native American Church 11680:Oneness Pentecostalism 10796:Civil wars and revolts 10062:Sextus Pompeius Festus 9709:Conflict of the Orders 9068:Legislative assemblies 8414: 7982:Ancient Roman religion 7945:Ancient Roman religion 7910:Ancient Roman Religion 7552:Against the Galilaeans 7365:. New York: Oxford UP. 7349:Historia ecclesiastica 7332:Historia ecclesiastica 7319:Historia ecclesiastica 7280:Historia ecclesiastica 7267:Historia ecclesiastica 7141:Smallwood, 2-3, 4-6: 6543:), at rural Uley. For 5958:, in Rüpke (ed.), 266. 5532:2.12.29. According to 5411:Religion of the Romans 4988:and Jupiter Feretrius. 4868:in the 2nd century CE. 4763:Swaddled infant votive 4681:refused the office of 4617: 4547:Saint Peter's basilica 4523: 4446: 4382: 4318: 4250: 4138:-cult as the symbolic 4127: 4071:diis deabusque omnibus 4021: 4001: 3906: 3846: 3792: 3641: 3636:King of the Gods, and 3621: 3567:of Dionysus flayed by 3537: 3490: 3393: 3271: 3139: 3119:and Imperial loyalty. 3054: 2981: 2945:Constitutio Apostolica 2896: 2768: 2683: 2584:refused the office of 2491: 2358: 2281: 2235: 2106: 1998:Roman defeat at Cannae 1867:before entering their 1790: 1635: 1474: 1376: 1282:Holidays and festivals 1279: 1250: 1187: 1128:Rome offers no native 1125: 1120:that is rimmed by the 1080:topography of the city 978: 911: 825: 741:regime of the emperors 726:First Jewish–Roman War 649: 586:before he was elected 551: 463: 452: 400: 388: 357: 346: 280: 265:Ancient Greek religion 214: 19035:Three Seas Initiative 19010:Pacific Islands Forum 18875:British–Irish Council 18623:Greek Orthodox Church 18082:Industrial Revolution 18052:Scientific Revolution 16045:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15342:São Tomé and Príncipe 15202:Republic of the Congo 13403:Aboriginal Australian 12032:Chinese folk religion 11195:Evolution of morality 10505:Simplicius of Cilicia 10257:Quintus Curtius Rufus 9486:Siege in Ancient Rome 9095:Executive magistrates 8413: 7812:Momigliano, Arnaldo, 7770:Pagans and Christians 7269:6.19.15; 21.3–4; 36.3 6923:. London: Continuum. 6438:Beard et al., 230–31. 5789:Religion and politics 5233:, (New York) 1961, 9. 5214:Calendar of Filocalus 5024:Diocles of Peparethus 5020:Quintus Fabius Pictor 4640:Constantine's nephew 4607: 4497: 4451:Maximilian of Tebessa 4432: 4371: 4309: 4244: 4122:. It is a mid-sized 4109: 4016: 3984: 3896: 3841: 3766: 3631: 3616: 3532: 3465: 3458:Religion and politics 3391: 3350:was definitely not a 3262: 3125: 3038: 2975: 2925:theoîs katachthoníois 2870: 2762: 2702:, and the "notorious 2677: 2482: 2349: 2252: 2226: 2096: 1754: 1683:Further information: 1619: 1516:always uses the word 1468: 1362: 1271: 1236: 1181: 1103: 1096:List of Roman deities 981:His Sabine successor 976: 899: 871:, a Greek exile from 805: 654:international deities 631: 547:Via Labicana Augustus 539: 330: 79:Practices and beliefs 19030:Special Relationship 18440:Christian philosophy 18385:Western Christianity 18047:Age of Enlightenment 17921:Hellenistic Kingdoms 16993:Ancient Near Eastern 16780:Hellenistic religion 15667:United Arab Emirates 14453:Religious experience 13827:Historical religions 12787:Four Mothers Society 12189:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 11521:Schwenkfelder Church 10849:Timeline of religion 10838:History of religions 10515:Stephanus Byzantinus 10420:Eusebius of Caesaria 10282:Sidonius Apollinaris 9972:Ammianus Marcellinus 9311:Tribune of the plebs 8607:Interpretatio graeca 7947:at Wikimedia Commons 7834:North, John (2023). 6460:, 28.17–18; Seneca, 6122:History of the world 5452:; Roger D. Woodard, 5426:William Warde Fowler 5203:91.4 (1996) 320–338. 5191:Carole E. Newlands, 4885:81.4 (1986) 285–297. 4736:Hellenistic religion 4677:The Western emperor 4665:became the official 4435:The Victory of Faith 3820:(Great Mother) from 3503:strikes and violence 3364:, the doomed son of 2933:(sub ascia dedicare) 2819:Eleusinian mysteries 2405:In the Regal era, a 1395:contests. Under the 1005:; and the Temple of 615:fulfillment of a vow 570:might also serve as 543:as Pontifex Maximus 526:Rome's sacred hearth 402:interpretatio graeca 282:Interpretatio Graeca 275:Gallo-Roman religion 19106:Religious pluralism 19055:West Nordic Council 18920:Eastern Partnership 18509:Analytic philosophy 18210:Classical tradition 18032:Early modern period 17988:Classical antiquity 17983:European Bronze Age 17826:Constantinian shift 17548:Neopagan witchcraft 17182:Sub-Saharan African 16060:Trinidad and Tobago 15955:Antigua and Barbuda 15123:Religion by country 14179:Cult of Magna Mater 12659:Philippine Dayawism 12240:Nimbarka Sampradaya 11988:Chinese Manichaeism 11660:Jehovah's Witnesses 11465:Proto-Protestantism 11053:Kardecist spiritism 10691:Distinguished women 10342:Velleius Paterculus 10182:Nicolaus Damascenus 10162:Marcellus Empiricus 9551:Republican currency 8807:Classical mythology 8628:Theology of victory 8473:Kings of Alba Longa 7706:, Routledge, 1995. 7077:Gradel, 263–8, 199. 6779:Ara Maxima Herculis 5636:Tarquinius Superbus 5201:Classical Philology 4933:Remus: A Roman Myth 4895:Alexandre Grandazzi 4883:Classical Philology 4793:. Blackwell,. p. 4. 4728:Ancient Rome portal 4663:Nicene Christianity 4480:Constantius Chlorus 4444:damnatio ad bestias 4267:to Cicero, but the 4165:(female divinity). 4041:are of emperors or 4009:Absorption of Cults 3370:Battle of Pharsalus 3348:Apollonius of Tyana 3126:A votive statue of 3026:lustratio exercitus 2710:Omens and prodigies 2698:and his antagonist 1638:In Latin, the word 1455:Temples and shrines 1403:to mark a new era ( 1062:Tarquinius Superbus 737:Republic's collapse 735:In the wake of the 714:religious tolerance 700:", conspiratorial ( 18514:Post-structuralism 18477:Christian humanism 18107:Universal suffrage 17766:Trees in mythology 17761:Supernatural magic 17670:Magic and religion 15995:Dominican Republic 15041:Abrahamic prophets 14130:Proto-Indo-Iranian 12632:Aliran Kepercayaan 11835:Non-denominational 11757:Modernist Salafism 11443:Oriental Orthodoxy 11210:History of atheism 10465:Phlegon of Tralles 10272:Seneca the Younger 9746:Naming conventions 9476:Personal equipment 9009:Later Roman Empire 8415: 7737:Fishwick, Duncan. 7723:Fishwick, Duncan. 7662:Religions of Rome, 7606:Books.Google.co.uk 7317:, 14.2; Eusebius, 7256:Beard et al., 241. 7221:Books.Google.co.uk 7107:Books.Google.co.uk 7086:Rees, 46–56, 73–4. 6696:Letters to friends 6510:Life of Apollonius 6462:Natural Questions, 6325:Books.Google.co.uk 6313:Books.Google.co.uk 5664:Gradel, 36-8: the 5442:Robert E.A. Palmer 5231:Roman Architecture 4879:Arnaldo Momigliano 4702:, the influential 4671:Christian heretics 4651:primus inter pares 4618: 4526:The conversion of 4524: 4510:(then part of the 4471:a series of edicts 4447: 4383: 4379:Henryk Siemiradzki 4340:in 64 AD, Emperor 4338:Great Fire of Rome 4319: 4251: 4128: 4022: 4002: 3936:, John North, and 3907: 3847: 3793: 3779:, and the centaur 3749:Fortuna Primigenia 3644:By the end of the 3642: 3538: 3491: 3394: 3272: 3199:Women and religion 3140: 3128:Jupiter Dolichenus 3055: 3047:procession of the 2996:and the growth of 2982: 2897: 2769: 2684: 2550:sacrificial victim 2508:father's authority 2492: 2359: 2236: 2107: 1951:disciplina Etrusca 1791: 1636: 1558:Religious practice 1475: 1377: 1328:("games", such as 1251: 1188: 1126: 979: 912: 826: 650: 552: 347: 117:funerary practices 19078: 19077: 18905:Council of Europe 18807:International law 18760:Constitutionalism 18618:Eastern Orthodoxy 18124:Post–Cold War era 18057:Age of Revolution 17911:Greco-Roman world 17849: 17848: 17614: 17613: 17610: 17609: 17606: 17605: 17524: 17523: 17520: 17519: 17300: 17299: 17296: 17295: 17292: 17291: 17171: 17170: 17167: 17166: 17078: 17077: 17074: 17073: 16969: 16968: 16965: 16964: 16918:Mysteries of Isis 16623: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16265: 16264: 16233: 16232: 16229: 16228: 15217:Equatorial Guinea 15113: 15112: 15109: 15108: 14647:Cognitive science 14266: 14265: 14199:Mysteries of Isis 13973:Frankish paganism 13816: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13560:White Brotherhood 13426: 13425: 13391: 13390: 12792:Keetoowah Society 12693:Sundanese Wiwitan 12510: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12235:Brahma Sampradaya 12197: 12196: 12000: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11978:Assianism/Uatsdin 11896: 11895: 11665:British Israelism 11651:Nontrinitarianism 11614:Plymouth Brethren 11609:Nondenominational 11543:Congregationalism 11431:Eastern Orthodoxy 11379:Reconstructionist 11243: 11242: 11183: 11182: 11061: 11060: 10804: 10803: 10766:Pontifices maximi 10548: 10547: 10405:Diogenes Laërtius 10227:Pliny the Younger 9982:Asconius Pedianus 9942:Romance languages 9814:Civil engineering 9556:Imperial currency 9429:Political control 9390: 9389: 9024: 9023: 8847: 8846: 8824:Etruscan religion 8438:Romulus and Remus 8421:Legendary figures 8405: 8404: 8054:Castor and Pollux 7943:Media related to 7905:Library resources 7822:978-0-8195-6218-0 7801:978-0-300-08077-3 7784:978-0-521-82827-7 7761:978-0-485-89002-0 7747:978-90-04-12536-0 7733:978-90-04-07179-7 7712:978-0-415-01596-7 7698:978-0-520-08429-2 7688:Clarke, John R., 7684:978-0-674-02613-1 7676:The Roman Triumph 7670:978-0-521-45646-3 7656:978-0-521-31682-8 7648:Religions of Rome 7539:FourthCentury.com 7469:978-0-8160-4562-4 7401:978-0-8239-3592-5 6978:Beard et al. 1998 6930:978-1-4411-6223-6 6131:978-0-19-521043-9 6041:Livius Andronicus 5889:Ariadne Staples, 5818:See Gradel, 9-15. 5171:Religions of Rome 5028:Romulus and Remus 4856:Janet Huskinson, 4758:Sibylline Oracles 4440:Saint George Hare 4411:concordia militum 4403:Bishop of Antioch 3977:Eastern Influence 3930:Religions of Rome 3874:and the polymath 3866:and particularly 3699:was built on the 3534:Temple of Bacchus 3523:Plebeian tribunes 3404:excantatio frugum 2853:religion itself. 2831:mysteries of Isis 2813:and her daughter 2755:Mystery religions 2680:Liver of Piacenza 2502:, goddess of the 2382:(the singular is 1944:were exposed for 1918:sacrificed animal 1661:household deities 958:Jupiter Feretrius 920:Romulus and Remus 900:Pompeian fresco; 730:Bar Kokhba revolt 690:mystery religions 420:Etruscan religion 363:) in maintaining 325: 324: 270:Etruscan religion 228:agricultural gods 127:mystery religions 73: 16:(Redirected from 19113: 18950:EU Customs Union 18482:Secular humanism 18430:Christian ethics 18380:East–West Schism 18363:Physical culture 18087:Great Divergence 18037:Age of Discovery 17876: 17869: 17862: 17853: 17852: 17808:Christianization 17598:Secular paganism 17583:Goddess movement 17553:Cochrane's Craft 17541: 17540: 17530: 17529: 17334: 17333: 17321: 17320: 17317: 17316: 17190: 17189: 17177: 17176: 17095: 17094: 17084: 17083: 16986: 16985: 16975: 16974: 16790:Sacred mysteries 16640: 16639: 16629: 16628: 16368: 16367: 16357: 16356: 16353: 16352: 16342:ethnic religions 16292: 16285: 16278: 16269: 16268: 16255: 16245: 16244: 16123:Papua New Guinea 16098:Marshall Islands 15925:Northern Ireland 15130: 15129: 15119: 15118: 15003:Secular theology 14998:Secular humanism 14283: 14282: 14272: 14271: 14147:Ancestral Pueblo 13822: 13821: 13441: 13440: 13118: 13117: 12521: 12520: 12277:Shaiva Siddhanta 12208: 12207: 12141:Korean shamanism 12020: 12019: 12011: 12010: 11907: 11906: 11820:Mahdawi movement 11690:Swedenborgianism 11670:Christadelphians 11316: 11315: 11307: 11306: 11298: 11297: 11285: 11284: 11270: 11263: 11256: 11247: 11246: 11070: 11069: 10869: 10868: 10831: 10824: 10817: 10808: 10807: 10756:Magistri equitum 10671:Cities and towns 10664: 10590:Constantinopolis 10400:Diodorus Siculus 10332:Valerius Maximus 10267:Seneca the Elder 10187:Nonius Marcellus 9955: 9954: 9508:Hippika gymnasia 9471:Infantry tactics 9377:Consular tribune 9367:Magister equitum 9316:Military tribune 9281: 9280: 9241:Pontifex maximus 9236:Princeps senatus 9226:Magister militum 8992:Byzantine Empire 8913: 8912: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8851: 8850: 8717:Founding of Rome 8487:Legendary beings 8448:Tullus Hostilius 8285:Abstract deities 8144:Lares Familiares 8007: 8006: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7942: 7849: 7774:Lott, John. B., 7626: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7590: 7584: 7573: 7567: 7548: 7542: 7535: 7529: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7507: 7504: 7498: 7489: 7483: 7482:Momigliano, 104. 7480: 7474: 7473: 7461: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7413: 7405: 7393: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7358: 7352: 7341: 7335: 7328: 7322: 7311: 7305: 7298: 7292: 7289: 7283: 7276: 7270: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7185: 7182: 7176: 7165: 7159: 7139: 7133: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7087: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7033: 7030: 7024: 7021: 7015: 7012: 7006: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6988: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6916: 6910: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6841: 6829: 6823: 6811: 6805: 6802: 6796: 6793: 6787: 6775: 6769: 6757: 6751: 6744: 6738: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6699: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6673: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6629: 6614: 6608: 6595: 6589: 6582: 6576: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6513: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6491: 6484: 6478: 6471: 6465: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6439: 6436: 6430: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6393: 6374: 6368: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6346: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6277: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6215: 6204: 6198: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6117: 6106: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6050: 6044: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5994: 5985:Caesar used his 5983: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5934: 5931:De Natura Deorum 5927: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5792: 5791:in this article. 5781: 5775: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5647: 5632: 5626: 5619:Contra Symmachum 5611: 5605: 5602: 5596: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5551: 5545: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5483: 5468:(8.9.1–11) says 5439: 5433: 5423: 5417: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5218:Polemius Silvius 5210: 5204: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5051:interpretations. 5048: 5042: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4974: 4968: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4892: 4886: 4875: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4800: 4794: 4784: 4752:The Ancient City 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4687:altar of Victory 4683:pontifex maximus 4482:, the father of 4399:Paul of Samosata 4315:Jean-Léon Gérôme 4274:described it as 3954:pontifex maximus 3944:pontifex maximus 3797:second Punic War 3697:Jupiter Latiaris 3600:pontifex maximus 3573:Liber's festival 3380:, who practices 3366:Pompey the Great 2957:Council of Tours 2586:pontifex maximus 2435:pontifex maximus 2056:L. Junius Brutus 1920:, comprising in 1884:Second Punic War 1770:, libation bowl 1703:animal sacrifice 1679:Animal sacrifice 1548:Q. Fabius Gurges 1084:leading families 1072:Roman historians 1044:established the 1014:Tullus Hostilius 960:and offered the 798:Founding of Rome 584:pontifex maximus 506:domestic deities 504:to the family's 475:Latin literature 471:correct practice 468: 457: 405: 393: 378:The presence of 362: 317: 310: 303: 285: 219: 204:Capitoline Triad 62: 60: 50: 42: 41: 21: 19121: 19120: 19116: 19115: 19114: 19112: 19111: 19110: 19096:Italic religion 19081: 19080: 19079: 19074: 19040:UKUSA Agreement 18980:Lublin Triangle 18865:Baltic Assembly 18817: 18811: 18729: 18566: 18401: 18271:Eurolinguistics 18140: 18129:Information age 18102:Interwar period 17969: 17889: 17880: 17850: 17845: 17802: 17702:Myth and ritual 17622:Myth and ritual 17616: 17615: 17602: 17535: 17516: 17469:Turko-Mongolic 17328: 17309: 17302: 17301: 17288: 17184: 17163: 17089: 17070: 16980: 16961: 16634: 16615: 16484:Hindu mythology 16362: 16346: 16344: 16340: 16334: 16306: 16303:modern paganism 16296: 16266: 16261: 16225: 16152: 16133:Solomon Islands 16069: 15941: 15845:North Macedonia 15686: 15411: 15124: 15105: 15066:Mass gatherings 15034: 15029: 15022: 14961: 14956: 14947: 14881:Religiocentrism 14861:National church 14729: 14726: 14718: 14633: 14626: 14563: 14485:Bodies of water 14277: 14262: 14047:Jamaican Maroon 13829: 13804: 13741: 13571: 13564: 13435: 13433: 13422: 13387: 13361:Trinidad Orisha 13146: 13139: 13112: 13105: 13032: 12995: 12981:Washat Dreamers 12704: 12697: 12593: 12575: 12502: 12476:Srilankan Vedda 12427: 12355: 12230:Sri Vaishnavism 12193: 12155: 12127: 12085: 11992: 11966: 11933: 11892: 11846: 11771:Twelver Shi'ism 11713: 11575:Neo-charismatic 11548:Presbyterianism 11400: 11292: 11279: 11274: 11244: 11239: 11179: 11160:Illyro-thracian 11114: 11086: 11057: 11022: 10994: 10961: 10933: 10905: 10858: 10840: 10835: 10805: 10800: 10662: 10660: 10654: 10544: 10380:Aëtius of Amida 10361: 10347:Verrius Flaccus 10327:Valerius Antias 10287:Silius Italicus 10222:Pliny the Elder 10167:Marcus Aurelius 10042:Cornelius Nepos 9992:Aurelius Victor 9946: 9868: 9780: 9714:Secessio plebis 9685: 9560: 9512: 9386: 9340: 9270: 9152: 9104: 9020: 8941: 8902: 8884: 8878: 8848: 8843: 8839:Myth and ritual 8834:Greek mythology 8795: 8757: 8753:Pignora imperii 8748:Parabiago Plate 8731: 8700: 8659: 8593: 8587: 8569:Sibylline Books 8503: 8482: 8453:Servius Tullius 8416: 8401: 8280: 7996: 7988: 7979: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7901: 7896: 7864:Greece and Rome 7846: 7805:MacMullen, R., 7716:Feeney, Denis. 7635: 7630: 7629: 7616: 7612: 7604: 7600: 7591: 7587: 7574: 7570: 7556:Contra Julianum 7549: 7545: 7536: 7532: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7452: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7370: 7359: 7355: 7342: 7338: 7329: 7325: 7312: 7308: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7277: 7273: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7179: 7166: 7162: 7140: 7136: 7103: 7099: 7094: 7090: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7049: 7045: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6931: 6917: 6913: 6904: 6900: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6838:History of Rome 6830: 6826: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6776: 6772: 6758: 6754: 6745: 6741: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6702: 6694:): see Cicero, 6689: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6615: 6611: 6596: 6592: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6485: 6481: 6472: 6468: 6458:Natural History 6455: 6451: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6375: 6371: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6132: 6118: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6051: 6047: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5836:Gary Forsythe, 5835: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729:., Vol. 1, 251. 5724: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5680: 5676: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5633: 5629: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5589:Roman Questions 5586: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5552: 5548: 5538:Natural History 5527: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5440: 5436: 5424: 5420: 5408: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5272: 5268: 5262:Natural History 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5224: 5211: 5207: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4975: 4971: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4927: 4923: 4912: 4905: 4893: 4889: 4876: 4872: 4855: 4851: 4838: 4834: 4825: 4821: 4801: 4797: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4704:Bishop of Milan 4602: 4592: 4586: 4543:Eastern capital 4522:(r. 306-337 AD) 4492: 4395:Philip the Arab 4304: 4286: 4239: 4229:Fiscus Judaicus 4225: 4104: 4098: 4011: 3979: 3974: 3789:Roman mythology 3761: 3626: 3460: 3455: 3362:Sextus Pompeius 3340:Pliny the Elder 3257: 3251: 3207: 3201: 3152:carried out by 3130:dedicated by a 3041:Trajan's Column 2970: 2865: 2859: 2757: 2712: 2672: 2666: 2604: 2598: 2557:Servius Tullius 2485:Roman sculpture 2477: 2344: 2221: 2091: 2085:and elsewhere. 2009:First Punic War 1994: 1992:Human sacrifice 1699: 1681: 1614: 1569:Pliny the Elder 1565: 1560: 1505:The Latin word 1469:Portico of the 1463: 1457: 1443:, and feast of 1306: 1288:Roman festivals 1284: 1228:Greek Olympians 1098: 1092: 1042:Servius Tullius 1020:instituted the 800: 794:Roman mythology 790: 534: 434:, particularly 321: 260:Roman mythology 242: 238:divine emperors 223:underworld gods 181: 177:Fratres Arvales 131: 74: 71: 64:Marcus Aurelius 48: 46: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19119: 19109: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19076: 19075: 19073: 19072: 19070:Westernization 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19050:Visegrád Group 19047: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18990:Nordic Council 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18885:Bucharest Nine 18882: 18877: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18850:Arctic Council 18847: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18821: 18819: 18813: 18812: 18810: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18798: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18762: 18757: 18756: 18755: 18745: 18739: 18737: 18731: 18730: 18728: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18716: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18694: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18648: 18647: 18646: 18645: 18644: 18634: 18633: 18632: 18627: 18626: 18625: 18615: 18614: 18613: 18603: 18602: 18601: 18576: 18574: 18568: 18567: 18565: 18564: 18563: 18562: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18541: 18540: 18528: 18527: 18526: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18485: 18484: 18479: 18469: 18468: 18467: 18460:Existentialism 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18411: 18409: 18403: 18402: 18400: 18399: 18398: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18372: 18371: 18370: 18360: 18359: 18358: 18353: 18343: 18342: 18341: 18331: 18326: 18325: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18304: 18303: 18302: 18292: 18291: 18290: 18280: 18279: 18278: 18273: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18247: 18246: 18236: 18231: 18230: 18229: 18219: 18218: 18217: 18207: 18206: 18205: 18195: 18190: 18189: 18188: 18178: 18173: 18172: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18150: 18148: 18142: 18141: 18139: 18138: 18137: 18136: 18131: 18121: 18120: 18119: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18024: 18019: 18018: 18017: 18012: 18007: 17997: 17996: 17995: 17993:Late antiquity 17985: 17979: 17977: 17971: 17970: 17968: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17946: 17945: 17944: 17943: 17938: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17908: 17903: 17897: 17895: 17891: 17890: 17879: 17878: 17871: 17864: 17856: 17847: 17846: 17844: 17843: 17841:Virtuous pagan 17838: 17836:Religio licita 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17812: 17810: 17804: 17803: 17801: 17800: 17798:Animal worship 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17779: 17778: 17773: 17763: 17758: 17757: 17756: 17751: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17710: 17709: 17704: 17694: 17693: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17626: 17624: 17618: 17617: 17612: 17611: 17608: 17607: 17604: 17603: 17601: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17558:Feri Tradition 17555: 17550: 17544: 17537: 17536: 17526: 17525: 17522: 17521: 17518: 17517: 17515: 17514: 17513: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17482: 17481: 17480: 17475: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17411: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17390: 17389: 17388: 17383: 17373: 17368: 17367: 17366: 17361: 17353: 17352: 17351: 17346: 17337: 17330: 17329: 17314: 17312: 17304: 17303: 17298: 17297: 17294: 17293: 17290: 17289: 17287: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17225: 17224: 17219: 17214: 17209: 17199: 17193: 17186: 17185: 17173: 17172: 17169: 17168: 17165: 17164: 17162: 17161: 17160: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17098: 17091: 17090: 17080: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17057: 17056: 17046: 17045: 17044: 17039: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17022: 17012: 17011: 17010: 17000: 16995: 16989: 16982: 16981: 16971: 16970: 16967: 16966: 16963: 16962: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16890: 16889: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16857: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16838: 16837: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16811: 16810: 16809: 16808: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16787: 16782: 16772: 16771: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16745: 16740: 16739: 16738: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16703: 16698: 16697: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16676: 16671: 16670: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16649: 16643: 16636: 16635: 16625: 16624: 16621: 16620: 16617: 16616: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16556:Tibeto-Burmese 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16497: 16496: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16460: 16459: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16438: 16437: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16371: 16364: 16363: 16350: 16348: 16345:(existing and 16336: 16335: 16333: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16311: 16308: 16307: 16295: 16294: 16287: 16280: 16272: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16259: 16249: 16238: 16235: 16234: 16231: 16230: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16162: 16160: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16079: 16077: 16071: 16070: 16068: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15951: 15949: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15915:United Kingdom 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15696: 15694: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15543: 15542: 15537: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15421: 15419: 15413: 15412: 15410: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15138: 15136: 15126: 15125: 15115: 15114: 15111: 15110: 15107: 15106: 15104: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15037: 15035: 15027: 15024: 15023: 15021: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15008:Secularization 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14988:Deconstruction 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14964: 14962: 14952: 14949: 14948: 14946: 14945: 14940: 14939: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14836:Fundamentalism 14833: 14832: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14790: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14743: 14738: 14732: 14730: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14700: 14699: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14638: 14636: 14628: 14627: 14625: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14573: 14571: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14561: 14560: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14503: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14477: 14476: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14314: 14312:Call to prayer 14309: 14304: 14299: 14297:Disaffiliation 14289: 14287: 14279: 14278: 14268: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14224: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14171: 14166: 14165: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14144: 14143: 14142: 14137: 14127: 14126: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14100: 14095: 14094: 14093: 14083: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14066: 14061: 14060: 14059: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14013: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13995:Greco-Buddhism 13992: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13955: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13889: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13818: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13806: 13805: 13803: 13802: 13801: 13800: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13749: 13747: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13725: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13637: 13636: 13626: 13625: 13624: 13619: 13609: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13592: 13587: 13586: 13585: 13576: 13574: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13540: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13447: 13445: 13438: 13428: 13427: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13399: 13397: 13393: 13392: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13356:Tambor de Mina 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13312: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13282: 13281: 13280: 13279: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13177: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13151: 13149: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13133:Guanche church 13124: 13122: 13115: 13107: 13106: 13104: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13042: 13040: 13038:Tibeto-Burmese 13034: 13033: 13031: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13009: 13007: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12967: 12966: 12961: 12951: 12946: 12944:Nuu-chah-nulth 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12925: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12853:Muscogee Creek 12850: 12845: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12795: 12794: 12789: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12720: 12715: 12709: 12707: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12695: 12690: 12688:Sumbese Marapu 12685: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12668: 12667: 12666: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12640: 12639: 12634: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12619: 12609: 12607:Batak Parmalim 12603: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12585: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12556: 12555: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12529: 12527: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12462: 12461: 12456: 12446: 12441: 12435: 12433: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12418: 12413: 12412: 12411: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12371: 12365: 12363: 12357: 12356: 12354: 12353: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12269: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12216: 12214: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12165: 12163: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12137: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12095: 12093: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12059: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12028: 12026: 12017: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11943: 11941: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11919:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 11915: 11913: 11904: 11898: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11854: 11852: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11844: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11795: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11754: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11723: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11656:Bible Students 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11626:Restorationism 11623: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11582:Evangelicalism 11579: 11578: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11493: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11462: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11445: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11421: 11410: 11408: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11324: 11322: 11313: 11304: 11294: 11293: 11281: 11280: 11273: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11250: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11191: 11189: 11188:Related topics 11185: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11175:Vedic Hinduism 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11124: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11096: 11094: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11084: 11078: 11076: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11032: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11015: 11013:Zoroastrianism 11010: 11004: 11002: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10971: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10943: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10915: 10913: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10877: 10875: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10834: 10833: 10826: 10819: 10811: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10667: 10665: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10556: 10554: 10550: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10371: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10232:Pomponius Mela 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9967:Aelius Donatus 9963: 9961: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9935:Ecclesiastical 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9889: 9884: 9878: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9790: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9683: 9678: 9676:Toys and games 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9570: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9522: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9458: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9400: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9287: 9285: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9216:Vigintisexviri 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9176:Cursus honorum 9173: 9168: 9162: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9034: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9006: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8982: 8975:Western Empire 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8951: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8877: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8854: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8809: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8771: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8691:Pythagoreanism 8688: 8686:Peripateticism 8683: 8678: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8603: 8597: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8580:The Golden Ass 8571: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8552: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8538: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8499:Barnacle goose 8496: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8443:Numa Pompilius 8440: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7990: 7989: 7978: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899:External links 7897: 7895: 7894: 7887: 7877: 7872:Scheid, John. 7870: 7867: 7860: 7857: 7850: 7844: 7831: 7828:Roman Religion 7824: 7810: 7803: 7786: 7772: 7763: 7749: 7735: 7721: 7714: 7700: 7686: 7672: 7658: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7610: 7598: 7585: 7568: 7560:Tertullian.org 7543: 7530: 7524:Rodney Stark, 7517: 7508: 7499: 7484: 7475: 7468: 7446: 7421: 7400: 7378: 7368: 7353: 7336: 7334:8.2.5, 8.6.10. 7323: 7306: 7293: 7284: 7271: 7258: 7249: 7237: 7225: 7213: 7204: 7195: 7186: 7177: 7160: 7156:Religio licita 7134: 7126:pro Flacco, 66 7122:religio licita 7097: 7088: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7043: 7034: 7025: 7023:Gradel, 32-52. 7016: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6962: 6953: 6944: 6929: 6911: 6898: 6871:(4): 481–483. 6851: 6842: 6824: 6806: 6797: 6788: 6770: 6752: 6739: 6735:literary topos 6727:Cato the Elder 6718: 6709: 6700: 6683: 6674: 6659: 6649: 6639: 6630: 6609: 6590: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6549: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6501: 6492: 6479: 6466: 6449: 6440: 6431: 6415: 6406: 6394: 6369: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6329: 6317: 6305: 6296: 6287: 6278: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6199: 6190: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6154: 6145: 6130: 6107: 6098: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6058: 6045: 6032: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5947: 5935: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5882: 5873: 5860: 5851: 5842: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5756:Gradel, 3, 15. 5749: 5740: 5731: 5718: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5674: 5657: 5648: 5627: 5606: 5597: 5580: 5571: 5546: 5530:De divinatione 5521: 5519:Gradel, 78, 93 5512: 5502: 5493: 5484: 5434: 5418: 5402: 5389: 5375: 5366: 5345: 5336: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5307:Livy, 41.16.1. 5300: 5291: 5279: 5266: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5222: 5205: 5184: 5175: 5169:Beard et al., 5162: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5075: 5066: 5053: 5043: 5039:Quintus Ennius 5030:and Plutarch, 4999: 4990: 4969: 4954: 4941: 4921: 4903: 4887: 4870: 4866:Vagdavercustis 4849: 4832: 4819: 4795: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4715: 4712: 4657:In 380, under 4627:Constantius II 4622:Church Fathers 4588:Main article: 4585: 4582: 4516:Gallia Belgica 4512:Roman province 4491: 4488: 4424:Campus Martius 4374:Nero's Torches 4331:superstitiones 4285: 4282: 4277:religio licita 4233:Religio licita 4224: 4221: 4100:Main article: 4097: 4094: 4010: 4007: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3926:Sissel Undheim 3911:Marian reforms 3888:Venus Genetrix 3760: 3757: 3709:. The cult to 3683:confirmed the 3668:Etruscan style 3625: 3624:Early Republic 3622: 3596:his ancestress 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3434:magical papyri 3332:(more vulgari) 3250: 3244: 3200: 3197: 3138:, 3rd century) 3043:depicting the 2969: 2966: 2893:Ikhthus zōntōn 2871:This funerary 2861:Main article: 2858: 2855: 2839:The Golden Ass 2776:. The cult of 2756: 2753: 2711: 2708: 2692:Gaius Gracchus 2668:Main article: 2665: 2662: 2657:cursus honorum 2600:Main article: 2597: 2594: 2476: 2473: 2469:Arval Brethren 2465:cursus honorum 2452:Cursus honorum 2343: 2340: 2229:Antoninus Pius 2220: 2214: 2186:mater familias 2166:pater familias 2090: 2087: 1993: 1990: 1936:), and lungs ( 1861:Arval Brethren 1680: 1677: 1613: 1610: 1584:Latin festival 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1409:late antiquity 1385:religious vows 1296:Roman calendar 1283: 1280: 1267:Sibyl at Tibur 1256:neighbourhoods 1224:reinterpreting 1091: 1088: 987:Roman calendar 789: 786: 708:'s efforts to 672:, and gods of 564:Roman Republic 533: 530: 510:Roman calendar 495:state religion 436:Numa Pompilius 323: 322: 320: 319: 312: 305: 297: 294: 293: 292: 291: 286: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 249: 248: 247:Related topics 244: 243: 241: 240: 235: 233:childhood gods 230: 225: 220: 211: 209:Aventine Triad 206: 201: 193: 190: 189: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 143: 140: 139: 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 119: 114: 107: 102: 97: 90: 84: 81: 80: 76: 75: 61: 53: 52: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19118: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19088: 19086: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19015:PROSUR/PROSUL 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18910:Craiova Group 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18825:ABCANZ Armies 18823: 18822: 18820: 18814: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18754: 18751: 18750: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18740: 18738: 18736: 18732: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18673: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18653: 18652: 18649: 18643: 18640: 18639: 18638: 18635: 18631: 18630:Protestantism 18628: 18624: 18621: 18620: 18619: 18616: 18612: 18609: 18608: 18607: 18604: 18600: 18596: 18593: 18592: 18591: 18588: 18587: 18586: 18583: 18582: 18581: 18578: 18577: 18575: 18573: 18569: 18561: 18558: 18557: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18550:Sovereigntism 18548: 18546: 18543: 18539: 18538: 18534: 18533: 18532: 18529: 18525: 18522: 18521: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18463: 18462: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18445:Scholasticism 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18412: 18410: 18408: 18404: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18377: 18376: 18373: 18369: 18366: 18365: 18364: 18361: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18348: 18347: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18336: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18309: 18308: 18305: 18301: 18298: 18297: 18296: 18293: 18289: 18286: 18285: 18284: 18281: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18268: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18245: 18242: 18241: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18228: 18225: 18224: 18223: 18220: 18216: 18213: 18212: 18211: 18208: 18204: 18201: 18200: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18187: 18184: 18183: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18156: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18147: 18143: 18135: 18134:War on terror 18132: 18130: 18127: 18126: 18125: 18122: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18029: 18028: 18027:Modern period 18025: 18023: 18020: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18002: 18001: 17998: 17994: 17991: 17990: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17978: 17976: 17972: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17933: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17913: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17898: 17896: 17892: 17888: 17884: 17883:Western world 17877: 17872: 17870: 17865: 17863: 17858: 17857: 17854: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17809: 17805: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17768: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17746: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17719:Reincarnation 17717: 17715: 17712: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17699: 17698: 17695: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17677: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17623: 17619: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17545: 17542: 17538: 17531: 17527: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17487: 17486: 17483: 17479: 17478:Vattisen Yaly 17476: 17474: 17471: 17470: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17395: 17394: 17391: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17378: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17356: 17354: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17341: 17339: 17338: 17335: 17331: 17327: 17322: 17318: 17313: 17311: 17305: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17204: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17194: 17191: 17187: 17183: 17178: 17174: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17132:Cook Islander 17130: 17129: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17099: 17096: 17092: 17085: 17081: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17055: 17052: 17051: 17050: 17047: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17034: 17033: 17030: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17017: 17016: 17013: 17009: 17006: 17005: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16990: 16987: 16983: 16976: 16972: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16940:Baltic Finnic 16938: 16937: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16908:Imperial cult 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16895: 16894: 16891: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16873: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16841: 16839: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16815: 16812: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16792: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16776: 16773: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16737: 16734: 16733: 16732: 16729: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16681: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16641: 16637: 16630: 16626: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16469:Sunda Wiwitan 16467: 16465: 16462: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16436: 16433: 16432: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16405:Austroasiatic 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16372: 16369: 16365: 16358: 16354: 16349: 16343: 16337: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16312: 16309: 16304: 16300: 16293: 16288: 16286: 16281: 16279: 16274: 16273: 16270: 16258: 16254: 16250: 16248: 16240: 16239: 16236: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16159: 16158:South America 16155: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16080: 16078: 16076: 16072: 16066: 16065:United States 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15950: 15948: 15947:North America 15944: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15805:Liechtenstein 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15693: 15689: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15422: 15420: 15418: 15414: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15257:Guinea-Bissau 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15131: 15127: 15120: 15116: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15081:Organizations 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15025: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14944: 14941: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14918: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14906:Vegetarianism 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14851:Homosexuality 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14770: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14721: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14698: 14695: 14694: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14672:Neurotheology 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14637: 14635: 14629: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14574: 14572: 14570: 14566: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14544: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14481: 14478: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14366:Folk religion 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14294: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14273: 14269: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14208: 14207: 14204: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14189:Imperial cult 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14148: 14145: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14132: 14131: 14128: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14105: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14071: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14058: 14055: 14054: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13987: 13986: 13983: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13960: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13947: 13944: 13943: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13894: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13832: 13828: 13823: 13819: 13799: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13758:Discordianism 13756: 13754: 13753:Anthroposophy 13751: 13750: 13748: 13744: 13736: 13735: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13701:Mari religion 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13630: 13627: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13614: 13613: 13610: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13573: 13567: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13538:Neo-Theosophy 13536: 13535: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13507: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13476:New Acropolis 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13429: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13400: 13398: 13394: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13148: 13142: 13134: 13131: 13130: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13123: 13121:North African 13119: 13116: 13114: 13108: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13039: 13035: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12904: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12875:Kwakwakaʼwakw 12873: 12871: 12868: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12780: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12700: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12672: 12669: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12590: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12581:Austroasiatic 12578: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12553: 12552:Vattisen Yaly 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12471:Kirat Mundhum 12469: 12467: 12464: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12362: 12358: 12352: 12351: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12270: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12200: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12130: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12106: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12088: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12003: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11899: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11849: 11843: 11842: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11830:Milah Abraham 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11764: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11486:Protestantism 11484: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11271: 11266: 11264: 11259: 11257: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11120:Indo-European 11117: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11064: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11019: 11018:Manichaeanism 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10936: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10908: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10861: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10839: 10832: 10827: 10825: 10820: 10818: 10813: 10812: 10809: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10657: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10122:Julius Paulus 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10057:Fabius Pictor 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9794:Amphitheatres 9792: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9531:Deforestation 9529: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9481:Siege engines 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9414:Establishment 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345:Extraordinary 9343: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9331:Promagistrate 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9118:Twelve Tables 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8882: 8875: 8870: 8868: 8863: 8861: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8613:Imperial cult 8611: 8609: 8608: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594:and practices 8590: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8542:Metamorphoses 8539: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8458:Ancus Marcius 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8412: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8387:Tranquillitas 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 8001: 8000:Dii Consentes 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7969: 7964: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7845:9780199644063 7841: 7837: 7832: 7829: 7826:North, J. A. 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7789:MacMullen, R. 7787: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7702:Cornell, T., 7701: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7646:, Price, S., 7645: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7607: 7602: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7550:See Julian's 7547: 7540: 7534: 7527: 7521: 7512: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7488: 7479: 7471: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7450: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7417: 7411: 7403: 7397: 7392: 7391: 7382: 7372: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7333: 7327: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7303: 7297: 7288: 7281: 7275: 7268: 7262: 7253: 7244: 7242: 7234: 7229: 7222: 7217: 7208: 7199: 7190: 7181: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7101: 7092: 7083: 7074: 7065: 7056: 7047: 7038: 7032:Beard, 272-5. 7029: 7020: 7011: 7002: 6993: 6984: 6975: 6966: 6957: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6846: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6828: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6810: 6801: 6792: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6774: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6756: 6749: 6743: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6713: 6704: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6678: 6671: 6670: 6663: 6653: 6643: 6634: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6594: 6587: 6581: 6572: 6563: 6553: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6511: 6505: 6496: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6470: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6444: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6423:Clifford Ando 6419: 6410: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6326: 6321: 6314: 6309: 6303:Brent, 268-9. 6300: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6194: 6185: 6176: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6102: 6093: 6091: 6081: 6072: 6062: 6055: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6026: 6017: 6008: 5999: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5957: 5951: 5945:Brent, 21-25. 5942: 5940: 5932: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5892: 5886: 5877: 5870: 5864: 5855: 5846: 5839: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5728: 5722: 5715: 5709: 5700: 5691: 5684: 5683:paterfamilias 5678: 5671: 5667: 5666:paterfamilias 5661: 5652: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5613:For example, 5610: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5578:Livy 22.55-57 5575: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5516: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5470:P. Decius Mus 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5370: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5079: 5070: 5063: 5057: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4994: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4718: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4646:neo-Platonism 4643: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4581: 4580:Constantine. 4579: 4575: 4574:Philostorgius 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4528:Constantine I 4521: 4520:Constantine I 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500:Aula Palatina 4496: 4487: 4485: 4484:Constantine I 4481: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4269:Church Father 4266: 4261: 4256: 4255:Diaspora Jews 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201:pater patriae 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4174:Julius Caesar 4171: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4140:paterfamilias 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4120:Roman temples 4117: 4113: 4112:Maison Carrée 4108: 4103: 4096:Imperial cult 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4006: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3737:Forum Romanum 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721:Forum Boarium 3718: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3442:Roman Britain 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336:vi cantaminum 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216:paterfamilias 3213: 3206: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3050:suovetaurilia 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022:suovetaurilia 3017: 3015: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875:, one of the 2874: 2869: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2761: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2370:paterfamilias 2367: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2233:Arval Brother 2230: 2225: 2219:and the state 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:divi parentes 2179: 2176:, and to his 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2155:paterfamilias 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2115:paterfamilias 2112: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 2002:Forum Boarium 1999: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1796:gods such as 1795: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:October Horse 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659:Offerings to 1657: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1599: 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1073: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:Ancus Marcius 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 975: 971: 969: 968:Roman triumph 965: 964: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 909: 908: 903: 898: 894: 892: 888: 887:Forum Boarium 884: 880: 879: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 824: 823:Palatine Hill 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 795: 785: 783: 779: 778: 773: 768: 767:Imperial cult 764: 761:, the divine 760: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:Roman Britain 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660:, among them 659: 655: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 626: 623: 622:Mediterranean 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:Roman triumph 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 580:Julius Caesar 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:elite classes 550: 548: 542: 538: 529: 527: 524:, who tended 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 466: 459: 456: 455: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 403: 397: 392: 391: 385: 384:Roman culture 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 361: 360: 353: 351: 344: 340: 336: 335: 329: 318: 313: 311: 306: 304: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 287: 284: 283: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 250: 246: 245: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 218: 217: 216:Indigitamenta 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 199: 198:Dii Consentes 195: 194: 192: 191: 188: 185: 184: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 142: 141: 138: 135: 134: 128: 125: 123: 122:imperial cult 120: 118: 115: 113: 112: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 95: 91: 89: 86: 85: 83: 82: 78: 77: 69: 65: 59: 55: 54: 51: 44: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 19060:Western Bloc 18860:AUSCANNZUKUS 18816:Contemporary 18765:Human rights 18702: 18611:Latin Church 18585:Christianity 18535: 18494:Conservatism 18339:contemporary 18176:Architecture 18112:World War II 18072:Emancipation 18067:Abolitionism 17955:Romanization 17950:Roman legacy 17931:Roman Empire 17831:Neoplatonism 17771:Tree of life 17734:Sacred grove 17635:Bear worship 17588:Neoshamanism 17450:Zalmoxianism 17403:Adyghe Habze 17308:Modern pagan 17015:Mesopotamian 16892: 16871:Paleo-Balkan 16805:Samothracian 16684:Old Prussian 16581:Bongthingism 15662:Turkmenistan 15622:Saudi Arabia 15367:South Africa 15357:Sierra Leone 15162:Burkina Faso 15071:Names of God 15018:Unaffiliated 14973:Antireligion 14829:Universalism 14777:Assimilation 14642:Anthropology 14517:Supernatural 14512:Spirituality 14480:Sacred space 14468:Purification 14341:Denomination 14295: / 14173: 14103:Paleo-Balkan 14069:Mesopotamian 13909:Cook Islands 13880:Old Prussian 13793:UFO religion 13732: 13728:Zalmoxianism 13656:Neoshamanism 13513:Spiritualism 13396:Other ethnic 13285: 13111:Traditional 13071:Bongthingism 12959:Acoma Pueblo 12902:Mesoamerican 12599:Austronesian 12420: 12416:Neo-Buddhism 12348: 12344:Neo-Hinduism 12265:Swaminarayan 12103: 12052:Salvationist 12037:Confucianism 11888:Samaritanism 11858:Ali-Illahism 11839: 11706: 11700:Unitarianism 11641:Old Catholic 11448:Nestorianism 11406:Christianity 11393: 11359:Conservative 11230:Roman School 11164: 11153:Neoplatonism 11110:Mesopotamian 10947:Confucianism 10886:Christianity 10864:Major groups 10736:Institutions 10600:Leptis Magna 10553:Major cities 10460:Philostratus 10247:Quadrigarius 10067:Rufus Festus 9930:Contemporary 9651:Romanization 9638: 9574:Architecture 9181:Collegiality 9030:Constitution 8881:Ancient Rome 8743:Gubernaculum 8712:Golden Bough 8681:Neoplatonism 8676:Epicureanism 8605: 8578: 8559: 8540: 8533: 8519: 8024:Anna Perenna 7998: 7981: 7919:Online books 7909: 7890: 7883: 7873: 7863: 7853: 7835: 7827: 7813: 7806: 7792: 7775: 7769: 7752: 7738: 7724: 7717: 7703: 7689: 7675: 7661: 7647: 7622: 7613: 7601: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7533: 7525: 7520: 7511: 7502: 7492: 7487: 7478: 7457: 7449: 7437:. 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Wiseman 4924: 4914: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4873: 4857: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4827: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4751: 4691:Theodosius I 4682: 4676: 4659:Theodosius I 4656: 4649: 4639: 4619: 4600:Theodosius I 4577: 4566:Nicene Creed 4555: 4550: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4476: 4466: 4448: 4433: 4419:Sol Invictus 4417: 4410: 4384: 4372: 4358: 4351: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4320: 4310: 4275: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4182: 4177: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4151:dii parentes 4150: 4148: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4090:Sol Invictus 4075: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4023: 4003: 3972:Roman Empire 3965: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3924: 3908: 3880: 3848: 3830: 3815: 3804: 3794: 3741:Juno Sospita 3714: 3704: 3685:Latin league 3678: 3673:Epulum Jovis 3671: 3649: 3646:regal period 3643: 3617: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3577: 3562: 3547:Father Liber 3539: 3499: 3492: 3445: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3411: 3403: 3399:malum carmen 3397: 3395: 3356: 3351: 3344:Philostratus 3335: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3309: 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2169: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2130: 2129:, ancestral 2124: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2098: 2083:North Africa 2064: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2013:gladiatorial 2006: 1995: 1983: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869:sacred grove 1864: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1782:, and ladle 1771: 1763: 1743: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1713: 1711: 1700: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1603: 1595: 1589: 1573: 1566: 1540: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1517: 1506: 1504: 1495: 1491: 1476: 1461:Roman temple 1445:Anna Perenna 1430: 1420: 1413: 1404: 1388: 1378: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1272: 1260: 1252: 1237:Bacchus, or 1189: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1108:Di Consentes 1105: 1070: 1046:Latin League 1028:, founded a 1011: 1001:, Mars, and 980: 963:spolia opima 961: 943: 936: 913: 905: 876: 838: 827: 775: 772:Christianity 756: 734: 718:monotheistic 701: 694:family rites 682:Sol Invictus 674:solar monism 651: 646:Getty Museum 619: 595:expansionism 592: 553: 544: 499: 491:Christianity 483:Roman Empire 460: 444:king of Rome 406:), adapting 377: 373:many deities 369:polytheistic 354: 349: 348: 332: 196: 109: 92: 68:head covered 49:ancient Rome 45: 39: 26: 19000:Open Balkan 18818:integration 18748:Rule of law 18743:Natural law 18720:Agnosticism 18698:Hellenistic 18676:Anglo-Saxon 18606:Catholicism 18545:Atlanticism 18450:Rationalism 18256:Immigration 18239:Esotericism 18097:World War I 18062:Romanticism 18042:Reformation 18022:Renaissance 18000:Middle Ages 17965:Christendom 17894:Foundations 17440:Italo-Roman 17344:Ausar Auset 17112:Micronesian 16903:Gallo-Roman 16753:Anglo-Saxon 16551:Satsana Phi 16435:Momolianism 16339:Historical 16320:Panentheism 16113:New Zealand 16050:Saint Lucia 16000:El Salvador 15905:Switzerland 15840:Netherlands 15612:Philippines 15540:South Korea 15535:North Korea 15425:Afghanistan 15372:South Sudan 15262:Ivory Coast 15046:Deification 14993:Objectivism 14968:Agnosticism 14921:Persecution 14911:Video games 14876:Populations 14787:Proselytism 14755:Monasticism 14746:Clericalism 14736:Agriculture 14727:and society 14692:Soteriology 14652:Comparative 14622:Transtheism 14607:Panentheism 14391:Monasticism 14184:Gallo-Roman 14086:Micronesian 14052:Manichaeism 14000:Hermeticism 13968:Continental 13963:Anglo-Saxon 13843:Paleolithic 13838:Prehistoric 13788:Scientology 13651:Italo-Roman 13506:Radha Soami 13486:New Thought 13326:Espiritismo 13267:Waaqeffanna 13207:Fon and Ewe 13145:Sub-Saharan 13028:Satsana Phi 12814:Ghost Dance 12755:Californian 12723:Anishinaabe 12649:Karo Pemena 12628:Indonesian 12302:Lingayatism 12250:Mahanubhava 12220:Vaishnavism 12151:Jeungsanism 12074:Folk Taoism 12057:Xiantiandao 11911:Zoroastrian 11570:Charismatic 11565:Pentecostal 11528:Anglicanism 11479:Waldensians 11414:Catholicism 11082:Paleolithic 11074:Prehistoric 11048:New Thought 11036:Neopaganism 10731:Geographers 10415:Dioscorides 10395:Cassius Dio 10017:Cassiodorus 9920:Renaissance 9526:Agriculture 9498:Auxiliaries 9439:Engineering 9276:Magistrates 9128:Citizenship 9123:Mos maiorum 9058:Late Empire 8817:Persecution 8769:Gallo-Roman 8561:Res divinae 8433:Rhea Silvia 7674:Beard, M., 7594:Fordham.edu 7145:in Cicero, 7143:superstitio 7130:superstitio 6836:from Livy: 6604:Lex Ogulnia 6386:superstitio 5989:to declare 5827:Gradel, 21. 5716:, 8,306-58. 5591:, 83 & 5563:John Scheid 4811:John Scheid 4614:sarcophagus 4359:mos maiores 4323:superstitio 4265:superstitio 4031:Liber Pater 3986:Bellerophon 3938:Simon Price 3828:in 191 BC. 3818:Magna Mater 3745:Juno Regina 3701:Alban mount 3632:Wedding of 3575:continued. 3555:Bacchanalia 3298:superstitio 3286:superstitio 3277:superstitio 3247:Superstitio 3240:superstitio 3071:in absentia 3039:Panel from 2998:superstitio 2941:novemdialis 2921:Dis Manibus 2885:Dis Manibus 2847:Bacchanalia 2745:Juno Regina 2678:The bronze 2646:ius augurum 2475:The Vestals 2319:res publica 2306:superstitio 2247:mos maiorum 2178:di parentes 2123:, domestic 2111:mos maiorum 2037:sacrificium 1693:Taurobolium 1641:sacrificium 1631:victimarius 1598:sacramentum 1490:within the 1478:deposited. 1427:antiquarian 1346:Ludi Romani 1212:pantheistic 1134:mythography 1066:magistrates 924:Rhea Silvia 777:superstitio 755:and of the 749:Public vows 642:Mural crown 454:mos maiorum 408:Greek myths 137:Priesthoods 47:Religion in 19085:Categories 19020:Rio Treaty 18531:Relativism 18489:Liberalism 18455:Empiricism 18407:Philosophy 18395:Secularism 18346:Philosophy 18283:Literature 18077:Capitalism 17793:Witchcraft 17776:World tree 17714:Orthopraxy 17563:Stregheria 17510:Udmurt Vos 17473:Burkhanism 17381:Dievturība 17359:Mexicayotl 17127:Polynesian 17107:Melanesian 17102:Australian 17020:Babylonian 16834:Lusitanian 16829:Gallaecian 16819:Cantabrian 16795:Eleusinian 16709:Circassian 16705:Caucasian 16694:Lithuanian 16611:Sanamahism 16591:Donyi-Polo 16452:Philippine 16430:Kaharingan 16415:Vietnamese 16330:Polytheism 16103:Micronesia 15980:Costa Rica 15875:San Marino 15835:Montenegro 15815:Luxembourg 15672:Uzbekistan 15647:Tajikistan 15552:Kyrgyzstan 15525:Kazakhstan 15475:East Timor 15445:Bangladesh 15435:Azerbaijan 15352:Seychelles 15317:Mozambique 15302:Mauritania 15287:Madagascar 15177:Cape Verde 14959:irreligion 14954:Secularism 14856:Minorities 14824:Toleration 14819:Syncretism 14804:Fanaticism 14794:Disability 14782:Missionary 14772:Conversion 14760:Ordination 14682:Psychology 14677:Philosophy 14617:Polytheism 14597:Monotheism 14592:Henotheism 14433:Orthopraxy 14423:Ordination 14386:Meditation 14381:Indigenous 14346:Entheogens 14331:Conversion 14157:Pueblo III 14074:Babylonian 14064:Melanesian 13990:Gnosticism 13875:Lithuanian 13768:Fourth Way 13622:Circassian 13600:Dievturība 13523:Tensegrity 13456:Falun Gong 13101:Sanamahism 13081:Donyi-Polo 12671:Polynesian 12617:Kaharingan 12542:Burkhanism 12481:Ravidassia 12459:Śvetāmbara 12245:Pushtimarg 12225:Krishnaism 12161:Vietnamese 12146:Cheondoism 12079:Yao Taoism 12015:East Asian 11781:Isma'ilism 11737:Maturidism 11516:Mennonites 11511:Hutterites 11496:Anabaptism 11389:Humanistic 11235:Secularism 11225:Irreligion 11148:Gnosticism 11066:Historical 10939:East Asian 10911:Amerindian 10620:Mediolanum 10560:Alexandria 10525:Themistius 10490:Porphyrius 10317:Tertullian 10252:Quintilian 10242:Propertius 10137:Lactantius 10087:Fulgentius 10022:Censorinus 9844:Sanitation 9829:Metallurgy 9786:Technology 9751:Demography 9699:Patricians 9666:Spectacles 9624:Literature 9619:Hairstyles 9456:Technology 9206:Praefectus 9158:Government 9148:Litigation 9133:Auctoritas 9078:Centuriate 8965:Principate 8960:Pax Romana 8920:Foundation 8762:Variations 8664:Philosophy 8643:Capitolium 8550:Propertius 8317:Averruncus 8302:Aeternitas 8292:Abundantia 8221:Proserpina 7766:Fox, R. L. 7564:Iamblichus 7439:3 February 7330:Eusebius, 7175:, 15.44.5. 7147:pro Flacco 6907:Res Gestae 6815:Ver Sacrum 6748:Ling. Lat. 6607:of 300 BC. 6545:defixiones 6486:Apuleius, 5991:obnuntiato 5867:Forsythe, 5615:Prudentius 5464:historian 5010:historian 4979:Res Gestae 4952:, 11, 1–4. 4787:Jörg Rüpke 4769:References 4594:See also: 4572:". Later, 4533:pax deorum 4463:Diocletian 4422:in Rome's 4346:persecuted 4336:After the 4288:See also: 4272:Tertullian 4247:gold glass 4227:See also: 4155:apotheosis 3966:pax deorum 3934:Mary Beard 3916:principate 3897:Fresco of 3806:ver sacrum 3791:, 30–45 AD 3716:ara maxima 3612:principate 3446:defixiones 3438:defixiones 3429:defixiones 3382:necromancy 3374:Thessalian 3322:(singular 3253:See also: 3203:See also: 3154:Decius Mus 3109:and Stoic 2914:Parentalia 2887:, "to the 2723:obnuntiato 2651:pontifices 2545:mola salsa 2540:Fordicidia 2536:Parentalia 2417:pontifices 2365:haruspices 2336:pontifices 2324:Parentalia 2311:ira deorum 2262:in Latin, 2067:barbarians 1979:mola salsa 1932:), heart ( 1928:), liver ( 1889:ver sacrum 1828:Fordicidia 1689:Tauromachy 1669:Compitalia 1484:of animals 1482:, chiefly 1480:Sacrifices 1437:Saturnalia 1397:Principate 1373:Compitalia 1344:, and the 1342:Compitalia 1286:See also: 1157:his temple 1094:See also: 1058:Compitalia 1056:, and the 1052:Temple to 907:Velificans 891:Lupercalia 878:Ara Maxima 792:See also: 702:coniuratio 638:cornucopia 607:Punic Wars 343:cornucopia 147:Pontifices 18965:Five Eyes 18960:EU–UK TCA 18802:Democracy 18691:Old Norse 18580:Abrahamic 18537:Peritrope 18519:Tolerance 18499:Socialism 18329:Mythology 18317:Classical 18266:Languages 18244:Astrology 18092:Modernism 17906:Old World 17744:Sacrifice 17739:Holy well 17707:Mythology 17690:Stone row 17500:Hungarian 17430:Hellenism 17425:Heathenry 17393:Caucasian 17355:American 17349:Godianism 17310:movements 17042:Canaanite 16945:Hungarian 16913:Mithraism 16844:Camunnian 16785:Hero cult 16652:Anatolian 16566:Benzhuism 16561:Bathouism 16489:Dravidian 16420:Indonesia 16390:Mongolian 16325:Pantheism 16221:Venezuela 16166:Argentina 16083:Australia 16035:Nicaragua 16010:Guatemala 15810:Lithuania 15632:Sri Lanka 15627:Singapore 15607:Palestine 15495:Indonesia 15485:Hong Kong 15307:Mauritius 15028:Overviews 14983:Criticism 14936:Sectarian 14926:Terrorism 14901:Theocracy 14846:Happiness 14814:Pluralism 14799:Education 14725:Religion 14697:Salvation 14687:Sociology 14632:Religious 14612:Pantheism 14602:Nontheism 14495:Mountains 14473:Sacrifice 14428:Orthodoxy 14418:Mythology 14413:Mysticism 14302:Behaviour 14211:Canaanite 14194:Mithraism 14162:Pueblo IV 14152:Pueblo II 14057:Mazdakism 14032:Hungarian 14005:Mysteries 13914:Dravidian 13696:Hungarian 13612:Caucasian 13583:Godianism 13543:Agni Yoga 13533:Theosophy 13496:Rastafari 13471:Modekngei 13451:Brahmoism 13444:Syncretic 13436:movements 13434:religious 13346:Quimbanda 13294:Candomblé 13287:Diasporic 13066:Bathouism 13056:Benzhuism 12971:Tsimshian 12922:Purépecha 12843:Longhouse 12818:Sun Dance 12750:Blackfoot 12738:Wabunowin 12733:Midewiwin 12654:Malaysian 12644:Kapitayan 12454:Digambara 12439:Ayyavazhi 12404:Vajrayana 12369:Theravada 12282:Ganapatya 12255:Ramanandi 12184:Hoahaoism 12062:Yiguandao 11957:Yarsanism 11952:Shabakism 11939:Yazdânism 11929:Zurvanism 11924:Mazdaznan 11883:Rastafari 11878:Mandaeism 11752:Wahhabism 11732:Ash'arism 11695:Tolstoyan 11685:Spiritual 11675:Mormonism 11646:Judaizers 11619:Quakerism 11597:Methodist 11587:Irvingism 11538:Calvinism 11491:Adventism 11474:Moravians 11311:Abrahamic 11092:Near East 11008:Mithraism 10901:Rastafari 10873:Abrahamic 10776:Quaestors 10706:Empresses 10696:Dynasties 10686:Dictators 10661:and other 10650:Volubilis 10645:Vindobona 10605:Londinium 10530:Theodoret 10500:Procopius 10480:Polyaenus 10455:Pausanias 10357:Vitruvius 10302:Symmachus 10297:Suetonius 10207:Petronius 10192:Obsequens 10157:Macrobius 10152:Lucretius 10077:Frontinus 10052:Eutropius 10037:Columella 9987:Augustine 9977:Appuleius 9925:Neo-Latin 9900:Classical 9891:Versions 9799:Aqueducts 9741:Patronage 9661:Sexuality 9634:Mythology 9609:Education 9599:Cosmetics 9424:Campaigns 9419:Structure 9372:Decemviri 9231:Imperator 8930:overthrow 8789:Mithraism 8774:Mysteries 8623:Palladium 8601:Festivals 8377:Securitas 8327:Concordia 8271:Vertumnus 8089:Dīs Pater 7986:mythology 7644:North, J. 7640:Beard, M. 7410:cite book 7247:Rees, 60. 6939:667274301 6885:0029-5973 6761:Pomoerium 6475:Histories 5871:, p. 141. 5593:Marcellus 5275:et passim 5173:, p. 262. 4862:Routledge 4774:Citations 4478:in Gaul, 4459:haruspicy 4455:Marcellus 4415:Palmyrene 4290:Pentarchy 4249:from Rome 4205:dii manes 4186:Akraiphia 4067:Romanitas 4043:Concordia 3947:became a 3932:volumes, 3905:, Pompeii 3864:Epicurean 3856:Euhemerus 3753:Praeneste 3706:pomoerium 3515:Concordia 3495:plebeians 3479:Aphrodite 3290:Lucretius 3249:and magic 3185:gladiator 3136:Carnuntum 3132:centurion 3116:concordia 3079:Concordia 2837:' novel, 2835:Appuleius 2774:catharsis 2729:Prodigies 2687:Haruspicy 2664:Haruspicy 2629:Via Sacra 2356:Ara Pacis 2286:do ut des 2206:Palladium 2103:Vindobona 1985:porricere 1960:(viscera) 1847:expiation 1840:Robigalia 1816:holocaust 1803:di inferi 1798:Dis pater 1734:Di superi 1714:di superi 1697:Haruspicy 1653:do ut des 1626:libations 1612:Sacrifice 1514:Vitruvius 1500:libations 1441:Consualia 1419:. In his 1393:gladiator 1198:triad of 1184:Ara Pacis 1032:Jupiter, 946:Consualia 853:Palladium 847:, son of 658:provinces 502:libations 465:do ut des 416:Etruscans 414:, as the 412:Roman art 105:festivals 19025:Schengen 18955:Eurozone 18795:Property 18790:Religion 18681:Frankish 18671:Germanic 18651:Paganism 18572:Religion 18560:European 18472:Humanism 18375:Religion 18334:Painting 18300:Internet 18251:Folklore 18222:Clothing 18193:Calendar 18169:Cyrillic 18154:Alphabet 18117:Cold War 17675:Megalith 17665:Idolatry 17660:Folklore 17490:Estonian 17445:Kemetism 17420:Canarian 17371:Armenian 17340:African 17259:Malagasy 17229:Dahomean 17207:Bushongo 17152:Tahitian 17147:Rapa Nui 17137:Hawaiian 17025:Sumerian 17003:Egyptian 16925:Scythian 16886:Thracian 16881:Illyrian 16849:Ligurian 16758:Frankish 16748:Germanic 16743:Etruscan 16719:Ossetian 16714:Georgian 16674:Armenian 16667:Phrygian 16647:Albanian 16633:European 16601:Kiratism 16521:Ryukyuan 16479:Hinduism 16425:Parmalim 16410:Sarnaism 16395:Tengrism 16347:extinct) 16299:Paganism 16247:Category 16211:Suriname 16201:Paraguay 16186:Colombia 16093:Kiribati 16020:Honduras 15990:Dominica 15965:Barbados 15930:Scotland 15890:Slovenia 15885:Slovakia 15860:Portugal 15730:Bulgaria 15652:Thailand 15602:Pakistan 15582:Mongolia 15577:Maldives 15572:Malaysia 15460:Cambodia 15407:Zimbabwe 15382:Tanzania 15232:Ethiopia 15227:Eswatini 15207:Djibouti 15172:Cameroon 15157:Botswana 15101:Timeline 15096:Scholars 15056:Founders 14916:Violence 14871:Politics 14741:Business 14704:Theology 14448:Prophecy 14438:Paganism 14326:Covenant 14293:Apostasy 14228:Scythian 14169:Rapa Nui 14123:Thracian 14118:Illyrian 14108:Albanian 14079:Sumerian 14022:Harappan 13958:Germanic 13953:Georgian 13946:Selk'nam 13931:Etruscan 13919:Egyptian 13897:Druidism 13860:Armenian 13783:Satanism 13763:Eckankar 13686:Estonian 13671:Romanian 13661:Ossetian 13641:Germanic 13590:Armenian 13579:African 13572:paganism 13501:Sant Mat 13491:Rajneesh 13466:Meivazhi 13461:Japanese 13418:Siberian 13351:Santería 13321:Convince 13187:Bushongo 13091:Kiratism 13018:Hmongism 12885:Wocekiye 12870:Jivaroan 12838:Iroquois 12833:Ho-Chunk 12782:Cherokee 12705:American 12676:Hawaiian 12589:Sarnaism 12559:Tungusic 12547:Tengrism 12537:Mongolic 12466:Sarnaism 12397:Nichiren 12374:Mahayana 12361:Buddhism 12339:Sant Mat 12329:Sauraism 12324:Smartism 12319:Shaktism 12312:Balinese 12297:Kaumaram 12292:Kapalika 12287:Kashmiri 12272:Shaivism 12212:Hinduism 12179:Caodaism 12123:Ryukyuan 12118:Tenrikyo 12113:Shugendō 12091:Japanese 11962:Yazidism 11947:Ishikism 11825:Quranism 11798:Khawarij 11747:Salafism 11742:Atharism 11631:Esoteric 11602:Holiness 11592:Lutheran 11553:Reformed 11533:Baptists 11506:Brethren 11470:Hussites 11458:Assyrian 11374:Haymanot 11328:Orthodox 11277:Religion 11220:Humanism 11138:Germanic 11100:Egyptian 10980:Hinduism 10975:Buddhism 10781:Tribunes 10771:Praetors 10721:Generals 10701:Emperors 10610:Lugdunum 10595:Eboracum 10585:Carthage 10570:Aquileia 10485:Polybius 10475:Plutarch 10445:Libanius 10435:Josephus 10430:Herodian 10322:Tibullus 10237:Priscian 10212:Phaedrus 10172:Manilius 10117:Jordanes 10102:Hydatius 10032:Claudian 10012:Catullus 10002:Boëthius 9997:Ausonius 9915:Medieval 9887:Alphabet 9859:Theatres 9834:Numerals 9819:Concrete 9809:Circuses 9776:Bagaudae 9766:Adoption 9761:Marriage 9734:Assembly 9639:Religion 9614:Folklore 9594:Clothing 9589:Calendar 9546:Currency 9536:Commerce 9434:Strategy 9396:Military 9382:Triumvir 9362:Dictator 9357:Interrex 9336:Governor 9321:Quaestor 9284:Ordinary 9266:Province 9256:Tetrarch 9246:Augustus 9211:Vicarius 9201:Officium 9138:Imperium 9088:Plebeian 9048:Republic 8970:Dominate 8937:Republic 8898:Timeline 8829:Glossary 8800:See also 8696:Stoicism 8671:Cynicism 8633:Pomerium 8592:Concepts 8574:Apuleius 8494:She-wolf 8478:Hersilia 8397:Victoria 8297:Aequitas 8251:Summanus 8241:Silvanus 8226:Quirinus 8156:Libertas 8119:Hercules 8064:Cloacina 8049:Carmenta 8044:Bona Dea 8019:Angerona 8014:Agenoria 7321:, 8.6.6. 7302:Eusebius 7151:collegia 6893:24644883 6731:Priscian 6599:collegia 6488:Apologia 6384:without 6271:evocatio 6140:28378422 5528:Cicero, 5474:piaculum 5462:Augustan 5362:chthonic 5325:Orr, 23. 5212:See the 5060:Cicero, 5008:Augustan 4807:Florides 4803:Apuleius 4714:See also 4631:Constans 4449:In 295, 4407:Aurelian 4386:Valerian 4363:Apostasy 4260:collegia 4193:princeps 4132:princeps 4124:Augustan 4056:Serapium 4047:Vertault 4027:Sabratha 3949:de facto 3886:claimed 3872:Scaevola 3826:Palatine 3822:Pessinus 3777:Deianira 3769:Hercules 3731:cult of 3729:Tusculan 3711:Hercules 3664:Aventine 3656:Etruscan 3543:Dionysus 3526:beyond. 3511:dictator 3507:Camillus 3467:Dionysus 3412:pomerium 3408:Chthonic 3378:Erichtho 3360:depicts 3328:Apuleius 3310:pomerium 3212:Bona Dea 3162:grandson 3075:Victoria 3012:evocatio 3006:Camillus 2953:Caristia 2929:Lugdunum 2906:di Manes 2670:Haruspex 2618:pomerium 2574:Claudius 2566:fascinus 2528:Vestalia 2443:collegia 2421:collegia 2396:Flamines 2392:flamines 2388:flamines 2379:flamines 2352:flamines 2277:Florides 2273:Apuleius 2264:eusebeia 2099:lararium 2032:Di Manes 1938:pulmones 1894:Hannibal 1873:piaculum 1865:piaculum 1857:piaculum 1852:piaculum 1810:di Manes 1794:Chthonic 1786:simpulum 1756:Denarius 1552:Samnites 1529:delubrum 1405:saeculum 1354:Bona Dea 1263:Bordeaux 1196:plebeian 1165:Quirinus 1149:pantheon 1050:Aventine 1003:Quirinus 995:flamines 910:(veiled) 883:Hercules 843:refugee 782:paganism 763:tutelary 745:Augustus 728:and the 676:such as 576:pontiffs 541:Augustus 532:Overview 448:the gods 432:founders 367:. Their 337:holding 334:Dea Roma 331:Defaced 172:Epulones 167:Fetiales 162:Flamines 157:Vestales 88:libation 18870:Benelux 18775:Thought 18725:Atheism 18666:Finnish 18642:Culture 18637:Judaism 18599:Eastern 18595:Western 18590:Culture 18524:Paradox 18390:Decline 18351:Science 18227:History 18215:Studies 18198:Cuisine 18186:Periods 18146:Culture 17975:History 17941:Eastern 17936:Western 17887:culture 17645:Tumulus 17573:Druidry 17505:Mordvin 17495:Finnish 17460:Semitic 17408:Uatsdin 17269:Odinani 17249:Lugbara 17117:Nauruan 17054:Persian 17049:Iranian 17037:Arabian 17032:Semitic 16998:Hurrian 16866:Nuragic 16854:Umbrian 16840:Italic 16814:Iberian 16724:Vainakh 16689:Latvian 16657:Hittite 16586:Burmese 16571:Bimoism 16506:Punjabi 16474:Chinese 16457:Tagalog 16442:Kejawèn 16315:Animism 16216:Uruguay 16191:Ecuador 16171:Bolivia 16148:Vanuatu 16075:Oceania 16025:Jamaica 16005:Grenada 15960:Bahamas 15920:England 15910:Ukraine 15865:Romania 15825:Moldova 15785:Ireland 15780:Iceland 15775:Hungary 15765:Germany 15755:Finland 15750:Estonia 15745:Denmark 15740:Czechia 15735:Croatia 15720:Belgium 15715:Belarus 15710:Austria 15705:Andorra 15700:Albania 15677:Vietnam 15587:Myanmar 15562:Lebanon 15480:Georgia 15440:Bahrain 15430:Armenia 15392:Tunisia 15362:Somalia 15347:Senegal 15332:Nigeria 15322:Namibia 15312:Morocco 15277:Liberia 15272:Lesotho 15222:Eritrea 15192:Comoros 15167:Burundi 15142:Algeria 15086:Outline 15051:Deities 14978:Atheism 14891:Science 14809:Freedom 14667:History 14634:studies 14587:Dualism 14577:Animism 14542:Worship 14522:Symbols 14463:Liturgy 14376:Goddess 14336:Deities 14317:Laicism 14307:Beliefs 14286:Aspects 14258:Zapotec 14253:Vainakh 14221:Yahwism 14206:Semitic 14135:Iranian 14037:Hurrian 14027:Hittite 14017:Guanche 14010:Orphism 13941:Fuegian 13936:Finnish 13924:Atenism 13870:Latvian 13855:Arabian 13798:Raëlism 13778:Jediism 13773:Goddess 13746:De novo 13634:Druidry 13528:Thelema 13481:New Age 13366:Umbanda 13257:Tumbuka 13242:Odinala 13227:Lugbara 13147:African 13113:African 13061:Bimoism 13051:Burmese 12897:Mapuche 12863:Wyandot 12823:Guarani 12804:Choctaw 12799:Chilote 12718:Alaskan 12713:Abenaki 12664:Tagalog 12637:Kejawèn 12486:Sikhism 12449:Jainism 12409:Tibetan 12392:Amidism 12260:Warkari 12174:Đạo Mẫu 12024:Chinese 12006:Eastern 11983:Roshani 11902:Iranian 11810:Alevism 11803:Ibadism 11776:Zaydism 11453:Ancient 11424:Eastern 11384:Renewal 11369:Karaite 11350:Zionist 11338:Hasidic 11320:Judaism 11302:Western 11105:Semitic 11000:Iranian 10990:Sikhism 10985:Jainism 10896:Judaism 10751:Legions 10711:Fiction 10681:Consuls 10676:Climate 10630:Ravenna 10625:Pompeii 10615:Lutetia 10580:Bononia 10575:Berytus 10565:Antioch 10540:Zosimus 10535:Zonaras 10510:Sozomen 10495:Priscus 10470:Photius 10312:Terence 10307:Tacitus 10292:Statius 10277:Servius 10262:Sallust 10217:Plautus 10197:Orosius 10177:Martial 10132:Juvenal 10107:Hyginus 10092:Gellius 9951:Writers 9882:History 9864:Thermae 9854:Temples 9804:Bridges 9771:Slavery 9719:Equites 9691:Society 9671:Theatre 9644:Deities 9604:Cuisine 9584:Bathing 9566:Culture 9541:Finance 9518:Economy 9409:Borders 9404:History 9306:Tribune 9301:Praetor 9191:Legatus 9186:Emperor 9073:Curiate 9043:Kingdom 9038:History 9014:History 8997:decline 8955:History 8925:Kingdom 8908:History 8893:Outline 8812:Decline 8736:Objects 8638:Temples 8618:Charity 8352:Laverna 8342:Fortuna 8332:Feronia 8261:Veritas 8231:Salacia 8216:Priapus 8201:Penates 8181:Neptune 8176:Minerva 8171:Mercury 8134:Jupiter 8074:Dea Dia 8039:Bellona 7994:Deities 7169:Letters 6746:Varro, 6692:ambitus 6490:, 26.6. 6382:religio 5670:familia 5479:devotio 5458:online. 5415:online. 5260:Pliny, 4950:Romulus 4708:Pacatus 4700:Ambrose 4679:Gratian 4610:Chi Rho 4508:Germany 4327:religio 4144:triumph 4086:Mithras 4035:Serapis 4018:Mithras 3998:Minerva 3990:Pegasus 3962:Vestals 3958:Arvales 3903:Salacia 3899:Neptune 3860:deified 3833:Bacchus 3719:in the 3713:at the 3660:Minerva 3634:Jupiter 3559:Marsyas 3551:Bacchus 3489:, Italy 3487:Pompeii 3416:Feralia 3302:religio 3294:religio 3282:religio 3268:Pompeii 3181:devotio 3158:his son 3150:devotio 3145:devotio 3103:Mithras 3099:familia 3067:familia 3045:lustral 3030:templum 2994:religio 2949:Feralia 2778:Mithras 2765:Ariadne 2737:religio 2633:templum 2625:templum 2612:templum 2582:Gratian 2561:phallus 2532:Parilia 2524:Penates 2496:Vestals 2430:Vestals 2374:familia 2332:privata 2295:atheism 2291:religio 2256:religio 2241:religio 2217:Religio 2201:penates 2174:penates 2126:penates 2079:Hadrian 1946:litatio 1940:). The 1903:Pompeii 1836:Robigus 1760:obverse 1730:consuls 1726:bos mas 1722:Jupiter 1673:Lemures 1518:templum 1508:templum 1496:(cella) 1492:templum 1447:on the 1381:triumph 1369:Pompeii 1356:rites. 1340:during 1319:nefasti 1247:Stabiae 1220:culture 1173:Minerva 1153:Jupiter 1038:Minerva 999:Jupiter 950:Sabines 932:exposed 873:Arcadia 869:Evander 865:Vestals 861:Penates 834:legends 722:Judaism 678:Mithras 611:temples 603:Jupiter 582:became 522:Vestals 442:second 428:legends 339:Victory 289:Decline 187:Deities 152:Augures 100:temples 18890:CANZUK 18780:Speech 18708:Slavic 18686:Gothic 18661:Celtic 18656:Baltic 18555:Values 18356:Values 17916:Greece 17788:Virtue 17749:animal 17729:Ritual 17685:Menhir 17680:Dolmen 17485:Uralic 17465:Slavic 17455:Romani 17415:Celtic 17398:Abkhaz 17386:Romuva 17376:Baltic 17326:Ethnic 17284:Somali 17254:Maasai 17157:Tongan 17122:Papuan 17061:Berber 17008:Nubian 16935:Uralic 16930:Slavic 16898:Cybele 16876:Dacian 16861:Minoan 16824:Castro 16800:Orphic 16763:Gothic 16731:Celtic 16701:Basque 16679:Baltic 16662:Lydian 16596:Heraka 16526:Korean 16516:Shinto 16501:Kalash 16464:Marapu 16400:Turkic 16385:Manchu 16380:Altaic 16257:Portal 16196:Guyana 16176:Brazil 16143:Tuvalu 16040:Panama 16030:Mexico 15975:Canada 15970:Belize 15900:Sweden 15880:Serbia 15870:Russia 15855:Poland 15850:Norway 15830:Monaco 15800:Latvia 15795:Kosovo 15770:Greece 15760:France 15692:Europe 15657:Turkey 15642:Taiwan 15547:Kuwait 15520:Jordan 15510:Israel 15470:Cyprus 15455:Brunei 15450:Bhutan 15402:Zambia 15397:Uganda 15337:Rwanda 15292:Malawi 15252:Guinea 15242:Gambia 15147:Angola 15134:Africa 14943:Wealth 14886:Schism 14841:Growth 14765:Priest 14750:Clergy 14569:Theism 14552:Nature 14547:Astral 14490:Groves 14458:Ritual 14443:Prayer 14401:Novice 14351:Ethnic 14276:Topics 14248:Urartu 14243:Tongan 14238:Somali 14233:Slavic 14113:Dacian 13892:Celtic 13887:Basque 13865:Baltic 13716:Udmurt 13681:Uralic 13676:Slavic 13629:Celtic 13617:Abkhaz 13605:Romuva 13595:Baltic 13570:Modern 13413:Papuan 13376:Voodoo 13331:Kumina 13272:Yoruba 13262:Urhobo 13232:Maasai 13217:Lotuko 13165:Baluba 13155:Akamba 13128:Berber 13086:Heraka 13076:Dongba 12954:Pueblo 12949:Pawnee 12939:Navajo 12929:Muisca 12892:Lenape 12880:Lakota 12858:Seneca 12848:Mohawk 12770:Ohlone 12745:Apache 12728:Ojibwe 12703:Native 12569:Manchu 12564:Evenki 12525:Altaic 12516:Ethnic 12491:Khalsa 12444:Kalash 12334:Śrauta 12203:Indian 12133:Korean 12099:Shinto 12069:Taoism 12042:Luoism 11868:Baháʼí 11863:Bábism 11815:Ahmadi 11793:Sufism 11786:Alawis 11436:Church 11364:Reform 11345:Modern 11333:Haredi 11170:Slavic 11133:Celtic 11128:Baltic 11028:Modern 10967:Indian 10957:Shinto 10952:Taoism 10881:Baháʼí 10761:Nomina 10746:Legacy 10726:Gentes 10663:topics 10659:Lists 10640:Smyrna 10520:Strabo 10450:Lucian 10440:Julian 10390:Arrian 10385:Appian 10375:Aelian 10352:Vergil 10127:Justin 10112:Jerome 10097:Horace 10082:Fronto 10072:Florus 10047:Ennius 10027:Cicero 10007:Caesar 9905:Vulgar 9729:Tribes 9656:Romans 9466:Legion 9449:castra 9326:Aedile 9296:Censor 9291:Consul 9251:Caesar 9221:Lictor 9143:Status 9083:Tribal 9063:Senate 9053:Empire 8947:Empire 8883:topics 8779:Cybele 8705:Events 8653:Celtic 8521:Aeneid 8515:Virgil 8428:Aeneas 8362:Pietas 8347:Fontus 8322:Caelus 8312:Annona 8307:Africa 8276:Vulcan 8236:Saturn 8211:Pomona 8114:Genius 8104:Faunus 8094:Egeria 8034:Aurora 8029:Apollo 7907:about 7842: 7820: 7799: 7782: 7759: 7745: 7731: 7710: 7696: 7682: 7668: 7654: 7466: 7398: 7173:Annals 7118:ad hoc 6937: 6927: 6891: 6883: 6657:Roman. 6626:contra 6541:Nodens 6464:4.7.2. 6138: 6128: 6066:295–8. 5956:Scheid 5933:, 2.4. 5714:Aeneid 5450:online 5352:Ovid, 5264:28.10. 5197:passim 4964:Aeneid 4937:passim 4916:Aeneid 4642:Julian 4562:heresy 4551:genius 4539:signum 4391:Origen 4354:Decius 4317:(1883) 4300:, and 4235:, and 4217:genius 4136:genius 4088:, and 4078:Cybele 4051:tophet 4039:Cuicul 3994:Athena 3992:, and 3852:Ennius 3801:Cannae 3781:Nessus 3773:Hyllus 3733:Castor 3727:. 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