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426:, and tourist ministry posters. The fortress walls rise 40 metres (130 ft) from the mountaintop and the entire complex, including cannonball stocks but excluding the surrounding grounds, covers an area of 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft). Workers laid the large foundation stones of the fortress directly into the stone of the mountaintop, using a mortar mixture that included
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unnecessary, for
Napoleon, occupied with his European campaigns, never tried to regain the country). During the stronghold's conceptual phase, Christophe was a general in the Haitian army and chief administrator of the country's northern regions. The ensuing power struggle he had with his rival and fellow revolutionary
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The
Citadelle, built by forced labor that cost up to 20,000 lives, was built several kilometres inland atop the 900-metre (3,000 ft) Bonnet à l’Eveque mountain, as a means of providing the optimal military vantage point. The location enabled Haitian forces to strategically keep watch over a vast
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heavily criticized the
Haitian National Institute for Historic Preservation (ISPAN) — the organization tasked with preserving Haiti's cultural heritage sites — describing the site as in a state of disrepair and calling ISPAN's efforts "unacceptable". His visit was intended to assess the state of the
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and completed in 1820. The fortress was built as part of a system of fortifications designed to thwart potential foreign incursions; notably the French (Haiti was under French domination, the
Haitians defeated them and built the fortress to prevent them seizing the country again; it turned out to be
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juice, to travelers. The trail is paved stone, generally smooth and in good condition. About three-quarters of the way up from the parking lot, visitors must complete the final portion on horseback or on foot. The entire 11-kilometre (7 mi) trail, starting in Milot, is almost completely uphill, but
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The
Citadelle is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Haiti. Directions to and history of the fortress are provided by self-appointed guides from the town of Milot. Near the entrance to Sans-Souci Palace, which is at the start of the trail to the Citadelle, visitors may be asked to pay a
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Though the turbulent political situation in Haiti (principally in the central region) has deterred visitors in recent years, the regions of the north and south of the country remain largely peaceful, making travel to the
Citadel less challenging or hazardous than travel within the Haitian capital,
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of a great stone ship, jutting out from the mountainside. The structure is angular and assumes different geometric forms based on the viewer's orientation. Some of the angles on the
Citadelle were intentionally put there by Christophe to deviate cannonballs if attacked and the Epaulette is a great
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The
Haitians outfitted the fortress with 365 cannons of varying size, assembled from the abandoned munitions left behind by the European forces that formerly occupied the island. The enormous stockpiles of cannonballs still sit in pyramidal stacks at the base of the fortress walls. Since its
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and storehouses in the fortress's interior were designed to store enough food and water for 5,000 defenders for up to one year. The fortress included palace quarters for the king and his family, in the event that they needed to take refuge within its walls. Other facilities included
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distance, from the nearby valleys to the coastline. Cap-Haïtien and the adjoining
Atlantic Ocean are visible from the roof of the fortress. It is the largest fortress in Haiti and one of the largest in the New World; it continues to serve as a symbol of Haitian independence.
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can be walked by experienced hikers who carry plenty of water. Most of the interior of the
Citadelle fortress itself is accessible to visitors, who may also climb the numerous staircases to the fortress's roof, which is free of guardrails. On a clear day, the city of
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of stone walkways), some slanted portions are adorned with bright red tiles. The fortress has been repaired and refurnished several times since its construction, including in the 1980s with help from
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579:, has investigated the Citadelle for monument conservation, community development, training and cultural heritage revitalization. The project would focus on both the Citadelle and nearby
293:. It is situated on the Bonnet à l'Evêque mountaintop located approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) uphill from the town of Milot, 27 kilometres (17 mi) south of the city of
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and the Atlantic Ocean can be seen to the north. Because of its elevation, the top of the Citadelle is used by United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (
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and construction projects sometimes make this unreliable. Numerous people live along the trail and sell souvenirs or drinks, such as fresh
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construction, the fortress has withstood numerous earthquakes, though a French attack never came and it was eventually abandoned.
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example of using angles to deviate and deflect shots. Though most of the fortress has no roof as such (the interior top is a
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624:""The Haitian Turn"- An Appraisal of Recent Literary and Historiographical Works on the Haitian Revolution.pdf"
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and entombed it in one of the Citadelle's interior courtyards to prevent others from mutilating the corpse.
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Christophe suffered a stroke in 1820, and some of his troops mutinied. Shortly afterwards, he committed
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Citadel for conservation, but he refused to visit its upper levels, deeming them unsafe for visitors.
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The colossal physical dimensions of the fortress have made it a Haitian national symbol, featured on
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The Citadelle's appearance from the trail leading up to its base has been likened to the
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In the event of an invasion, Christophe planned to have his military burn the valuable
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ovens. Also visible is the tomb of Christophe's brother-in-law, killed when the
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and food stocks along the coast, then retreat to the fortress, setting
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After visiting the Citadelle in July 2012, Haitian President
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Global Heritage Fund investigative summary of the Citadel
814:"Cape to Milan, Citadelle Laferrière, Haiti, Travel Info"
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along the sole mountain path leading to the Citadelle.
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Haiti: President Martelly Outraged at State of Citadel
651:"National History Park – Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers"
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Historic fortress and symbol of Haitian independence
689:"Haiti's Turbulent Birth Haunts Crumbling Fortress"
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510:small fee. Visitors are also encouraged to rent a
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771:Cheong-Lum, Roseline Ng, Jermyn, Leslie (2005).
449:Citadelle Laferrière aerial view from a US Army
1705:Military installations established in the 1820s
885:Citadelle Laferrière on Global Heritage Network
741:"Haiti Conservation and Reconstruction Efforts"
858:Haitian President Outraged at State of Citadel
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846:The President Martelly angry at the Citadelle
304:The Citadelle Laferrière was commissioned by
797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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755:The Slave Who Became King: Henri Christophe
441:Cannonball stockpiles, viewed from the roof
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363:The Citadelle was commissioned in 1805 by
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243:Location of Citadelle Laferrière in Haiti
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327:-derived military fortifications in the
761:, Volume XII, Number 12, October, 1963.
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555:Aerial view of a nearby gun emplacement
323:incursion. The Citadelle is one of few
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719:. White Lion Publishing. p. 284.
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643:
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1137:List of revolutions and coups d'état
867:– Global Heritage Fund blog article
777:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 102.
716:A History of the World in 500 Walks
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97:108,000 square feet (10,000 m)
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957:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
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653:. UNESCO World Heritage Convention
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677:. Courtois. pp. 313–316.
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311:, for whom it is also named
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848:– Haiti Libre news article
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455:Operation Unified Response
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313:Citadelle Henri Christophe
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836:– defend.ht news article
812:MacGregor, Alex (2012).
674:Histoire d'Haïti, Tome 3
473:, bathing quarters, and
33:The Citadelle Laferrière
671:Madiou, Thomas (1849).
604:citadellelaferriere.com
577:non-profit organization
339:in 1982 along with the
105:3,000 feet (910 m)
78:19.573611°N 72.243889°W
1095:2010s cholera outbreak
1056:Post-imperial Republic
600:"Citadelle Laferrière"
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459:2010 Haiti Earthquake
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359:Walls of the citadel.
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325:Africans in New World
317:First Empire of Haiti
306:Haitian revolutionary
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145:National History Park
83:19.573611; -72.243889
1518:Citadelle Laferrière
1485:Water and sanitation
1224:World Heritage Sites
969:Atlantic slave trade
569:Global Heritage Fund
499:World Monuments Fund
387:View from the walls.
255:Citadelle Laferrière
22:Citadelle Laferrière
1309:Chamber of Deputies
1292:Commanders-in-chief
753:Monfried, Walter, "
337:World Heritage Site
74: /
1590:The Unknown Maroon
1404:Telecommunications
1006:Haitian Revolution
989:Colonial governors
962:Colonial governors
863:2012-08-15 at the
832:2012-07-24 at the
743:. August 10, 2010.
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1132:List of massacres
1122:COVID-19 pandemic
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1386:Foreign aid
1371:Agriculture
1275:LGBT rights
1194:Environment
1189:Earthquakes
1184:Departments
1115:2022 crisis
628:Google Docs
529:Cap-Haïtien
491:latticework
414:Description
295:Cap-Haïtien
281:located in
197:State Party
147:– Citadel,
81: /
57:Coordinates
1679:Categories
1585:Television
1550:Literature
1393:(currency)
1299:Parliament
1265:Government
1199:Hispaniola
699:2020-06-26
657:2007-08-16
633:2016-06-17
609:2016-06-17
573:California
520:landslides
347:of Haiti.
269:(English:
172:Designated
149:Sans Souci
69:72°14′38″W
66:19°34′25″N
1565:Mythology
1533:Languages
1480:Squatting
1450:Education
1414:Transport
1321:President
1255:Elections
1147:Geography
1039:1820–1849
1034:1806–1820
1030:Republic
793:cite book
587:Footnotes
479:gunpowder
428:quicklime
408:quicklime
329:New World
151:, Ramiers
102:Elevation
1625:Category
1465:Religion
1287:Military
1238:Politics
1219:Wildlife
1110:Gang war
947:Timeline
931:articles
861:Archived
830:Archived
535:) for a
533:MINUSTAH
497:and the
471:dungeons
466:cisterns
432:molasses
420:currency
397:ambushes
345:landmark
279:fortress
164:Criteria
159:Cultural
118:Built by
39:Location
1643:Portals
1609:Outline
1523:Cuisine
1495:Culture
1428:Society
1409:Tourism
1399:Poverty
1391:Gourde
1359:Economy
1204:Islands
1026:Kingdom
996:Slavery
974:Maroons
939:History
892:(video)
575:-based
524:coconut
505:Tourism
453:during
404:suicide
351:History
273:Citadel
179:session
1630:Portal
1513:Cinema
1470:People
1460:Health
1304:Senate
1214:Rivers
1174:Cities
1169:Border
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495:UNESCO
475:bakery
464:Large
424:stamps
333:UNESCO
321:French
205:Region
167:iv, vi
1657:Haiti
1616:Index
1560:Music
1555:Media
1440:Crime
1021:State
927:Haiti
512:horse
393:crops
335:as a
291:Haiti
283:Milot
271:"The
200:Haiti
177:(6th
175:1982
110:Built
51:Haiti
43:Milot
1528:Flag
1338:List
1326:List
799:link
779:ISBN
721:ISBN
571:, a
567:The
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301:.
287:Nord
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113:1820
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