47:
1269:. The third campaign (1554â55) was a response to costly Safavid raids into the provinces of Van and Erzurum in eastern Anatolia in 1550â52. Ottoman forces captured Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan and destroyed palaces, villas and gardens. Although Sulieman threatened Ardabil, the military situation was essentially a stalemate by the end of the 1554 campaign season. Tahmasp sent an ambassador to Suleiman's winter quarters in Erzurum in September 1554 to sue for peace. Influenced at least in part by the Ottoman Empire's military position with respect to Hungary, Sulieman agreed to temporary terms. The formal
1393:
762:
1417:
1309:
754:
1429:
746:
380:
372:
985:
1405:
611:
in 1541 the pace of
Ottoman expansion slowed as the empire attempted to consolidate its vast gains, and became engrossed in imperial warfare on three fronts: in Hungary, in Iran, and in the Mediterranean. Additional conquests were marginal, and served to shore up the Ottoman position. Ottoman control
947:
where the
Albanian army destroyed the Ottoman army, inflicting nearly 30,000 casualties on the Ottomans. After Skanderbeg died in 1468, the Albanians couldn't find a leader to replace him, and Mehmed II eventually conquered Krujë and Albania in 1478. The final act of Mehmed II's Albanian campaigns
1273:
signed the following June was the first formal diplomatic recognition of the
Safavid Empire by the Ottomans. Under the Peace, the Ottomans agreed to restore Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan to the Safavids and in turn would retain Iraq and eastern Anatolia. Suleiman agreed to permit Safavid Shiâa
541:-speaking world and the Ottoman heartlands in Anatolia and the Balkans. Under Selim's reign the empire's territory expanded from roughly 341,100 sq mi (883,000 km) to 576,900 sq mi (1,494,000 km).
1117:. When Ahmet was about to be crowned, the Janissaries intervened, killed the prince and forced Bayezid into calling Selim back and making him the sultan. Bayezid abdicated, and he died immediately after leaving the throne.
1362:
by Khair ad Din, securing the eastern
Mediterranean for the Turks for 33 years. Francis I asked for help from Suleiman, then sent a fleet headed by Khair ad Din who was victorious over the Spaniards, and managed to retake
822:, who had spent part of his childhood alongside Mehmed. Vlad had ambushed, massacred or captured several Ottoman forces, then announced his impalement of over 23,000 captive Turks. Mehmed II abandoned his siege of
1740:
Mikheil
Svanidze, âThe Amasya Peace Treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Iran (June 1, 1555) and Georgia,â Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 191-97 (2009) (âSvanidzeâ), p.
2731:
1164:
in eastern
Anatolia in 1514, Ottoman forces under Selim I won a decisive victory against the Safavids, ensuring Ottoman security on their eastern front and leading to the conquest of
462:(r. 1481â1512) was one of consolidation after the rapid conquests of the previous era, and the empire's territory was expanded only marginally. In 1484 Bayezid led a campaign against
911:, in 1444. Mehmed II was never successful in his efforts to subjugate Albania while Skanderbeg was alive, even though he twice (1466 and 1467) led the Ottoman armies himself against
834:
led by Vlad, who was apparently bent on personally killing the Sultan. Confronted by Vlad's scorched earth policies and demoralizing brutality, Mehmed II withdrew, leaving his ally
1195:. By August, 1521, Suleiman had captured the city of Belgrade, which was then under Hungarian control. In 1522, Suleiman captured Rhodes. On August 29, 1526, Suleiman defeated
688:
back in 1402, the newly formed
Anatolian unification was gone. Mehmed II recovered the Ottoman power on other Turkish states. These conquests allowed him to push further into
308:
1305:
of North Africa remained part of the wars against Spain, and the
Ottoman expansion was associated with naval dominance for a short period in the Mediterranean.
349:
reached its apex, and the empire developed the institutional foundations which it would maintain, in modified form, for several centuries. The territory of the
2738:
2094:
1006:
2668:
1727:
Max
Scherberger, âThe Confrontation between Sunni and Shiâi Empires: Ottoman-Safavid Relations between the Fourteenth and the Seventeenth Centuriesâ in
2748:
2538:
525:
the following year. This marked a dramatic shift in the orientation of the
Ottoman Empire, as it now came to rule over the Muslim heartlands of the
46:
2057:
1964:
177:
3104:
2780:
2121:
1550:
537:. This increased the influence of Islamic practices on the government of the empire, and facilitated much greater interaction between the
3099:
3094:
2867:
2568:
301:
2673:
2131:
1274:
pilgrims to make pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina as well as tombs of imams in Iraq and Arabia on condition that the shah abolished the
2971:
2468:
2141:
636:. By the end of Suleiman's reign the empire's territory had expanded to approximately 5,000,000 km (1,900,000 sq mi).
203:
1759:
Douglas E. Streusand, ââIslamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, c. 2011), p. 50.
2936:
2205:
479:
967:
in 1480, but Otranto was retaken by Papal forces in 1481 after the death of Mehmed. After his death, he was succeeded by his son,
742:
rule were thus absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Constantinople bestowed immense glory and prestige on the country.
2277:
2116:
788:
in 1456. Hungarian commanders successfully defended the city and Ottomans retreated with heavy losses, but at the end, Ottomans
3020:
2812:
2800:
2717:
2399:
2272:
2136:
846:, on behalf of Mehmet II. Vlad eventually escaped to Hungary, where he was imprisoned on a false accusation of treason against
424:
294:
24:
2931:
2225:
1933:
1858:
1834:
1815:
1796:
1474:
963:
and "reunite the Roman Empire", and, at first, looked like he might be able to do it with the quick (15-days to completion)
2409:
2384:
2353:
2028:
275:
125:
612:
over Hungary was expanded in a series of campaigns, and a second Hungarian province was established with the conquests of
2195:
1957:
1350:
In 1535 the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (Charles I of Spain) won an important victory against the Ottomans at
3065:
3025:
2999:
2953:
2694:
2441:
2089:
1113:
Later that year, Bayezid's son Ahmet forced his father into making him regent. His brother Selim was forced to flee to
253:
703:, this Turcoman kingdom gained power in the East but because of their strong relations with the Christian powers like
2323:
2240:
2230:
2074:
1914:
1877:
1685:
1629:
1108:
1032:
494:. However, by the end of his reign, Ottoman territory in the east was coming under threat from the newly established
237:
219:
1014:
842:
who had been persecuted by Vlad III. Radu eventually managed to take control of Wallachia, which he administered as
2663:
1278:
the cursing of the first three Rashidun caliphs. The Peace ended hostilities between the two empires for 20 years.
900:
2961:
2926:
2832:
2790:
2084:
1343:
known to Europeans as Barbarossa, was made Admiral-in-Chief of the Ottoman navies who were actively fighting the
1216:
245:
161:
359:. The process of centralization undergone by the empire prior to 1453 was brought to completion in the reign of
2785:
2611:
2552:
2158:
1950:
1677:
1445:
1010:
54:
3058:
3004:
2854:
2844:
2338:
2126:
1981:
33:
387:
The Ottoman Empire of the Classical Age experienced dramatic territorial growth. The period opened with the
2622:
2404:
2153:
1891:
1716:
1253:
fell to Suleiman's forces in 1534. The second campaign, 1548â1549, resulted in temporary Ottoman gains in
3030:
2994:
2976:
2943:
2914:
2429:
1045:
When Bayezid II was enthroned upon his father's death in 1481, he first had to fight his younger brother
964:
572:. Lacking a king, Hungary descended into civil war over the succession, and the Ottomans gave support to
1392:
1249:. Suleiman waged three campaigns against the Safavids. In the first, the historically important city of
881:. With a plague running in his camp and food and water being very scarce, Mehmed was forced to retreat.
2689:
1994:
1613:
1332:
800:
650:
388:
345:(r. 1520â1566). During this period a system of patrimonial rule based on the absolute authority of the
338:
261:
63:
2079:
1731:
ed. by Ofra Bengio & Meir Litvak (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) (âScherbergerâ), pp. 59-60.
1133:: "the Grim") was able to expand the empire's borders greatly to the south and east. Around 1512 the
892:
789:
229:
2837:
2596:
2585:
2067:
1188:
995:
785:
765:
545:
342:
1358:
allied himself with Suleiman against Charles. In 1538, the fleet of Charles V was defeated at the
1176:
and conquered most of Syria and Egypt, including Jerusalem as well as Cairo, the residence of the
928:
3072:
2578:
2421:
999:
924:
904:
1088:
in 1499. Peace was signed in 1503, and the Ottomans gained the last Venetian strongholds on the
870:
2646:
2247:
2033:
2009:
1554:
1312:
940:
804:
283:
86:
2892:
1665:
1597:
2653:
2368:
2163:
1605:
1416:
2877:
2862:
2606:
1381:, which left the northern Mediterranean and the southern Mediterranean in Ottoman's hands.
1340:
1157:
1231:), a territory which temporarily fixed the border between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.
920:
455:
was launched, but the death of Mehmed II the following year led to an Ottoman withdrawal.
8:
2601:
2363:
2004:
1355:
1196:
1161:
1150:
761:
720:
704:
669:
561:
506:
412:
78:
2986:
2038:
1926:
Empire and Power in the Reign of SĂŒleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World
1467:
Empire and Power in the reign of SĂŒleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World
1200:
1058:
952:
in 1478â79, a siege he led personally against the combined Venetian and Albanian force.
695:
Another important political entity which shaped the Eastern policy of Mehmed II was the
565:
341:
in 1453 until the second half of the sixteenth century, roughly the end of the reign of
135:
2909:
2168:
2045:
2021:
1635:
1153:
1138:
944:
916:
727:
708:
584:
and annexing it to the empire in 1541. Elsewhere, Suleiman led major campaigns against
151:
109:
2434:
908:
395:(r. 1451â1481) in 1453. Mehmed II went on to consolidate the empire's position in the
3040:
2882:
2235:
1929:
1910:
1873:
1854:
1830:
1811:
1792:
1691:
1681:
1643:
1625:
1470:
1428:
1359:
1328:
1266:
1085:
915:. During this period Albanians achieved many victories against the Ottomans like the
888:
854:
847:
808:
715:, Mehmed saw them as a threat to his own power. He led a successful campaign against
677:
662:
577:
483:
436:
2899:
2658:
2456:
1989:
1661:
1617:
1173:
1165:
949:
862:
831:
815:
739:
685:
326:
2262:
1888:
God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World
1713:
God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World
1598:"Part I: Emergence â Conquests: European Reactions and Ottoman Naval Preparations"
878:
580:
began to achieve the upper hand, Suleiman directly intervened by again conquering
2904:
2758:
2699:
2461:
2220:
1848:
1302:
1270:
1137:
developed under his rule, such that the Ottoman Turks were able to challenge the
936:
932:
866:
835:
796:
673:
440:
73:
1729:
The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East
1404:
1204:
573:
2966:
2919:
1973:
1282:
1242:
1238:
896:
773:
658:
657:. Mehmed II tried to create a single political entity in Anatolia by capturing
617:
495:
350:
334:
187:
38:
1639:
1621:
1535:Ăgoston, GĂĄbor (2009). "SĂŒleyman I". In Ăgoston, GĂĄbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
1505:Ăgoston, GĂĄbor (2009). "Bayezid II". In Ăgoston, GĂĄbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
1207:, and installed ZĂĄpolya's family as rulers of the independent principality of
719:
in 1473 which resulted with the decisive victory of the Ottoman Empire in the
3088:
2887:
2827:
2641:
2312:
2299:
2267:
2257:
2252:
1490:
Heywood, Colin (2009). "Mehmed II". In Ăgoston, GĂĄbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
1220:
1146:
1054:
514:
2524:
1335:. The Portuguese would continue to contest Suleiman's forces for control of
895:
against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. Skanderbeg, son of
2773:
2743:
2633:
2473:
2451:
2358:
2050:
1999:
1708:
1520:Ăgoston, GĂĄbor (2009). "Selim I". In Ăgoston, GĂĄbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
1378:
1344:
1324:
1286:
1262:
1212:
1208:
1134:
1089:
781:
597:
585:
444:
432:
355:
279:
1695:
1104:
allied against the Ottomans. The war ended in 1511 in favor of the Turks.
684:, more than fifty years earlier than Mehmed II, but after the destructive
2573:
2282:
2148:
1844:
1281:
Huge territories of North Africa up to west of Algeria were annexed. The
1142:
731:
726:
After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed would also go on to conquer the
526:
408:
1308:
613:
2822:
2446:
1258:
1235:
1046:
968:
884:
716:
712:
700:
696:
459:
428:
2289:
753:
616:
in 1552. Control over North Africa was increased with the conquest of
596:. Ottoman rule was further extended with the incorporation of much of
2817:
2590:
2517:
2500:
2294:
1673:
1369:
1203:. In 1541 Suleiman annexed most of present-day Hungary, known as the
827:
819:
745:
681:
466:, subjecting it to vassal status and annexing the strategic ports of
392:
375:
The Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the second reign of Mehmed II.
360:
2173:
1050:
984:
491:
379:
371:
2616:
2348:
2062:
1602:
The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe
1224:
1192:
1101:
1093:
1066:
858:
777:
735:
654:
633:
549:
471:
463:
400:
195:
2768:
2373:
1647:
912:
353:
greatly expanded, and led to what some historians have called the
2763:
2533:
2507:
2188:
2183:
1942:
1320:
1294:
1290:
1250:
1228:
1191:
first put down a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor in
1177:
1126:
874:
823:
629:
625:
621:
589:
557:
529:, as well as establishing its protection over the holy cities of
509:
in 1514, annexing much of eastern Anatolia and briefly occupying
502:
475:
448:
396:
2753:
838:, Vlad's brother, with a small force in order to win over local
427:. By 1474 the Ottomans had conquered their Anatolian rival, the
3035:
2512:
2495:
2343:
1870:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
1609:
1374:
1364:
1298:
1254:
1114:
1097:
1078:
1070:
839:
795:
In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the
689:
666:
553:
538:
534:
510:
487:
467:
420:
416:
404:
346:
1327:
until 1554, when their ships were defeated by the navy of the
853:
In 1475, the Ottomans suffered a great defeat at the hands of
628:(1557) and the extension of Ottoman rule over much of coastal
383:
The Ottoman Empire upon the death of Suleiman the Magnificent.
1373:. One result of the alliance was the fierce sea duel between
1351:
1074:
1062:
1057:
and proclaimed himself Sultan of Anatolia. After a battle at
956:
601:
530:
522:
518:
452:
1583:
Dracula: Prince of many faces: His life and his times p. 147
620:
in 1551, while the Ottomans shored up their position in the
2529:
1336:
1246:
1169:
960:
608:
593:
581:
569:
1898:
544:
Expansion continued during the first half of the reign of
1808:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
843:
604:
in 1538, and the subsequent annexation of the interior.
1867:
1183:
1850:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300â1650: The Structure of Power
1077:, but eventually he was beaten and forced to flee to
891:
and a former member of the Ottoman ruling elite, led
734:
in 1460, and the Empire of Trebizond in northeastern
672:
in northeastern Anatolia and allied himself with the
1904:
1853:(Second ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
474:. Major Venetian ports were conquered in Greece and
1065:. The very next year he returned, supported by the
959:in 1480. The intent of his invasion was to capture
768:(in Hungarian: NĂĄndorfehĂ©rvĂĄr) 1456. HĂŒnername 1584
1215:of the Empire. While claiming the entire kingdom,
1367:from them. Suleiman bestowed on him the title of
814:In 1462 Mehmed II came into conflict with Prince
505:(r. 1512â1520), who defeated the Safavids in the
3086:
877:, but could not take it, nor could he take the
1868:İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert, eds. (1994).
1591:
1589:
1958:
1551:"The young Dracula environment and education"
302:
1905:İnalcık; Cemal Kafadar, Halil, eds. (1993).
1827:The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800
1469:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4â5.
826:to launch a punitive attack against Vlad in
801:invaded Bosnia and conquered it very quickly
1872:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
1666:"Contests for Power: The Fifteenth Century"
1586:
1574:Mehmed the Conqueror and his time pp. 204â5
1013:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
907:in a military and diplomatic alliance, the
830:but suffered many casualties in a surprise
653:allowed Mehmed II to turn his attention to
1965:
1951:
576:as a vassal prince. When their rivals the
309:
295:
1791:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1096:coast. In the 16th century, Mameluks and
1033:Learn how and when to remove this message
780:, and attempted to conquer the city from
1824:
1307:
974:
760:
752:
744:
513:. In 1516 he led a campaign against the
378:
370:
1899:Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)
1595:
1534:
1519:
1504:
1489:
711:and the alliance between Turcomans and
644:
3087:
1805:
1786:
943:, and many others, culminating at the
419:in 1463. Many Venetian territories in
16:Ottoman Empire from circa 1450 to 1570
1946:
1923:
1843:
1464:
1219:of Austria ruled over the so-called "
1120:
3105:Historiography of the Ottoman Empire
1829:. Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8.
1660:
1297:became provinces of the Empire. The
1227:, North-Western Hungary and western
1011:adding citations to reliable sources
978:
639:
560:in 1526, defeating and killing King
548:(r. 1520â1566), who conquered first
1319:Ottoman navies also controlled the
1184:1520â1566: Suleiman the Magnificent
323:Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
13:
3100:16th century in the Ottoman Empire
3095:15th century in the Ottoman Empire
2390:(reform and constitutional period)
1972:
1775:
1537:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1522:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1507:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1492:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
803:, executing the last Bosnian king
738:in 1461. The last two vestiges of
14:
3116:
2278:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
2241:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1907:SĂŒleyman the Second and His Time
899:(who had joined the unsuccessful
680:was first accomplished by Sultan
2273:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
983:
45:
2354:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
1789:A History of the Ottoman Empire
1762:
1753:
1744:
1734:
1721:
1702:
1654:
1061:, Cem was defeated and fled to
2095:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1928:. Cambridge University Press.
1678:Johns Hopkins University Press
1577:
1568:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1498:
1483:
1458:
1446:Classical Ottoman architecture
501:Rapid expansion resumed under
333:) concerns the history of the
1:
1616:. pp. 123â138, 138â144.
1451:
1301:carried on thereafter by the
1109:Ottoman Civil War (1509â1513)
1069:, and took eastern Anatolia,
873:. He besieged the capital of
790:occupied nearly all of Serbia
1909:. Istanbul: The Isis Press.
901:Albanian revolt of 1432â1436
425:1463â79 Ottoman-Venetian War
366:
7:
2539:Vassal and tributary states
1787:Howard, Douglas A. (2017).
1670:Venice, A Maritime Republic
1439:
965:Ottoman invasion of Otranto
178:Decline & Modernization
10:
3121:
1780:
1614:Princeton University Press
1384:
1333:Battle of the Gulf of Oman
1106:
772:Mehmed II advanced toward
651:conquest of Constantinople
600:, the conquest of coastal
423:were conquered during the
389:conquest of Constantinople
339:conquest of Constantinople
262:Abolition of the Caliphate
254:Abolition of the Sultanate
191:(late 18th and early 19th)
3053:
3013:
2985:
2952:
2853:
2808:
2799:
2716:
2682:
2632:
2560:
2551:
2488:
2420:
2382:
2321:
2310:
2213:
2204:
2112:
2105:
2058:Decline and modernization
1980:
1806:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
1622:10.1515/9780691205380-003
1092:and some towns along the
699:. With the leadership of
447:. In 1480 an invasion of
2586:Six Divisions of Cavalry
2122:Foreign Affairs Ministry
1261:, a lasting presence in
1189:Suleiman the Magnificent
1084:Sultan Bayezid attacked
865:. In 1476, Mehmed won a
607:After the annexation of
482:war, most significantly
431:, and in 1475 conquered
343:Suleiman the Magnificent
2579:Agha of the Janissaries
2226:List of Ottoman sultans
1825:Hathaway, Jane (2008).
1596:Ăgoston, GĂĄbor (2021).
905:Albanian Principalities
869:against Stephen at the
624:with the annexation of
2781:Science and technology
2231:Roman succession claim
1316:
1145:which established its
893:Skanderbeg's rebellion
769:
758:
750:
749:Miniature of Mehmed II
568:and briefly occupying
384:
376:
330:
230:2nd Constitutional Era
204:1st Constitutional Era
87:Fall of Constantinople
2654:Dragoman of the Fleet
2369:Dragoman of the Porte
2159:Armenian Constitution
2046:Stagnation and reform
1313:First Siege of Vienna
1311:
975:1481â1512: Bayezid II
879:Castle of TĂąrgu NeamÈ
764:
756:
748:
697:White Sheep Turcomans
592:in 1534 and annexing
382:
374:
2374:Outer Palace Service
2290:Inner Palace Service
1924:Ćahin, Kaya (2013).
1750:Svandze, pp. 193-94.
1680:. pp. 224â240.
1465:Ćahin, Kaya (2013).
1265:, and some forts in
1158:Mediterranean Region
1149:alongside the other
1007:improve this section
948:was the troublesome
941:Battle of Mokra 1445
871:Battle of Valea AlbÄ
645:1451â1481: Mehmed II
2569:Classic period army
2410:Chamber of Deputies
2385:Imperial Government
1768:Scherberger, p. 60.
1356:Francis I of France
1354:, but in 1536 King
1197:Louis II of Hungary
1162:Battle of Chaldiran
1135:Ottoman naval fleet
929:Siege of Krujë 1450
721:Battle of Otlukbeli
705:Empire of Trebizond
670:Empire of Trebizond
517:, conquering first
507:Battle of Chaldiran
439:, establishing the
2196:Translation Office
2080:2nd Constitutional
2068:1st Constitutional
2022:Sultanate of Women
1317:
1172:. He defeated the
1154:maritime republics
1139:Republic of Venice
1125:During his reign,
1121:1512â1520: Selim I
955:Mehmed II invaded
945:Battle of Albulena
917:Battle of Torvioll
887:, a member of the
770:
759:
757:Sword of Mehmed II
751:
728:Despotate of Morea
709:Republic of Venice
556:, before invading
385:
377:
110:Sultanate of Women
3082:
3081:
3049:
3048:
3041:Star and crescent
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2547:
2546:
2484:
2483:
2236:Ottoman Caliphate
2117:Foreign relations
1935:978-1-107-03442-6
1860:978-1-1370-1406-1
1836:978-0-582-41899-8
1817:978-0-465-02396-7
1798:978-0-521-72730-3
1662:Lane, Frederic C.
1539:. pp. 541â7.
1524:. pp. 511â3.
1494:. pp. 364â8.
1476:978-1-107-03442-6
1360:Battle of Preveza
1329:Portuguese Empire
1043:
1042:
1035:
921:Battle of Otonetë
889:Albanian nobility
855:Stephen the Great
805:Stephen TomaĆĄeviÄ
786:Siege of Belgrade
766:Siege of Belgrade
678:Anatolian Beyliks
640:Political history
437:Crimean Peninsula
319:
318:
249:(1918–1922)
241:(1914–1918)
233:(1908–1920)
223:(1908–1922)
207:(1876–1878)
199:(1839–1876)
181:(1789–1908)
165:(1718–1730)
155:(1703–1789)
139:(1656–1703)
129:(1566–1703)
113:(1533–1656)
103:(1453–1566)
82:(1402–1413)
67:(1299–1453)
3112:
2813:Social structure
2806:
2805:
2659:Imperial Arsenal
2558:
2557:
2392:
2331:
2329:(classic period)
2324:Imperial Council
2319:
2318:
2211:
2210:
2110:
2109:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1920:
1883:
1864:
1840:
1821:
1802:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1593:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1553:. Archived from
1547:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1509:. pp. 82â4.
1502:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1462:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1201:Battle of MohĂĄcs
1174:Mamluk Sultanate
1166:eastern Anatolia
1038:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1018:
987:
979:
950:Siege of Shkodra
925:Battle of Oranik
863:Battle of Vaslui
816:Vlad III Dracula
686:Battle of Ankara
566:Battle of MohĂĄcs
515:Mamluk Sultanate
311:
304:
297:
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
224:
208:
200:
192:
182:
166:
156:
140:
130:
114:
104:
83:
68:
49:
19:
18:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3045:
3009:
2981:
2948:
2849:
2838:Ottoman Turkish
2795:
2704:
2678:
2628:
2623:Modernized army
2607:Sekban-i Djedid
2543:
2480:
2435:Shaykh al-IslÄm
2416:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2306:
2221:Ottoman dynasty
2200:
2101:
1976:
1971:
1936:
1917:
1901:
1886:Mikhail, Alan.
1880:
1861:
1837:
1818:
1810:. Basic Books.
1799:
1783:
1778:
1776:Further reading
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1688:
1659:
1655:
1632:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1323:, and held the
1303:Barbary pirates
1271:Peace of Amasya
1245:and modern-day
1223:" (present-day
1186:
1123:
1111:
1039:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1004:
988:
977:
937:Battle of Ohrid
933:Battle of Polog
909:League of Lezhë
867:pyrrhic victory
836:Radu cel Frumos
797:Bosnian kingdom
713:Karamanid tribe
674:Crimean Khanate
647:
642:
441:Crimean Khanate
407:in 1454â5, the
369:
315:
270:
269:
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
225:
222:
212:
211:
206:
198:
190:
183:
180:
170:
169:
164:
157:
154:
144:
143:
138:
131:
128:
118:
117:
112:
105:
102:
92:
91:
81:
74:Beylik of Osman
69:
66:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Nizam-i Djedid
2593:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2564:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2527:
2525:Mutasarrifates
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2396:
2394:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Reis ĂŒl-KĂŒttab
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2300:Palace Schools
2297:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2248:Imperial Harem
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2217:
2215:
2214:House of Osman
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2034:Decline thesis
2029:Transformation
2026:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:Constantinople
2007:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:Ottoman Empire
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1921:
1915:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1865:
1859:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1733:
1720:
1701:
1686:
1653:
1640:j.ctv1b3qqdc.8
1630:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1542:
1527:
1512:
1497:
1482:
1475:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1283:Barbary States
1239:Safavid Empire
1185:
1182:
1122:
1119:
1107:Main article:
1041:
1040:
1023:September 2016
991:
989:
982:
976:
973:
903:), united the
897:Gjon Kastrioti
807:and his uncle
774:Eastern Europe
676:. Uniting the
661:states called
646:
643:
641:
638:
496:Safavid Empire
368:
365:
351:Ottoman Empire
335:Ottoman Empire
317:
316:
314:
313:
306:
299:
291:
288:
287:
276:Historiography
272:
271:
268:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
226:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
201:
193:
188:Nizam-i Djedid
184:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
158:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
132:
126:Transformation
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
106:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
76:
70:
62:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
42:
41:
39:Ottoman Empire
30:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3117:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Ottoman court
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Naval battles
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:Kapudan Pasha
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2597:Reform period
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Haseki sultan
2256:
2254:
2253:Valide sultan
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:United States
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:Classical Age
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Osman's Dream
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1916:975-428-052-5
1912:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1879:0-521-57456-0
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1687:9780801814600
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1631:9780691205380
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1580:
1571:
1557:on 2009-06-24
1556:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:Royal Hungary
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:and northern
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:thalassocracy
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1037:
1034:
1026:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:This section
990:
986:
981:
980:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
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3071:
3066:Bibliography
3064:
3057:
3026:Coat of arms
3000:Christianity
2954:Demographics
2937:of Armenians
2878:Illumination
2863:Architecture
2744:Central bank
2695:Conscription
2621:
2612:Mansure Army
2595:
2567:
2474:Hakham Bashi
2442:Christianity
2389:
2339:Grand Vizier
2328:
2180:Civil codes
2154:Constitution
2016:
2000:Ghaza thesis
1925:
1906:
1887:
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1845:Imber, Colin
1826:
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1723:
1712:
1709:Alan Mikhail
1704:
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1559:. Retrieved
1555:the original
1545:
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1500:
1491:
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1466:
1460:
1379:Andrea Doria
1368:
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1345:Spanish navy
1341:Khair ad Din
1325:Persian Gulf
1318:
1287:Tripolitania
1280:
1275:
1263:Van Province
1233:
1213:vassal state
1209:Transylvania
1205:Great Alföld
1187:
1130:
1124:
1112:
1090:Peloponnesos
1083:
1044:
1029:
1020:
1005:Please help
993:
954:
883:
852:
848:his overlord
832:night attack
813:
794:
782:John Hunyadi
771:
725:
694:
648:
606:
598:North Africa
586:Safavid Iran
574:John ZĂĄpolya
543:
500:
457:
445:vassal state
386:
356:Pax Ottomana
354:
322:
320:
246:Partitioning
196:Tanzimat Era
99:
2893:Shadow play
2739:Agriculture
2732:Reformation
2728:Enlargement
2574:Janissaries
2283:Kizlar Agha
2268:Hanımefendi
2263:Kadınefendi
2075:Dissolution
2005:Interregnum
1217:Ferdinand I
1143:naval power
1129:(so called
1100:under Shah
1049:, who took
732:Peloponnese
552:(1521) and
527:Middle East
478:during the
411:in 1458â9,
409:Peloponnese
238:World War I
220:Dissolution
136:KöprĂŒlĂŒ Era
79:Interregnum
3089:Categories
2910:Literature
2823:Ottomanism
2518:Sanjakbeys
2501:Beylerbeys
2489:Provincial
2206:Government
2169:Family law
1894:on Selim I
1648:2020046920
1561:2012-07-03
1452:References
1434:Suleiman I
1410:Bayezid II
1339:. In 1533
1259:Azerbaijan
1047:Cem Sultan
969:Bayezid II
885:Skanderbeg
776:as far as
717:Uzun Hasan
701:Uzun Hasan
546:Suleiman I
460:Bayezid II
429:Karamanids
331:Klasik ĂaÄ
152:Old Regime
2962:Armenians
2927:Education
2883:Miniature
2833:Languages
2818:Devshirme
2791:Transport
2591:Timariots
2457:Bulgarian
2349:Kazaskers
2311:Central (
2295:Kapi Agha
2164:Electoral
2090:Abolition
2085:Partition
1674:Baltimore
1606:Princeton
1398:Mehmed II
1370:beylerbey
1160:. At the
1156:upon the
1059:YeniĆehir
994:does not
828:Wallachia
820:Wallachia
799:, Mehmed
740:Byzantine
682:Bayezid I
578:Habsburgs
521:and then
480:1499â1503
413:Trebizond
393:Mehmed II
367:Territory
361:Mehmed II
337:from the
162:Tulip Era
3073:Category
2987:Religion
2900:Clothing
2786:Taxation
2749:Currency
2690:Aviation
2664:Admirals
2617:Hamidieh
2553:Military
2534:Kadiluks
2508:Vilayets
2462:Armenian
2400:Assembly
2137:Treaties
2106:Politics
2063:Tanzimat
1847:(2009).
1664:(1973).
1440:See also
1276:taburru,
1225:Slovakia
1193:Damascus
1180:caliph.
1102:Ismail I
1098:Persians
1094:Adriatic
1067:Mameluks
859:Moldavia
778:Belgrade
736:Anatolia
707:and the
665:and the
655:Anatolia
634:Djibouti
614:TemeĆvar
562:Louis II
550:Belgrade
472:Akkerman
464:Moldavia
401:Anatolia
55:Timeline
25:a series
23:Part of
3059:Outline
3014:Symbols
3005:Judaism
2932:Schools
2905:Cuisine
2868:Mosques
2855:Culture
2845:Slavery
2801:Society
2764:Sultani
2725:By era
2718:Economy
2700:Weapons
2513:Sanjaks
2496:Eyalets
2469:Judaism
2422:Millets
2359:NiĆancı
2344:Viziers
2189:Halakha
2184:Mecelle
2127:Safavid
2039:KöprĂŒlĂŒ
1982:History
1892:excerpt
1890:(2020)
1781:Surveys
1717:excerpt
1715:(2020)
1422:Selim I
1385:Gallery
1331:in the
1321:Red Sea
1315:in 1529
1295:Algeria
1291:Tunisia
1267:Georgia
1251:Baghdad
1236:Shi'ite
1229:Croatia
1199:at the
1178:Abbasid
1151:Italian
1127:Selim I
1015:removed
1000:sources
875:Suceava
861:at the
824:Corinth
809:Radivoj
784:at the
730:in the
663:Beyliks
659:Turkish
630:Eritrea
626:Massawa
622:Red Sea
618:Tripoli
590:Baghdad
564:in the
558:Hungary
503:Selim I
492:Durazzo
476:Albania
449:Otranto
435:on the
397:Balkans
327:Turkish
284:Decline
34:History
3036:Tughra
3021:Anthem
2967:Greeks
2920:Poetry
2405:Senate
2174:DĂŒstur
1932:
1913:
1876:
1857:
1833:
1814:
1795:
1696:617914
1694:
1684:
1646:
1638:
1628:
1610:Oxford
1473:
1375:Dragut
1365:Naples
1299:piracy
1255:Tabriz
1243:Persia
1241:ruled
1115:Crimea
1086:Venice
1079:Rhodes
1071:Ankara
1051:Inegöl
840:boyars
690:Europe
554:Rhodes
539:Arabic
535:Medina
511:Tabriz
490:, and
421:Greece
417:Bosnia
405:Serbia
347:sultan
265:(1924)
257:(1922)
36:of the
27:on the
2995:Islam
2977:Women
2944:Media
2915:Prose
2888:Music
2769:KuruĆ
2683:Other
2674:Ships
2530:Kazas
2452:Ullah
2430:Islam
2313:Porte
2051:Tulip
1636:JSTOR
1352:Tunis
1131:Yavuz
1075:Konya
1063:Cairo
1055:Bursa
957:Italy
913:Krujë
667:Greek
602:Yemen
531:Mecca
523:Egypt
519:Syria
488:Koron
484:Modon
468:Kilia
453:Italy
443:as a
433:Kaffa
280:Ghaza
3031:Flag
2972:Jews
2874:Art
2774:Lira
2759:Para
2754:Akçe
2647:List
2634:Navy
2561:Army
2142:Wars
1995:Rise
1930:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1741:192.
1692:OCLC
1682:ISBN
1644:LCCN
1626:ISBN
1608:and
1471:ISBN
1377:and
1337:Aden
1293:and
1257:and
1247:Iraq
1234:The
1211:, a
1170:Iraq
1141:, a
1073:and
1053:and
998:any
996:cite
961:Rome
649:The
632:and
609:Buda
594:Iraq
582:Buda
570:Buda
533:and
470:and
399:and
321:The
64:Rise
2447:RĆ«m
2149:Law
1618:doi
1285:of
1009:by
857:of
844:Bey
818:of
451:in
391:by
3091::
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1642:.
1634:.
1624:.
1612::
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1600:.
1588:^
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971:.
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