4735:, argue Confederate victory was possible. McPherson argues that the North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely, but not guaranteed. He argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, it would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union. Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win, but only to fight a defensive war to convince the North the cost of winning was too high. The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win. Lincoln was not a military dictator and could fight only as long as the American public supported the war. The Confederacy sought to win independence by outlasting Lincoln; however, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, hope for a political victory for the South ended. Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans, War Democrats, border states, emancipated slaves, and the neutrality of Britain and France. By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he defeated the
3289:
3736:
2590:, was a binding contract, and called secession "legally void". He did not intend to invade Southern states, nor to end slavery where it existed, but he said he would use force to maintain possession of federal property, including forts, arsenals, mints, and customhouses that had been seized. The government would not try to recover post offices, and if resisted, mail delivery would end at state lines. Where conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of federal law, US marshals and judges would be withdrawn. No mention was made of bullion lost from mints. He stated that it would be US policy "to collect the duties and imposts"; "there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere" that would justify an armed revolution. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, famously calling on "the mystic chords of memory" binding the two regions.
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5217:
4240:
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267:
249:
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182:
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3573:, his predecessor in army command, before that date and referred to Johnston's command as the Army of Northern Virginia. Part of the confusion results from the fact Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia (as of October 22, 1861) and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name. Jefferson Davis and Johnston did not adopt the name, but it is clear the organization of units as of March 14 was the same organization that Lee received on June 1, and thus it is generally referred to today as the Army of Northern Virginia, even if that is correct only in retrospect.
3049:
4142:
2656:
224:
206:
169:
3641:
545:
5837:
5641:
5532:, and elsewhere, were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation. Nor was Tennessee, which had come under Union control. Missouri and Maryland abolished slavery on their own; Kentucky and Delaware did not. Still, the proclamation did not enjoy universal support. It caused much unrest in what were then considered western states, where racist sentiments led to a great fear of abolition. There was some concern that the proclamation would lead to the secession of western states, and its issuance prompted the stationing of Union troops in Illinois in case of rebellion.
2401:
5512:'s "The Prayer of Twenty Millions"; the letter stated that Lincoln's goal was to save the Union, and that, if he freed the slaves, it would be as a means to that end. He also had a meeting at the White House with five African American representatives on August 14, 1862. Arranging for a reporter to be present, he urged his visitors to agree to the voluntary colonization of black people. Lincoln's motive for both his letter to Greeley and his statement to the black visitors was apparently to make his forthcoming Emancipation Proclamation more palatable to racist
3852:
2542:
6525:
5165:
possibly as high as 850,000. A novel way of calculating casualties, by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm, through analysis of census data, found at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people, but most likely 761,000 people, died in the war. This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths, going by the proportion of Union to
Confederate battle losses. As McPherson notes, the war's "cost in American lives was as great as in all of the nation's other wars combined through
5969:
5851:
5405:
over a third of the rank and file in Lee's army had close family ties to slavery. To
Northerners, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery. However, as the war dragged on, and it became clear slavery was central to the conflict, and that emancipation was (to quote the Emancipation Proclamation) "a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing rebellion," Lincoln and his cabinet made ending slavery a war goal, culminating in the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln's decision to issue the Proclamation angered
2683:
require reinforcing it, was the only workable option. On April 6, Lincoln informed the
Governor of South Carolina that a ship with food but no ammunition would attempt to supply the fort. Historian McPherson describes this win-win approach as "the first sign of the mastery that would mark Lincoln's presidency"; the Union would win if it could resupply and hold the fort, and the South would be the aggressor if it opened fire on an unarmed ship supplying starving men. An April 9 Confederate cabinet meeting resulted in Davis ordering General
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5070:
11882:
4712:
3199:
3324:
for liberty, commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the
European economy. The European aristocracy was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed. European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic." However, a European public with liberal sensibilities remained, which the U.S. sought to appeal to by building connections with the international press. By 1861, Union diplomats like
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5551:
5664:
5746:
4437:
5488:
3525:
4682:
Confederate ships to use neutral ports as safe havens from U.S. warships should end. Having no response to
Lincoln's proclamation, President Johnson issued a similar proclamation dated May 10, more directly stating that the war was almost at an end and insurgent cruisers still at sea, and prepared to attack U.S. ships, should not have rights to do so through use of safe foreign ports or waters. Britain finally responded on June 6, by transmitting a letter from Foreign Secretary
4338:
3160:
2730:
17649:
1953:
1914:
5046:
277:
259:
17659:
1963:
7260:. "The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic, but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources. The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered; tens of thousands of other slaves had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths."
5018:
Southern leaders needed to get
European powers to help break the blockade the Union had created around Southern ports. Lincoln's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods; as a result, imports and exports to the South declined significantly. The abundance of European cotton and Britain's hostility to slavery, along with Lincoln's naval blockades, severely decreased any chance that Britain or France would enter the war.
5571:" to the Constitution: the 13th outlawing slavery (1865), the 14th guaranteeing citizenship to former slaves (1868), and the 15th ensuring voting rights to former male slaves (1870). From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate victory by reuniting the Union, to guarantee a "republican form of government" for the ex-Confederate states, and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status.
7323:. "An 2 April 2012 New York Times article, 'New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll', reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people. As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ...".
5233:, superintendent of the 1870 census, used census and surgeon general data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths, a total of 850,000 soldiers. While Walker's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 census's undercounting, it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 percent and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate.
3955:
3084:. The Confederacy, recognizing the need to counter the Union's naval superiority, built or converted over 130 vessels, including 26 ironclads. Despite efforts, Confederate ships were largely unsuccessful against Union ironclads. The Union Navy used timberclads, tinclads, and armored gunboats. Shipyards in Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis built or modified
6623:"End of the Rebellion; The Last Rebel Army Disbands. Kirby Smith Surrenders the Land and Naval Forces Under His Command. The Confederate Flag Disappears from the Continent. The Era of Peace Begins. Military Prisoners During the War to be Discharged. Deserters to be Released from Confinement. [Official.] From Secretary Stanton to Gen. Dix"
3947:, in Shiloh, Tennessee in April 1862, the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell. Overnight, the Navy landed reinforcements, and Grant counterattacked. Grant and the Union won a decisive victory—the first battle with the high casualty rates that would occur repeatedly. The Confederates lost
5567:, previously considerable, was greatly diminished until the second half of the 20th century. Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863, and it continued until 1877. It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the aftermath, the most important of which were the three "
5436:. The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army. About 190,000 volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of undermining the legitimacy of slavery.
3717:, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in US military history. Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.
6908:"Union population 1864" aggregates 1860 population, average annual immigration 1855–1864, and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source. Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen, migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies, and natural increase are excluded.
5524:
explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong .... And yet I have never understood that the
Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling .... I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me."
6917:"Slave 1864, CSA" aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Texas. It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation, freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies, especially in the Mississippi Valley.
3877:. After Meade's inconclusive fall campaign, Lincoln turned to the Western theater for new leadership. At the same time, the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River, permanently isolating the western Confederacy, and producing the new leader Lincoln needed,
4199:. The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862, and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas. In the Indian Territory, civil war broke out within tribes. About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy but fewer for the Union. The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General
3940:'s gunboats of the Western Flotilla, to threaten the Confederacy's "Gibraltar of the West" at Columbus, Kentucky. Although rebuffed at Belmont, Grant cut off Columbus. The Confederates, lacking their gunboats, were forced to retreat and the Union took control of west Kentucky and opened Tennessee in March 1862.
6702:, p. 31. "Lee's surrender left Johnston with no place to go. On April 26, near Durham, N.C., the Army of Tennessee laid down its arms before Sherman's forces. With the surrender of isolated forces in the Trans-Mississippi West on May 4, 11, and 26, the most costly war in American history came to an end."
2605:. Embittered by his defeat, Seward agreed to support Lincoln's candidacy only after he was guaranteed the executive office then considered the second most powerful. In the early stages of Lincoln's presidency Seward held little regard for him, due to his perceived inexperience. Seward viewed himself as the
5440:
that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose
Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game." Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the latter eventually accepted it as part of the total war needed to save the Union.
9633:
On 3 August, General
Halleck directed General McClellan to begin his final withdrawal from the Peninsula and to return to Northern Virginia to support Pope. McClellan protested and did not begin his redeployment until 14 August. The situation created an opportunity for General Lee. The removal of the
5026:
The North's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government. Confederate independence, on the other hand, would have established an
American model for reactionary politics and race-based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the 20th century and perhaps
5013:
cites General Sherman, who in early 1864 commented, "The devils seem to have a determination that cannot but be admired." Despite their loss of slaves and wealth, with starvation looming, Sherman continued, "yet I see no sign of let-up—some few deserters—plenty tired of war, but the masses determined
4690:
withdrawing rights to Confederate warships to enter British ports and waters. U.S. Secretary of State Seward welcomed the withdrawal of concessions to the Confederates. Finally, on October 18, Russell advised the Admiralty that the time specified in his June message had elapsed and "all measures of a
4206:
After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, Jefferson Davis informed General Kirby Smith in Texas that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi. Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies, he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler, along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy, a
3323:
Lincoln's administration initially struggled to appeal to European public opinion. At first, diplomats explained that the U.S. was not committed to ending slavery and emphasized legal arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate representatives, however, focused on their struggle
3255:
ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Insurance rates soared, and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters, though reflagging ships with European flags allowed them to continue operating unmolested. After the war, the U.S. government demanded Britain compensate it for the
3239:
The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war due to multiple factors: severe food shortages, failing railroads, loss of control over key rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate forces. Historians agree the blockade was a major factor in ruining
2956:
relatively few were drafted. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for men aged 18–35, with exemptions for overseers, government officials, and clergymen. The U.S. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within states that could not meet their quota with volunteers. European
2897:
asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state in October 1861. A voter turnout of 34% approved the statehood bill (96% approving). Twenty-four secessionist counties were included in the new state, and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 federal troops for much of the war.
5863:
The Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities, ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, films, stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. These commemorations occurred in greater numbers on the 100th
5683:
The war is a central event in American collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books, and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature
5455:
was rejected. But compensated emancipation occurred only in the District of Columbia, where Congress had the power to enact it. When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation, which would apply to the states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, Seward advised Lincoln to
5439:
During the war, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement, and emancipation in the United States was divided. Lincoln's fears of making slavery a war issue were based on a harsh reality: abolition did not enjoy wide support in the west, the territories, and the border states. In 1861, Lincoln worried
5264:
Deaths among former slaves has proven hard to estimate, due to the lack of reliable census data, though they were known to be considerable, as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in areas where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter, doctors, or food for them. Professor
5017:
Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in articulating the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause. The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers. The Confederate government failed to get Europe involved militarily.
4355:
and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war. This was total war not in killing civilians, but in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes, farms, and railroads, that Grant said "would otherwise have
3749:
in May 1863. Chancellorsville is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the left arm and right hand by friendly fire during the battle. The
3002:
At the war's start, a parole system operated, under which captives agreed not to fight until exchanged. They were held in camps run by their army, paid, but not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners.
2682:
Fort Sumter proved a key challenge to Lincoln's administration. Back-channel dealing by Seward with the Confederates undermined Lincoln's decision-making; Seward wanted to pull out. But a firm hand by Lincoln tamed Seward, who was a staunch Lincoln ally. Lincoln decided holding the fort, which would
2593:
The Davis government of the new Confederacy sent delegates to Washington to negotiate a peace treaty. Lincoln rejected negotiations, because he claimed that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government and to make a treaty with it would recognize it as such. Lincoln instead attempted to negotiate
2564:
line, by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of it, while permitting it to the south. The Compromise would likely have prevented secession, but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it. Lincoln stated that any compromise that would extend slavery would bring down the Union. A
2481:
Among the ordinances of secession, those of Texas, Alabama, and Virginia mentioned the plight of the "slaveholding states" at the hands of Northern abolitionists. The rest made no mention of slavery but were brief announcements by the legislatures of the dissolution of ties to the Union. However, at
5761:
The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war, with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg, Mill Springs and Chattanooga. Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. The oldest
5695:
Historians have paid more attention to the causes of the war than to the war itself. Military history has largely developed outside academia, leading to a proliferation of studies by non-scholars who nevertheless are familiar with the primary sources and pay close attention to battles and campaigns
5562:
The war devastated the South and posed serious questions of how it would be reintegrated into the Union. The war destroyed much of the South's wealth, in part because wealth held in enslaved people (at least $ 1,000 each for a healthy adult prior to the war) was wiped off the books. All accumulated
5228:
While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited, they are incomplete. In addition to many Confederate records being missing, partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits, both armies
4419:
river bend. Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored those they had suffered under prior generals, though unlike them, Grant chose to fight on rather than retreat. Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond. While Lee was preparing for
4265:
took part. The Union suffered a serious defeat, losing 1,515 soldiers while the Confederates lost only 174. However, the 54th was hailed for its valor, which encouraged the general acceptance of the recruitment of African American soldiers into the Union Army, which reinforced the Union's numerical
3319:
proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports critically important. It also helped turn European opinion against the Confederacy. It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton," as U.S. grain went from a
3226:
that traded arms and supplies from Britain, through Bermuda, Cuba, and the Bahamas in exchange for high-priced cotton. Many were lightweight and designed for speed, only carrying small amounts of cotton back to England. When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were condemned
5727:, sacrificing black American progress to white man's reunification. He also deems the Lost Cause "a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter" in every instance. The Lost Cause myth was formalized by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, whose
5722:
notes that the Lost Cause was expressly a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame of those in rebellion. Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery as a cause; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate
5536:
Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of being recognized or otherwise aided by Britain or France. By late 1864, Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting the House of Representatives to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment, which mandated the ending of chattel slavery.
3243:
Surdam contends that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, costing few lives in combat. The Confederate cotton crop became nearly useless, cutting off the Confederacy's primary income source. Critical imports were scarce, and coastal trade largely ended as
3210:
The Confederates began the war short on military supplies, which the agrarian South could not produce. Northern arms manufacturers were restricted by an embargo, ending existing and future contracts with the South. The Confederacy turned to foreign sources, connecting with financiers and companies
2979:
In the North and South, draft laws were highly unpopular. In the North, some 120,000 men evaded conscription, many fleeing to Canada, and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war. At least 100,000 Southerners deserted, about 10 percent of the total. Southern desertion was high because many
2951:
As the Confederate states organized, the U.S. Army numbered 16,000, while Northern governors began mobilizing their militias. The Confederate Congress authorized up to 100,000 troops in February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for another 100,000 soldiers for one year or the duration, and the
5404:
Abolishing slavery was not a Union war goal from the outset, but quickly became one. Lincoln's initial claims were that preserving the Union was the central goal. In contrast, the South fought to preserve slavery. While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting for slavery, most officers and
5212:
were high. In the last year and a half and from all reported casualties, approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military died during the war. Their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers. While 15 percent of US Volunteers and just 9 percent of white
2967:
went into effect in January 1863, ex-slaves were energetically recruited to meet state quotas. States and local communities offered higher cash bonuses for white volunteers. Congress tightened the draft law in March 1863. Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or, until mid-1864, pay
5431:
Slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended in each area when Union armies arrived; they were nearly all freed by the Proclamation. The last Confederate slaves were freed on June 19, 1865, celebrated as the modern holiday of Juneteenth. Slaves in the border states and
5164:
The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties (3 percent of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease—and 50,000 civilians. J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000, 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated, and
5021:
Historian Don H. Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on world history. The Union victory energized popular democratic forces. A Confederate victory, on the other hand, would have meant a new birth of slavery, not freedom. Historian Fergus Bordewich, following Doyle, argues
5008:
put it, "people did not will hard enough and long enough to win." However, most historians reject the argument. McPherson, after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers, found strong patriotism that continued to the end; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and
3328:
realized emphasizing the war against slavery was the Union's most effective moral asset in swaying European public opinion. Seward was concerned an overly radical case for reunification would distress European merchants with cotton interests; even so, he supported a widespread campaign of public
3312:
Although the Confederacy hoped Britain and France would join them against the Union, this was never likely, so they sought to bring them in as mediators. The Union worked to block this and threatened war if any country recognized the Confederacy. In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton
2828:
and the burning of bridges, both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South. Maryland's legislature voted overwhelmingly to stay in the Union, but rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors, voting to close Maryland's rail lines to prevent their use for war. Lincoln responded by
2365:
Lincoln's election in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession. Southern leaders feared Lincoln would stop slavery's expansion and put it on a course toward extinction. However, Lincoln would not be inaugurated until March 4, 1861, which gave the South time to secede and prepare for war
2881:
Kentucky did not secede, it declared itself neutral. When Confederate forces entered in September 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status while maintaining slavery. During an invasion by Confederate forces in 1861, Confederate sympathizers and delegates from 68 Kentucky
5236:
Losses were far higher than during the war with Mexico, which saw roughly 13,000 American deaths, including fewer than two thousand killed in battle, between 1846 and 1848. One reason for the high number of battle deaths in the civil war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the
4179:
terrorized the countryside, striking military installations and civilian settlements. The "Sons of Liberty" and "Order of the American Knights" attacked pro-Union people, elected officeholders, and unarmed uniformed soldiers. These partisans could not be driven out of Missouri, until an entire
2987:
From a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies grew into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world" within a few years. Some European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but historian John Keegan concluded that each outmatched the
5523:
Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. It stated that slaves in all states in rebellion on January 1, 1863, would be free. He issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, keeping his promise. In his letter to Albert G. Hodges, Lincoln
5031:
Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South. The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South. However, a 2017 study challenges this, noting that while some Southern elites retained their
4727:
are subjects of lingering contention. The North and West grew wealthy while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slaveowners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the
4681:
The naval part of the war ended more slowly. It had begun on April 11, two days after Lee's surrender, when Lincoln proclaimed that foreign nations had no further "claim or pretense" to deny equality of maritime rights and hospitalities to U.S. warships and, in effect, that rights extended to
4505:, Georgia, in December 1864. Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the march. Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina, to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Lee's army.
3179:
to win the war with minimal bloodshed, calling for a blockade of the Confederacy to suffocate the South into surrender. Lincoln adopted parts of the plan but opted for a more active war strategy. In April 1861, Lincoln announced a blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get
3077:. The main riverine war was fought in the West, where major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland. The U.S. Navy eventually controlled the Red, Tennessee, Cumberland, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers. In the East, the Navy shelled Confederate forts and supported coastal army operations.
2955:
In the first year of the war, both sides had more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, relying on young men who came of age each year was not enough. Both sides enacted draft laws (conscription) to encourage or force volunteering, though
2498:
was proof the Southern states had no reason to secede and that the Union "was intended to be perpetual". He added, however, that "The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union" was not among the "enumerated powers granted to Congress". A quarter of the US army—the Texas
2454:. It argued for states' rights for slave owners but complained about states' rights in the North in the form of resistance to the federal Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their obligations to assist in the return of fugitive slaves. The "cotton states" of
2335:
wrote: "The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a
42:
5535:
Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it applied only in territory held by Confederates at the time it was issued. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. The
4517:
on April 1. The Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond–Petersburg, completely cutting it off from the Confederacy. Realizing the capital was now lost, Lee's army and the Confederate government were forced to evacuate. The Confederate capital fell on April 2–3, to the
3184:" was dead, as the South could export less than 10% of its cotton. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service.
5417:, but they did not gain control of Congress. The Republicans' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the Northern state of Ohio, when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment.
3387:
affair. His request was honored, and, as a result, the British response to the U.S. was toned down, helping avert war. In 1862, the British government considered mediating between the Union and Confederacy, though such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister
2968:
commutation money. Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted. Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home. There was much evasion and resistance to the draft, especially in Catholic areas. The
3072:
of 1861 rapidly expanded to 6,000 officers and 45,000 sailors by 1865, with 671 vessels totaling 510,396 tons. Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, control the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the British
2678:
to the stalwart island Fort Sumter. Anderson's actions catapulted him to hero status in the North. An attempt to resupply the fort on January 9, 1861, failed and nearly started the war then, but an informal truce held. On March 5, Lincoln was informed the fort was low on supplies.
4702:
Legally, the war did not end until August 20, 1866, when President Johnson issued a proclamation that declared "that the said insurrection is at an end and that peace, order, tranquillity, and civil authority now exist in and throughout the whole of the United States of America".
2288:, as free states outstripped slave states in numbers of eligible voters. Thus, at mid-19th century, the free-versus-slave status of the new territories was a critical issue, both for the North, where anti-slavery sentiment had grown, and for the South, where the fear of slavery's
5456:
wait for a Union military victory before issuing it, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat". Walter Stahr, however, writes, "There are contemporary sources, however, that suggest others were involved in the decision to delay", and Stahr quotes them.
2886:, inaugurated a governor, and Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861. Its jurisdiction extended only as far as Confederate battle lines in the Commonwealth, which at its greatest extent was over half the state, and it went into exile after October 1862.
5731:(1927) spawned "Beardian historiography". The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. Though this interpretation was abandoned by the Beards in the 1940s, and by historians generally by the 1950s, Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers.
4999:
I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back .... If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back. I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that
2063:. Seven Southern slave states responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederacy. The Confederacy seized U.S. forts and other federal assets within their borders. The war began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederacy bombarded
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At the beginning of 1865, the Confederacy controlled one third of its congressional districts, which were apportioned by population. The major slave populations found in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of
3426:. Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred it from war with the Union. Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris. After 1863, the
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the Confederate economy; however, Wise argues blockade runners provided enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months, thanks to supplies like 400,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply.
2094:, which declared all slaves in rebel states to be free, applying to more than 3.5 million of the 4 million enslaved people in the country. To the west, the Union first destroyed the Confederacy's river navy by the summer of 1862, then much of its western armies, and
6690:. "Alphabetical Index of Campaigns, Battles, Engagements, Actions, Combats, Sieges, Skirmishes, Reconnaissances, Scouts and Other Military Events Connected with the "War of the Rebellion" During the Period of Actual Hostilities, From April 12, 1861, to May 26, 1865"
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regular Union infantry division was engaged. By 1864, these violent activities harmed the nationwide antiwar movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln. Missouri not only stayed in the Union, but Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote to win re-election.
5703:. During and immediately after the war, Northern historians often used a term like "War of the Rebellion". Writers in rebel states often referred to the "War for Southern Independence". Some Southerners have described it as the "War of Northern Aggression".
4655:. This date is often cited by contemporaries and historians as the effective end date of the war. On June 2, with most of his troops having already gone home, a reluctant Kirby Smith had little choice but to sign the official surrender document. On June 23,
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well. The blockade's success was not measured by the few ships that slipped through but by the thousands that never tried. European merchant ships could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade, so they stopped calling at Confederate ports.
2573:, an alternative, not to interfere with slavery where it existed, but the South regarded it as insufficient. The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy, following a no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4.
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Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing the border states to remain in the Union and War Democrats to support the Union. The border states, which included Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and Union-controlled regions around New Orleans,
3656:. Audaciously employing rapid, unpredictable movements on interior lines, Jackson's 17,000 troops marched 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days and won minor battles as they successfully engaged three Union armies (52,000 men), including those of
4632:, near present-day Durham, North Carolina. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces. On May 4, all remaining Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana east of the Mississippi, under the command of Lt. General
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regiments of the Union Army, as were black men who had not been slaves. The US Colored Troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll—15 percent of Union deaths from disease and less than 3 percent of those killed in battle. Losses among
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shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war, but this failed. Worse, Europe turned to Egypt and India for cotton, which they found superior, hindering the South's post-war recovery.
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from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. A Union army force commanded by Major General
4257:. In attempting to capture Charleston, the Union military tried two approaches: by land over James or Morris Islands or through the harbor. However, the Confederates were able to drive back each attack. A famous land attack was the
6739:, who was a prominent New York lawyer; a founder, treasurer, and member of the Executive Committee of United States Sanitary Commission throughout the war; and a diarist. A diary excerpt is published in Gienapp, William E. (ed.).
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The Lower Seaboard theater refers to military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast as well as the southern part of the Mississippi. Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan.
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closed with a national consensus, except on the part of former slaves, that the war had finally ended. With the withdrawal of federal troops, however, whites retook control of every Southern legislature, and the Jim Crow era of
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investment in Confederate bonds was forfeited; most banks and railroads were bankrupt. The income per person dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North, and that lasted into the 20th century. Southern influence in the
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President Johnson, who took office in April 1865, took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865, when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment.
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states that tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease, starvation, or exposure, and that if these deaths are counted in the war's total, the death toll would exceed 1 million.
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After the Emancipation Proclamation authorized freed slaves to "be received into the armed service of the United States", former slaves who escaped from plantations or were liberated by the Union Army were recruited into the
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At 4:30 am on April 12, Confederate forces fired the first of 4,000 shells at the fort; it fell the next day. The loss of Fort Sumter lit a patriotic fire under the North. On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to field
6896:, p. 397. The Supreme Court decided that the "legal end of the American Civil War had been decided by Congress to be August 20, 1866—the date of Andrew Johnson's final proclamation on the conclusion of the Rebellion."
6796:(Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) where slavery was legal. Missouri and Kentucky were also claimed by the Confederacy and given full state delegations in the Confederate Congress for the duration of the war.
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least four—South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas—provided detailed reasons for their secession, all blaming the movement to abolish slavery and its influence over the North. Southern states believed that the
6890:, 76 U.S. 56 (1869), "The U.S. attorneys argued that the Rebellion had been suppressed following the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department, as established in the surrender document negotiated on May 26, 1865."
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intending to draw Lee into a defense of Richmond, where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army. The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles, notably at the
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writes that between 500 and 1,000 women enlisted as soldiers on both sides, disguised as men. Women also served as spies, resistance activists, nurses, and hospital personnel. Women served on the Union hospital ship
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The Civil War was marked by intense and frequent battles. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, along with many smaller actions, often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. Historian
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restrictive nature on vessels of war of the United States in British ports, harbors, and waters, are now to be considered as at an end". Nonetheless, the final Confederate surrender was in Liverpool, England where
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Dinçaslan argues that another outcome of the blockade was the rise of oil as a prominent commodity. The declining whale oil industry took a blow as many old whaling ships were used in blockade efforts, such as the
7037:, Archibald Dixon, and Albert G. Hodges, to discuss recruitment of African American soldiers in the state of Kentucky. In a letter dated April 4, 1864, Lincoln summarized his stance on slavery, at Hodges' request.
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10915:, p. 69. "The 58-year-old Cherokee chieftain was the last Confederate general to lay down his arms. The last Confederate-affiliated tribe to surrender was the Chickasaw nation, which capitulated on 14 July."
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By the end of the war, much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million enslaved black people were freed. The war-torn nation then entered the
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Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units, and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands, especially in the recently settled western
14992:– A non-profit land preservation and educational organization with two divisions, the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust, dedicated to preserving America's battlefields through land acquisitions.
5813:, with more than 130 battlefields in 24 states. The five major battlefield parks operated by the National Park Service had a combined 3 million visitors in 2018, down 70% from 10 million in 1970.
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The memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the "Lost Cause": that the Confederate cause was just and heroic. The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations.
5451:, to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats. Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his plan of gradual compensated emancipation and
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actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the
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One of the early Union objectives was to capture the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half. The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of
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ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans. Confederate forces abandoned the city, giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South, which allowed Union forces to move up the Mississippi.
3264:, and Confederate raiders harassed Union whalers. Oil products, especially kerosene, began replacing whale oil in lamps, increasing oil's importance long before it became fuel for combustion engines.
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ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own
6662:, p. 618. "On the 26th of the same month General Kirby Smith surrendered his entire command west of the Mississippi to General Canby. With this, all military opposition to the government ended."
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The Civil War is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous. This section gives an abbreviated overview of the most notable works.
2331:. As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, "while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war." Historian
14998:– This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College.
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Some scholars argue the Union held an insurmountable long-term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population. Confederate actions, they argue, only delayed defeat. Historian
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The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. That same day,
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in Maryland, along with sending in militia units. Lincoln took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia by seizing prominent figures, including arresting one-third of the members of the
6809:, although arguably there are different dates for the war's conclusion. Lee's surrender to Grant set off a wave of Confederate surrenders. The last military department of the Confederacy, the
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News of Lee's April 9 surrender reached this southern newspaper (Savannah, Georgia) on April 15—after the April 14 shooting of President Lincoln. The article quotes Grant's terms of surrender.
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Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, his Chancellorsville Campaign proved ineffective, and he was humiliated in the
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on December 13, 1862, when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen.
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characterized the trans-Mississippi region, as the Confederacy lacked the troops and logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control. Roving Confederate bands such as
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Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target for the Union navy. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain
2615:" behind the throne. Seward attempted to engage in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed. Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union-occupied forts in the Confederacy:
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The Union had the upper hand at first, nearly pushing Confederate forces holding a defensive position into a rout, but Confederate reinforcements under Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the
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caused the British to delay this decision. The Emancipation Proclamation increased the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. Realizing that Washington could not intervene in
3569:, asserts that the army received its final name from Lee when he issued orders assuming command on June 1, 1862. However, Freeman does admit that Lee corresponded with Brigadier General
4129:, as well as the portion of Earl Van Dorn's command that included the Indian Territory and excluded the Army of the West. The Union's command was the Trans-Mississippi Division, or the
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4590:. In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union, Lee was permitted to keep his sword and horse,
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insurance, ending regular traffic. The South blundered by embargoing cotton exports before the blockade was fully effective; by the time they reversed this decision, it was too late. "
6755:, vol. 2 (New York: The Macmillan Company), pp. 600–601, which differs from the volume and page numbers of the original diaries; the page in Strong's original handwriting is shown at
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The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the Western territories destined to become states. Initially,
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only counted troops who died during their service and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged. This often happened only days or weeks later.
2976:, not realizing it made them liable for the draft. Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving only 50,663 who were conscripted.
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on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the
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in 1899. In 1933, these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the National Park Service. Chief among modern efforts to preserve Civil War sites has been the
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proved adept and convinced Britain not to challenge the Union blockade. The Confederacy purchased warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain, with the most famous being the
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Army of the Potomac as a threat meant that there would be a short period when he could turn on Pope's force and actually outnumber it before the merger of the two Federal armies.
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Woods, Michael E. (August 20, 2012). "What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature".
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troops for 90 days; impassioned Union states met the quotas quickly. On May 3, 1861, Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for three years. Shortly after this,
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6997:(2006). "On the other hand, many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs, and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought."
5920:, delivered soldiers, supplies and messages at a time when horses had been the fastest way to travel. It was also in this war that aerial warfare, in the form of reconnaissance
3167:" 1861. Tightening naval blockade, forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River, Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence, idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia.
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Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20, 1863. West Virginians provided about 20,000 soldiers to each side in the war. A Unionist secession attempt occurred in
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1992:
6656:, p. 757. "Though the war on land ceased, and the Confederate flag utterly disappeared from this continent with the collapse and dispersion of Kirby Smith's command...."
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Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's. One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive
3917:(February 11 to 16, 1862), earning him the nickname of "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. With these victories the Union gained control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers.
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to head a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated. In 1874, Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed further reconstruction. The
4454:. The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy's last major victory and included a charge by teenage VMI cadets. After redoubling his efforts, Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen.
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6926:"Total Union railroad miles" aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860–1864 @ 5000, plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300.
6680:, p. 522. "General E. Kirby Smith surrendered the trans-Mississippi department on the 26th of May, leaving no other Confederate army at liberty to continue the war."
4021:. Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat, due to lack of logistical support and infantry recruits. Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen.
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Based on 1860 census figures, 8 percent of all white men aged 13–43 died in the war, including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South. About 56,000 soldiers
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2446:'s legislature to call a state convention to consider secession. South Carolina had done more than any other state to advance the notion that a state had the right to
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The war had a demonstrable impact on American politics. Many veterans on both sides were elected to political office, including five U.S. Presidents: Ulysses Grant,
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on September 2, 1864, guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln. Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the
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5516:. A Union victory in the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, provided Lincoln with an opportunity to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, and the
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6674:, p. 663. "When the Confederate soldiers laid down their arms and went home, all hostilities against the power of the Government of the United States ceased."
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In spite of the South's shortage of soldiers, most Southern leaders—until 1865—opposed enlisting slaves. They used them as laborers to support the war effort. As
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joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 in Ireland. About 50,000 Canadians served, around 2,500 of whom were black.
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but was driven out after 1862. In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.
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7017:, ch. 6. "Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861, sending thousands of soldiers to the front and suffering high casualties, especially at
4674:, bringing the Emancipation Proclamation into effect in Texas and freeing the last slaves of the Confederacy. The anniversary of this date is now celebrated as
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virtual "independent fiefdom" in Texas, including railroad construction and international smuggling. The Union, in turn, did not directly engage him. Its 1864
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12060:"Horace Greeley (1811–1872). "The Prayer of Twenty Millions". Stedman and Hutchinson, eds. 1891. A Library of American Literature: An Anthology in 11 Volumes"
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7851:"Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River"
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and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. The last theme includes moral evaluations of
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In the 1890s, the government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department, beginning with the creation of the
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The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces opened fire on the Union-held Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter is located in the harbor of
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front page celebrated Lee's surrender, headlining how Grant let Confederate officers retain their sidearms and "paroled" the Confederate officers and men.
4462:. Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley, a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia.
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damage caused by blockade runners and raiders outfitted in British ports. Britain paid the U.S. $ 15 million in 1871, but only for commerce raiding.
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At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies. Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac and put Maj. Gen.
2670:, South Carolina. Its status had been contentious for months. Outgoing President Buchanan had dithered in reinforcing its garrison, commanded by Major
2490:, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries, with little resistance from outgoing President
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Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched, with no destination set, laying waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his "
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7680:"Confederate States of America – Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union"
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Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley campaigns of 1864. Sheridan was repelled at the
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462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.
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those in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or (on December 6, 1865) by the
5257:, soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open. This led to the adoption of trench warfare, a style of fighting that defined much of
2777: Union territories that permitted slavery (claimed by Confederacy) at the start of the war, but where slavery was outlawed by the U.S. in 1862
2079:, the Confederacy asserted control over a third of the U.S. population in eleven states. Four years of intense combat, mostly in the South, ensued.
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2198:, making the Civil War the deadliest military conflict in American history. The technology and brutality of the Civil War foreshadowed the coming
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and the capture of the Kentucky capital of Frankfort on September 3, 1862. However, the campaign ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen.
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and central Tennessee thus fell to the Union, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization.
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Bob Zeller, "Fighting the Second Civil War: A History of Battlefield Preservation and the Emergence of the Civil War Trust", (2017: Knox Press)
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211,411 Union soldiers were captured, and 30,218 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.
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The Pacific Coast theater refers to military operations on the Pacific Ocean and in the states and Territories west of the Continental Divide.
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4070:. Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga, eventually causing Longstreet to abandon his
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Among the many other contemporary sources and later historians citing May 26, 1865 as the end date for the American Civil War hostilities are
5333: Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799, completed 1827) and New Jersey (starting 1804, completed by Thirteenth Amendment, 1865)
4578:, where supplies were to be waiting, and then continue the war. Grant chased Lee and got in front of him, so that when Lee's army reached the
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chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command. Lee's biographer,
2984:" enlisted to collect the generous bonus, deserted, then re-enlisted under a different name for a second bonus; 141 were caught and executed.
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and who write for the general public. Practically every major figure in the war, both North and South, has had a serious biographical study.
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2674:. Anderson took matters into his own hands and on December 26, 1860, under the cover of darkness, sailed the garrison from the poorly placed
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failed, as Britain had no interest in selling warships to a nation at war with a stronger enemy and feared souring relations with the U.S.
2194:, and mass-produced weapons were widely used. The war left between 620,000 and 750,000 soldiers dead, along with an undetermined number of
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14869:. (Vintage, 2007) Uses letters, diaries, and regimental newspapers to probe the world view of soldiers—black and white, Yankee and Rebel.
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6751:. A footnote in Gienapp shows the excerpt was taken from an edited version of the diaries by Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds.,
6720:, p. . "The sheer weight of scholarship has leaned toward portraying the surrenders of the Confederate armies as the end of the war."
4586:, Lee decided the fight was hopeless, and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Grant on April 9, 1865, during a conference at the
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because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties, versus Meade's 23,000.
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13977:. The Chronicles Of America Series. New Haven: Yale University Press; Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co.; London: Oxford University Press.
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quarter to almost half of British imports. Meanwhile, the war created jobs for arms makers, ironworkers, and ships to transport weapons.
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12103:"A LETTER FROM PRESIDENT LINCOLN.; Reply to Horace Greeley. Slavery and the Union The Restoration of the Union the Paramount Object"
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Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army
6714:, p. 308. "By 26 May, General Edward Kirby Smith had surrendered the Rebel forces in the trans-Mississippi west. The war was over."
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Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered, as news of Lee's surrender reached them. On April 26, the same day Sergeant
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into Maryland on September 5. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near
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nationalism in the preceding decades. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on
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supported the Union, largely because it believed the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the U.K. In 1863, the
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on the day it reconvened. All were held without trial, with Lincoln ignoring a ruling on June 1, 1861, by Supreme Court Chief Justice
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were slave states whose people had divided loyalties to Northern and Southern businesses and family members. Some men enlisted in the
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3664:, preventing them from reinforcing the Union offensive against Richmond. The swiftness of Jackson's men earned them the nickname of "
3584:
to command all the cavalry companies of the Army of the Shenandoah. He eventually commanded the Army of Northern Virginia's cavalry.
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2242:(seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the United States (the
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Keller, Christian B. (January 2009). "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers".
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on July 26, 1861, and the war began in earnest in 1862. The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes:
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16049:
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7710:"A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union"
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5822:
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landed near the forts and forced their surrender. Butler's controversial command of New Orleans earned him the nickname "Beast".
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3016:
2451:
1881:
1502:
1105:
1064:
1035:
446:
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11457:
10452:
6696:, p. 202. "The surrender of the forces of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865, brought the war to a definite conclusion."
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him, although the Senate did not convict him. In 1868 and 1872, the Republican candidate Grant won the presidency. In 1872, the
2506:
As Southerners resigned their Senate and House seats, Republicans could pass projects that had been blocked. These included the
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of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions. This led to the
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and slavery, heroism in combat and behind the lines, and issues of democracy and minority rights, as well as the notion of an "
5293:, over 32,600 of them belonged to the Union and 45,800 the Confederacy. However, other estimates place the total at 1,000,000.
5032:
economic status, the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South, than in the North.
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2285:
2167:
1168:
1007:
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12695:
11513:"The World Was Watching: America's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege"
11512:
10950:
4359:
Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions. Generals Meade and
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described it as "one of the most ferocious wars ever fought," where, in many cases, the only target was the enemy's soldiers.
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10122:
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9775:
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9709:
9135:
Neely, Mark E. (June 1986). "The Perils of Running the Blockade: The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War".
8779:
8607:
8028:
7770:"Confederate States of America – A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union"
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7482:
6748:
4262:
3694:, ended in yet another victory for the South. McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to
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1956:
1584:
1548:
1489:
1397:
1147:
1029:
986:
794:
584:
7551:, Bruce Levine, Marc Egnal, and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Historians, March 17, 2011
7425:
Loewen, James W. (2011). "Using Confederate Documents to Teach About Secession, Slavery, and the Origins of the Civil War".
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5216:
5009:
liberty. Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864–65, most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard. Historian
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4356:
gone to the support of secession and rebellion. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end."
3371:
and seized two Confederate diplomats. However, London and Washington smoothed this over after Lincoln released the two men.
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the conflict was inconclusive. The abolition of slavery became a Union war goal on January 1, 1863, when Lincoln issued the
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fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled."
2147:
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12431:
8578:
The German Element in the United States: With Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence
7099:"The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies; Series 4 – Volume 2"
3750:
arm was amputated, but he died of pneumonia. Lee famously said: "He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right arm."
3621:
Upon the urging of Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the
3251:. The smuggling of 600,000 arms enabled the Confederacy to fight on for two more years, and the commerce raiders targeted
2569:
met in Washington, proposing a solution similar the Compromise; it was rejected by Congress. The Republicans proposed the
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18269:
17704:
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17332:
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15492:
9446:
8492:, p. 73. "Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee."
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6377:
5908:
Technological innovations during the war had a great impact on 19th-century science. The war was an early example of an "
4587:
3810:
The Western theater refers to military operations between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, including
3547:
3273:
2700:
2471:
2071:. A wave of enthusiasm for war swept over the North and South, as military recruitment soared. Four more Southern states
1944:
1431:
1186:
566:
15969:
14969:
12177:
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3986:. "The key to the river was New Orleans, the South's largest port greatest industrial center." U.S. Naval forces under
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15759:
15636:
15085:
14535:, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize-winner.
11813:
9853:
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The Union was the U.S. government and included the states that remained loyal to it, both the non-slave states and the
6580:
6570:
6449:
6417:
5669:
4401:
4055:, Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps, defeated Rosecrans, despite the defensive stand of Maj. Gen.
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3352:
3080:
The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution, leading to naval innovations, notably the
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2724:
2704:
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1939:
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After that, about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons, accounting for 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.
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7003:. "Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities, the poor and working class
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was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat. The Confederacy surrendered at
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12203:"Andrew Johnson and Emancipation in Tennessee – Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"
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on June 6, 1862, and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi. Only the fortress city of
2151:
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871:
214:
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14923:
8649:
5473:, who were fugitive slaves, including cooks, laundresses, laborers, teamsters, railroad repair crews, fled to the
5186:
199,790 died of disease (75 percent was due to the war, the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway)
3203:
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17392:
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5413:, but energized most Republicans. By warning that free blacks would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the
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Meanwhile, Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and
4074:
and driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.
4002:
3762:
3542:, which was organized on June 20, 1861, from all operational forces in Northern Virginia. On July 20 and 21, the
3539:
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2997:
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in an attempt to rebuild the country, bring the former Confederate states back into the United States, and grant
2010:
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1343:
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were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture
4304:
for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. The Confederates attempted to defend with the
4273:, forcing a Confederate surrender. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after repairing it.
3901:. While the Confederate forces had successes in the Eastern theater, they were defeated many times in the West.
3675:, but he was wounded in the battle, and Robert E. Lee assumed his position of command. Lee and top subordinates
3550:
were merged into the Army of the Potomac between March 14 and May 17, 1862. The Army of the Potomac was renamed
18219:
17590:
16909:
16673:
16029:
15994:
15899:
15605:
15135:
8682:
Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".
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6457:
6217:
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4253:(November 1861), south of Charleston. Much of the war along the South Carolina coast concentrated on capturing
3618:, Thomas J. Jackson, stood its ground, which resulted in Jackson's receiving his famous nickname, "Stonewall".
2988:
French, Prussian, and Russian armies, and without the Atlantic, could have threatened any of them with defeat.
2316:
2072:
1133:
1002:
17:
10678:"Most Glorious News of the War / Lee Has Surrendered to Grant ! / All Lee's Officers and Men Are Paroled"
9945:
9439:
The Last Emperor of Mexico: The Dramatic Story of the Habsburg Archduke Who Created a Kingdom in the New World
3351:. However, public opinion against slavery in Britain created a political liability for politicians, where the
2049:, or be prohibited from doing so, which many believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
18483:
18367:
18274:
16948:
16869:
16686:
16152:
15610:
15418:
14224:
13942:
10270:
Graves, William H. (1991). "Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army: Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory".
7269:
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War Exploratory Essays, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 4.
7154:
6441:
6393:
6147:
5940:
and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace
5794:
5790:
5712:
5588:
5558:, Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population.
4724:
4498:
4408:. These resulted in heavy losses on both sides and forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly. At the
3252:
3206:
off Charleston. Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North's overwhelming war production.
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2262:
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1835:
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1437:
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187:
150:
10401:
7398:
Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (2005). "A Book for Every Perspective: Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks".
3936:
ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned it against the Confederacy. Grant used river transport and
3247:
To fight an offensive war, the Confederacy purchased arms in Britain and converted British-built ships into
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In addition, there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy (2,112 in battle) and 460 in the Marines (148 in battle).
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in July 1863, which cemented Union control of the Mississippi and is one of the turning points of the war.
3695:
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3012:
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federal laws and even secede. On December 20, 1860, the convention unanimously voted to secede and adopted
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had grown. Another factor leading to secession and the formation of the Confederacy was the development of
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1442:
1416:
1402:
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1313:
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55:
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14599:
Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860
13004:
10006:
9414:"The Trent Affair: Diplomacy, Britain, and the American Civil War – National Museum of American Diplomacy"
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7175:
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18159:
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16931:
16355:
15654:
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12676:
Timothy B. Smith, "The Golden Age of Battlefield Preservation" (2008; The University of Tennessee Press).
11282:
7363:
6872:
6849:
6757:
6668:, p. 630. "With General E. K. Smith's surrender the Confederate flag no longer floated on the land."
6342:
6273:
5937:
5868:'s take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as in such film classics as
5865:
4523:
4420:
an attack on Richmond, Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted
4161:
3968:
3615:
3440:'s Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively.
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1866:
1760:
1333:
1323:
12523:
6687:
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and sold, with proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen, mostly British, were released.
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soldiers were more concerned about the fate of their local area than the Southern cause. In the North, "
18453:
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With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30, 1860, the Regular Army...
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1307:
173:
129:
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13758:"Samuel and Saul Isaac: International Jewish Arms Dealers, Blockade Runners, and Civil War Profiteers"
10677:
5057:
3909:
The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Forts
3118:
inflicted significant damage on the Union's wooden fleet, but the next day, the first Union ironclad,
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12745:
Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten: How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War
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said, "If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong." Confederate generals
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6185:
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2091:
1871:
1800:
1765:
1338:
827:
15004:– site with 7,000 pages, including the complete run of Harper's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War
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8225:
7539:
Highlights from the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Houston, Texas
6764:
from the original on November 16, 2022 – via New-York Historical Society Museum & Library.
5312:
2766:, was created in 1863, while KY, WV and MO had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments)
2486:
made slaveholding a constitutional right. These states agreed to form a new federal government, the
2142:. The Confederates abandoned Richmond, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant following the
18463:
18413:
18408:
18382:
18154:
18124:
18023:
17673:
17538:
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17347:
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16884:
16465:
15749:
15714:
15649:
15590:
15585:
15315:
14937:
11933:
11759:
11638:
11215:"Manufactures of the United States in 1860; Compiled from the original returns of the Eight Census"
9617:
7018:
6409:
6370:
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5982:
5912:", in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy. New inventions, such as the
5786:
5584:
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4397:
4368:
4348:
4341:
4130:
3725:
3702:, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops.
3600:
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in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the
2624:
2566:
2523:
2127:
1840:
1745:
1705:
1300:
10239:
Bohl, Sarah (2004). "A War on Civilians: Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri".
9213:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years"
6848:
Unaware of the surrender of Lee, on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the
4211:
to take Shreveport, Louisiana, failed and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war.
2870:, who chased the governor and rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of Missouri (see
17526:
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16807:
16780:
16172:
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11778:
Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction
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10147:
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Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars, including
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directly with the governors of seceded states, whose administrations he continued to recognize.
2234:
A consensus of historians who address the origins of the war agree that the preservation of the
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18139:
18119:
18053:
18013:
17511:
17211:
16785:
16375:
16212:
16187:
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15184:
13982:
13932:
12570:
Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913
10658:
8429:
A House Divided: A Study of the Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia
7459:
Confederate leaders themselves made it plain that slavery was the key issue sparking secession.
6826:
than in either the Union or Confederate Armies if their casualty totals are counted separately.
6265:
6233:
6027:
5763:
5579:
demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They
5481:, which Lincoln signed on January 1, 1863, more than two years before the end of the Civil War.
4736:
4651:, acting for Edmund Smith, signed a military convention surrendering Confederate forces in the
4519:
4308:
but surrendered after Vicksburg. These surrenders gave the Union control over the Mississippi.
4176:
4141:
4063:
4026:
3995:
3983:
3948:
3918:
3866:
3766:
3458:
3419:
3372:
3222:
To transport arms safely to the Confederacy, British investors built small, fast, steam-driven
3216:
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2495:
2395:
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2266:
2239:
2095:
1907:
1886:
1720:
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651:
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13383:
13145:
12908:
12620:
12500:
Belligerent Muse: Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War
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9699:
9014:
Tinclads in the Civil War: Union Light-Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters, 1862–1865
8576:
8547:
8406:
7472:
6984:, resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union."
4164:(August 1861). The Confederates were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the
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18357:
18129:
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17327:
17141:
16790:
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16653:
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16318:
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15754:
15739:
15689:
15644:
15300:
15285:
15178:
14984:
14658:
Russell, Robert R. (1966). "Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories".
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12975:
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10946:
10887:
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9233:
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7854:
6822:
Assuming Union and Confederate casualties are counted together—more Americans were killed in
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5778:
brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead, following the Battle of Stones River.
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4692:
4648:
4459:
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3959:
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Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North with the
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3555:
3466:
3437:
2863:
2824:, and could cut it off from the North. It had anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army
2711:
seceded and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to
2644:
2557:
2483:
1755:
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1625:
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915:
860:
838:
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12498:
10536:
5179:
Of the 359,528 Union Army dead, amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served:
4609:, a Confederate sympathizer. Lincoln died early the next morning. Lincoln's vice president,
3040:, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for treating the wounded during the war.
544:
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684:
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618:
50:
14980:
10289:
Neet, J. Frederick Jr. (1996). "Stand Watie: Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation".
8148:
7679:
7657:
7007:
generally opposed emancipation. When the draft began in the summer of 1863, they launched
5508:
Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in response to
4415:
An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the
4311:
Several small skirmishes but no major battles were fought in Florida. The biggest was the
3765:, and then moved to the west. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the
3720:
When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen.
3640:
8:
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16157:
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15789:
15664:
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15510:
15110:
15100:
14813:
The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies
14809:
14531:
13239:
11027:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. University of California, Santa Barbara.
10995:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. University of California, Santa Barbara.
10698:
Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868
7769:
7739:
7709:
7034:
5754:
5612:
5576:
5501:; seen here are black and white teenaged soldiers who volunteered to fight for the Union.
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8839:
8329:
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The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860
7056:
4522:, composed of black troops. The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at
3592:
In July 1861, in of the first highly visible battles, Union troops under the command of
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14758:
14677:
14636:
14501:
14449:
14427:
14387:
14361:
14326:
14168:
14020:
13861:
Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack
13784:
13445:
13243:
13045:
12413:
12251:
12247:
12112:
12107:
11621:
10505:
10402:"Battle for Fort Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)"
9791:
8891:
8699:
8352:
7980:"The Hampton Roads Peace Conference: A Final Test of Lincoln's Presidential Leadership"
7450:
7209:
7148:
7011:
that was suppressed by the military, as well as much smaller protests in other cities."
6627:
6201:
5994:
5909:
5757:
for five famous battles, each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle.
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1202:
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728:
85:
71:
16390:
13469:
The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States, 1860–'65
13422:
Gallagher, Gary W.; Engle, Stephen D.; Krick, Robert K.; Glatthaar, Joseph T. (2003).
13291:
11253:
The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861–1865
10320:
9914:
Whitsell, Robert D. (1963). "Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus".
9496:
5850:
5595:
argued that the war goals had been achieved and Reconstruction should end. They chose
5399: Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment
4097:
refers to military operations west of the Mississippi, encompassing most of Missouri,
3921:
rallied nearly 4,000 Confederate troops and led them to escape across the Cumberland.
3661:
425:
60,000 documented slaves, "tens of thousands" of undocumented slaves died from disease
18094:
17923:
17658:
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Beringer, Richard E.; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer; Still, William N. Jr. (1986).
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12116:
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11376:
Beringer, Richard E.; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer; Still, William N. Jr. (1991).
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2598:
2515:
2293:
2103:
1962:
1785:
1740:
1680:
1655:
1610:
1553:
572:
438:
14576:
13960:
The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America
13890:
11625:
10201:. Leavenworth papers, no. 23. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press.
9686:
A Worse Place Than Hell: How the Civil War Battle of Fredericksburg Changed a Nation
3599:
attacking Confederate forces led by Beauregard near Washington were repulsed at the
3133:
was a draw, proving ironclads were effective warships. The Confederacy scuttled the
18234:
18134:
18003:
17983:
17898:
16526:
16395:
16365:
16360:
16293:
16232:
16227:
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14369:
14318:
13662:
13441:
13029:
12699:
12552:
12544:
12381:
12124:
12029:
11930:"Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery, a federal holiday"
11725:
11605:
11552:
10486:
10111:
9396:
9144:
8691:
8664:
7991:
7434:
7407:
7372:
7295:
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6940:
5986:
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5304:
in Washington. The Union flags captured by the Confederates were sent to Richmond.
5242:
5209:
4371:, General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the Atlantic Ocean, Generals
4297:
4102:
4014:
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1815:
1695:
1660:
1558:
1481:
1476:
958:
783:
379:
334:
228:
14716:
14650:
Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary
14542:
13270:
To the Bitter End: Appomattox, Bennett Place and the Surrenders of the Confederacy
11571:"U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated, New Analysis Suggests"
7979:
7524:
North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era
5069:
2258:'s reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the
276:
258:
18164:
17948:
17938:
17600:
16889:
16738:
16631:
16511:
16506:
16501:
16491:
16460:
16370:
16313:
16303:
16262:
15290:
15260:
15080:
14961:"American Civil World" maps at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection
14909:(1943 and 1951; reprint 1994), two standard scholarly histories combined; 960pp.
14862:
14781:
14738:
14707:
1232 pp; 64 Topical chapters by scholars and experts; emphasis on historiography.
14506:
14250:
14194:
14150:
14064:
14000:
13986:
13819:
13736:
13487:
Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History
13341:
13313:
13165:
13108:
13087:
12954:
12468:
12098:
11185:
10926:
General Gordon Granger: The Savior of Chickamauga and the Man Behind "Juneteenth"
10869:"Ulysses S. Grant: The Myth of 'Unconditional Surrender' Begins at Fort Donelson"
10772:
Understanding U.S. Military Conflicts through Primary Sources [4 volumes]
10770:
9217:
8918:
8593:
8018:
7548:
7236:
6948:
6465:
6055:
6044:
5990:
5973:
5929:
5550:
5406:
5238:
4624:
killed Booth at a tobacco barn, Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 troops of the
4614:
4440:
4380:
4360:
3870:
3423:
3248:
2545:
2500:
2332:
2123:
2076:
2056:
1876:
1820:
1775:
1675:
750:
253:
210:
13505:
11596:
Hacker, J. David (December 2011). "A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead".
5663:
3652:
Also in the spring of 1862, in the Shenandoah Valley, Stonewall Jackson led his
2381:
a republic based on the people's vote, in the face of an attempt to destroy it.
2369:
According to Lincoln, the American people had shown they had been successful in
18008:
17998:
17943:
16668:
16616:
16455:
16420:
16380:
16272:
16252:
16247:
16202:
15481:
15322:
15310:
14941:
13463:
12536:
12059:
12008:
McPherson, James M., "Lincoln and the Strategy of Unconditional Surrender", in
11953:
11540:
11278:
8330:"The Field Theory: Martial Law, The Suspension Power, and The Insurrection Act"
7004:
6981:
6297:
6143:
6088:
5882:
5509:
5010:
4667:
4621:
4610:
4483:
4471:
4425:
4145:
4122:
3987:
3827:
3633:, southeast of Richmond. McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the
3596:
3478:
3433:
3348:
3172:
3154:
3126:
3037:
2899:
2867:
2612:
2507:
2491:
2119:
2068:
1563:
640:
485:
118:
14870:
14617:
Potter, David M. (1962). "The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa".
13177:
11556:
11020:
10988:
10206:
9946:"Death of Albert Sidney Johnston – Tour Stop #17 (U.S. National Park Service)"
5745:
2866:
called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General
2845:, not speaking for the Court, that only Congress could suspend habeas corpus (
18397:
18377:
16936:
16536:
16531:
16521:
16496:
16405:
16400:
16242:
16237:
16222:
16192:
16162:
15500:
15125:
14899:
13996:
13950:
13525:
13477:
13455:
13405:
Clad in Iron: The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power
13253:
13041:
13033:
12524:
12332:
12306:
12143:
A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House
12120:
12081:
10700:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 84.
10361:
9863:
9681:
9539:. Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 78 and footnote 6.
8914:
8325:
8156:"Abraham Lincoln: Proclamation 83 – Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy"
8003:
7446:
7384:
6944:
6505:
6099:
5719:
5444:
5410:
5345: Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority
5274:
5249:, and (near the end of the war for the Union) repeating firearms such as the
4629:
4436:
4118:
3929:
3894:
3754:
3729:
3710:
3593:
3562:
3528:
3176:
3164:
3027:
2981:
2874:). Early in the war the Confederacy controlled southern Missouri through the
2834:
2806:
2794:
2763:
2675:
2655:
2324:
2259:
2107:
2018:
271:
223:
205:
168:
114:
14307:
Bestor, Arthur (1964). "The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis".
13706:
13232:
The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War
12556:
12128:
10743:
8595:
African Canadians in Union Blue: Volunteering for the Cause in the Civil War
7438:
7376:
6758:"Volume 4, pages 124–125: diary entries for May 23 (continued)–June 7, 1865"
5900:(1990) is well-remembered, though criticized for its historical inaccuracy.
5487:
5246:
2882:
counties organized the secession Russellville Convention, formed the shadow
2597:
Complicating Lincoln's attempts to defuse the crisis was Secretary of State
2541:
2250:(known as the "Confederacy"). However, while historians in the 21st century
2045:
should be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more
18189:
17733:
17405:
17382:
17372:
17367:
16904:
16846:
16758:
16733:
16646:
16626:
16425:
16323:
14526:
14391:
13301:
13128:
12417:
12009:
11617:
9561:
9478:. Columbia, Missouri, and London, UK: University of Missouri Press, p. 95.
9328:
6993:
for primary sources, see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds.,
6823:
6328:
5941:
5513:
5448:
4992:
4372:
4337:
3773:
3665:
3470:
3359:
3297:
3228:
3102:
2973:
2855:, after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring Taney's ruling.
2620:
2577:
2354:
2171:
2163:
2046:
59:
14975:
12845:, Christopher H. Sterling (ed.) (New York: Arno Press, 1974) vol. 1 p. 63.
12386:
Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction
11609:
10490:
10438:
9148:
8925:. Vol. 37, no. 5. American Seamen's Friend Society. p. 152.
8695:
8668:
7411:
5321: Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the American Revolution
5004:
A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because, as
4351:
in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of
4183:
Small-scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control
3430:
further distracted the European powers and ensured they remained neutral.
3198:
18204:
18179:
18169:
18099:
16177:
15215:
15195:
14400:
12221:
11333:
10659:"Union / Victory! / Peace! / Surrender of General Lee and His Whole Army"
8887:"The Case of Dr. Walker, Only Woman to Win (and Lose) the Medal of Honor"
8312:
Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman
7537:
7228:
6936:
6177:
6077:
6004:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5673:
5258:
5254:
5166:
4660:
4455:
4364:
4285:
4200:
3823:
3784:(July 1863). This was the bloodiest battle and has been called the war's
3630:
3546:
and forces from the District of Harpers Ferry were added. Units from the
3341:
3325:
3261:
3181:
3119:
3053:
2922:
2862:
on secession voted to remain in the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor
2842:
2830:
2632:
2616:
2064:
14891:
Nature's Civil War: Common Soldiers and the Environment in 1862 Virginia
14373:
13531:
Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment
13049:
10989:"Proclamation 128—Claiming Equality of Rights with All Maritime Nations"
7961:
7959:
7454:
7084:
5997:
discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer
5948:
firearms. The war saw the first appearances of rapid-firing weapons and
5443:
At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War
2729:
2400:
18194:
18033:
18018:
17560:
16435:
16197:
15398:
15393:
14681:
14640:
14555:
The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859
14453:
14330:
14290:
The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion
13666:
13309:
13020:
Blair, William A. (2015). "Finding the Ending of America's Civil War".
12457:
Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War
12448:
11140:
8703:
7630:
A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War
6132:
6066:
5968:
5917:
5494:
5474:
4675:
4153:
3581:
3333:
3074:
3069:
2802:
2535:
2199:
2030:
893:
739:
12831:(Spring 1974). The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society: 51–53.
9198:
Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War
8863:
Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women
8254:"Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom:
8226:"Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly, Maryland State Archives"
5300:
were captured during the war by the Union. The flags were sent to the
4711:
4636:, surrendered. Confederate president Davis was captured in retreat at
3512:
The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River.
3422:
as emperor. Washington repeatedly protested France's violation of the
2118:'s command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening
18089:
17978:
16824:
15007:
14837:
Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War
14483:
Vindicating Lincoln: defending the politics of our greatest president
14066:
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays
11679:
9080:
8599:
7956:
5887:
5363: Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, January 1, 1863
5266:
5045:
4352:
4149:
3835:
3831:
3366:
3305:
3301:
3092:
3085:
2499:
garrison—was surrendered in February to state forces by its general,
2014:
17703:
14673:
14632:
14445:
14322:
13147:
The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865: A History of the South
12400:
Upheaval in Charleston: Earthquake and Murder on the Eve of Jim Crow
8929:
8788:
5393: Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, December 18, 1865
4617:, lost his nerve, so Johnson was immediately sworn in as president.
3709:. Lee led 45,000 troops of the Army of Northern Virginia across the
3524:
2166:
to freed slaves. The war is one of the most extensively studied and
18372:
18259:
18229:
17953:
16829:
14399:
Gara, Larry (1964). "The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox". In
11791:"The Battle of Gettysburg & the History of the Civil War Horse"
11321:
10222:
Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War
9177:
Surdam, David G. (1998). "The Union Navy's blockade reconsidered".
7850:
7556:
6708:, p. 445. "and on May 26 he surrendered and the war was over"
5953:
5498:
5369: Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863
4656:
4106:
4098:
3846:
3416:
3308:, "You do what's right, my son, or I'll blow you out of the water."
2810:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2607:
14152:
Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War
14042:
Tucker, Spencer C.; Pierpaoli, Paul G.; White, William E. (2010).
13879:
Nolan, Alan T. (2000). Gallagher, Gary W.; Nolan, Alan T. (eds.).
13590:
Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913
11239:
The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition
10477:
Neely, Mark E. (December 2004). "Was the Civil War a Total War?".
7597:
7595:
6839:
as a U.S. circuit judge or as a Supreme Court justice in chambers.
5924:, was first used. It saw the first action involving steam-powered
5183:
110,070 were killed in action (67,000) or died of wounds (43,000).
3506:
McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond.
3465:
The Eastern theater refers to the military operations east of the
41:
14740:
Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War
12274:
11860:
11858:
11856:
11718:"When Necessity Meets Ingenuity: Art of Restoring What's Missing"
7654:"Ordinances of Secession of the 13 Confederate States of America"
7568:
5699:
Even the name used for the conflict has been controversial, with
3819:
3811:
3761:, defeated the small Confederate force at Marye's Heights in the
3159:
3137:
to prevent its capture, while the Union built many copies of the
2034:
15001:
14786:. Vol. 1. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
12843:
The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States
11899:
11897:
11116:"Withdrawal of British Restrictions Upon American Naval Vessels"
9968:
9966:
9588:
9586:
8314:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 38–39.
7941:
Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861.
5213:
Regular Army troops died, 21 percent of US Colored Troops died.
4699:, surrendered the cruiser to British authorities on November 6.
3365:, which began when U.S. Navy personnel boarded the British ship
17899:
Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States
17627:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
14989:
14225:"Colorblindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War"
13485:
Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David J. (2002).
13364:
The Civil War: A Narrative. Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville
13193:] (in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey: Altınordu Yayınları Press.
8800:
7592:
7334:"The Declaration of Causes of Seceding States. Primary Sources"
5685:
5375: Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War
5286:
4595:
4276:
In April 1862, a Union naval task force commanded by Commander
4156:
forces to expel the Missouri Confederate forces and government.
3951:, considered their finest general before the emergence of Lee.
14106:
A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865
13794:
Murray, Williamson; Bernstein, Alvin; Knox, MacGregor (1996).
12086:
Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion
11853:
9848:. Washington, DC: Center of Military History. pp. 58–72.
7186:
3954:
3358:
War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the
2817:
on June 20, 1863, though half its counties were secessionist.
14196:
The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research
11980:
11978:
11963:
11894:
11480:
11407:
11195:
10669:
10639:
10627:
10615:
10603:
10591:
10579:
10555:
10178:
10128:
10060:
10048:
9987:
9963:
9895:
9810:
9718:
9663:
9651:
9639:
9598:
9583:
9571:
9382:
Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain
9280:
5278:
4663:
became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces.
3889:
The primary Confederate force in the Western theater was the
3610:
by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A
3534:
The primary Confederate force in the Eastern theater was the
15349:
14877:
Civil War Soldiers: Their Expectations and Their Experiences
13678:
All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies
13507:
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776
13421:
12758:"Debate over Ken Burns Civil War doc continues over decades"
11128:(11). New York: American News Company: 172. November 4, 1865
11021:"Proclamation 132—Ordering the Arrest of Insurgent Cruisers"
10871:. American Battlefield Trust. April 17, 2009. Archived from
10199:
Third War: Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861–1865
9309:
9307:
9104:
8276:
8182:
8124:
7918:
7894:
7580:
6711:
4728:
second-class citizenship of the freedmen and their poverty.
3998:, Mississippi, prevented Union control of the entire river.
3296:
magazine in London ridicules American aggressiveness in the
3219:
in Britain, becoming the Confederacy's main source of arms.
3032:
and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals.
14654:
Provides short biographies and historiographical summaries.
14025:
Out of the Storm: The End of the Civil War, April–June 1865
13450:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company.
12262:
11041:
The proclamation did not use the term "belligerent rights".
11009:
The proclamation did not use the term "belligerent rights."
9926:
8996:
8994:
8078:
8076:
6741:
The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection.
5290:
5282:
4574:
Lee did not intend to surrender, but planned to regroup at
4458:
in a series of battles, including a decisive defeat at the
2851:). Federal troops imprisoned a Baltimore newspaper editor,
14763:
Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859
14589:
War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865
14561:
The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861
14539:
Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852
14269:
13841:
Justice in Blue and Gray: A Legal History of the Civil War
11975:
11375:
10301:
9476:
Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914
8771:
Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy
8248:
8246:
4739:, who had wanted a negotiated peace with the Confederacy.
4490:, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the
4160:
The first battle of the Trans-Mississippi theater was the
3509:
Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee.
2134:. The last significant battles raged around the ten-month
14823:
Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh
14407:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (published 1970).
13821:
Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties
13385:
Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh
12478:
12359:(Greenwood, 1991) covers all the main events and leaders.
11909:
11643:
11164:
11152:
11096:(48). New York: American News Company: 763. July 22, 1865
11064:(44). New York: American News Company: 695. June 24, 1865
10954:
10567:
10031:
The Civil War in Kentucky: Battle for the Bluegrass State
9822:
9543:
9304:
9116:
5891:
5827:
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
5176:
during the War. An estimated 60,000 soldiers lost limbs.
4643:
The final land battle was fought on May 13, 1865, at the
3893:. The army was formed on November 20, 1862, when General
14430:(1938). "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War".
14286:
Influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is
13089:
Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65
10837:
10728:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 188–189.
10034:. Mason City, IA: Savas Publishing Company. p. 95.
9268:
9025:
Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose,
8991:
8434:
8194:
8170:
8136:
8112:
8100:
8088:
8073:
8061:
8049:
8037:
7944:
7906:
7810:
7470:
7211:
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850
5774:, built in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col.
5387: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865
5381: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864
5357: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862
5351: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1861
4363:
were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond, General
3614:
under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the
14854:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
14844:
Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–65
14783:
The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations
14765:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
13738:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
12956:
By Sea and By River: The naval history of the Civil War
12587:
12575:
11745:
Herbert Aptheker, "Negro Casualties in the Civil War",
11655:
11639:
The Cost of War: Killed, Wounded, Captured, and Missing
11435:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 57.
11357:
9514:
9497:"Eastern Theater of the Civil War – Legends of America"
9456:
9451:
The Last Emperor of Mexico: A Disaster in the New World
9362:
9338:
9292:
9068:
8403:"A State of Convenience, The Creation of West Virginia"
8243:
7792:
6970:
Lincoln's letter to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861.
2303:
Background factors in the run up to the Civil War were
2178:. Of particular interest is the persisting myth of the
14996:
Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College
11458:"Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days"
10801:
10251:
10166:
10154:
10115:
Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign that Broke the Confederacy
9056:
9032:
8812:
8556:
8471:
8405:. West Virginia Archives & History. Archived from
6947:
argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war, and
4047:
The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the
4040:
that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at the
3396:
three times when deciding what his decision would be.
3347:, which caused considerable damage and led to serious
2576:
On March 4, Lincoln was sworn in as president. In his
2478:
followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.
2413: Slave states that seceded before April 15, 1861
468:
14970:
Statements of each state as to why they were seceding
14002:
The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy
13343:
The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery
12888:
12723:"Civil War Battlefields Lose Ground as Tourist Draws"
10376:"Second Battle of Fort Wagner | Summary | Britannica"
10081:"The Vicksburg Campaign: A Study In Joint Operations"
9256:
9044:
8979:
8446:
7831:
6995:
Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home
5316:
Abolition of slavery in the various states over time:
5086:
Casualties according to the US National Park Service
2419: Slave states that seceded after April 15, 1861
14573:
War for the Union: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863
14423:, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 1964, pp. 229–240).
14041:
13800:. Cabmbridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
13472:. Vol. II. Hartford: O. D. Case & Company.
12398:
Williams, Susan Millar; Hoffius, Stephen G. (2011).
12145:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022, ch. 3.
11870:
11541:"The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite"
11345:
10968:
10849:
10825:
10789:
10750:
8935:
8794:
8749:
7176:"U.S. Military Casualties: Principal Wars 1775–1991"
6835:
Historians disagree as to whether Roger Taney heard
6520:
3561:
When Virginia declared its secession in April 1861,
3141:. The Confederacy's efforts to obtain warships from
2377:
a republic, but a third challenge faced the nation:
2218:
Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War
178:
14486:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
13793:
13484:
11686:
11510:
11339:
11327:
11146:
11052:"Withdrawal of Belligerent Rights by Great Britain"
10078:
9736:
9401:
The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861
9350:
9092:
8297:
Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union
8206:
7740:"Confederate States of America – Georgia Secession"
7326:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7164:
6743:New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2001, pp. 313–314
5245:. With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels,
4300:commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid
4084:
Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War
3515:
The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas.
3469:, including Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and
14953:is available for free viewing and download at the
14715:
14648:Ritter, Charles F.; Wakelyn, Jon L., eds. (1998).
14508:This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War
14505:
14178:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
13889:
13887:
13675:
13534:. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
13424:The American Civil War: This Mighty Scourge of War
12618:
12473:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
12337:
12295:"The Worth of Black Men, From Slavery to Ferguson"
12018:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution
11990:
11492:
10813:
10676:
10346:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 110.
8865:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press. pp. 474–475.
8650:"The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion"
8647:
7965:
7877:"Abraham Lincoln imposes first federal income tax"
7574:
7562:
7285:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7109:
7057:"Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War"
6636:
5783:Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park
4508:
3861:The primary Union forces in this theater were the
3101:, which was not successful, and with the ironclad
2601:, who had been Lincoln's rival for the Republican
13765:Journal of the Southern Jewish Historical Society
13315:Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War
13110:The Oxford Companion to American Military History
12823:Dome, Steam (1974). "A Civil War Iron Clad Car".
12720:
11012:
10980:
10651:
10150:. American Battlefield Trust. September 17, 2014.
8767:
8636:One Million Men: the Civil War draft in the North
7464:
6434:The History Channel: Civil War – A Nation Divided
4036:Naval forces assisted Grant in the long, complex
3477:, and the coastal fortifications and seaports of
2494:, whose term ended on March 4. Buchanan said the
2276:had admitted new states into the Union in pairs,
18395:
17313:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
14802:
14567:War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861–1862
14549:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857
13881:The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History
13551:The Last Battle of the Civil War: Palmetto Ranch
13248:. Vol. 3. New York: Harper & Brothers.
13106:
12941:Bibliography of American Civil War naval history
12336:. March 31, 2011. pp. 23–25. Archived from
12167:Lincoln's Letter to A. G. Hodges, April 4, 1864.
11840:"Returned Flags Booklet, 1905 | A State Divided"
11538:
11284:One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895
10507:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant; Selected Letters
10453:"War in the West · Civil War · Digital Exhibits"
9688:, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2021.
7214:. New York: Harper & Bros. pp. 507–508.
7192:
7161:
4715:Map of Confederate territory losses year by year
4647:in Texas. On May 26, 1865, Confederate Lt. Gen.
4221:Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War
4121:'s command of troops in Arkansas and Louisiana,
3847:Army of the Tennessee and Army of the Cumberland
3679:and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the
2718:
14737:Thornton, Mark; Ekelund, Robert Burton (2004).
14736:
14583:War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864
13888:Potter, David M.; Fehrenbacher, Don E. (1976).
13797:The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War
13699:The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865
13382:Frank, Joseph Allan; Reaves, George A. (2003).
13170:The Rise And Fall Of The Confederate Government
12397:
12097:
12088:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014, p. 401.
12049:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017, p. 226.
11695:"U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands"
11539:Dupont, Brandon; Rosenbloom, Joshua L. (2018).
11181:
11179:
10986:
10219:
10196:
9392:
9390:
9231:
8774:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–73.
8431:, University of Pittsburgh Press, map on p. 49.
8336:. Vol. 80, no. 2. p. 391, n. 2.
8260:. Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from
7223:
7221:
7121:
6051:The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government
4743:Comparison of Union and Confederacy, 1860–1864
4613:, was unharmed, because his would-be assassin,
4598:, and a chain of Confederate surrenders began.
4325:Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War
2751: Union territories not permitting slavery
2086:, the Union made permanent gains—though in the
17137:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
14356:
13995:
13914:The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction
13172:. Vol. II. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
12562:
11277:
11084:"England and the Termination of the Rebellion"
11018:
10685:. Savannah, GA. April 16, 1865. pp. 1, 4.
10009:. American Battlefield Trust. January 31, 2013
9993:
8836:Women In Military Service For America Memorial
8395:
8023:. Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP. p. 27.
7101:. United States War Dept. 1900. Archived from
6805:Appomattox is referred to symbolically as the
6598:Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
5963:
5220:An illustration of the war dead following the
4706:
2550:President of the Confederate States of America
2009:(April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by
17884:
17689:
15023:
14722:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
14647:
14602:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
14512:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
13824:. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press.
13771:. Southern Jewish Historical Society: 41–79.
13741:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
13720:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
13524:
13510:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
13318:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
13113:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
12807:
12280:
9875:
9873:
9701:Generals in Blue and Gray: Lincoln's Generals
8832:"Highlights in the History of Military Women"
8718:Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006
7811:President James Buchanan (December 3, 1860).
7356:
7354:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7143:. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017.
6062:The Private History of a Campaign That Failed
5903:
4465:
4431:
4203:, the last Confederate general to surrender.
3407:as long as the Confederacy controlled Texas,
2916:Military leadership in the American Civil War
2687:to take the fort before supplies reached it.
2588:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
1986:
454:
104:(4 years, 1 month and 2 weeks)
14688:
14479:
13593:. Wilmington, DE: Rowman & Littlefield.
13570:Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory
13388:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
12973:
12698:. American Battlefield Trust. Archived from
12648:"Hazen's Monument a rare, historic treasure"
12442:
12292:
12268:
12076:Lincoln's letter was published first in the
11811:
11455:
11403:on March 23, 2014 – via History Today.
11176:
10928:. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers, 2013.
10892:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 68.
10768:
10712:Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox
9387:
9324:
9322:
8732:"A Prussian Observes the American Civil War"
7937:
7935:
7933:
7827:– via The American Presidency Project.
7607:Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints
7397:
7235:. Louisiana State University. Archived from
7218:
6546:Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War
5630:
5420:
5273:It is estimated that during the war, of the
4386:
4077:
3519:
3461:map of Civil War battles by theater and year
14821:Frank, Joseph Allan, and George A. Reaves.
14695:. 2-Volume Set. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
14342:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
14292:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
14274:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
13843:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13381:
12462:
11692:
11231:
10282:
9932:
9916:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
8729:
8710:
7140:Regimental losses in the American Civil War
6551:African Americans in the American Civil War
5741:American Civil War battlefield preservation
5734:
4001:Bragg's second invasion of Kentucky in the
3671:Johnston halted McClellan's advance at the
2280:. This had kept a sectional balance in the
2059:, who opposed slavery's expansion, won the
2029:("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by
18348:History of the Central Intelligence Agency
18333:Length of U.S. participation in major wars
17891:
17877:
17696:
17682:
15030:
15016:
14886:(University of South Carolina Press, 1988)
14426:
14405:Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction
14252:A Religious History of the American People
13966:
13755:
13632:The American Civil War: A Military History
13107:Chambers, John W.; Anderson, Fred (1999).
13003:. Vol. 54, no. 1. Archived from
12910:A History of American Civil War Literature
12737:
12320:
12016:, pp. 52–54; also in McPherson, James M.,
11462:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association
11449:
10769:Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (2016).
9870:
9846:The Civil War in the Western Theater, 1862
9474:Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie, eds.
9210:
9110:
8860:
8545:
8458:
8421:
7984:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association
7535:
7351:
7272:
7021:; their volunteering fell off after 1862."
6911:
6693:
6576:Native Americans in the American Civil War
6556:German Americans in the American Civil War
5192:9,058 were killed by accidents or drowning
4249:One of the earliest battles was fought at
3194:Blockade runners of the American Civil War
3013:Women in the military § United States
2935:Economic history of the American Civil War
2659:The Battle of Fort Sumter, as depicted by
2075:after the war began and, led by President
1993:
1979:
461:
447:
14500:
14460:
14337:
14192:
14109:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
14069:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14062:
13931:
13734:
13713:
13184:
13028:(5). Oxford University Press: 1753–1766.
12974:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2004).
12906:
12784:"Why We Need a New Civil War Documentary"
12645:
12484:
12293:Rhodes-Pitts, Sharifa (October 9, 2014).
12246:
12034:Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths
11969:
11915:
11903:
11864:
11739:
11661:
11649:
11486:
11425:
11413:
11287:. New York: Greenwood Press. p. 111.
11207:
11201:
11170:
11158:
10645:
10633:
10621:
10609:
10597:
10585:
10573:
10561:
10534:
10425:
10184:
10134:
10066:
10054:
9972:
9901:
9828:
9816:
9724:
9669:
9657:
9645:
9604:
9592:
9577:
9555:
9319:
9313:
9286:
9274:
8923:The Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend
8440:
8299:. University Press of Kansas. p. 71.
8282:
8188:
8176:
8142:
8130:
8118:
8106:
8094:
8082:
8067:
8055:
8043:
7950:
7930:
7924:
7912:
7900:
7798:
7586:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7073:
6980:was largely antislavery especially among
6902:
6699:
6566:Irish Americans in the American Civil War
6003:in March 1865. It currently hangs in the
4214:
3806:Western theater of the American Civil War
3648:, the Civil War's deadliest one-day fight
3450:Eastern theater of the American Civil War
3280:United Kingdom and the American Civil War
2174:. It remains the subject of cultural and
2055:over slavery were brought to a head when
348:25,000–30,000 died in Confederate prisons
15226:Treatment of slaves in the United States
14287:
14255:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
14248:
13957:
13717:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
13572:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
13407:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
13293:A compendium of the War of the Rebellion
13267:
13092:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
12980:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
12952:
12432:"Presidents Who Were Civil War Veterans"
11511:Fergus M. Bordewich (February 6, 2015).
10843:
10726:April 1865: the month that saved America
10117:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019.
9913:
9740:Stonewall Jackson's 1862 Valley Campaign
9520:
9086:
9000:
8622:
8546:Nicolay, John George; Hay, John (1890).
8382:
8340:from the original on September 27, 2022.
8256:Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861
8016:
7477:. Oxford University Press. p. 184.
7180:Defence Casuality Analysis System (DCAS)
7014:
6426:Forge of Freedom: The American Civil War
6073:Texar's Revenge, or, North Against South
6022:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
5967:
5932:such as the Henry rifle, Spencer rifle,
5744:
5549:
5311:
5215:
4710:
4435:
4336:
4318:
4238:
4140:
3953:
3850:
3734:
3639:
3523:
3453:
3287:
3197:
3158:
3047:
2943:Rioters attacking a building during the
2938:
2728:
2654:
2638:
2580:, he argued that the Constitution was a
2540:
2399:
2349:
2346:1860 United States presidential election
2150:. Lincoln lived to see this victory but
2138:, gateway to the Confederate capital of
380:
335:
16969:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
15141:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
14657:
14123:
14102:
14019:
13910:
13789:. The North Carolina Historical Review.
13673:
13567:
13503:
13462:
13143:
13133:The Centennial History of the Civil War
13066:. US Army, Center of Military History.
13056:
12854:
12808:Bailey, Thomas; Kennedy, David (1987).
12496:
12357:Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction
11760:"American Civil War Fortifications (2)"
11715:
11709:
11523:from the original on February 21, 2017.
11363:
11299:"U.S. Railroad Construction, 1860–1880"
10912:
10807:
10695:
10431:Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast!
10341:
9839:
9837:
9532:
9462:
9298:
9074:
9062:
8818:
8806:
8681:
8628:
8562:
8532:from the original on October 17, 2012.
8468:, History Press, Charleston, SC, p. 28.
8452:
8324:
7837:
7632:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1.
7546:from the original on December 4, 2011.
7302:from the original on September 25, 2011
7284:Hacker, J. David (September 20, 2011).
7203:
7201:
7063:from the original on January 30, 2016.
6893:
6883:
6653:
5823:Commemoration of the American Civil War
5477:, but were not legally freed until the
5189:24,866 died in Confederate prison camps
5051:One in thirteen veterans were amputees.
4332:
3017:Gender issues in the American Civil War
2759:Border Union states, permitting slavery
2431: Union states that banned slavery
526:This article is part of a series on the
345:230,000+ died from accidents or disease
27:1861–1865 conflict in the United States
14:
18396:
16954:Modern display of the Confederate flag
15037:
14976:National Park Service Civil War Places
14718:America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink
14710:
14616:
14368:. New York: Fordham University Press.
14306:
14235:from the original on January 19, 2018.
14173:
14155:. University of South Carolina Press.
13857:
13782:
13652:
13628:
13611:Historical Dictionary of the Civil War
13402:
13296:. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co.
13238:
13207:
13127:
13085:
12937:Bibliography of the American Civil War
12894:
12219:
11984:
11927:
11667:
11595:
11534:
11532:
11530:
11390:
11250:
11031:from the original on November 16, 2022
10999:from the original on November 16, 2022
10939:
10885:
10307:
10269:
10257:
10172:
9843:
9763:
9195:
9176:
9050:
9038:
9027:The Confederate Submarine H. L. Hunley
8985:
8947:
8913:
8755:
8489:
8369:
8350:
8294:
7977:
7819:from the original on December 20, 2008
7690:from the original on February 20, 2019
7491:from the original on September 5, 2015
7424:
7283:
7207:
7070:
6987:
6973:
6963:
6961:
6955:before this plan could be implemented.
6868:
6731:
6729:
6705:
6659:
6614:
6612:
5793:in Sharpsburg, Maryland, in 1890. The
5608:and legal segregation was ushered in.
5063:Remains of both sides were reinterred.
4494:, effectively destroying Hood's army.
4284:, which guarded the river approach to
3772:Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen.
3558:was merged into it on April 12, 1862.
3489:
3091:The Confederacy experimented with the
2384:
384:
339:
17872:
17677:
17172:
16561:
16125:
15348:
15151:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
15049:
15011:
14924:West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles
14832:. (Kent State University Press, 1972)
14779:
14757:
14595:
14465:. New York: Oxford University Press.
14222:
14086:The Civil War: An Illustrated History
14027:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
13981:
13878:
13814:
13778:from the original on October 9, 2022.
13607:
13586:
13553:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
13528:; Gabbard, Sara Vaughn, eds. (2007).
13440:
13360:
13339:
13308:
13272:. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie.
13229:
13164:
13019:
12994:
12945:
12747:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2008).
12593:
12581:
12459:(University of North Carolina Press).
12228:from the original on October 16, 2007
11996:
11888:
11876:
11498:
10945:
10723:
10538:Petersburg 1864–65: The Longest Siege
10503:
10476:
10399:
10224:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10160:
10027:
9770:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 287.
9697:
9549:
9368:
9356:
9344:
9262:
9200:. University of South Carolina Press.
9134:
9122:
8574:
8477:
8309:
8212:
8200:
7720:from the original on October 10, 2014
7627:
7360:
7320:
7257:
7000:
6717:
6677:
6671:
6665:
5725:"virulent racism" of the 19th century
4131:Military Division of West Mississippi
4029:in Tennessee, the culmination of the
3780:, in June. Meade defeated Lee at the
3576:On July 4 at Harper's Ferry, Colonel
3108:, rebuilt from the sunken Union ship
3036:, the only woman ever to receive the
2651:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
2339:
2319:, Southern and Northern nationalism,
2182:. The war was among the first to use
442:
18474:Rebellions against the United States
18328:Timeline of U.S. military operations
14398:
14148:
14083:
13838:
13696:
13548:
13286:
12995:Baker, Kevin (February–March 2003).
12822:
12605:Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard,
11828:– via Perseus Digital Library.
11351:
11255:. Simon & Schuster. p. 27.
10974:
10855:
10831:
10819:
10795:
10756:
10331:from the original on March 27, 2022.
10288:
10238:
9834:
9704:. Stackpole Books. pp. 237–38.
9164:
9098:
8591:
8354:Fourteen Months in American Bastiles
7804:
7780:from the original on August 11, 2011
7227:
7198:
7115:
7033:In late March 1864 Lincoln met with
6877:
6753:The Diary of George Templeton Strong
6683:
6040:Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War
5864:and 150th anniversaries of the war.
5520:added support for the proclamation.
4723:, reasons for its outcome, and even
4536:Conclusion of the American Civil War
4412:, the Confederates lost Jeb Stuart.
3884:
2805:and others in the Confederate Army.
2238:was the principal aim of the eleven
2102:split the Confederacy in two at the
17308:Committee on the Conduct of the War
16984:United Daughters of the Confederacy
13346:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
12900:
12781:
11956:, "The economics of emancipation."
11527:
11393:"Why was the Confederacy Defeated?"
8961:"American Civil War: The naval war"
7843:
7136:
6958:
6726:
6609:
6561:Hispanics in the American Civil War
6378:The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down
5339: The Missouri Compromise, 1821
5327: The Northwest Ordinance, 1787
4066:, which Bragg then besieged in the
4005:included initial successes such as
3274:Diplomacy of the American Civil War
3187:
2974:city's Democratic political machine
2528:slavery in the District of Columbia
2514:, a transcontinental railroad, the
2389:
2114:. Western successes led to General
390:26,000–31,000 died in Union prisons
24:
17378:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
17173:
16717:impeachment managers investigation
15096:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
14689:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (April 2014).
14241:
13974:A Chronicle of the Embattled South
13215:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
12959:. United Kingdom: Hachette Books.
12721:Cameron McWhirter (May 25, 2019).
12551:, Belknap Press, pp. 385–98,
11818:Southern Historical Society Papers
11309:from the original on June 11, 2016
10987:Abraham Lincoln (April 11, 1865).
10007:"10 Facts: The Vicksburg Campaign"
9743:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 93.
9533:Freeman, Douglas Southall (1934).
9453:. London: Faber & Faber, 2022.
8936:Tucker, Pierpaoli & White 2010
8795:Tucker, Pierpaoli & White 2010
7978:Harris, William C. (Winter 2000).
7750:from the original on July 14, 2011
6571:Italian Americans in the Civil War
6450:History Civil War: Secret Missions
5842:Grand Army of the Republic (Union)
4666:On June 19, 1865, Union Maj. Gen.
4424:, where the two armies engaged in
3799:
3794:high-water mark of the Confederacy
3443:
3234:
3204:South Atlantic Blockading Squadron
2912:List of American Civil War battles
2884:Confederate Government of Kentucky
2876:Confederate government of Missouri
2725:Border states (American Civil War)
936: Modern Era
25:
18495:
18085:American–Algerian War (1785–1795)
16803:Reconstruction military districts
15251:Abolitionism in the United States
15206:Plantations in the American South
15121:Origins of the American Civil War
14917:
14692:A Companion to the U.S. Civil War
14366:New Perspectives on the Union War
13967:Stephenson, Nathaniel W. (1919).
13783:Murray, Robert B. (Autumn 1967).
13245:History of the American Civil War
13185:Dinçaslan, M. Bahadırhan (2022).
13073:from the original on May 26, 2022
12858:Air Power in the Age of Total War
12607:The Rise of American Civilization
12549:Harvard Guide to American History
12503:. UNC Press Books. pp. 5–6.
12370:A Short History of Reconstruction
12178:"Lincoln Lore – Albert G. Hodges"
12078:Washington National Intelligencer
11814:"1.37: Confederate States' flags"
11749:, Vol. 32, No. 1. (January 1947).
11716:Riordan, Teresa (March 8, 2004).
11340:Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002
11328:Murray, Bernstein & Knox 1996
11147:Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002
10088:Parameters: U.S. Army War College
6593:Outline of the American Civil War
6418:American Conquest: Divided Nation
6084:An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
5803:Gettysburg National Military Park
5729:The Rise of American Civilization
5539:
4580:village of Appomattox Court House
4529:
3540:(Confederate) Army of the Potomac
3284:France and the American Civil War
3202:Gunline of nine Union ironclads.
3148:
3125:, arrived to challenge it in the
2952:U.S. Congress responded in kind.
2560:was proposed to re-establish the
2230:Abolitionism in the United States
2212:Origins of the American Civil War
2154:on April 14, dying the next day.
2110:'s incursion north failed at the
18479:Wars involving the United States
17657:
17648:
17647:
16786:Enforcement Act of February 1871
16759:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
14942:Civil War Photographs Collection
14856:(Oxford University Press, 1997)
14828:Hesseltine, William Best (ed.).
14480:Krannawitter, Thomas L. (2008).
14272:Why the South Lost the Civil War
14199:. Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press.
14132:Louisiana State University Press
14045:The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia
12875:
12848:
12835:
12816:
12801:
12775:
12750:
12714:
12688:
12679:
12670:
12639:
12625:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 304.
12612:
12599:
12517:
12490:
12424:
12391:
12375:
12362:
12346:
12286:
12240:
12213:
12195:
12170:
12161:
12148:
12135:
12091:
12070:
12052:
12047:Stanton: Lincoln's War Secretary
12039:
12023:
12002:
11947:
11921:
11832:
11805:
11783:
11780:, Oxford University Press, 2012.
11770:
11752:
11632:
11589:
11563:
11545:Explorations in Economic History
11504:
11419:
11399:. pp. 15–20. Archived from
11384:
11378:Why the South Lost the Civil War
11369:
11291:
11271:
11244:
11108:
11076:
11044:
10918:
10906:
10879:
10861:
10762:
10717:
10704:
10689:
10541:. Osprey Publishing. p. 6.
10528:
10497:
10470:
10445:
10419:
10393:
10368:
10335:
10313:
10263:
10232:
10213:
10190:
10140:
10105:
10072:
10021:
9999:
9978:
9938:
9907:
9784:
9757:
9730:
9691:
9675:
9610:
9526:
9489:
9468:
9428:
9406:
9374:
9225:
9204:
9189:
9170:
9128:
9019:
9006:
8953:
8919:"Secretary of the Navy's Report"
8907:
8879:
8854:
8824:
8575:Faust, Albert Bernhardt (1909).
7027:
6929:
6920:
6859:
6842:
6523:
5849:
5835:
5816:
5807:Vicksburg National Military Park
5662:
5639:
5486:
5463:
5289:and even confiscated children's
5068:
5056:
5044:
4995:expressed this view succinctly:
4560:
4544:
3213:S. Isaac, Campbell & Company
3043:
2820:Maryland's territory surrounded
2144:Battle of Appomattox Court House
1961:
1952:
1951:
1913:
1912:
543:
275:
265:
257:
247:
222:
204:
180:
167:
40:
18429:Civil wars in the United States
17571:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
17433:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
16994:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
14223:Downs, James (April 13, 2012).
14103:Weigley, Frank Russell (2004).
14048:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
13943:Civil War Centennial Commission
13892:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
13489:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
13426:. New York: Osprey Publishing.
12930:
12402:. University of Georgia Press.
12158:, Arcadia Publishing, 2001, 10.
11958:The Journal of Economic History
11928:Cathey, Libby (June 17, 2021).
11025:The American Presidency Project
11019:Andrew Johnson (May 10, 1865).
10993:The American Presidency Project
10457:digitalexhibits.wsulibs.wsu.edu
9240:University Press of Mississippi
8761:
8730:Ryan Nadeau (January 5, 2015).
8723:
8675:
8641:
8585:
8568:
8552:. Century Company. p. 264.
8539:
8508:
8495:
8483:
8466:West Virginia and the Civil War
8344:
8318:
8303:
8288:
8218:
8010:
7971:
7869:
7762:
7732:
7702:
7672:
7646:
7621:
7529:
7516:
7503:
7418:
7391:
7314:
7263:
7251:
7233:"Statistics on the War's Costs"
6829:
6816:
6799:
6786:
6777:
6768:
6633:United States Department of War
6364:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
6321:Music of the American Civil War
5554:Through the supervision of the
5307:
5076:Andersonville National Cemetery
4509:The Waterloo of the Confederacy
4225:
4195:was the decisive battle of the
4088:
4003:Confederate Heartland Offensive
3841:
3763:Second Battle of Fredericksburg
3724:. Burnside was defeated at the
2998:American Civil War prison camps
2928:
2503:, who joined the Confederacy.
2039:central conflict leading to war
18363:List of anti-war organizations
16674:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
14596:Olsen, Christopher J. (2002).
14215:
13999:; Clipson, William J. (2001).
13896:. New York: Harper & Row.
13701:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
13674:Leonard, Elizabeth D. (1999).
13447:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant
13022:The American Historical Review
12913:. Cambridge University Press.
12436:Essential Civil War Curriculum
11849:– via PBS LearningMedia.
11673:Richard Wightman Fox (2008). "
10510:. Library of America. p.
10028:Brown, Kent Masterson (2000).
7966:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976
7575:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976
7563:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976
7091:
7049:
6635:. May 29, 1865. Archived from
6458:Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood
6385:
6218:The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
5981:portrays, from left to right,
4684:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
4582:, they were surrounded. After
4501:". He reached the Atlantic at
4296:The following year, the Union
4051:. After Rosecrans' successful
3982:In April 1862, the Union Navy
2889:After Virginia's secession, a
2366:during the winter of 1860–61.
135:
102:April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865
13:
1:
18469:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
18275:War against the Islamic State
17705:International response to the
17089:Ladies' Memorial Associations
16791:Enforcement Act of April 1871
16687:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
16562:
14803:Soldier life: North and South
14461:Johannsen, Robert W. (1973).
14288:Beringer, Richard E. (1988).
14193:Woodworth, Steven E. (1996).
14088:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
13635:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
13139:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
12977:Encyclopedia of Black Studies
12861:. Routledge. pp. 6, 24.
7471:Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002).
7043:
7009:a major riot in New York City
6976:, p. . "Sentiment among
6482:AGEOD's American Civil War II
6014:
5795:Shiloh National Military Park
5791:Antietam National Battlefield
5713:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
5706:
5137:(inc those who died as POWs)
5035:
4148:secured docks and arsenal in
4101:, most of Louisiana, and the
3538:. The Army originated as the
3484:
3377:issue diplomatic instructions
2719:Attitude of the border states
2488:Confederate States of America
2248:Confederate States of America
2180:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
429:616,222–1,000,000+ total dead
151:Confederate States of America
58:officers under Union captain
17222:Confederate revolving cannon
16964:Sons of Confederate Veterans
16835:South Carolina riots of 1876
16813:Indian Council at Fort Smith
16764:South Carolina riots of 1876
16729:Knights of the White Camelia
15221:Slavery in the United States
14981:Civil War Battlefield Places
14867:What This Cruel War Was Over
14743:. Wilmington, DE: SR Books.
14249:Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (1972).
14229:Oxford University Press blog
13911:Richter, William L. (2009).
13735:McPherson, James M. (1997).
13714:McPherson, James M. (1988).
13568:Johnson, Timothy D. (1998).
13268:Dunkerly, Robert M. (2015).
13187:Amerikan İç Savaşı El Kitabı
12646:Mike West (April 27, 2007).
12619:Richard Hofstadter (2012) .
12252:"A War that Never Goes Away"
11747:The Journal of Negro History
11693:Yancey Hall (July 1, 2003).
10886:Morris, John Wesley (1977).
10665:. April 10, 1865. p. 1.
10148:"Sherman's March to the Sea"
10079:Ronald Scott Mangum (1991).
9883:. American Battlefield Trust
9737:Jonathan A. Noyalas (2010).
9211:David Keys (June 24, 2014).
9089:, pp. 288–289, 296–298.
7193:Chambers & Anderson 1999
6811:Trans-Mississippi Department
6490:Ultimate General: Gettysburg
6474:Victoria II: A House Divided
6035:, famous eulogies to Lincoln
5979:George Peter Alexander Healy
5938:Triplett & Scott carbine
5205:United States Colored Troops
4653:Trans-Mississippi Department
4391:Grant's army set out on the
4369:attack the Shenandoah Valley
4282:Forts Jackson and St. Philip
4259:Second Battle of Fort Wagner
4234:
4136:
3992:Memphis fell to Union forces
3962:, the highest two-day losses
3904:
3869:, named for the two rivers,
3826:, North Carolina, Kentucky,
3792:on July 3 is considered the
3778:second invasion of the North
3428:Polish revolt against Russia
3267:
2991:
2833:and unilaterally suspending
2442:Lincoln's election provoked
2226:Slavery in the United States
2222:Slave states and free states
2106:, while Confederate General
2098:. The successful 1863 Union
1411:Hispanic and Latino American
7:
17576:New York City riots of 1863
17401:Battle Hymn of the Republic
17152:United Confederate Veterans
16989:Children of the Confederacy
16979:United Confederate Veterans
16974:Southern Historical Society
16126:
15606:Price's Missouri Expedition
15076:Timeline leading to the War
15050:
14842:Livermore, Thomas Leonard.
14661:Journal of Southern History
14338:Gallagher, Gary W. (2011).
13917:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
13864:. New York: HarperCollins.
13655:Journal of Military History
13504:Herring, George C. (2011).
13367:. New York: Vintage Books.
13191:American Civil War Handbook
13144:Coulter, E. Merton (1950).
12907:Hutchison, Coleman (2015).
12258:. Vol. 41, no. 2.
12154:Pulling, Sr. Anne Frances,
11468:(1). University of Illinois
11251:Martis, Kenneth C. (1994).
10696:Simpson, Brooks D. (1991).
9844:Bowery, Charles R. (2014).
9333:War for the Union 1862–1863
8648:Judith Lee Hallock (1983).
8581:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
8427:Curry, Richard Orr (1964),
8310:White, Jonathan W. (2011).
8295:Harris, William C. (2011).
7364:Journal of American History
7208:Rhodes, James Ford (1893).
6850:Battle of Columbus, Georgia
6541:American Civil War by state
6514:
6498:Ultimate General: Civil War
6343:Battle Hymn of the Republic
6245:(miniseries; 1985–1994, US)
6146:, fictionalized account of
5964:In works of culture and art
5856:United Confederate Veterans
5797:was established in 1894 in
5195:15,741 other/unknown deaths
4707:Union victory and aftermath
4601:On April 14, 1865, Lincoln
4480:Franklin–Nashville Campaign
4263:54th Massachusetts Infantry
3616:Virginia Military Institute
3292:A December 1861 cartoon in
3129:. The resulting three-hour
2359:Portrait of Abraham Lincoln
2327:, and modernization in the
2041:was a dispute over whether
10:
18500:
18459:1860s in the United States
18265:War in North-West Pakistan
18115:Second Sumatran expedition
18080:American Revolutionary War
17544:Confederate Secret Service
17132:Grand Army of the Republic
17024:Grand Army of the Republic
16842:Southern Claims Commission
14990:American Battlefield Trust
14965:Cornell University Library
14944:at the Library of Congress
14846:(Houghton, Mifflin, 1900)
14780:Weeks, William E. (2013).
14620:American Historical Review
14433:American Historical Review
14310:American Historical Review
14127:The Civil War in Louisiana
14084:Ward, Geoffrey R. (1990).
13991:. Doubleday & Company.
13970:The Day of the Confederacy
13403:Fuller, Howard J. (2008).
13086:Canney, Donald L. (1998).
13001:American Heritage Magazine
12934:
12256:American Heritage Magazine
12156:Altoona: Images of America
12014:Lincoln, the War President
11456:Fehrenbacher, Don (2004).
10504:Grant, Ulysses S. (1990).
10342:Symonds, Craig L. (2012).
10094:(3): 74–86. Archived from
9994:Symonds & Clipson 2001
9767:Robert E. Lee: A Biography
8967:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
8861:Pennington, Reina (2003).
8768:Roger Pickenpaugh (2013).
8549:Abraham Lincoln: A History
8020:What Caused the Civil War?
7338:American Battlefield Trust
6442:AGEOD's American Civil War
6318:
6148:Sherman's March to the Sea
5928:in naval warfare history.
5904:Technological significance
5820:
5811:American Battlefield Trust
5762:surviving monument is the
5738:
5710:
5651:Grand Army of the Republic
5543:
5424:
4533:
4466:Sherman's March to the Sea
4432:Sheridan's Valley Campaign
4322:
4218:
4111:Trans-Mississippi District
4081:
3803:
3747:Battle of Chancellorsville
3688:Northern Virginia Campaign
3587:
3498:took command of the Union
3447:
3411:in 1861 and installed the
3277:
3271:
3191:
3152:
3010:
2995:
2932:
2909:
2722:
2648:
2642:
2406:Status of the states, 1861
2393:
2343:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2061:1860 presidential election
422:50,000 free civilians died
18310:
18110:First Sumatran expedition
18072:
17911:
17904:
17821:
17714:
17643:
17619:
17532:Confederate States dollar
17504:
17446:
17391:
17343:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
17338:Emancipation Proclamation
17300:
17232:Medal of Honor recipients
17189:
17185:
17168:
17120:Confederate Memorial Hall
17102:
17081:
17039:
17011:
17002:
16922:Confederate Memorial Hall
16895:Confederate History Month
16875:Civil War Discovery Trail
16855:
16776:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
16607:
16582:Reconstruction Amendments
16572:
16568:
16557:
16479:
16348:
16341:
16281:
16145:
16138:
16134:
16121:
16063:
15810:
15803:
15634:
15490:
15449:
15417:
15384:
15377:
15373:
15344:
15241:
15191:Emancipation Proclamation
15159:
15060:
15056:
15045:
14419:(originally published in
14149:Wise, Stephen R. (1991).
14124:Winters, John D. (1963).
14063:Vinovskis, Maris (1990).
14005:. Naval Institute Press.
13958:Schecter, Barnet (2007).
13858:Nelson, James L. (2005).
13839:Neff, Stephen C. (2010).
13756:Mendelsohn, Adam (2012).
13549:Hunt, Jeffrey Wm (2015).
13057:Bradley, Mark L. (2015).
12568:Gaines M. Foster (1988),
12529:Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.
12497:Cushman, Stephen (2014).
12372:(1990) is a brief survey.
12281:Holzer & Gabbard 2007
11675:National Life After Death
11557:10.1016/j.eeh.2017.09.002
9764:Thomas, Emory M. (1997).
9698:Jones, Wilmer L. (2006).
9441:. New York: Basic Books.
9196:Surdam, David G. (2001).
8592:Reid, Richard M. (2014).
8523:American Military History
8357:. London: H.F. Mackintosh
7996:2027/spo.2629860.0021.104
7153:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6888:United States v. Anderson
6531:American Civil War portal
5692:" influencing the world.
5631:Memory and historiography
5581:overrode Johnson's vetoes
5569:Reconstruction Amendments
5518:War Governors' Conference
5479:Emancipation Proclamation
5447:and Generals Frémont and
5427:Emancipation Proclamation
5421:Emancipation Proclamation
5296:It is estimated that 544
5151:
5134:
5123:
5112:
5101:
5096:
5093:
5090:
4962:
4931:
4904:
4877:
4848:
4803:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4659:leader and Brig. General
4387:Grant's Overland Campaign
4095:Trans-Mississippi theater
4078:Trans-Mississippi theater
3692:Second Battle of Bull Run
3552:Army of Northern Virginia
3536:Army of Northern Virginia
3520:Army of Northern Virginia
3399:The Union victory at the
2970:New York City draft riots
2965:Emancipation Proclamation
2945:New York anti-draft riots
2839:Maryland General Assembly
2771: Confederate states
2611:head of government, the "
2567:February peace conference
2538:to help finance the war.
2510:, land grant colleges, a
2246:) and united to form the
2126:in 1864 to Union General
2092:Emancipation Proclamation
481:
418:
410:864,000+ total casualties
368:828,000+ total casualties
324:
293:
194:
160:
94:
39:
34:
18064:2021 U.S. Capitol attack
18024:Battle of Blair Mountain
17606:U.S. Sanitary Commission
17517:Battlefield preservation
17423:Marching Through Georgia
17348:Hampton Roads Conference
17323:Confiscation Act of 1862
17318:Confiscation Act of 1861
17094:U.S. national cemeteries
16900:Confederate Memorial Day
16885:Civil War Trails Program
16754:New Orleans riot of 1866
14893:(UNC Press Books, 2013)
14815:(UNC Press Books, 2018)
13983:Stern, Phillip Van Doren
13786:The End of the Rebellion
13682:. W.W. Norton & Co.
13608:Jones, Terry L. (2011).
13234:. New York: Basic Books.
12269:Asante & Mazama 2004
12220:Harper, Douglas (2003).
11812:J. William Jones (ed.).
11699:National Geographic News
11237:Carter, Susan B. (ed.).
11190:Why the Confederacy Lost
10775:. ABC-CLIO. p. 15.
10220:Michael Fellman (1989).
10197:James B. Martin (2012).
9618:"Overview of the Battle"
9501:www.legendsofamerica.com
9232:Kevin Dougherty (2010).
9179:Naval War College Review
8809:, pp. 165, 310–311.
8017:Hardyman, Robyn (2016).
7628:Jaffa, Harry V. (2004).
7137:Fox, William F. (1889).
7087:. National Park Service.
6603:
6371:Marching Through Georgia
6314:
6194:The Red Badge of Courage
6095:The Red Badge of Courage
5787:Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia
5735:Battlefield preservation
5585:civil rights legislation
4349:William Tecumseh Sherman
4342:William Tecumseh Sherman
4162:Battle of Wilson's Creek
3726:Battle of Fredericksburg
3683:and forced his retreat.
3601:First Battle of Bull Run
3006:
2813:and was admitted to the
2524:Legal Tender Act of 1862
2286:House of Representatives
2176:historiographical debate
2146:, setting in motion the
2128:William Tecumseh Sherman
914:
892:
870:
859:
837:
826:
804:
793:
782:
771:
749:
738:
727:
705:
683:
672:
650:
639:
617:
606:
18323:Wars involving the U.S.
18160:Philippine–American War
18044:1960s ghetto rebellions
17527:Confederate war finance
17147:Southern Cross of Honor
17115:1938 Gettysburg reunion
17110:1913 Gettysburg reunion
16808:Reconstruction Treaties
16781:Enforcement Act of 1870
16664:Freedman's Savings Bank
15281:Lane Debates on Slavery
15106:Lincoln–Douglas debates
13933:Robertson, James I. Jr.
12953:Anderson, Bern (1989).
12883:Naval Warfare 1815–1914
12727:The Wall Street Journal
12182:apps.legislature.ky.gov
11517:The Wall Street Journal
10889:Ghost Towns of Oklahoma
10325:Encyclopedia Britannica
9933:Frank & Reaves 2003
8736:The Gettysburg Compiler
8464:Snell, Mark A. (2011),
7813:"Fourth Annual Message"
7427:OAH Magazine of History
6737:George Templeton Strong
6402:Sid Meier's Gettysburg!
6221:(1966, Italy-Spain-FRG)
6153:
6106:The Challenge to Sirius
5749:Beginning in 1961, the
5251:Spencer repeating rifle
4645:Battle of Palmito Ranch
4410:Battle of Yellow Tavern
4193:Battle of Glorieta Pass
4115:Confederate States Army
4062:Rosecrans retreated to
3913:(February 6, 1862) and
3171:By early 1861, General
3131:Battle of Hampton Roads
2452:a secession declaration
1432:Middle Eastern American
1254:Technology and industry
317:750,000–1,000,000 total
56:Horse Artillery Brigade
18368:Conscientious objector
18270:First Libyan Civil War
18140:Second Fiji expedition
18120:Ivory Coast expedition
18054:1992 Los Angeles riots
18014:Colorado Coalfield War
17906:Listed chronologically
17586:Richmond riots of 1863
17512:Baltimore riot of 1861
17292:U.S. Military Railroad
17212:Confederate Home Guard
16944:Historiographic issues
16910:Historical reenactment
15409:Revenue Cutter Service
15276:William Lloyd Garrison
15185:Dred Scott v. Sandford
14950:A House Divided (1960)
14907:The Life of Billy Yank
14903:The Life of Johnny Reb
14884:Soldiers Blue and Gray
14176:Refugees of Revolution
13587:Jones, Howard (2002).
13361:Foote, Shelby (1974).
13230:Doyle, Don H. (2015).
13034:10.1093/ahr/120.5.1753
12855:Buckley, John (2006).
12622:Progressive Historians
11303:Digital History Reader
10947:Gates, Henry Louis Jr.
10710:William Marvel (2002)
10400:Lattimore, Ralston B.
10272:Chronicles of Oklahoma
9536:R. E. Lee: A Biography
9235:Weapons of Mississippi
8351:Howard, F. K. (1863).
7474:Atlas of World History
6234:The Outlaw Josey Wales
6028:O Captain! My Captain!
6008:
5764:Hazen Brigade Monument
5758:
5701:many names used for it
5559:
5453:voluntary colonization
5401:
5225:
5029:
5002:
4716:
4686:, to the Lords of the
4443:
4428:for over nine months.
4344:
4246:
4215:Lower Seaboard theater
4157:
4027:Battle of Stones River
3963:
3949:Albert Sidney Johnston
3919:Nathan Bedford Forrest
3867:Army of the Cumberland
3858:
3767:Battle of Salem Church
3742:
3649:
3544:Army of the Shenandoah
3531:
3462:
3309:
3217:London Armoury Company
3207:
3168:
3065:
2948:
2905:
2779:
2762:(One of these states,
2733:US Secession map. The
2663:
2556:In December 1860, the
2553:
2439:
2396:Ordinance of Secession
2362:
2278:one slave and one free
2236:institution of slavery
2082:During 1861–62 in the
2053:Decades of controversy
2025:("the North") and the
1544:Admission to the Union
195:Commanders and leaders
18338:Territorial evolution
18318:Conflicts in the U.S.
18240:Intervention in Haiti
18130:First Fiji expedition
17551:Great Revival of 1863
17428:Maryland, My Maryland
17217:Confederate railroads
16880:Civil War Roundtables
16749:Meridian riot of 1871
16744:Memphis riots of 1866
15301:George Luther Stearns
15286:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
15179:Crittenden Compromise
14985:National Park Service
14871:Interview with author
14174:Wittke, Carl (1952).
13629:Keegan, John (2009).
13209:Donald, David Herbert
12841:William Rattle Plum,
12782:Merritt, Keri Leigh.
12541:Arthur M. Schlesinger
12222:"Slavery in Delaware"
11610:10.1353/cwh.2011.0061
11391:Farmer, Alan (2005).
11342:, pp. 1207–1210.
11121:Army and Navy Journal
11089:Army and Navy Journal
11057:Army and Navy Journal
10951:"What Is Juneteenth?"
10683:Savannah Daily Herald
10491:10.1353/cwh.2004.0073
10101:on November 27, 2012.
9796:National Park Service
9149:10.1353/cwh.1986.0012
8669:10.1353/cwh.1983.0013
8516:"The Civil War, 1861"
8390:The War for the Union
8377:The War for the Union
8158:. Presidency.ucsb.edu
7855:World Digital Library
7609:. Library of Congress
7439:10.1093/oahmag/oar002
7412:10.1353/cwh.2005.0051
7377:10.1093/jahist/jas272
7287:"Recounting the Dead"
6712:Gallagher et al. 2003
6641:on September 15, 2018
6410:Sid Meier's Antietam!
6336:Battle Cry of Freedom
6162:The Birth of a Nation
5971:
5871:The Birth of a Nation
5821:Further information:
5748:
5670:Cherokee Confederates
5593:"Liberal Republicans"
5553:
5315:
5255:Henry repeating rifle
5219:
5024:
4997:
4714:
4695:, the captain of CSS
4693:James Iredell Waddell
4486:defeated Hood at the
4460:Battle of Cedar Creek
4439:
4340:
4323:Further information:
4319:Pacific Coast theater
4242:
4219:Further information:
4144:
4117:to better coordinate
4082:Further information:
4049:Battle of Chickamauga
4031:Stones River Campaign
3975:, Missouri, and then
3960:Battle of Chickamauga
3957:
3863:Army of the Tennessee
3854:
3804:Further information:
3738:
3690:, which included the
3673:Battle of Seven Pines
3643:
3612:brigade of Virginians
3556:Army of the Peninsula
3548:Army of the Northwest
3527:
3467:Appalachian Mountains
3457:
3448:Further information:
3409:France invaded Mexico
3375:left his deathbed to
3353:anti-slavery movement
3338:Charles Francis Adams
3291:
3278:Further information:
3201:
3162:
3051:
2942:
2732:
2658:
2645:Battle of Fort Sumter
2639:Battle of Fort Sumter
2558:Crittenden Compromise
2544:
2484:Fugitive Slave Clause
2403:
2353:
2216:Further information:
1535:Territorial evolution
828:Post-World War II Era
325:Casualties and losses
18484:Wars of independence
18200:Bay of Pigs Invasion
18155:Spanish–American War
18125:Mexican–American War
18049:Kent State shootings
18039:Puerto Rican revolts
17969:American Indian Wars
17438:Daar kom die Alibama
17353:National Union Party
17029:memorials to Lincoln
16949:Lost Cause mythology
16654:Eufaula riot of 1874
16642:Confederate refugees
15855:District of Columbia
15482:Union naval blockade
15328:Underground Railroad
15116:Nullification crisis
14889:Shively, Kathryn J.
14882:Robertson, James I.
14852:McPherson, James M.
14810:Carmichael, Peter S.
13988:The Confederate Navy
13340:Foner, Eric (2010).
13240:Draper, John William
12810:The American Pageant
12788:Smithsonian Magazine
12762:The Spokesman-Review
12733:on October 10, 2019.
12658:on November 18, 2018
12533:Samuel Eliot Morison
12141:White, Jonathan W.,
12080:on August 23, 1862.
11867:, pp. vii–viii.
11577:. September 22, 2011
10949:(January 16, 2013).
10875:on February 7, 2016.
10433:. New York: Twayne.
10344:The Civil War at sea
10321:"Red River Campaign"
10291:Great Plains Journal
9566:Terrible Swift Sword
8602:. pp. 4–5, 40.
8525:. pp. 199–221.
8505:(1995), p. 247.
8501:Gabor Boritt (ed.).
6854:Battle of West Point
6813:disbanded on May 26.
6350:The Bonnie Blue Flag
5934:Colt revolving rifle
5755:commemorative stamps
5657:veteran organization
5434:Thirteenth Amendment
5409:("Copperheads") and
5231:Francis Amasa Walker
5174:died in prison camps
4515:Battle of Five Forks
4452:John C. Breckinridge
4448:Battle of New Market
4333:Conquest of Virginia
4306:Bayou Teche Campaign
4302:siege to Port Hudson
4244:New Orleans captured
4189:New Mexico Territory
4127:Missouri State Guard
4068:Chattanooga Campaign
4019:Battle of Perryville
3984:captured New Orleans
3928:Confederate general
3782:Battle of Gettysburg
3757:advanced across the
3475:District of Columbia
3253:U.S. Merchant Marine
3114:. On March 8, 1862,
3023:Elizabeth D. Leonard
2864:Claiborne F. Jackson
2826:rioting in Baltimore
2298:American nationalism
2188:electrical telegraph
2112:Battle of Gettysburg
2037:from the Union. The
1458:Palestinian American
674:Era of Good Feelings
619:Confederation period
556:Timeline and periods
51:Battle of Gettysburg
46:Clockwise from top:
18215:Invasion of Grenada
18210:Dominican Civil War
17596:Supreme Court cases
17363:Radical Republicans
17142:Old soldiers' homes
17126:Confederate Veteran
17052:artworks in Capitol
16771:Reconstruction acts
16632:Colfax riot of 1873
15596:Richmond-Petersburg
15201:Fugitive slave laws
15131:Popular sovereignty
15111:Missouri Compromise
15101:Kansas-Nebraska Act
14835:Linderman, Gerald.
14759:Varon, Elizabeth R.
14532:Ordeal of the Union
14502:McPherson, James M.
14428:Hofstadter, Richard
14374:10.2307/j.ctvh1dnpx
14362:Varon, Elizabeth R.
14021:Trudeau, Noah Andre
13697:Long, E.B. (1971).
13614:. Scarecrow Press.
13007:on October 19, 2010
12283:, pp. 172–174.
12101:(August 24, 1862).
11987:, pp. 417–419.
11972:, pp. 831–837.
11960:33#1 (1973): 66–85.
11906:, pp. 506–508.
11489:, pp. 382–388.
11432:The Confederate War
11416:, pp. 169–172.
11227:on August 17, 2017.
11204:, pp. 771–772.
11149:, pp. 703–706.
10724:Winik, Jay (2001).
10648:, pp. 846–847.
10636:, pp. 825–830.
10624:, pp. 812–815.
10612:, pp. 773–776.
10600:, pp. 778–779.
10588:, pp. 724–742.
10564:, pp. 724–735.
10310:, pp. 220–221.
10187:, pp. 404–405.
10137:, pp. 677–680.
10069:, pp. 480–483.
10057:, pp. 419–420.
9975:, pp. 418–420.
9904:, pp. 405–413.
9819:, pp. 653–663.
9727:, pp. 639–645.
9672:, pp. 571–574.
9660:, pp. 557–558.
9648:, pp. 543–545.
9607:, pp. 528–533.
9595:, pp. 538–544.
9580:, pp. 424–427.
9552:, pp. 464–519.
9289:, pp. 546–557.
9125:, pp. 224–225.
8720:(2006), p. 74.
8696:10.1093/sf/70.2.321
8326:Vladeck, Stephen I.
8285:, pp. 284–287.
8264:on January 11, 2008
8203:, pp. 203–204.
8191:, pp. 276–307.
8133:, pp. 273–274.
7968:, pp. 572–573.
7927:, pp. 234–266.
7903:, pp. 252–254.
7589:, pp. 254–255.
6306:Free State of Jones
5613:Rutherford B. Hayes
5577:Radical Republicans
5224:battlefield in 1862
5087:
4744:
4672:General Order No. 3
4638:Irwinville, Georgia
4492:Battle of Nashville
4422:Siege of Petersburg
4197:New Mexico Campaign
4191:for the Union. The
4177:Quantrill's Raiders
4166:Battle of Pea Ridge
4057:George Henry Thomas
4042:Battle of Vicksburg
3899:Army of Mississippi
3897:renamed the former
3500:Army of the Potomac
3496:George B. McClellan
3490:Army of the Potomac
3052:Battle between the
3034:Mary Edwards Walker
2891:Unionist government
2745: Union states
2685:P. G. T. Beauregard
2635:in South Carolina.
2562:Missouri Compromise
2532:Revenue Act of 1861
2520:United States Notes
2518:, authorization of
2496:Dred Scott decision
2385:Outbreak of the war
2267:secession documents
2196:civilian casualties
2136:Siege of Petersburg
1393:Lithuanian American
1344:Vietnamese American
608:American Revolution
394:290,000+ total dead
352:365,000+ total dead
149:Dissolution of the
18404:American Civil War
18255:War in Afghanistan
18225:Invasion of Panama
18220:Lebanese Civil War
18145:Formosa Expedition
18105:Second Barbary War
18059:2020 racial unrest
17994:Johnson County War
17989:Lincoln County War
17964:American Civil War
17959:Harpers Ferry raid
17934:Turner's Rebellion
17708:American Civil War
17417:A Lincoln Portrait
17358:Politicians killed
17282:U.S. Balloon Corps
17277:Union corps badges
17057:memorials to Davis
16927:Disenfranchisement
16798:Reconstruction era
16679:Timber Culture Act
16637:Compromise of 1877
15601:Franklin–Nashville
15271:Frederick Douglass
15174:Cornerstone Speech
15091:Compromise of 1850
15039:American Civil War
14972:, battlefields.org
14839:(Free Press, 1987)
14712:Stampp, Kenneth M.
14463:Stephen A. Douglas
14358:Gallagher, Gary W.
13941:. Washington, DC:
13667:10.1353/jmh.0.0194
13288:Dyer, Frederick H.
13137:Never Call Retreat
13060:The Civil War Ends
12946:Sources referenced
12702:on August 12, 2019
12342:on April 20, 2011.
12299:The New York Times
12113:The New York Times
12108:The New York Times
11722:The New York Times
11427:Gallagher, Gary W.
10924:Conner, Robert C.
10663:The New York Times
10535:Ron Field (2013).
10427:Trefousse, Hans L.
10380:www.britannica.com
8892:The New York Times
7774:The Avalon Project
7744:The Avalon Project
7714:The Avalon Project
7684:The Avalon Project
7522:Susan-Mary Grant,
7292:The New York Times
7035:Governor Bramlette
6886:, p. 396. In
6628:The New York Times
6202:The Horse Soldiers
6186:Gone with the Wind
6139:The March: A Novel
6117:Gone with the Wind
6009:
5930:Repeating firearms
5894:television series
5877:Gone with the Wind
5801:, followed by the
5776:William B. Hazen's
5759:
5606:disenfranchisement
5601:Compromise of 1877
5565:federal government
5560:
5546:Reconstruction era
5402:
5277:killed, including
5226:
5222:Battle of Antietam
5124:Wounded in action
5085:
5014:to fight it out."
4742:
4733:James M. McPherson
4717:
4576:Appomattox Station
4488:Battle of Franklin
4482:. Union Maj. Gen.
4444:
4377:William W. Averell
4345:
4271:Quincy A. Gillmore
4247:
4209:Red River Campaign
4158:
4113:was formed by the
4072:Knoxville Campaign
4053:Tullahoma Campaign
4038:Vicksburg Campaign
4011:Battle of Richmond
4009:'s triumph at the
3977:Memphis, Tennessee
3964:
3859:
3759:Rappahannock River
3743:
3681:Seven Days Battles
3658:Nathaniel P. Banks
3650:
3646:Battle of Antietam
3635:Peninsula campaign
3571:Joseph E. Johnston
3567:Douglas S. Freeman
3532:
3463:
3401:Battle of Antietam
3310:
3304:, at right, warns
3208:
3169:
3066:
2949:
2872:Missouri secession
2860:elected convention
2780:
2664:
2583:more perfect union
2554:
2440:
2437: Territories
2363:
2340:Lincoln's election
2190:, steamships, the
2184:industrial warfare
2160:Reconstruction era
2130:, followed by his
2100:siege of Vicksburg
2096:seized New Orleans
2007:American Civil War
1513:Transgender people
1076:Capital punishment
729:Reconstruction Era
473:American Civil War
188:Confederate States
86:Battle of Franklin
81:Richmond, Virginia
35:American Civil War
18454:Conflicts in 1865
18449:Conflicts in 1864
18444:Conflicts in 1863
18439:Conflicts in 1862
18434:Conflicts in 1861
18391:
18390:
18353:Casualties of war
18185:Russian Civil War
18150:Korean Expedition
18095:First Barbary War
17974:Brooks–Baxter War
17929:Fries's Rebellion
17924:Whiskey Rebellion
17866:
17865:
17671:
17670:
17639:
17638:
17635:
17634:
17469:Italian Americans
17454:African Americans
17411:John Brown's Body
17164:
17163:
17160:
17159:
17077:
17076:
16915:Robert E. Lee Day
16659:Freedmen's Bureau
16622:Brooks–Baxter War
16553:
16552:
16549:
16548:
16545:
16544:
16337:
16336:
16117:
16116:
16113:
16112:
16109:
16108:
15526:Northern Virginia
15472:Trans-Mississippi
15445:
15444:
15340:
15339:
15336:
15335:
15232:Uncle Tom's Cabin
15169:African Americans
14933:National Archives
14830:Civil War Prisons
14825:(Greenwood, 1989)
14793:978-1-107-00590-7
14772:978-0-8078-3232-5
14750:978-0-8420-2961-2
14729:978-0-19-503902-3
14702:978-1-444-35131-6
14609:978-0-19-516097-0
14519:978-0-19-539242-5
14493:978-0-7425-5972-1
14472:978-0-19-501620-8
14421:Civil War History
14349:978-0-674-06608-3
14262:978-0-300-01762-5
14206:978-0-313-29019-0
14185:978-1-5128-0874-2
14141:978-0-8071-0834-5
14116:978-0-253-33738-2
14095:978-0-394-56285-8
14076:978-0-521-39559-5
14055:978-1-59884-338-5
14034:978-0-316-85328-6
14012:978-1-55750-984-0
13997:Symonds, Craig L.
13924:978-0-8108-6336-1
13903:978-0-06-013403-7
13871:978-0-06-052404-3
13850:978-1-61121-252-5
13831:978-0-87462-325-3
13807:978-0-521-56627-8
13748:978-0-19-974105-2
13727:978-0-19-503863-7
13642:978-0-307-26343-8
13621:978-0-8108-7953-9
13600:978-0-8420-2916-2
13579:978-0-7006-0914-7
13560:978-0-292-73461-6
13541:978-0-8093-2764-5
13517:978-0-19-976553-9
13496:978-1-57607-382-7
13442:Grant, Ulysses S.
13433:978-1-84176-736-9
13414:978-1-59114-297-3
13395:978-0-252-07126-3
13374:978-0-394-74623-4
13353:978-0-393-34066-2
13325:978-0-19-502926-0
13279:978-1-61121-252-5
13222:978-0-684-80846-8
13200:978-6-257-61066-7
13157:978-0-8071-0007-3
13120:978-0-19-507198-6
13099:978-1-55750-519-4
12987:978-0-7619-2762-4
12966:978-0-306-80367-3
12920:978-1-316-43241-9
12868:978-1-135-36275-1
12652:Murfreesboro Post
12632:978-0-307-80960-5
12596:, pp. 28–29.
12584:, pp. 14–19.
12510:978-1-4696-1878-4
12453:Gary W. Gallagher
12409:978-0-8203-3715-9
12353:Hans L. Trefousse
12328:"Finally Passing"
12030:Oates, Stephen B.
11598:Civil War History
11442:978-0-674-16056-9
11305:. Virginia Tech.
11262:978-0-13-389115-7
10934:978-1-61200-186-9
10899:978-0-8061-1420-0
10782:978-1-61069-934-1
10548:978-1-4728-0305-4
10521:978-0-940450-58-5
10479:Civil War History
10353:978-0-19-993168-2
10123:978-1-4516-4137-0
10112:Miller, Donald L.
10041:978-1-882810-47-5
9798:. October 5, 2021
9777:978-0-393-31631-5
9750:978-1-61423-040-3
9711:978-1-4617-5106-9
9435:Shawcross, Edward
9416:. January 5, 2022
9380:Richard Huzzeym,
9371:, pp. 70–74.
9347:, pp. 69–70.
9137:Civil War History
9113:, pp. 43–44.
8781:978-0-8173-1783-6
8657:Civil War History
8609:978-0-7748-2745-4
8598:. Vancouver, BC:
8480:, pp. 10–11.
8392:(1959), 1:129–36.
8379:(1959), 1:119–29.
8334:Temple Law Review
8030:978-1-4824-5180-1
7639:978-0-8476-9953-7
7565:, pp. 44–45.
7484:978-0-19-521921-0
7400:Civil War History
7231:(June 13, 2001).
7105:on July 25, 2017.
6837:Ex parte Merryman
6824:World War II
6749:978-0-393-97555-0
6394:North & South
6357:John Brown's Body
6290:Gods and Generals
6122:Margaret Mitchell
6111:Sheila Kaye-Smith
6043:(1866) poetry by
5926:ironclad warships
5799:Shiloh, Tennessee
5772:Central Tennessee
5690:Empire of Liberty
5621:Benjamin Harrison
5617:James A. Garfield
5556:Freedmen's Bureau
5530:Norfolk, Virginia
5298:Confederate flags
5210:African Americans
5162:
5161:
5102:Killed in action
5006:E. Merton Coulter
4989:
4988:
4796:21,700,000 (98%)
4780:28,800,000 (90%)
4769:22,100,000 (71%)
4721:causes of the war
4626:Army of Tennessee
4607:John Wilkes Booth
4584:an initial battle
4450:Confederate Gen.
4393:Overland Campaign
4313:Battle of Olustee
4173:guerrilla warfare
4023:William Rosecrans
3938:Andrew Hull Foote
3891:Army of Tennessee
3885:Army of Tennessee
3707:Maryland Campaign
3608:Shenandoah Valley
3578:Thomas J. Jackson
3554:on March 14. The
3394:Uncle Tom's Cabin
3163:General Scott's "
2848:Ex parte Merryman
2599:William H. Seward
2586:than the earlier
2578:inaugural address
2526:, and the end of
2516:National Bank Act
2329:antebellum period
2305:partisan politics
2260:pseudo-historical
2186:. Railroads, the
2104:Mississippi River
2003:
2002:
1925:
1924:
1554:American frontier
1453:Lebanese American
1438:Egyptian American
1368:Estonian American
1358:Albanian American
1352:European American
1329:Japanese American
1319:Filipino American
943:
942:
916:Post-Cold War Era
573:Pre-Columbian Era
535:
519:
518:
506:Trans-Mississippi
437:
436:
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
18491:
18419:Ulysses S. Grant
18343:Military history
18302:Yemeni civil war
18235:Somali Civil War
18135:Second Opium War
18004:Homestead strike
17919:Shays' Rebellion
17893:
17886:
17879:
17870:
17869:
17857:
17850:
17843:
17836:
17834:Native Americans
17829:
17827:Foreign soldiers
17814:
17807:
17799:
17792:
17785:
17778:
17771:
17764:
17757:
17750:
17743:
17736:
17729:
17722:
17698:
17691:
17684:
17675:
17674:
17661:
17651:
17650:
17474:Native Americans
17459:German Americans
17252:Partisan rangers
17247:Official Records
17187:
17186:
17170:
17169:
17062:memorials to Lee
17009:
17008:
16570:
16569:
16559:
16558:
16346:
16345:
16143:
16142:
16136:
16135:
16123:
16122:
16096:Washington, D.C.
15890:Indian Territory
15850:Dakota Territory
15808:
15807:
15725:Chancellorsville
15516:Jackson's Valley
15506:Blockade runners
15382:
15381:
15375:
15374:
15346:
15345:
15306:Thaddeus Stevens
15296:Lysander Spooner
15256:Susan B. Anthony
15058:
15057:
15047:
15046:
15032:
15025:
15018:
15009:
15008:
14955:Internet Archive
14929:Civil War photos
14875:Mitchell, Reid.
14863:Manning, Chandra
14797:
14776:
14754:
14733:
14721:
14706:
14685:
14653:
14644:
14613:
14523:
14511:
14497:
14476:
14457:
14418:
14395:
14353:
14334:
14303:
14285:
14266:
14236:
14210:
14189:
14167:Borrow book at:
14166:
14162:978-0-8724-97993
14145:
14120:
14099:
14080:
14059:
14038:
14016:
13992:
13978:
13963:
13954:
13928:
13907:
13895:
13884:
13875:
13854:
13835:
13811:
13790:
13779:
13777:
13762:
13752:
13731:
13710:
13693:
13681:
13670:
13646:
13625:
13604:
13583:
13564:
13545:
13521:
13500:
13481:
13459:
13437:
13418:
13399:
13378:
13357:
13336:
13334:
13332:
13305:
13283:
13264:
13262:
13260:
13235:
13226:
13204:
13181:
13166:Davis, Jefferson
13161:
13140:
13124:
13103:
13082:
13080:
13078:
13072:
13065:
13053:
13016:
13014:
13012:
12991:
12970:
12925:
12924:
12904:
12898:
12892:
12886:
12879:
12873:
12872:
12852:
12846:
12839:
12833:
12832:
12825:Railroad History
12820:
12814:
12813:
12805:
12799:
12798:
12796:
12794:
12779:
12773:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12754:
12748:
12743:Gary Gallagher,
12741:
12735:
12734:
12729:. Archived from
12718:
12712:
12711:
12709:
12707:
12692:
12686:
12683:
12677:
12674:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12663:
12654:. Archived from
12643:
12637:
12636:
12616:
12610:
12603:
12597:
12591:
12585:
12579:
12573:
12566:
12560:
12559:
12545:Paul Herman Buck
12521:
12515:
12514:
12494:
12488:
12482:
12476:
12466:
12460:
12446:
12440:
12439:
12428:
12422:
12421:
12395:
12389:
12382:C. Vann Woodward
12379:
12373:
12366:
12360:
12350:
12344:
12343:
12341:
12324:
12318:
12317:
12315:
12313:
12290:
12284:
12278:
12272:
12266:
12260:
12259:
12248:McPherson, James
12244:
12238:
12237:
12235:
12233:
12217:
12211:
12210:
12199:
12193:
12192:
12190:
12188:
12174:
12168:
12165:
12159:
12152:
12146:
12139:
12133:
12132:
12095:
12089:
12074:
12068:
12067:
12066:. June 14, 2022.
12064:www.bartleby.com
12056:
12050:
12043:
12037:
12027:
12021:
12010:Boritt, Gabor S.
12006:
12000:
11994:
11988:
11982:
11973:
11967:
11961:
11951:
11945:
11944:
11942:
11940:
11925:
11919:
11913:
11907:
11901:
11892:
11886:
11880:
11874:
11868:
11862:
11851:
11850:
11848:
11846:
11836:
11830:
11829:
11827:
11825:
11809:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11798:
11787:
11781:
11774:
11768:
11767:
11756:
11750:
11743:
11737:
11736:
11734:
11732:
11726:Associated Press
11713:
11707:
11706:
11705:on July 7, 2003.
11701:. Archived from
11690:
11684:
11671:
11665:
11659:
11653:
11647:
11641:
11636:
11630:
11629:
11593:
11587:
11586:
11584:
11582:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11536:
11525:
11524:
11508:
11502:
11496:
11490:
11484:
11478:
11477:
11475:
11473:
11453:
11447:
11446:
11423:
11417:
11411:
11405:
11404:
11388:
11382:
11381:
11373:
11367:
11361:
11355:
11349:
11343:
11337:
11331:
11325:
11319:
11318:
11316:
11314:
11295:
11289:
11288:
11275:
11269:
11266:
11248:
11242:
11235:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11220:. Archived from
11219:
11211:
11205:
11199:
11193:
11183:
11174:
11168:
11162:
11156:
11150:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11112:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11101:
11080:
11074:
11073:
11071:
11069:
11048:
11042:
11040:
11038:
11036:
11016:
11010:
11008:
11006:
11004:
10984:
10978:
10972:
10966:
10965:
10963:
10961:
10943:
10937:
10922:
10916:
10910:
10904:
10903:
10883:
10877:
10876:
10865:
10859:
10853:
10847:
10841:
10835:
10829:
10823:
10817:
10811:
10805:
10799:
10793:
10787:
10786:
10766:
10760:
10754:
10748:
10747:
10721:
10715:
10708:
10702:
10701:
10693:
10687:
10686:
10680:
10673:
10667:
10666:
10655:
10649:
10643:
10637:
10631:
10625:
10619:
10613:
10607:
10601:
10595:
10589:
10583:
10577:
10571:
10565:
10559:
10553:
10552:
10532:
10526:
10525:
10501:
10495:
10494:
10474:
10468:
10467:
10465:
10463:
10449:
10443:
10442:
10423:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10412:
10397:
10391:
10390:
10388:
10386:
10372:
10366:
10365:
10339:
10333:
10332:
10317:
10311:
10305:
10299:
10298:
10286:
10280:
10279:
10267:
10261:
10255:
10249:
10248:
10236:
10230:
10229:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10194:
10188:
10182:
10176:
10170:
10164:
10158:
10152:
10151:
10144:
10138:
10132:
10126:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10085:
10076:
10070:
10064:
10058:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10025:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10014:
10003:
9997:
9991:
9985:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9942:
9936:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9911:
9905:
9899:
9893:
9892:
9890:
9888:
9877:
9868:
9867:
9841:
9832:
9826:
9820:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9788:
9782:
9781:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9734:
9728:
9722:
9716:
9715:
9695:
9689:
9679:
9673:
9667:
9661:
9655:
9649:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9630:
9628:
9622:history.army.mil
9614:
9608:
9602:
9596:
9590:
9581:
9575:
9569:
9559:
9553:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9530:
9524:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9493:
9487:
9472:
9466:
9460:
9454:
9432:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9410:
9404:
9397:Stephen B. Oates
9394:
9385:
9378:
9372:
9366:
9360:
9354:
9348:
9342:
9336:
9326:
9317:
9311:
9302:
9296:
9290:
9284:
9278:
9272:
9266:
9260:
9254:
9253:
9249:9-7816-0473-4522
9229:
9223:
9222:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9174:
9168:
9162:
9153:
9152:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9114:
9108:
9102:
9096:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9072:
9066:
9060:
9054:
9048:
9042:
9036:
9030:
9023:
9017:
9012:Myron J. Smith,
9010:
9004:
8998:
8989:
8983:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8917:(January 1865).
8911:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8858:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8842:on April 3, 2013
8838:. Archived from
8828:
8822:
8816:
8810:
8804:
8798:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8765:
8759:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8727:
8721:
8716:Robert Fantina,
8714:
8708:
8707:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8654:
8645:
8639:
8634:Eugene Murdock,
8632:
8626:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8572:
8566:
8560:
8554:
8553:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8520:
8512:
8506:
8499:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8475:
8469:
8462:
8456:
8450:
8444:
8438:
8432:
8425:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8399:
8393:
8386:
8380:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8292:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8269:
8250:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8230:msa.maryland.gov
8222:
8216:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8174:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8152:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8128:
8122:
8116:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8071:
8065:
8059:
8053:
8047:
8041:
8035:
8034:
8014:
8008:
8007:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7954:
7948:
7942:
7939:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7847:
7841:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7808:
7802:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7660:on June 11, 2004
7656:. Archived from
7650:
7644:
7643:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7603:"1861 Time Line"
7599:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7536:David A. Walsh.
7533:
7527:
7520:
7514:
7509:John McCardell,
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7358:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7296:Associated Press
7289:
7281:
7270:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7239:on July 11, 2007
7225:
7216:
7215:
7205:
7196:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7172:
7159:
7158:
7152:
7144:
7134:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7081:
7068:
7067:
7053:
7038:
7031:
7025:
6978:German Americans
6965:
6956:
6941:Patrick Cleburne
6933:
6927:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6900:
6863:
6857:
6846:
6840:
6833:
6827:
6820:
6814:
6803:
6797:
6790:
6784:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6733:
6724:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6640:
6616:
6533:
6528:
6527:
6526:
5853:
5839:
5751:U.S. Post Office
5666:
5643:
5625:William McKinley
5587:, and the House
5490:
5467:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5088:
5084:
5072:
5060:
5048:
4844:1,064,000 (33%)
4841:2,100,000 (67%)
4815:3,550,000 (38%)
4799:5,600,000 (62%)
4783:3,000,000 (10%)
4772:9,100,000 (29%)
4745:
4741:
4649:Simon B. Buckner
4564:
4548:
4499:March to the Sea
4298:Army of the Gulf
4251:Port Royal Sound
4185:Indian Territory
4103:Indian Territory
4015:Don Carlos Buell
3945:Battle of Shiloh
3879:Ulysses S. Grant
3875:Cumberland River
3856:Ulysses S. Grant
3790:Pickett's Charge
3740:Pickett's Charge
3722:Ambrose Burnside
3700:Army of Virginia
3677:James Longstreet
3392:reportedly read
3349:postwar disputes
3317:Cotton diplomacy
3249:commerce raiders
3224:blockade runners
3188:Blockade runners
3175:had devised the
3082:ironclad warship
2858:In Missouri, an
2853:Frank Key Howard
2822:Washington, D.C.
2776:
2770:
2757: Southern
2756:
2750:
2744:
2693:75,000 volunteer
2661:Currier and Ives
2631:in Florida, and
2571:Corwin Amendment
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2390:Secession crisis
2192:ironclad warship
2132:March to the Sea
2116:Ulysses S. Grant
1995:
1988:
1981:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1916:
1915:
1559:Manifest destiny
1549:Historic regions
1531:
1530:
1471:Native Americans
1443:Iranian American
1417:Mexican American
1403:Serbian American
1388:Italian American
1373:Finnish American
1363:English American
1314:Chinese American
1301:African American
1101:Direct democracy
1091:The Constitution
1050:Higher education
959:American Century
861:Civil Rights Era
839:Civil Rights Era
795:Great Depression
784:Roaring Twenties
652:Jeffersonian Era
562:
561:
557:
547:
533:
522:
521:
476:
475:
471:Theaters of the
463:
456:
449:
440:
439:
406:436,658 captured
403:137,000+ wounded
386:
382:
364:181,193 captured
361:282,000+ wounded
341:
337:
279:
270:
269:
261:
252:
251:
229:Ulysses S. Grant
227:
226:
209:
208:
190:
186:
184:
183:
172:
171:
139:
136:§ Aftermath
105:
96:
95:
44:
32:
31:
21:
18499:
18498:
18494:
18493:
18492:
18490:
18489:
18488:
18464:1860s conflicts
18414:Jefferson Davis
18409:Abraham Lincoln
18394:
18393:
18392:
18387:
18306:
18165:Boxer Rebellion
18068:
17949:Bleeding Kansas
17907:
17900:
17897:
17867:
17862:
17855:Seminole Nation
17853:
17846:
17841:Cherokee Nation
17839:
17832:
17825:
17817:
17810:
17802:
17795:
17788:
17781:
17774:
17767:
17760:
17753:
17746:
17739:
17732:
17725:
17718:
17710:
17702:
17672:
17667:
17631:
17615:
17500:
17464:Irish Americans
17442:
17387:
17296:
17287:U.S. Home Guard
17227:Field artillery
17181:
17180:
17156:
17098:
17073:
17035:
17004:
16998:
16890:Civil War Trust
16857:
16851:
16739:Ethnic violence
16724:Kirk–Holden war
16603:
16564:
16541:
16475:
16333:
16277:
16130:
16105:
16059:
15812:
15799:
15630:
15611:Sherman's March
15591:Bermuda Hundred
15486:
15441:
15413:
15369:
15368:
15332:
15291:J. Sella Martin
15261:James G. Birney
15237:
15155:
15081:Bleeding Kansas
15069:
15052:
15041:
15036:
14947:The short film
14920:
14915:
14879:(Penguin, 1997)
14805:
14800:
14794:
14773:
14751:
14730:
14703:
14674:10.2307/2204926
14633:10.2307/1845246
14610:
14520:
14494:
14473:
14446:10.2307/1840850
14415:
14384:
14364:, eds. (2019).
14350:
14323:10.2307/1844986
14300:
14282:
14263:
14244:
14242:Further reading
14239:
14218:
14213:
14207:
14186:
14163:
14142:
14130:. Baton Rouge:
14117:
14096:
14077:
14056:
14035:
14013:
13925:
13904:
13872:
13851:
13832:
13808:
13775:
13760:
13749:
13728:
13690:
13643:
13622:
13601:
13580:
13561:
13542:
13518:
13497:
13464:Greeley, Horace
13434:
13415:
13396:
13375:
13354:
13330:
13328:
13326:
13280:
13258:
13256:
13223:
13201:
13158:
13121:
13100:
13076:
13074:
13070:
13063:
13010:
13008:
12988:
12967:
12948:
12943:
12935:Main articles:
12933:
12928:
12921:
12905:
12901:
12893:
12889:
12880:
12876:
12869:
12853:
12849:
12840:
12836:
12821:
12817:
12806:
12802:
12792:
12790:
12780:
12776:
12766:
12764:
12756:
12755:
12751:
12742:
12738:
12719:
12715:
12705:
12703:
12694:
12693:
12689:
12684:
12680:
12675:
12671:
12661:
12659:
12644:
12640:
12633:
12617:
12613:
12604:
12600:
12592:
12588:
12580:
12576:
12567:
12563:
12522:
12518:
12511:
12495:
12491:
12483:
12479:
12469:David W. Blight
12467:
12463:
12455:, eds. (2009),
12447:
12443:
12430:
12429:
12425:
12410:
12396:
12392:
12388:(2nd ed. 1991).
12380:
12376:
12367:
12363:
12351:
12347:
12326:
12325:
12321:
12311:
12309:
12291:
12287:
12279:
12275:
12267:
12263:
12245:
12241:
12231:
12229:
12218:
12214:
12201:
12200:
12196:
12186:
12184:
12176:
12175:
12171:
12166:
12162:
12153:
12149:
12140:
12136:
12099:Abraham Lincoln
12096:
12092:
12075:
12071:
12058:
12057:
12053:
12045:Stahr, Walter,
12044:
12040:
12028:
12024:
12007:
12003:
11995:
11991:
11983:
11976:
11968:
11964:
11952:
11948:
11938:
11936:
11926:
11922:
11914:
11910:
11902:
11895:
11887:
11883:
11875:
11871:
11863:
11854:
11844:
11842:
11838:
11837:
11833:
11823:
11821:
11810:
11806:
11796:
11794:
11793:. June 25, 2013
11789:
11788:
11784:
11775:
11771:
11758:
11757:
11753:
11744:
11740:
11730:
11728:
11714:
11710:
11691:
11687:
11672:
11668:
11660:
11656:
11648:
11644:
11637:
11633:
11594:
11590:
11580:
11578:
11569:
11568:
11564:
11537:
11528:
11509:
11505:
11497:
11493:
11485:
11481:
11471:
11469:
11454:
11450:
11443:
11424:
11420:
11412:
11408:
11389:
11385:
11374:
11370:
11362:
11358:
11350:
11346:
11338:
11334:
11326:
11322:
11312:
11310:
11297:
11296:
11292:
11276:
11272:
11263:
11249:
11245:
11241:(5 vols), 2006.
11236:
11232:
11224:
11217:
11213:
11212:
11208:
11200:
11196:
11186:Gabor S. Boritt
11184:
11177:
11169:
11165:
11157:
11153:
11145:
11141:
11131:
11129:
11114:
11113:
11109:
11099:
11097:
11082:
11081:
11077:
11067:
11065:
11050:
11049:
11045:
11034:
11032:
11017:
11013:
11002:
11000:
10985:
10981:
10973:
10969:
10959:
10957:
10944:
10940:
10923:
10919:
10911:
10907:
10900:
10884:
10880:
10867:
10866:
10862:
10854:
10850:
10842:
10838:
10830:
10826:
10818:
10814:
10806:
10802:
10794:
10790:
10783:
10767:
10763:
10755:
10751:
10736:
10722:
10718:
10709:
10705:
10694:
10690:
10675:
10674:
10670:
10657:
10656:
10652:
10644:
10640:
10632:
10628:
10620:
10616:
10608:
10604:
10596:
10592:
10584:
10580:
10572:
10568:
10560:
10556:
10549:
10533:
10529:
10522:
10502:
10498:
10475:
10471:
10461:
10459:
10451:
10450:
10446:
10424:
10420:
10410:
10408:
10398:
10394:
10384:
10382:
10374:
10373:
10369:
10354:
10340:
10336:
10319:
10318:
10314:
10306:
10302:
10287:
10283:
10268:
10264:
10256:
10252:
10237:
10233:
10218:
10214:
10195:
10191:
10183:
10179:
10171:
10167:
10163:, p. 1476.
10159:
10155:
10146:
10145:
10141:
10133:
10129:
10110:
10106:
10098:
10083:
10077:
10073:
10065:
10061:
10053:
10049:
10042:
10026:
10022:
10012:
10010:
10005:
10004:
10000:
9992:
9988:
9984:Kennedy, p. 58.
9983:
9979:
9971:
9964:
9954:
9952:
9944:
9943:
9939:
9931:
9927:
9912:
9908:
9900:
9896:
9886:
9884:
9879:
9878:
9871:
9856:
9842:
9835:
9827:
9823:
9815:
9811:
9801:
9799:
9790:
9789:
9785:
9778:
9762:
9758:
9751:
9735:
9731:
9723:
9719:
9712:
9696:
9692:
9680:
9676:
9668:
9664:
9656:
9652:
9644:
9640:
9626:
9624:
9616:
9615:
9611:
9603:
9599:
9591:
9584:
9576:
9572:
9560:
9556:
9548:
9544:
9531:
9527:
9519:
9515:
9505:
9503:
9495:
9494:
9490:
9473:
9469:
9461:
9457:
9447:978-1541-674196
9433:
9429:
9419:
9417:
9412:
9411:
9407:
9395:
9388:
9379:
9375:
9367:
9363:
9355:
9351:
9343:
9339:
9327:
9320:
9312:
9305:
9297:
9293:
9285:
9281:
9273:
9269:
9261:
9257:
9250:
9230:
9226:
9218:The Independent
9209:
9205:
9194:
9190:
9175:
9171:
9163:
9156:
9133:
9129:
9121:
9117:
9111:Mendelsohn 2012
9109:
9105:
9097:
9093:
9085:
9081:
9073:
9069:
9061:
9057:
9049:
9045:
9037:
9033:
9024:
9020:
9011:
9007:
8999:
8992:
8984:
8980:
8970:
8968:
8959:
8958:
8954:
8946:
8942:
8934:
8930:
8912:
8908:
8898:
8896:
8885:
8884:
8880:
8873:
8859:
8855:
8845:
8843:
8830:
8829:
8825:
8817:
8813:
8805:
8801:
8797:, p. 1466.
8793:
8789:
8782:
8766:
8762:
8754:
8750:
8740:
8738:
8728:
8724:
8715:
8711:
8680:
8676:
8652:
8646:
8642:
8633:
8629:
8621:
8617:
8610:
8590:
8586:
8573:
8569:
8561:
8557:
8544:
8540:
8529:
8518:
8514:
8513:
8509:
8503:War Comes Again
8500:
8496:
8488:
8484:
8476:
8472:
8463:
8459:
8451:
8447:
8439:
8435:
8426:
8422:
8412:
8410:
8409:on May 18, 2012
8401:
8400:
8396:
8387:
8383:
8374:
8370:
8360:
8358:
8349:
8345:
8328:(Summer 2007).
8323:
8319:
8308:
8304:
8293:
8289:
8281:
8277:
8267:
8265:
8252:
8251:
8244:
8234:
8232:
8224:
8223:
8219:
8211:
8207:
8199:
8195:
8187:
8183:
8175:
8171:
8161:
8159:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8141:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8117:
8113:
8105:
8101:
8093:
8089:
8081:
8074:
8066:
8062:
8054:
8050:
8042:
8038:
8031:
8015:
8011:
7976:
7972:
7964:
7957:
7949:
7945:
7940:
7931:
7923:
7919:
7911:
7907:
7899:
7895:
7885:
7883:
7875:
7874:
7870:
7860:
7858:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7836:
7832:
7822:
7820:
7809:
7805:
7797:
7793:
7783:
7781:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7753:
7751:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7663:
7661:
7652:
7651:
7647:
7640:
7626:
7622:
7612:
7610:
7601:
7600:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7561:
7557:
7549:Elizabeth Varon
7534:
7530:
7521:
7517:
7508:
7504:
7494:
7492:
7485:
7469:
7465:
7423:
7419:
7396:
7392:
7359:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7319:
7315:
7305:
7303:
7282:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7256:
7252:
7242:
7240:
7226:
7219:
7206:
7199:
7191:
7187:
7174:
7173:
7162:
7146:
7145:
7135:
7122:
7114:
7110:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7083:
7082:
7071:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7041:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7005:Irish Catholics
6966:
6959:
6949:Jefferson Davis
6934:
6930:
6925:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6864:
6860:
6847:
6843:
6834:
6830:
6821:
6817:
6804:
6800:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6756:
6734:
6727:
6723:
6694:Stephenson 1919
6644:
6642:
6621:
6617:
6610:
6606:
6537:
6536:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6466:Darkest of Days
6388:
6383:
6323:
6317:
6312:
6274:The Last Outlaw
6242:North and South
6156:
6128:North and South
6056:Jefferson Davis
6045:Herman Melville
6017:
5974:The Peacemakers
5966:
5906:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5829:
5819:
5743:
5737:
5715:
5709:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5659:
5658:
5644:
5633:
5548:
5542:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5491:
5483:
5482:
5468:
5429:
5423:
5407:Peace Democrats
5400:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5239:Napoleonic Wars
5146:
5141:
5136:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5073:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5038:
4906:Arms production
4709:
4615:George Atzerodt
4594:. His men were
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4538:
4532:
4520:Union XXV Corps
4511:
4476:fall of Atlanta
4468:
4441:Philip Sheridan
4434:
4417:Bermuda Hundred
4389:
4361:Benjamin Butler
4335:
4327:
4321:
4315:in early 1864.
4291:Benjamin Butler
4278:David D. Porter
4261:, in which the
4237:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4139:
4105:in present-day
4091:
4086:
4080:
3932:'s invasion of
3907:
3887:
3871:Tennessee River
3849:
3844:
3834:, and parts of
3808:
3802:
3800:Western theater
3662:John C. Fremont
3654:Valley Campaign
3590:
3522:
3492:
3487:
3452:
3446:
3444:Eastern theater
3424:Monroe Doctrine
3390:Lord Palmerston
3286:
3276:
3270:
3237:
3235:Economic impact
3196:
3190:
3157:
3151:
3046:
3019:
3009:
3000:
2994:
2937:
2931:
2918:
2908:
2809:separated from
2778:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2672:Robert Anderson
2653:
2647:
2641:
2546:Jefferson Davis
2501:David E. Twiggs
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2348:
2342:
2333:David M. Potter
2284:but not in the
2240:Southern states
2232:
2214:
2208:
2124:fall of Atlanta
2088:Eastern theater
2084:Western theater
2077:Jefferson Davis
2057:Abraham Lincoln
1999:
1927:
1926:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1425:Jewish American
1398:Polish American
1378:German American
1334:Korean American
1324:Indian American
1295:
1287:
1286:
1141:Merchant Marine
1111:Law enforcement
979:Racial violence
953:
945:
944:
751:Progressive Era
559:
555:
536:
534:History of the
520:
515:
477:
470:
469:
467:
433:
414:
399:
398:
372:
357:
356:
320:
314:360,000 at peak
308:
305:2,200,000 total
302:698,000 at peak
289:
264:
254:Jefferson Davis
246:
240:
221:
211:Abraham Lincoln
203:
181:
179:
166:
145:
133:
121:
103:
90:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18497:
18487:
18486:
18481:
18476:
18471:
18466:
18461:
18456:
18451:
18446:
18441:
18436:
18431:
18426:
18421:
18416:
18411:
18406:
18389:
18388:
18386:
18385:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18365:
18360:
18358:Peace movement
18355:
18350:
18345:
18340:
18335:
18330:
18325:
18320:
18314:
18312:
18308:
18307:
18305:
18304:
18299:
18298:
18297:
18292:
18287:
18282:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18242:
18237:
18232:
18227:
18222:
18217:
18212:
18207:
18202:
18197:
18192:
18187:
18182:
18177:
18172:
18167:
18162:
18157:
18152:
18147:
18142:
18137:
18132:
18127:
18122:
18117:
18112:
18107:
18102:
18097:
18092:
18087:
18082:
18076:
18074:
18070:
18069:
18067:
18066:
18061:
18056:
18051:
18046:
18041:
18036:
18031:
18026:
18021:
18016:
18011:
18009:Pullman Strike
18006:
18001:
17999:Coal Creek War
17996:
17991:
17986:
17981:
17976:
17971:
17966:
17961:
17956:
17951:
17946:
17944:Dorr Rebellion
17941:
17936:
17931:
17926:
17921:
17915:
17913:
17909:
17908:
17905:
17902:
17901:
17896:
17895:
17888:
17881:
17873:
17864:
17863:
17861:
17860:
17859:
17858:
17851:
17848:Choctaw Nation
17844:
17830:
17822:
17819:
17818:
17816:
17815:
17812:United Kingdom
17808:
17800:
17793:
17786:
17779:
17772:
17765:
17758:
17751:
17744:
17737:
17730:
17723:
17715:
17712:
17711:
17701:
17700:
17693:
17686:
17678:
17669:
17668:
17666:
17665:
17655:
17644:
17641:
17640:
17637:
17636:
17633:
17632:
17630:
17629:
17623:
17621:
17617:
17616:
17614:
17613:
17611:Women soldiers
17608:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17583:
17578:
17573:
17568:
17566:Naming the war
17563:
17558:
17553:
17548:
17547:
17546:
17536:
17535:
17534:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17508:
17506:
17502:
17501:
17499:
17498:
17497:
17496:
17491:
17486:
17481:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17456:
17450:
17448:
17444:
17443:
17441:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17413:
17408:
17403:
17397:
17395:
17389:
17388:
17386:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17330:
17325:
17320:
17315:
17310:
17304:
17302:
17298:
17297:
17295:
17294:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17209:
17204:
17202:Campaign Medal
17199:
17193:
17191:
17183:
17182:
17179:
17178:
17177:Related topics
17174:
17166:
17165:
17162:
17161:
17158:
17157:
17155:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17106:
17104:
17100:
17099:
17097:
17096:
17091:
17085:
17083:
17079:
17078:
17075:
17074:
17072:
17071:
17066:
17065:
17064:
17059:
17054:
17043:
17041:
17037:
17036:
17034:
17033:
17032:
17031:
17026:
17015:
17013:
17006:
17000:
16999:
16997:
16996:
16991:
16986:
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16940:
16939:
16934:
16924:
16919:
16918:
16917:
16912:
16907:
16905:Decoration Day
16902:
16897:
16892:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16861:
16859:
16858:Reconstruction
16853:
16852:
16850:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16838:
16837:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16816:
16815:
16805:
16800:
16795:
16794:
16793:
16788:
16783:
16778:
16768:
16767:
16766:
16761:
16756:
16751:
16746:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16720:
16719:
16714:
16712:second inquiry
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16684:
16683:
16682:
16676:
16669:Homestead Acts
16666:
16661:
16656:
16651:
16650:
16649:
16639:
16634:
16629:
16624:
16619:
16617:Alabama Claims
16613:
16611:
16609:Reconstruction
16605:
16604:
16602:
16601:
16600:
16599:
16597:15th Amendment
16594:
16592:14th Amendment
16589:
16587:13th Amendment
16578:
16576:
16566:
16565:
16555:
16554:
16551:
16550:
16547:
16546:
16543:
16542:
16540:
16539:
16534:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16489:
16483:
16481:
16477:
16476:
16474:
16473:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16408:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16363:
16358:
16352:
16350:
16343:
16339:
16338:
16335:
16334:
16332:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16306:
16301:
16296:
16291:
16285:
16283:
16279:
16278:
16276:
16275:
16270:
16265:
16260:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16240:
16235:
16230:
16225:
16220:
16218:J. E. Johnston
16215:
16213:A. S. Johnston
16210:
16205:
16200:
16195:
16190:
16185:
16180:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16160:
16155:
16153:R. H. Anderson
16149:
16147:
16140:
16132:
16131:
16119:
16118:
16115:
16114:
16111:
16110:
16107:
16106:
16104:
16103:
16098:
16093:
16088:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16067:
16065:
16061:
16060:
16058:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16015:South Carolina
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15990:North Carolina
15987:
15982:
15977:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15952:
15947:
15942:
15937:
15932:
15927:
15922:
15917:
15912:
15907:
15902:
15897:
15892:
15887:
15882:
15877:
15872:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15847:
15842:
15837:
15832:
15827:
15822:
15816:
15814:
15805:
15801:
15800:
15798:
15797:
15792:
15787:
15782:
15777:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15742:
15737:
15732:
15727:
15722:
15717:
15715:Fredericksburg
15712:
15707:
15702:
15697:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15677:
15672:
15667:
15662:
15657:
15655:Wilson's Creek
15652:
15647:
15641:
15639:
15632:
15631:
15629:
15628:
15623:
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15588:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15497:
15495:
15488:
15487:
15485:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15467:Lower Seaboard
15464:
15459:
15453:
15451:
15447:
15446:
15443:
15442:
15440:
15439:
15434:
15429:
15423:
15421:
15415:
15414:
15412:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15390:
15388:
15379:
15371:
15370:
15367:
15366:
15363:
15360:
15357:
15354:
15350:
15342:
15341:
15338:
15337:
15334:
15333:
15331:
15330:
15325:
15323:Harriet Tubman
15320:
15319:
15318:
15311:Charles Sumner
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15247:
15245:
15239:
15238:
15236:
15235:
15228:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15193:
15188:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15165:
15163:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15153:
15148:
15146:States' rights
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15088:
15083:
15078:
15072:
15070:
15068:
15067:
15061:
15054:
15053:
15043:
15042:
15035:
15034:
15027:
15020:
15012:
15006:
15005:
14999:
14993:
14987:
14978:
14973:
14967:
14958:
14945:
14935:
14926:
14919:
14918:External links
14916:
14914:
14913:
14900:Wiley, Bell I.
14897:
14887:
14880:
14873:
14860:
14850:
14840:
14833:
14826:
14819:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14798:
14792:
14777:
14771:
14755:
14749:
14734:
14728:
14708:
14701:
14686:
14668:(4): 466–486.
14655:
14645:
14627:(4): 924–950.
14614:
14608:
14593:
14592:
14591:
14586:
14580:
14570:
14564:
14558:
14552:
14546:
14524:
14518:
14498:
14492:
14477:
14471:
14458:
14424:
14413:
14396:
14382:
14354:
14348:
14335:
14317:(2): 327–352.
14304:
14298:
14280:
14267:
14261:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14237:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14211:
14205:
14190:
14184:
14171:
14161:
14146:
14140:
14121:
14115:
14100:
14094:
14081:
14075:
14060:
14054:
14039:
14033:
14017:
14011:
13993:
13979:
13964:
13955:
13929:
13923:
13908:
13902:
13885:
13876:
13870:
13855:
13849:
13836:
13830:
13816:Neely, Mark E.
13812:
13806:
13791:
13780:
13753:
13747:
13732:
13726:
13711:
13694:
13688:
13671:
13661:(1): 117–145.
13650:
13641:
13626:
13620:
13605:
13599:
13584:
13578:
13565:
13559:
13546:
13540:
13526:Holzer, Harold
13522:
13516:
13501:
13495:
13482:
13460:
13438:
13432:
13419:
13413:
13400:
13394:
13379:
13373:
13358:
13352:
13337:
13324:
13306:
13284:
13278:
13265:
13236:
13227:
13221:
13205:
13199:
13182:
13162:
13156:
13141:
13125:
13119:
13104:
13098:
13083:
13054:
13017:
12997:"Violent City"
12992:
12986:
12971:
12965:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12926:
12919:
12899:
12887:
12874:
12867:
12847:
12834:
12815:
12812:. p. 434.
12800:
12774:
12749:
12736:
12713:
12687:
12678:
12669:
12638:
12631:
12611:
12598:
12586:
12574:
12561:
12537:Frederick Merk
12516:
12509:
12489:
12487:, p. 208.
12485:Woodworth 1996
12477:
12461:
12441:
12423:
12408:
12390:
12374:
12361:
12345:
12319:
12285:
12273:
12261:
12250:(March 1990).
12239:
12212:
12194:
12169:
12160:
12147:
12134:
12090:
12082:Holzer, Harold
12069:
12051:
12038:
12036:, p. 106.
12022:
12001:
11989:
11974:
11970:McPherson 1988
11962:
11954:Claudia Goldin
11946:
11920:
11918:, p. 686.
11916:McPherson 1988
11908:
11904:McPherson 1988
11893:
11881:
11869:
11865:McPherson 1988
11852:
11831:
11820:. Vol. 32
11804:
11782:
11769:
11751:
11738:
11708:
11685:
11666:
11662:Vinovskis 1990
11654:
11652:, p. 854.
11650:McPherson 1988
11642:
11631:
11604:(4): 307–348.
11588:
11562:
11526:
11503:
11491:
11487:McPherson 1988
11479:
11448:
11441:
11418:
11414:McPherson 1997
11406:
11397:History Review
11383:
11368:
11366:, p. 566.
11356:
11354:, p. 272.
11344:
11332:
11330:, p. 235.
11320:
11290:
11281:, ed. (1968).
11279:Chauncey Depew
11270:
11261:
11243:
11230:
11206:
11202:McPherson 1988
11194:
11175:
11173:, p. 855.
11171:McPherson 1988
11163:
11161:, p. 851.
11159:McPherson 1988
11151:
11139:
11107:
11075:
11043:
11011:
10979:
10977:, p. 205.
10967:
10938:
10917:
10905:
10898:
10878:
10860:
10858:, p. 692.
10848:
10846:, p. 117.
10836:
10834:, p. 690.
10824:
10812:
10800:
10798:, p. 688.
10788:
10781:
10761:
10759:, p. 685.
10749:
10734:
10716:
10714:, pp. 158–181.
10703:
10688:
10668:
10650:
10646:McPherson 1988
10638:
10634:McPherson 1988
10626:
10622:McPherson 1988
10614:
10610:McPherson 1988
10602:
10598:McPherson 1988
10590:
10586:McPherson 1988
10578:
10576:, p. 728.
10574:McPherson 1988
10566:
10562:McPherson 1988
10554:
10547:
10527:
10520:
10496:
10485:(4): 434–458.
10469:
10444:
10418:
10392:
10367:
10352:
10334:
10312:
10300:
10281:
10262:
10260:, p. 270.
10250:
10231:
10212:
10189:
10185:McPherson 1988
10177:
10175:, p. 100.
10165:
10153:
10139:
10135:McPherson 1988
10127:
10104:
10071:
10067:McPherson 1988
10059:
10055:McPherson 1988
10047:
10040:
10020:
9998:
9986:
9977:
9973:McPherson 1988
9962:
9937:
9935:, p. 170.
9925:
9906:
9902:McPherson 1988
9894:
9869:
9855:978-0160923166
9854:
9833:
9831:, p. 664.
9829:McPherson 1988
9821:
9817:McPherson 1988
9809:
9792:"Salem Church"
9783:
9776:
9756:
9749:
9729:
9725:McPherson 1988
9717:
9710:
9690:
9682:Matteson, John
9674:
9670:McPherson 1988
9662:
9658:McPherson 1988
9650:
9646:McPherson 1988
9638:
9609:
9605:McPherson 1988
9597:
9593:McPherson 1988
9582:
9578:McPherson 1988
9570:
9568:, pp. 263–296.
9554:
9542:
9525:
9513:
9488:
9484:978-0826210975
9467:
9465:, p. 261.
9455:
9449:. Also titled
9427:
9405:
9403:, p. 125.
9386:
9373:
9361:
9349:
9337:
9335:, pp. 263–264.
9318:
9316:, p. 386.
9314:McPherson 1988
9303:
9301:, p. 237.
9291:
9287:McPherson 1988
9279:
9275:Dinçaslan 2022
9267:
9265:, p. 225.
9255:
9248:
9242:. p. 87.
9224:
9203:
9188:
9169:
9154:
9143:(2): 101–118.
9127:
9115:
9103:
9091:
9079:
9077:, p. 228.
9067:
9055:
9043:
9041:, p. 345.
9031:
9018:
9005:
9003:, p. 300.
8990:
8978:
8952:
8940:
8938:, p. 462.
8928:
8915:Welles, Gideon
8906:
8895:. June 4, 1977
8878:
8871:
8853:
8823:
8821:, p. 240.
8811:
8799:
8787:
8780:
8760:
8748:
8722:
8709:
8690:(2): 321–342.
8674:
8663:(2): 123–134.
8640:
8627:
8615:
8608:
8584:
8567:
8565:, p. 308.
8555:
8538:
8507:
8494:
8482:
8470:
8457:
8445:
8443:, p. 303.
8441:McPherson 1988
8433:
8420:
8394:
8381:
8368:
8343:
8317:
8302:
8287:
8283:McPherson 1988
8275:
8242:
8217:
8205:
8193:
8189:McPherson 1988
8181:
8179:, p. 278.
8177:McPherson 1988
8169:
8147:
8145:, p. 274.
8143:McPherson 1988
8135:
8131:McPherson 1988
8123:
8121:, p. 273.
8119:McPherson 1988
8111:
8109:, p. 272.
8107:McPherson 1988
8099:
8097:, p. 268.
8095:McPherson 1988
8087:
8085:, p. 267.
8083:McPherson 1988
8072:
8070:, p. 266.
8068:McPherson 1988
8060:
8058:, p. 265.
8056:McPherson 1988
8048:
8046:, p. 264.
8044:McPherson 1988
8036:
8029:
8009:
7970:
7955:
7953:, p. 262.
7951:McPherson 1988
7943:
7929:
7925:McPherson 1988
7917:
7915:, p. 253.
7913:McPherson 1988
7905:
7901:McPherson 1988
7893:
7868:
7842:
7830:
7803:
7799:McPherson 1988
7791:
7761:
7731:
7701:
7671:
7645:
7638:
7620:
7591:
7587:McPherson 1988
7579:
7577:, p. 485.
7567:
7555:
7528:
7515:
7502:
7483:
7463:
7417:
7406:(3): 317–324.
7390:
7371:(2): 415–439.
7350:
7325:
7313:
7271:
7262:
7250:
7217:
7197:
7195:, p. 849.
7185:
7160:
7120:
7118:, p. 705.
7108:
7090:
7069:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7019:Fredericksburg
7012:
6998:
6991:
6985:
6982:Forty-Eighters
6971:
6967:
6957:
6928:
6919:
6910:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6891:
6881:
6875:
6865:
6858:
6841:
6828:
6815:
6807:end of the war
6798:
6785:
6776:
6767:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6700:Robertson 1963
6697:
6691:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6618:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6535:
6534:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6502:
6494:
6486:
6478:
6470:
6462:
6454:
6446:
6438:
6430:
6422:
6414:
6406:
6398:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6324:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6302:
6294:
6286:
6278:
6270:
6262:
6254:
6246:
6238:
6230:
6222:
6214:
6206:
6198:
6190:
6182:
6174:
6166:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6144:E. L. Doctorow
6135:
6124:
6113:
6102:
6091:
6089:Ambrose Bierce
6080:
6069:
6058:
6047:
6036:
6016:
6013:
5965:
5962:
5942:muzzle-loading
5910:industrial war
5905:
5902:
5855:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5818:
5815:
5739:Main article:
5736:
5733:
5711:Main article:
5708:
5705:
5668:
5661:
5660:
5645:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5597:Horace Greeley
5544:Main article:
5541:
5540:Reconstruction
5538:
5510:Horace Greeley
5492:
5485:
5484:
5469:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5425:Main article:
5422:
5419:
5415:1862 elections
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5309:
5306:
5302:War Department
5197:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5074:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5011:Gary Gallagher
4987:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4850:Railroad miles
4846:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4708:
4705:
4668:Gordon Granger
4634:Richard Taylor
4628:to Sherman at
4622:Boston Corbett
4611:Andrew Johnson
4566:
4559:
4558:
4553:New York Times
4550:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:Main article:
4531:
4530:End of the war
4528:
4524:Sayler's Creek
4510:
4507:
4484:John Schofield
4472:John Bell Hood
4467:
4464:
4456:Jubal A. Early
4433:
4430:
4426:trench warfare
4388:
4385:
4334:
4331:
4320:
4317:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4216:
4213:
4146:Nathaniel Lyon
4138:
4135:
4123:Sterling Price
4090:
4087:
4079:
4076:
3906:
3903:
3886:
3883:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3828:South Carolina
3801:
3798:
3597:Irvin McDowell
3589:
3586:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:North Carolina
3445:
3442:
3355:was powerful.
3272:Main article:
3269:
3266:
3236:
3233:
3192:Main article:
3189:
3186:
3173:Winfield Scott
3155:Union blockade
3153:Main article:
3150:
3149:Union blockade
3147:
3127:Chesapeake Bay
3045:
3042:
3038:Medal of Honor
3008:
3005:
2996:Main article:
2993:
2990:
2982:bounty jumpers
2930:
2927:
2907:
2904:
2900:East Tennessee
2868:Nathaniel Lyon
2773:
2767:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2723:Main article:
2720:
2717:
2709:North Carolina
2643:Main article:
2640:
2637:
2625:Fort Jefferson
2613:prime minister
2508:Morrill Tariff
2492:James Buchanan
2444:South Carolina
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2404:
2394:Main article:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2344:Main article:
2341:
2338:
2294:white Southern
2210:Main article:
2207:
2204:
2148:end of the war
2120:naval blockade
2069:South Carolina
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1945:Historiography
1942:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:The West Coast
1587:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1564:Indian removal
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1463:Saudi American
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Iraqi American
1445:
1440:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Irish American
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1308:Asian American
1304:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:Sexual slavery
1236:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:Postal service
1113:
1108:
1106:Foreign policy
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
983:
982:
981:
969:
962:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
941:
940:
937:
933:
932:
930:
922:
921:
918:
911:
910:
908:
900:
899:
896:
889:
888:
886:
878:
877:
874:
867:
866:
863:
856:
855:
853:
845:
844:
841:
834:
833:
830:
823:
822:
820:
812:
811:
808:
801:
800:
797:
790:
789:
786:
779:
778:
775:
768:
767:
765:
757:
756:
753:
746:
745:
742:
735:
734:
731:
724:
723:
721:
713:
712:
709:
702:
701:
699:
691:
690:
687:
685:Jacksonian Era
680:
679:
676:
669:
668:
666:
658:
657:
654:
647:
646:
643:
641:Federalist Era
636:
635:
633:
625:
624:
621:
614:
613:
610:
603:
602:
600:
592:
591:
588:
580:
579:
576:
560:
553:
552:
549:
548:
540:
539:
529:
528:
517:
516:
514:
513:
508:
503:
501:Lower seaboard
498:
493:
488:
486:Union blockade
482:
479:
478:
466:
465:
458:
451:
443:
435:
434:
432:
431:
426:
423:
419:
416:
415:
413:
412:
407:
404:
400:
397:
396:
391:
388:
375:
373:
371:
370:
365:
362:
358:
355:
354:
349:
346:
343:
330:
327:
326:
322:
321:
319:
318:
315:
311:
309:
307:
306:
303:
299:
296:
295:
291:
290:
288:
287:
280:
262:
243:
241:
239:
238:
231:
219:
200:
197:
196:
192:
191:
176:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
147:
141:
140:
127:
123:
122:
119:Atlantic Ocean
113:
111:
107:
106:
100:
92:
91:
89:
88:
83:
77:
68:
62:
53:
47:
37:
36:
26:
18:Civil War (US)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18496:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18477:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18462:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18452:
18450:
18447:
18445:
18442:
18440:
18437:
18435:
18432:
18430:
18427:
18425:
18424:Robert E. Lee
18422:
18420:
18417:
18415:
18412:
18410:
18407:
18405:
18402:
18401:
18399:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18378:War on terror
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18364:
18361:
18359:
18356:
18354:
18351:
18349:
18346:
18344:
18341:
18339:
18336:
18334:
18331:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18316:
18315:
18313:
18309:
18303:
18300:
18296:
18293:
18291:
18288:
18286:
18283:
18281:
18278:
18277:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18236:
18233:
18231:
18228:
18226:
18223:
18221:
18218:
18216:
18213:
18211:
18208:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18196:
18193:
18191:
18188:
18186:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18151:
18148:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18133:
18131:
18128:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18116:
18113:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18103:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18077:
18075:
18071:
18065:
18062:
18060:
18057:
18055:
18052:
18050:
18047:
18045:
18042:
18040:
18037:
18035:
18032:
18030:
18027:
18025:
18022:
18020:
18017:
18015:
18012:
18010:
18007:
18005:
18002:
18000:
17997:
17995:
17992:
17990:
17987:
17985:
17982:
17980:
17977:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17965:
17962:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17945:
17942:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17916:
17914:
17910:
17903:
17894:
17889:
17887:
17882:
17880:
17875:
17874:
17871:
17856:
17852:
17849:
17845:
17842:
17838:
17837:
17835:
17831:
17828:
17824:
17823:
17820:
17813:
17809:
17805:
17801:
17798:
17794:
17791:
17787:
17784:
17780:
17777:
17773:
17770:
17766:
17763:
17759:
17756:
17752:
17749:
17745:
17742:
17738:
17735:
17731:
17728:
17724:
17721:
17717:
17716:
17713:
17709:
17706:
17699:
17694:
17692:
17687:
17685:
17680:
17679:
17676:
17664:
17660:
17656:
17654:
17646:
17645:
17642:
17628:
17625:
17624:
17622:
17618:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17581:Photographers
17579:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17556:Gender issues
17554:
17552:
17549:
17545:
17542:
17541:
17540:
17537:
17533:
17530:
17529:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17509:
17507:
17503:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17476:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17451:
17449:
17445:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17418:
17414:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17404:
17402:
17399:
17398:
17396:
17394:
17390:
17384:
17383:War Democrats
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17373:Union Leagues
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17305:
17303:
17299:
17293:
17290:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17272:Turning point
17270:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17242:Naval battles
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17198:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17188:
17184:
17176:
17175:
17171:
17167:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17127:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17107:
17105:
17101:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17086:
17084:
17080:
17070:
17067:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17053:
17050:
17049:
17048:
17045:
17044:
17042:
17038:
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17021:
17020:
17017:
17016:
17014:
17010:
17007:
17005:and memorials
17001:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16929:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16916:
16913:
16911:
16908:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16867:
16866:
16865:Commemoration
16863:
16862:
16860:
16854:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16836:
16833:
16832:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16814:
16811:
16810:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16773:
16772:
16769:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16741:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16718:
16715:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16707:first inquiry
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16689:
16688:
16685:
16680:
16677:
16675:
16672:
16671:
16670:
16667:
16665:
16662:
16660:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16648:
16645:
16644:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16627:Carpetbaggers
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16614:
16612:
16610:
16606:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16585:
16584:
16583:
16580:
16579:
16577:
16575:
16571:
16567:
16560:
16556:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16484:
16482:
16478:
16472:
16469:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16353:
16351:
16347:
16344:
16340:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16302:
16300:
16297:
16295:
16292:
16290:
16287:
16286:
16284:
16280:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16261:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16236:
16234:
16231:
16229:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16151:
16150:
16148:
16144:
16141:
16137:
16133:
16129:
16124:
16120:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16068:
16066:
16062:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16050:West Virginia
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15970:New Hampshire
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15931:
15930:Massachusetts
15928:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15871:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15861:
15858:
15856:
15853:
15851:
15848:
15846:
15843:
15841:
15838:
15836:
15833:
15831:
15828:
15826:
15823:
15821:
15818:
15817:
15815:
15809:
15806:
15802:
15796:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15671:
15670:Hampton Roads
15668:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15660:Fort Donelson
15658:
15656:
15653:
15651:
15648:
15646:
15643:
15642:
15640:
15638:
15633:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15557:
15556:Morgan's Raid
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15501:Anaconda Plan
15499:
15498:
15496:
15494:
15489:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15477:Pacific Coast
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15454:
15452:
15448:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15424:
15422:
15420:
15416:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15391:
15389:
15387:
15383:
15380:
15376:
15372:
15364:
15361:
15358:
15355:
15352:
15351:
15347:
15343:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15317:
15314:
15313:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15248:
15246:
15244:
15240:
15234:
15233:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15211:Positive good
15209:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15186:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15166:
15164:
15162:
15158:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15126:Panic of 1857
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15086:Border states
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15073:
15071:
15066:
15063:
15062:
15059:
15055:
15048:
15044:
15040:
15033:
15028:
15026:
15021:
15019:
15014:
15013:
15010:
15003:
15002:The Civil War
15000:
14997:
14994:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14962:
14959:
14956:
14952:
14951:
14946:
14943:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14921:
14912:
14908:
14904:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14892:
14888:
14885:
14881:
14878:
14874:
14872:
14868:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14855:
14851:
14849:
14845:
14841:
14838:
14834:
14831:
14827:
14824:
14820:
14818:
14814:
14811:
14808:
14807:
14795:
14789:
14785:
14784:
14778:
14774:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14756:
14752:
14746:
14742:
14741:
14735:
14731:
14725:
14720:
14719:
14713:
14709:
14704:
14698:
14694:
14693:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14675:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14662:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14642:
14638:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14621:
14615:
14611:
14605:
14601:
14600:
14594:
14590:
14587:
14584:
14581:
14578:
14574:
14571:
14568:
14565:
14562:
14559:
14556:
14553:
14550:
14547:
14544:
14540:
14537:
14536:
14534:
14533:
14528:
14527:Nevins, Allan
14525:
14521:
14515:
14510:
14509:
14503:
14499:
14495:
14489:
14485:
14484:
14478:
14474:
14468:
14464:
14459:
14455:
14451:
14447:
14443:
14439:
14435:
14434:
14429:
14425:
14422:
14416:
14414:9780030796401
14410:
14406:
14402:
14397:
14393:
14389:
14385:
14383:9780823284566
14379:
14375:
14371:
14367:
14363:
14359:
14355:
14351:
14345:
14341:
14340:The Union War
14336:
14332:
14328:
14324:
14320:
14316:
14312:
14311:
14305:
14301:
14299:9780820310770
14295:
14291:
14283:
14281:9780820308159
14277:
14273:
14268:
14264:
14258:
14254:
14253:
14247:
14246:
14234:
14230:
14226:
14221:
14220:
14208:
14202:
14198:
14197:
14191:
14187:
14181:
14177:
14172:
14170:
14164:
14158:
14154:
14153:
14147:
14143:
14137:
14133:
14129:
14128:
14122:
14118:
14112:
14108:
14107:
14101:
14097:
14091:
14087:
14082:
14078:
14072:
14068:
14067:
14061:
14057:
14051:
14047:
14046:
14040:
14036:
14030:
14026:
14022:
14018:
14014:
14008:
14004:
14003:
13998:
13994:
13990:
13989:
13984:
13980:
13976:
13975:
13971:
13965:
13961:
13956:
13952:
13948:
13944:
13940:
13939:
13938:The Civil War
13934:
13930:
13926:
13920:
13916:
13915:
13909:
13905:
13899:
13894:
13893:
13886:
13882:
13877:
13873:
13867:
13863:
13862:
13856:
13852:
13846:
13842:
13837:
13833:
13827:
13823:
13822:
13817:
13813:
13809:
13803:
13799:
13798:
13792:
13788:
13787:
13781:
13774:
13770:
13766:
13759:
13754:
13750:
13744:
13740:
13739:
13733:
13729:
13723:
13719:
13718:
13712:
13708:
13704:
13700:
13695:
13691:
13689:0-3930-4712-1
13685:
13680:
13679:
13672:
13668:
13664:
13660:
13656:
13651:
13649:
13644:
13638:
13634:
13633:
13627:
13623:
13617:
13613:
13612:
13606:
13602:
13596:
13592:
13591:
13585:
13581:
13575:
13571:
13566:
13562:
13556:
13552:
13547:
13543:
13537:
13533:
13532:
13527:
13523:
13519:
13513:
13509:
13508:
13502:
13498:
13492:
13488:
13483:
13479:
13475:
13471:
13470:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13453:
13449:
13448:
13443:
13439:
13435:
13429:
13425:
13420:
13416:
13410:
13406:
13401:
13397:
13391:
13387:
13386:
13380:
13376:
13370:
13366:
13365:
13359:
13355:
13349:
13345:
13344:
13338:
13327:
13321:
13317:
13316:
13311:
13307:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13294:
13289:
13285:
13281:
13275:
13271:
13266:
13255:
13251:
13247:
13246:
13241:
13237:
13233:
13228:
13224:
13218:
13214:
13210:
13206:
13202:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13183:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13167:
13163:
13159:
13153:
13150:. LSU Press.
13149:
13148:
13142:
13138:
13134:
13130:
13129:Catton, Bruce
13126:
13122:
13116:
13112:
13111:
13105:
13101:
13095:
13091:
13090:
13084:
13069:
13062:
13061:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13039:
13035:
13031:
13027:
13023:
13018:
13006:
13002:
12998:
12993:
12989:
12983:
12979:
12978:
12972:
12968:
12962:
12958:
12957:
12951:
12950:
12942:
12938:
12922:
12916:
12912:
12911:
12903:
12897:, p. 75.
12896:
12891:
12884:
12878:
12870:
12864:
12860:
12859:
12851:
12844:
12838:
12830:
12826:
12819:
12811:
12804:
12789:
12785:
12778:
12763:
12759:
12753:
12746:
12740:
12732:
12728:
12724:
12717:
12701:
12697:
12691:
12682:
12673:
12657:
12653:
12649:
12642:
12634:
12628:
12624:
12623:
12615:
12609:(1927), 2:54.
12608:
12602:
12595:
12590:
12583:
12578:
12571:
12565:
12558:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12525:Oscar Handlin
12520:
12512:
12506:
12502:
12501:
12493:
12486:
12481:
12474:
12470:
12465:
12458:
12454:
12450:
12445:
12437:
12433:
12427:
12419:
12415:
12411:
12405:
12401:
12394:
12387:
12383:
12378:
12371:
12368:Eric Foner's
12365:
12358:
12354:
12349:
12340:
12335:
12334:
12333:The Economist
12329:
12323:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12296:
12289:
12282:
12277:
12271:, p. 82.
12270:
12265:
12257:
12253:
12249:
12243:
12227:
12223:
12216:
12208:
12204:
12198:
12183:
12179:
12173:
12164:
12157:
12151:
12144:
12138:
12130:
12126:
12122:
12118:
12114:
12110:
12109:
12104:
12100:
12094:
12087:
12083:
12079:
12073:
12065:
12061:
12055:
12048:
12042:
12035:
12031:
12026:
12019:
12015:
12011:
12005:
11998:
11993:
11986:
11981:
11979:
11971:
11966:
11959:
11955:
11950:
11935:
11931:
11924:
11917:
11912:
11905:
11900:
11898:
11890:
11885:
11879:, p. 74.
11878:
11873:
11866:
11861:
11859:
11857:
11841:
11835:
11819:
11815:
11808:
11792:
11786:
11779:
11773:
11765:
11764:United States
11761:
11755:
11748:
11742:
11727:
11723:
11719:
11712:
11704:
11700:
11696:
11689:
11682:
11681:
11676:
11670:
11663:
11658:
11651:
11646:
11640:
11635:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11611:
11607:
11603:
11599:
11592:
11581:September 22,
11576:
11575:Science Daily
11572:
11566:
11558:
11554:
11550:
11546:
11542:
11535:
11533:
11531:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11507:
11500:
11495:
11488:
11483:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11452:
11444:
11438:
11434:
11433:
11428:
11422:
11415:
11410:
11402:
11398:
11394:
11387:
11379:
11372:
11365:
11360:
11353:
11348:
11341:
11336:
11329:
11324:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11294:
11286:
11285:
11280:
11274:
11264:
11258:
11254:
11247:
11240:
11234:
11223:
11216:
11210:
11203:
11198:
11191:
11187:
11182:
11180:
11172:
11167:
11160:
11155:
11148:
11143:
11127:
11123:
11122:
11117:
11111:
11095:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11079:
11063:
11059:
11058:
11053:
11047:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11015:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10983:
10976:
10971:
10956:
10952:
10948:
10942:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10921:
10914:
10909:
10901:
10895:
10891:
10890:
10882:
10874:
10870:
10864:
10857:
10852:
10845:
10844:Dunkerly 2015
10840:
10833:
10828:
10821:
10816:
10810:, p. 68.
10809:
10804:
10797:
10792:
10784:
10778:
10774:
10773:
10765:
10758:
10753:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10735:0-06-018723-9
10731:
10727:
10720:
10713:
10707:
10699:
10692:
10684:
10679:
10672:
10664:
10660:
10654:
10647:
10642:
10635:
10630:
10623:
10618:
10611:
10606:
10599:
10594:
10587:
10582:
10575:
10570:
10563:
10558:
10550:
10544:
10540:
10539:
10531:
10523:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10508:
10500:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10473:
10458:
10454:
10448:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10422:
10407:
10403:
10396:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10349:
10345:
10338:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10316:
10309:
10304:
10296:
10292:
10285:
10277:
10273:
10266:
10259:
10254:
10246:
10242:
10235:
10228:
10223:
10216:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10193:
10186:
10181:
10174:
10169:
10162:
10157:
10149:
10143:
10136:
10131:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10113:
10108:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10063:
10056:
10051:
10043:
10037:
10033:
10032:
10024:
10013:September 13,
10008:
10002:
9996:, p. 92.
9995:
9990:
9981:
9974:
9969:
9967:
9951:
9947:
9941:
9934:
9929:
9921:
9917:
9910:
9903:
9898:
9887:September 27,
9882:
9876:
9874:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9851:
9847:
9840:
9838:
9830:
9825:
9818:
9813:
9797:
9793:
9787:
9779:
9773:
9769:
9768:
9760:
9752:
9746:
9742:
9741:
9733:
9726:
9721:
9713:
9707:
9703:
9702:
9694:
9687:
9683:
9678:
9671:
9666:
9659:
9654:
9647:
9642:
9635:
9627:September 13,
9623:
9619:
9613:
9606:
9601:
9594:
9589:
9587:
9579:
9574:
9567:
9563:
9558:
9551:
9546:
9538:
9537:
9529:
9523:, p. 91.
9522:
9521:Anderson 1989
9517:
9502:
9498:
9492:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9471:
9464:
9459:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9431:
9415:
9409:
9402:
9398:
9393:
9391:
9383:
9377:
9370:
9365:
9358:
9353:
9346:
9341:
9334:
9330:
9325:
9323:
9315:
9310:
9308:
9300:
9295:
9288:
9283:
9277:, p. 73.
9276:
9271:
9264:
9259:
9251:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9236:
9228:
9220:
9219:
9214:
9207:
9199:
9192:
9184:
9180:
9173:
9166:
9161:
9159:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9131:
9124:
9119:
9112:
9107:
9101:, p. 49.
9100:
9095:
9088:
9087:Anderson 1989
9083:
9076:
9071:
9065:, p. 49.
9064:
9059:
9053:, p. 36.
9052:
9047:
9040:
9035:
9028:
9022:
9015:
9009:
9002:
9001:Anderson 1989
8997:
8995:
8988:, p. 92.
8987:
8982:
8966:
8962:
8956:
8949:
8944:
8937:
8932:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8910:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8882:
8874:
8872:0-313-32708-4
8868:
8864:
8857:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8827:
8820:
8815:
8808:
8803:
8796:
8791:
8783:
8777:
8773:
8772:
8764:
8758:, p. 57.
8757:
8752:
8737:
8733:
8726:
8719:
8713:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8684:Social Forces
8678:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8631:
8624:
8623:Schecter 2007
8619:
8611:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8596:
8588:
8580:
8579:
8571:
8564:
8559:
8551:
8550:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8524:
8517:
8511:
8504:
8498:
8491:
8486:
8479:
8474:
8467:
8461:
8455:, p. 55.
8454:
8449:
8442:
8437:
8430:
8424:
8408:
8404:
8398:
8391:
8385:
8378:
8372:
8356:
8355:
8347:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8313:
8306:
8298:
8291:
8284:
8279:
8263:
8259:
8257:
8249:
8247:
8231:
8227:
8221:
8215:, p. 21.
8214:
8209:
8202:
8197:
8190:
8185:
8178:
8173:
8157:
8151:
8144:
8139:
8132:
8127:
8120:
8115:
8108:
8103:
8096:
8091:
8084:
8079:
8077:
8069:
8064:
8057:
8052:
8045:
8040:
8032:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8013:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7974:
7967:
7962:
7960:
7952:
7947:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7926:
7921:
7914:
7909:
7902:
7897:
7882:
7878:
7872:
7856:
7852:
7846:
7840:, p. 28.
7839:
7834:
7818:
7814:
7807:
7801:, p. 24.
7800:
7795:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7735:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7659:
7655:
7649:
7641:
7635:
7631:
7624:
7608:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7588:
7583:
7576:
7571:
7564:
7559:
7552:
7550:
7545:
7541:
7540:
7532:
7525:
7519:
7512:
7506:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7467:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7394:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7357:
7355:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7322:
7317:
7306:September 22,
7301:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7266:
7259:
7254:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7222:
7213:
7212:
7204:
7202:
7194:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7156:
7150:
7142:
7141:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7117:
7112:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7048:
7036:
7030:
7020:
7016:
7015:Schecter 2007
7013:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6945:Robert E. Lee
6942:
6938:
6932:
6923:
6914:
6905:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6880:, p. 207
6879:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6838:
6832:
6825:
6819:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6795:
6794:border states
6789:
6780:
6771:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6639:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6613:
6608:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6532:
6521:
6508:
6507:
6506:War of Rights
6503:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6485:(2013, US/FR)
6484:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6445:(2007, US/FR)
6444:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6282:Cold Mountain
6279:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6258:The Civil War
6255:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6100:Stephen Crane
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5897:The Civil War
5893:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5852:
5838:
5828:
5824:
5817:Commemoration
5814:
5812:
5808:
5805:in 1895, and
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5756:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5720:Alan T. Nolan
5714:
5704:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5500:
5496:
5493:In 1863, the
5489:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5445:Simon Cameron
5441:
5437:
5435:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5411:War Democrats
5408:
5314:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5089:
5077:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4868:29,100 (98%)
4867:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:21,800 (71%)
4856:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:490,000 (2%)
4811:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4713:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4630:Bennett Place
4627:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4563:
4554:
4547:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4241:
4232:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4119:Ben McCulloch
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3969:Island No. 10
3961:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3930:Leonidas Polk
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3895:Braxton Bragg
3892:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3853:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3786:turning point
3783:
3779:
3776:during Lee's
3775:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3755:John Sedgwick
3751:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:Joseph Hooker
3727:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:Potomac River
3708:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3642:
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2019:United States
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1940:List of years
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1187:Party Systems
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736:
732:
730:
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720:
719:
715:
714:
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708:
707:Civil War Era
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688:
686:
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569:
568:
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563:
558:
551:
550:
546:
542:
541:
538:
537:United States
531:
530:
527:
524:
523:
512:
511:Pacific coast
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
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464:
459:
457:
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427:
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411:
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401:
395:
392:
389:
387:
377:
376:
374:
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363:
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359:
353:
350:
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344:
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332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
316:
313:
312:
310:
304:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
286:
285:
284:and others...
281:
278:
273:
272:Robert E. Lee
268:
263:
260:
255:
250:
245:
244:
242:
237:
236:
235:and others...
232:
230:
225:
220:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:
189:
177:
175:
174:United States
170:
165:
164:
159:
152:
148:
143:
142:
137:
131:
128:
125:
124:
120:
116:
115:United States
112:
109:
108:
101:
98:
97:
93:
87:
84:
82:
78:
76:
75:
69:
66:
63:
61:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18190:World War II
17984:Hamburg riot
17963:
17707:
17522:Bibliography
17505:Other topics
17447:By ethnicity
17415:
17368:Trent Affair
17267:Signal Corps
17124:
16847:White League
16734:Ku Klux Klan
16647:Confederados
16574:Constitution
16446:D. D. Porter
16299:Breckinridge
16010:Rhode Island
16005:Pennsylvania
15760:Spotsylvania
15720:Stones River
15700:2nd Bull Run
15650:1st Bull Run
15536:Stones River
15437:Marine Corps
15404:Marine Corps
15243:Abolitionism
15230:
15183:
15038:
14949:
14906:
14902:
14890:
14883:
14876:
14866:
14853:
14843:
14836:
14829:
14822:
14812:
14782:
14762:
14739:
14717:
14691:
14665:
14659:
14649:
14624:
14618:
14598:
14588:
14582:
14572:
14566:
14560:
14554:
14548:
14538:
14530:
14507:
14482:
14462:
14440:(1): 50–55.
14437:
14431:
14420:
14404:
14401:Unger, Irwin
14365:
14339:
14314:
14308:
14289:
14271:
14251:
14228:
14195:
14175:
14151:
14126:
14105:
14085:
14065:
14044:
14024:
14001:
13987:
13973:
13969:
13959:
13937:
13913:
13891:
13880:
13860:
13840:
13820:
13796:
13785:
13768:
13764:
13737:
13716:
13698:
13677:
13658:
13654:
13648:Google Books
13631:
13610:
13589:
13569:
13550:
13530:
13506:
13486:
13468:
13446:
13423:
13404:
13384:
13363:
13342:
13329:. Retrieved
13314:
13292:
13269:
13257:. Retrieved
13244:
13231:
13212:
13190:
13186:
13169:
13146:
13136:
13132:
13109:
13088:
13075:. Retrieved
13059:
13025:
13021:
13009:. Retrieved
13005:the original
13000:
12976:
12955:
12931:Bibliography
12909:
12902:
12890:
12882:
12877:
12857:
12850:
12842:
12837:
12828:
12824:
12818:
12809:
12803:
12791:. Retrieved
12787:
12777:
12765:. Retrieved
12761:
12752:
12744:
12739:
12731:the original
12726:
12716:
12704:. Retrieved
12700:the original
12696:"Saved Land"
12690:
12681:
12672:
12660:. Retrieved
12656:the original
12651:
12641:
12621:
12614:
12606:
12601:
12589:
12577:
12569:
12564:
12548:
12519:
12499:
12492:
12480:
12472:
12464:
12456:
12444:
12435:
12426:
12399:
12393:
12385:
12377:
12369:
12364:
12356:
12348:
12339:the original
12331:
12322:
12312:December 25,
12310:. Retrieved
12298:
12288:
12276:
12264:
12255:
12242:
12230:. Retrieved
12215:
12206:
12197:
12185:. Retrieved
12181:
12172:
12163:
12155:
12150:
12142:
12137:
12106:
12093:
12085:
12077:
12072:
12063:
12054:
12046:
12041:
12033:
12025:
12020:, pp. 83–85.
12017:
12013:
12004:
11992:
11965:
11957:
11949:
11937:. Retrieved
11923:
11911:
11884:
11872:
11843:. Retrieved
11834:
11822:. Retrieved
11817:
11807:
11795:. Retrieved
11785:
11777:
11772:
11763:
11754:
11746:
11741:
11731:December 23,
11729:. Retrieved
11721:
11711:
11703:the original
11698:
11688:
11678:
11669:
11664:, p. 7.
11657:
11645:
11634:
11601:
11597:
11591:
11579:. Retrieved
11574:
11565:
11548:
11544:
11516:
11506:
11494:
11482:
11470:. Retrieved
11465:
11461:
11451:
11431:
11421:
11409:
11401:the original
11396:
11386:
11377:
11371:
11364:Coulter 1950
11359:
11347:
11335:
11323:
11311:. Retrieved
11302:
11293:
11283:
11273:
11252:
11246:
11238:
11233:
11222:the original
11209:
11197:
11189:
11166:
11154:
11142:
11130:. Retrieved
11125:
11119:
11110:
11098:. Retrieved
11093:
11087:
11078:
11066:. Retrieved
11061:
11055:
11046:
11033:. Retrieved
11024:
11014:
11001:. Retrieved
10992:
10982:
10970:
10958:. Retrieved
10941:
10925:
10920:
10913:Bradley 2015
10908:
10888:
10881:
10873:the original
10863:
10851:
10839:
10827:
10822:, p. 5.
10815:
10808:Bradley 2015
10803:
10791:
10771:
10764:
10752:
10725:
10719:
10711:
10706:
10697:
10691:
10682:
10671:
10662:
10653:
10641:
10629:
10617:
10605:
10593:
10581:
10569:
10557:
10537:
10530:
10506:
10499:
10482:
10478:
10472:
10460:. Retrieved
10456:
10447:
10430:
10421:
10409:. Retrieved
10405:
10395:
10383:. Retrieved
10379:
10370:
10343:
10337:
10324:
10315:
10303:
10294:
10290:
10284:
10278:(2): 134–45.
10275:
10271:
10265:
10253:
10244:
10240:
10234:
10225:
10221:
10215:
10198:
10192:
10180:
10168:
10156:
10142:
10130:
10114:
10107:
10096:the original
10091:
10087:
10074:
10062:
10050:
10030:
10023:
10011:. Retrieved
10001:
9989:
9980:
9953:. Retrieved
9949:
9940:
9928:
9922:(2): 107–21.
9919:
9915:
9909:
9897:
9885:. Retrieved
9845:
9824:
9812:
9800:. Retrieved
9795:
9786:
9766:
9759:
9739:
9732:
9720:
9700:
9693:
9685:
9677:
9665:
9653:
9641:
9632:
9625:. Retrieved
9621:
9612:
9600:
9573:
9565:
9562:Bruce Catton
9557:
9545:
9535:
9528:
9516:
9504:. Retrieved
9500:
9491:
9475:
9470:
9463:Herring 2011
9458:
9450:
9438:
9430:
9418:. Retrieved
9408:
9400:
9381:
9376:
9364:
9359:, p. 8.
9352:
9340:
9332:
9329:Allan Nevins
9299:Herring 2011
9294:
9282:
9270:
9258:
9234:
9227:
9216:
9206:
9197:
9191:
9185:(4): 85–107.
9182:
9178:
9172:
9140:
9136:
9130:
9118:
9106:
9094:
9082:
9075:Johnson 1998
9070:
9063:Richter 2009
9058:
9046:
9034:
9026:
9021:
9013:
9008:
8981:
8969:. Retrieved
8964:
8955:
8943:
8931:
8922:
8909:
8897:. Retrieved
8890:
8881:
8862:
8856:
8844:. Retrieved
8840:the original
8835:
8826:
8819:Leonard 1999
8814:
8807:Leonard 1999
8802:
8790:
8770:
8763:
8751:
8739:. Retrieved
8735:
8725:
8717:
8712:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8660:
8656:
8643:
8635:
8630:
8618:
8594:
8587:
8577:
8570:
8563:Coulter 1950
8558:
8548:
8541:
8533:
8522:
8510:
8502:
8497:
8485:
8473:
8465:
8460:
8453:Weigley 2004
8448:
8436:
8428:
8423:
8411:. Retrieved
8407:the original
8397:
8389:
8384:
8376:
8371:
8359:. Retrieved
8353:
8346:
8333:
8320:
8311:
8305:
8296:
8290:
8278:
8266:. Retrieved
8262:the original
8255:
8233:. Retrieved
8229:
8220:
8208:
8196:
8184:
8172:
8160:. Retrieved
8150:
8138:
8126:
8114:
8102:
8090:
8063:
8051:
8039:
8019:
8012:
7987:
7983:
7973:
7946:
7920:
7908:
7896:
7884:. Retrieved
7880:
7871:
7859:. Retrieved
7845:
7838:Winters 1963
7833:
7823:November 28,
7821:. Retrieved
7806:
7794:
7784:November 28,
7782:. Retrieved
7773:
7764:
7754:November 28,
7752:. Retrieved
7743:
7734:
7724:November 28,
7722:. Retrieved
7713:
7704:
7694:November 28,
7692:. Retrieved
7683:
7674:
7664:November 28,
7662:. Retrieved
7658:the original
7648:
7629:
7623:
7611:. Retrieved
7606:
7582:
7570:
7558:
7547:
7538:
7531:
7523:
7518:
7510:
7505:
7493:. Retrieved
7473:
7466:
7458:
7433:(2): 35–44.
7430:
7426:
7420:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7368:
7362:
7343:December 30,
7341:. Retrieved
7328:
7316:
7304:. Retrieved
7291:
7265:
7253:
7241:. Retrieved
7237:the original
7210:
7188:
7179:
7139:
7111:
7103:the original
7093:
7064:
7051:
7029:
6994:
6931:
6922:
6913:
6904:
6894:Trudeau 1994
6887:
6884:Trudeau 1994
6861:
6844:
6836:
6831:
6818:
6801:
6788:
6779:
6770:
6752:
6740:
6654:Greeley 1866
6643:. Retrieved
6638:the original
6626:
6504:
6496:
6488:
6480:
6472:
6464:
6456:
6448:
6440:
6432:
6424:
6416:
6408:
6400:
6392:
6304:
6296:
6288:
6280:
6272:
6264:
6256:
6248:
6240:
6232:
6226:The Beguiled
6224:
6216:
6208:
6200:
6192:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6137:
6126:
6115:
6104:
6093:
6082:
6071:
6060:
6049:
6038:
6033:Walt Whitman
6026:
6020:
6010:
6007:dining room.
5998:
5972:
5952:such as the
5950:machine guns
5907:
5895:
5881:
5880:(1939), and
5875:
5869:
5862:
5780:
5768:Murfreesboro
5760:
5728:
5716:
5698:
5694:
5682:
5610:
5573:
5561:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5514:white people
5507:
5449:David Hunter
5442:
5438:
5430:
5403:
5308:Emancipation
5295:
5272:
5263:
5235:
5227:
5201:
5198:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5097:Confederate
5030:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5003:
4998:
4993:Shelby Foote
4990:
4963:
4956:
4940:
4933:Cotton bales
4932:
4905:
4879:Manufactures
4878:
4871:
4860:8,800 (29%)
4849:
4833:
4823:
4804:
4788:
4761:
4756:Confederacy
4730:
4718:
4701:
4696:
4680:
4665:
4642:
4619:
4600:
4588:McLean House
4573:
4552:
4526:on April 6.
4512:
4496:
4469:
4445:
4414:
4402:Spotsylvania
4390:
4373:George Crook
4358:
4346:
4328:
4310:
4295:
4275:
4268:
4248:
4229:
4205:
4182:
4170:
4159:
4092:
4061:
4046:
4035:
4000:
3981:
3965:
3942:
3927:
3908:
3888:
3860:
3809:
3774:George Meade
3771:
3752:
3744:
3719:
3704:
3685:
3670:
3666:foot cavalry
3651:
3625:between the
3620:
3605:
3591:
3575:
3560:
3551:
3533:
3493:
3471:Pennsylvania
3464:
3438:Russian Navy
3432:
3420:Maximilian I
3398:
3393:
3384:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3343:
3331:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3298:Trent Affair
3293:
3258:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3229:prize of war
3221:
3209:
3170:
3138:
3134:
3121:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3079:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3028:
3020:
3001:
2986:
2978:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2929:Mobilization
2919:
2888:
2880:
2857:
2846:
2819:
2781:
2739:Confederacy.
2689:
2681:
2665:
2621:Fort Pickens
2606:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2575:
2555:
2505:
2480:
2441:
2405:
2378:
2374:
2371:establishing
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:Mathew Brady
2321:expansionism
2309:abolitionism
2302:
2271:
2233:
2172:U.S. history
2170:episodes in
2164:civil rights
2156:
2081:
2051:
2047:slave states
2021:between the
2006:
2004:
1495:
1488:
1469:
1430:
1423:
1409:
1350:
1306:
1299:
1252:
1238:
1233:Social class
1231:
1224:
1185:
1159:Marine Corps
1146:
1139:
1132:
1096:Debt ceiling
1081:Civil rights
1063:
1056:
1042:
1028:
1014:
985:
973:Civil unrest
971:
966:Antisemitism
964:
957:
939:2008–present
927:2008–present
925:
903:
881:
848:
815:
806:World War II
760:
716:
706:
694:
661:
628:
595:
585:Colonial Era
583:
571:
565:
525:
472:
428:
409:
393:
367:
351:
282:
233:
215:
161:Belligerents
73:
60:John Tidball
29:
18245:Bosnian War
18205:Vietnam War
18180:World War I
18170:Banana Wars
18100:War of 1812
17328:Copperheads
17040:Confederate
16932:Black Codes
16258:E. K. Smith
16139:Confederate
16086:New Orleans
16081:Chattanooga
15945:Mississippi
15845:Connecticut
15813:territories
15804:Involvement
15765:Cold Harbor
15755:Fort Pillow
15745:Chattanooga
15740:Chickamauga
15690:Seven Pines
15680:New Orleans
15645:Fort Sumter
15586:Valley 1864
15419:Confederacy
15216:Slave Power
15196:Fire-Eaters
14938:View images
14392:j.ctvh1dnpx
14216:Web sources
14169:archive.org
13972:. Vol. 30,
13310:Foner, Eric
12895:Keegan 2009
12418:j.ctt46nc9q
12232:October 16,
12207:www.nps.gov
12187:January 20,
11985:Donald 1995
11891:, p. .
11776:Jim Downs,
11551:: 119–131.
11472:October 16,
10406:www.nps.gov
10385:January 25,
10308:Keegan 2009
10297:(1): 36–51.
10258:Keegan 2009
10247:(1): 44–51.
10173:Keegan 2009
9950:www.nps.gov
9881:"Vicksburg"
9420:January 18,
9167:, p. .
9051:Fuller 2008
9039:Nelson 2005
8986:Nelson 2005
8971:January 24,
8950:, p. .
8948:Canney 1998
8756:Keegan 2009
8625:, p. .
8490:Keegan 2009
8268:February 6,
8162:November 3,
7881:History.com
7613:January 22,
7495:October 25,
7243:October 14,
6988:Keller 2009
6974:Wittke 1952
6937:Howell Cobb
6869:Murray 1967
6706:Catton 1965
6660:Draper 1870
6501:(2016, UKR)
6493:(2014, UKR)
6386:Video games
6178:Operator 13
6170:The General
6078:Jules Verne
6005:Oval Office
6000:River Queen
5958:Gatling gun
5946:single-shot
5674:New Orleans
5672:reunion in
5471:Contrabands
5259:World War I
5247:Minié balls
4737:Copperheads
4661:Stand Watie
4640:on May 10.
4406:Cold Harbor
4383:, Alabama.
4365:Franz Sigel
4286:New Orleans
4266:advantage.
4201:Stand Watie
4064:Chattanooga
4007:Kirby Smith
3824:Mississippi
3696:John Pope's
3631:James River
3383:during the
3336:to Britain
3329:diplomacy.
3326:Carl Schurz
3262:Stone Fleet
3182:King Cotton
2923:John Keegan
2843:Roger Taney
2831:martial law
2633:Fort Sumter
2629:Fort Taylor
2617:Fort Monroe
2552:(1861–1865)
2534:introduced
2456:Mississippi
2379:maintaining
2065:Fort Sumter
2027:Confederacy
2011:other names
1859:Territories
1580:New England
1260:Agriculture
1179:Coast Guard
1174:Space Force
1022:Immigration
872:Vietnam War
773:World War I
567:Prehistoric
144:Territorial
65:Confederate
18398:Categories
18383:War crimes
18250:Kosovo War
18195:Korean War
18175:Border War
18034:Bonus Army
18029:Tulsa riot
18019:Red Summer
17939:Mormon War
17797:San Marino
17561:Juneteenth
17082:Cemeteries
16959:Red Shirts
16870:Centennial
16820:Red Shirts
16228:Longstreet
16158:Beauregard
16101:Winchester
16076:Charleston
16045:Washington
15980:New Mexico
15975:New Jersey
15835:California
15811:States and
15795:Five Forks
15780:Mobile Bay
15750:Wilderness
15730:Gettysburg
15710:Perryville
15695:Seven Days
15626:Appomattox
15551:Gettysburg
15511:New Mexico
15378:Combatants
15353:Combatants
15266:John Brown
13178:1249017603
13135:. Vol. 3,
12881:Sondhaus,
12594:Nolan 2000
12582:Nolan 2000
12557:Q118746838
12449:Joan Waugh
12129:Q116965145
11997:Baker 2003
11889:Foner 1981
11877:Foner 2010
11845:January 9,
11824:January 9,
11797:January 2,
11499:Doyle 2015
11313:August 21,
10207:1029877004
10161:Jones 2011
9550:Foote 1974
9369:Doyle 2015
9357:Doyle 2015
9345:Doyle 2015
9263:Jones 2002
9123:Stern 1962
8965:Britannica
8899:January 6,
8741:January 6,
8478:Neely 1993
8361:August 18,
8213:Jones 2011
8201:Jones 2011
7321:Downs 2012
7258:Downs 2012
7044:References
7001:Baker 2003
6953:Appomattox
6871:, p.
6852:, and the
6718:Blair 2015
6686:, p.
6678:Grant 1886
6672:Davis 1881
6666:Davis 1881
6477:(2011, US)
6469:(2009, US)
6461:(2009, US)
6453:(2008, US)
6437:(2006, US)
6429:(2006, US)
6421:(2006, US)
6413:(1999, US)
6405:(1997, US)
6397:(1989, FR)
6319:See also:
6309:(2016, US)
6301:(2012, US)
6293:(2003, US)
6285:(2003, US)
6277:(1993, US)
6269:(1993, US)
6266:Gettysburg
6261:(1990, US)
6253:(1989, US)
6237:(1976, US)
6229:(1971, US)
6213:(1965, US)
6210:Shenandoah
6205:(1959, US)
6197:(1951, US)
6189:(1939, US)
6181:(1934, US)
6173:(1926, US)
6165:(1915, US)
6142:(2005) by
6133:John Jakes
6131:(1982) by
6120:(1936) by
6109:(1917) by
6098:(1895) by
6087:(1890) by
6076:(1887) by
6067:Mark Twain
6065:(1885) by
6054:(1881) by
6031:(1865) by
6015:Literature
5789:, and the
5707:Lost Cause
5495:Union Army
5475:Union Army
5241:, such as
5036:Casualties
4957:negligible
4945:4,500,000
4941:negligible
4872:negligible
4828:1,900,000
4824:negligible
4762:Population
4697:Shenandoah
4676:Juneteenth
4670:announced
4398:Wilderness
4255:Charleston
4226:Background
4171:Extensive
4154:Union Army
4152:, leading
4089:Background
3973:New Madrid
3842:Background
3715:Sharpsburg
3627:York River
3582:Jeb Stuart
3494:Maj. Gen.
3485:Background
3381:Lord Lyons
3086:steamboats
3075:Royal Navy
3068:The small
3021:Historian
3011:See also:
2958:immigrants
2933:See also:
2910:See also:
2803:Union Army
2668:Charleston
2649:See also:
2603:nomination
2536:income tax
2263:Lost Cause
2200:World Wars
1134:Journalism
1086:Corruption
1065:Government
1016:Demography
1003:Newspapers
894:Reagan Era
740:Gilded Age
578:until 1607
18090:Quasi-War
17979:Range War
17806:(as Siam)
17720:Australia
17539:Espionage
17333:Diplomacy
17301:Political
17257:POW camps
17003:Monuments
16830:Scalawags
16825:Redeemers
16563:Aftermath
16512:Pinkerton
16451:Rosecrans
16416:McClellan
16319:Memminger
16055:Wisconsin
16020:Tennessee
15940:Minnesota
15915:Louisiana
15790:Nashville
15735:Vicksburg
15665:Pea Ridge
15616:Carolinas
15571:Red River
15566:Knoxville
15546:Tullahoma
15541:Vicksburg
15521:Peninsula
15493:campaigns
15359:Campaigns
15136:Secession
14983:from the
14940:from the
13951:299955768
13478:936872302
13456:255136538
13331:April 20,
13254:830251756
13042:0002-8762
12307:0362-4331
12121:0362-4331
11352:Ward 1990
10975:Neff 2010
10936:. p. 177.
10856:Long 1971
10832:Long 1971
10820:Hunt 2015
10796:Long 1971
10757:Long 1971
10411:April 20,
10362:777948477
10227:counties.
9955:March 12,
9864:880934087
9802:March 30,
9506:April 22,
9165:Wise 1991
9099:Wise 1991
8600:UBC Press
8413:April 20,
8004:1945-7987
7447:0882-228X
7385:0021-8723
7149:cite book
7116:Long 1971
6878:Neff 2010
6684:Dyer 1908
6509:(TBD, US)
5918:telegraph
5888:Ken Burns
5866:Hollywood
5753:released
5589:impeached
5497:accepted
5267:Jim Downs
5147:(31,000)
5142:(30,192)
5135:Captured
5091:Category
5078:, Georgia
4688:Admiralty
4592:Traveller
4353:total war
4280:attacked
4150:St. Louis
3996:Vicksburg
3923:Nashville
3836:Louisiana
3832:Tennessee
3623:peninsula
3594:Maj. Gen.
3580:assigned
3415:Austrian
3342:CSS
3306:Uncle Sam
3302:John Bull
3268:Diplomacy
3120:USS
3111:Merrimack
3103:CSS
3096:CSS
3093:submarine
3070:U.S. Navy
3062:Merrimack
3054:USS
3029:Red Rover
2992:Prisoners
2963:When the
2701:Tennessee
2472:Louisiana
2325:economics
2317:secession
2290:abolition
2033:that had
2015:civil war
1585:The South
1169:Air Force
1044:Education
920:1991–2008
905:1991–2008
898:1981–1991
883:1980–1991
876:1964–1975
865:1954–1968
850:1964–1980
843:1954–1968
832:1945–1964
817:1945–1964
810:1941–1945
799:1929–1941
788:1918–1929
777:1917–1918
762:1917–1945
755:1896–1917
744:1877–1896
733:1865–1877
718:1865–1917
711:1849–1865
696:1849–1865
689:1825–1849
678:1817–1825
663:1815–1849
656:1801–1817
645:1788–1801
630:1789–1815
623:1783–1788
612:1765–1783
597:1776–1789
590:1607–1765
333:110,000+
79:Ruins of
72:USS
70:Ironclad
67:prisoners
18373:Cold War
18290:Cameroon
18260:Iraq War
18230:Gulf War
17954:Utah War
17912:Domestic
17804:Thailand
17653:Category
17494:Seminole
17484:Cherokee
17237:Medicine
17190:Military
17103:Veterans
16937:Jim Crow
16702:timeline
16497:Ericsson
16480:Civilian
16461:Sheridan
16421:McDowell
16381:Farragut
16366:Burnside
16356:Anderson
16349:Military
16329:Stephens
16289:Benjamin
16282:Civilian
16168:Buchanan
16146:Military
16091:Richmond
16040:Virginia
15985:New York
15960:Nebraska
15950:Missouri
15935:Michigan
15925:Maryland
15910:Kentucky
15885:Illinois
15860:Delaware
15840:Colorado
15825:Arkansas
15785:Franklin
15705:Antietam
15576:Overland
15531:Maryland
15450:Theaters
15356:Theaters
14761:(2008).
14714:(1990).
14504:(2007).
14233:Archived
14023:(1994).
13985:(1962).
13935:(1963).
13818:(1993).
13773:Archived
13707:68283123
13466:(1866).
13444:(1886).
13312:(1981).
13290:(1908).
13259:July 28,
13242:(1870).
13211:(1995).
13168:(1881).
13131:(1965).
13068:Archived
13050:43697075
13011:July 29,
12553:Wikidata
12547:(1954),
12226:Archived
12125:Wikidata
11939:June 17,
11934:ABC News
11626:30195230
11618:22512048
11521:Archived
11429:(1999).
11380:. ch. 1.
11307:Archived
11132:July 25,
11100:July 25,
11068:July 25,
11035:July 25,
11029:Archived
11003:July 25,
10997:Archived
10960:June 12,
10744:46543709
10462:March 7,
10429:(1957).
10329:Archived
10241:Prologue
9437:(2021).
8846:June 22,
8527:Archived
8388:Nevins,
8375:Nevins,
8338:Archived
7886:June 12,
7861:July 16,
7817:Archived
7778:Archived
7748:Archived
7718:Archived
7688:Archived
7544:Archived
7489:Archived
7455:23210244
7300:Archived
7229:Nofi, Al
7061:Archived
6762:Archived
6645:July 29,
6581:Cherokee
6515:See also
5954:Agar gun
5922:balloons
5886:(2012).
5874:(1915),
5647:Monument
5499:Freedmen
5253:and the
5243:charging
5158:914,660
5155:821,245
5145:462,634
5140:211,411
5130:194,026
5127:275,154
5119:164,000
5116:224,580
5113:Disease
5105:110,100
4953:300,000
4838:1860–64
4834:Soldiers
4725:its name
4657:Cherokee
4603:was shot
4503:Savannah
4107:Oklahoma
4099:Arkansas
3988:Farragut
3934:Columbus
3915:Donelson
3417:archduke
3413:Habsburg
3334:minister
3215:and the
3135:Virginia
3116:Virginia
3105:Virginia
2895:Wheeling
2811:Virginia
2799:Kentucky
2791:Missouri
2787:Delaware
2783:Maryland
2737:vs. the
2713:Richmond
2705:Arkansas
2697:Virginia
2608:de facto
2274:Congress
2152:was shot
2140:Richmond
2013:) was a
1957:Category
1508:Lesbians
1482:Comanche
1477:Cherokee
1275:Medicine
1226:Religion
1148:Military
1121:Taxation
1071:Abortion
987:Cultural
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