1741:. Estimates of army sizes vary, with the Ottomans having greater numbers (27,000–40,000) than the Orthodox army (12,000–30,000). The battle resulted in a draw. Both armies were mostly wiped out. Both Lazar and Murad lost their lives. Although the Ottomans managed to annihilate the Serbian army, they also suffered high casualties which delayed their progress. The Serbs were left with too few men to effectively defend their lands, while the Turks had many more troops in the east. Consequently, one after the other, the Serbian principalities that were not already Ottoman vassals became so in the following years. The Battle of Kosovo is particularly important to modern Serbian history, tradition, and national identity. Lazar's young and weak successor
156:
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recovered from the sack of 1204, and suffering from
Byzantium's two centuries of near poverty, Constantinople by the time of Mehmed's conquest was but a hollow shell of its former self. Its population had dwindled, and much property was either abandoned or in a state of disrepair. The sultan immediately began to repopulate the city. Civic and private properties were offered to the public to entice much-needed skilled artisans, craftsmen, and traders of all religions and ethnicities back to the city. Newly conquered Constantinople rapidly grew into a multiethnic, multicultured, and bustling economic, political, and cultural center for the Ottoman state, whose distant frontiers guaranteed it peace, security, and prosperity.
2814:
remained in
Christian hands, his enemies could use it as either a potential base for splitting the empire at its center or as an excuse for the Christian West's continued military efforts. Constantinople's location also made it the natural "middleman" center for both land and sea trade between the eastern Mediterranean and central Asia, possession of which would ensure immense wealth. Just as important, Constantinople was a fabled imperial city, and its capture and possession would bestow untold prestige on its conqueror, who would be seen by Muslims as a hero and by Muslims and Christians alike as a great and powerful emperor.
1706:
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2576:. The remaining troops in Wallachia were crushed by the Hungarian army that was now moving south into Bulgaria where the Serbian and Ottoman armies battled each other. The Serbs were defeated and the Ottomans turned to face the Hungarians who fled back into Wallachia when they realized they were unable to attack the Ottomans from the back. Murad fortified his borders against Serbia and Hungary but did not try to retake Wallachia. Instead, he sent his armies to Anatolia where they defeated Karaman in 1428.
977:), meant to provide advice and guidance to the ruler with regard to statecraft. Thus rather than providing a factual account of the dynasty's history, Ahmedi's goal was to indirectly criticize the sultan by depicting his ancestors as model rulers, in contrast to the perceived deviance of Bayezid. Specifically, Ahmedi took issue with Bayezid's military campaigns against fellow Muslims in Anatolia, and thus depicted his ancestors as totally devoted to holy war against the Christian states of the Balkans.
1461:, bringing him into direct contact with Bulgaria and the southeastern Serbian lands ruled by Uglješa. Uglješa, the most powerful Serb regional ruler, unsuccessfully attempted to forge an anti-Ottoman alliance of Balkan states in 1371. Byzantium, vulnerable to the Turks because of its food supply situation, refused to cooperate. Bulgaria, following Ivan Aleksandar's death early that year, lay officially divided into the "Empire" of Vidin, ruled by Stratsimir (1370–96), and Aleksandar's direct successor
2074:
521:, and very little survives from the rest of the century. The Ottomans, furthermore, did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century, more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe. It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles, so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible, describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a "black hole".
3169:
1974:
542:
1273:, kept open by the Italian maritime powers of Venice and Genoa. The weakened Byzantine Empire no longer possessed the resources to defeat Murad on its own. Concerted action on the part of the Byzantines, often divided by civil war, was impossible. The survival of Constantinople itself depended on its legendary defensive walls, the lack of an Ottoman navy, and the willingness of Murad to honor provisions in the 1356 treaty, which permitted the city to be provisioned.
6431:
3015:
716:
Ottoman rulers were either non-Muslims or recent converts. The idea of holy war existed during the fourteenth century, but it was only one of many factors influencing
Ottoman behavior. It was only later, in the fifteenth century, that Ottoman writers retroactively began to portray the early Ottomans as zealous Islamic warriors, in order to provide a noble origin for their dynasty which, by then, had constructed an intercontinental Islamic empire.
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2717:
2447:
2229:
2113:
2013:
1913:
1759:
1491:
1397:
1167:
32:
866:, cavalrymen who collected revenue from the land in exchange for serving in the Ottoman army. Timariots came from diverse backgrounds. Some achieved their position as a reward for military service, while others were descended from the Byzantine aristocracy and simply continued to collect revenue from their old lands, now serving in the Ottoman army as well. Of the latter, many were converts to Islam, while others remained Christian.
991:
1613:(1371-89), with the support of powerful Bulgarian and Montenegrin nobles and the backing of the Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Pec, to consolidate control over much of the core Serbian lands. Most of the Serb regional rulers in Macedonia, including Marko, accepted vassalage under Murad to preserve their positions, and many of them led Serb forces in the sultan's army operating in Anatolia against his Turkish rivals.
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European shore to prevent succor arriving from the Black Sea; and he meticulously concentrated in Thrace every available military unit in his lands. A trade agreement with Venice prevented the
Venetians from intervening on behalf of the Byzantines, and the rest of Western Europe unwittingly cooperated with Mehmed's plans by being totally absorbed in internecine wars and political rivalries.
2362:. Bedreddin preached such concepts as merging Islam, Christianity, and Judaism into a single faith and the social betterment of free peasants and nomads at the expense of the Ottoman bureaucratic and professional classes. Mehmed crushed the revolt and Bedreddin died. Mircea then occupied Dobruja, but Mehmed wrested the region back in 1419, capturing the Danubian fort of Giurgiu and forcing
1578:
superior tactics (night raid on the allied camp), Şâhin Paşa was able to defeat the
Christian army and kill King Vukašin and despot Uglješa. Macedonia and parts of Greece fell under Ottoman power after this battle. Both Uglješa and Vukašin perished in the carnage. So overwhelming was the Ottoman victory that the Turks referred to the battle as the Rout (or Destruction) of the Serbs.
1249:, Murad signaled his intentions to continue Ottoman expansion in Southeast Europe. Before the conquest of Edirne, most Christian Europeans regarded the Ottoman presence in Thrace as merely the latest unpleasant episode in a long string of chaotic events in the Balkans. After Murad I designated Edirne as his capital, they realized that the Ottomans intended to remain in Europe.
1076:(Prusa) was conquered in 1326 and the rest of the region's towns fell shortly thereafter. Already by 1324, the Ottomans were making use of Seljuk bureaucratic practices, and had developed the capacity to mint coins and utilize siege tactics. It was under Orhan that the Ottomans began to attract Islamic scholars from the east to act as administrators and judges, and the first
1605:
vassal status under Murad and sent his sister as the sultan's "wife" to the harem at Edirne. The arrangement did not prevent
Ottoman raiders from continuing to plunder inside Shishman's borders. As for Byzantium, Emperor John V definitively accepted Ottoman vassalage soon after the battle, opening the door to Murad's direct interference in Byzantine domestic politics.
707:. Wittek's formulation, subsequently known as the "Gaza Thesis," was influential for much of the twentieth century, and led historians to portray the early Ottomans as zealous religious warriors dedicated to the spread of Islam. Beginning in the 1980s, historians increasingly criticized Wittek's thesis. Scholars now recognize that the terms
2966:, for a millennium considered by many Europeans the divinely ordained capital of the Christian Roman Empire, fell to Mehmed and was transformed into what many Muslims considered the divinely ordained capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. The fabled city's imperial legacy lived on. After the conquest, the sultan had his grand vizier
658:. The emergence of Osman as a leader is marked by him issuing coins in his name, unlike his predecessors in the last two centuries who issued coins in the name of the Illkhanates. Osman's principality was initially supported by the tribal manpower of nomadic Turkish groups, whom he led in raids against the
1675:
When
Anatolian affairs forced Murad to leave the Balkans in 1387, his Serbian and Bulgarian vassals attempted to sever their ties to him. Lazar formed a coalition with Tvrtko I of Bosnia and Stratsimir of Vidin. After he refused an Ottoman demand that he live up to his vassal obligations, troops were
715:
did not have strictly religious connotations for the early
Ottomans, and were often used in a secular sense to simply refer to raids. Additionally, the early Ottomans were neither strict orthodox Muslims nor were they unwilling to cooperate with non-Muslims, and several of the companions of the first
4066:
Reliable information regarding Osman is scarce. His birth date is unknown and his symbolic significance as the father of the dynasty has encouraged the development of mythic tales regarding the ruler's life and origins, however, historians agree that before 1300, Osman was simply one among a number
3576:
The
Ottoman historical tradition maintains, with some exceptions, that the tribe that later represented the core of Osman's earliest base of power came to Asia Minor in his grandfather's generation in the wake of the Chingisid conquest in central Asia. This makes chronological and historical sense,
2957:
was severely injured coupled with
Ottoman troops breaching the walls through a sally port door left open, the Ottoman troops were able to breach the walls and rout the defenders. According to Christian sources, Emperor Constantine died bravely rushing into the oncoming Ottoman troops not to be seen
2691:
At 1448, John Hunyadi saw the right moment to lead a campaign against the Ottoman Empire. After the Defeat of Varna (1444), he raised another army to attack the Ottomans. His strategy based on possible revolt of Balkan people and the surprise attack, also the assumption to destroy the main force of
2210:
Concerned over the growing independence of his Balkan Christian vassals, Musa turned on them. Unfortunately, he alienated the Islamic bureaucratic and commercial classes in his Balkan lands by continually favoring the lower social elements to gain wide popular support. Alarmed, the Balkan Christian
1671:
Murad captured Niš in 1386, perhaps forcing Lazar of Serbia to accept Ottoman vassalage soon afterward. While he pushed deeper into the north—central Balkans, Murad also had forces moving west along the ‘’Via Ingatia’’ into Macedonia, forcing vassal status on regional rulers who until that time had
1004:
Osman's origins are extremely obscure, and almost nothing is known about his career before the beginning of the fourteenth century. The date of 1299 is frequently given as the beginning of his reign, however this date does not correspond with any historical event, and is purely symbolic. By 1300 he
951:
By the early fifteenth century, the Ottoman court was actively fostering literary output, much of it borrowing from the longstanding literary tradition of other Islamic courts further east. The first extant account of Ottoman history ever written was produced by the poet Ahmedi, originally meant to
596:
Political authority in western Anatolia was thus extremely fragmented by the end of the thirteenth century, split between locally established rulers, tribal groups, holy figures, and warlords, with Byzantine and Seljuk authority ever present but rapidly weakening. The fragmentation of authority has
1839:
Bayezid, "the Thunderbolt", lost little time in expanding Ottoman Balkan conquests. He followed up on his victory by raiding throughout Serbia and southern Albania, forcing most of the local princes into vassalage. Both to secure the southern stretch of the Vardar-Morava highway and to establish a
1604:
In the aftermath of the Ormenion battle, Ottoman raids into Serbia and Bulgaria intensified. The enormity of the victory and the incessant raids into his lands convinced Turnovo Bulgarian Tsar Shishman of the necessity for coming to terms with the Ottomans. By 1376 at the latest, Shishman accepted
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in 1301 or 1302. Osman's military activity was largely limited to raiding because, by the time of his death, in 1323-4, the Ottomans had not yet developed effective techniques for siege warfare. Although he is famous for his raids against the Byzantines, Osman also had many military confrontations
737:
During this early period, before the Ottomans were able to establish a centralized system of government in the middle of the fifteenth century, the rulers' powers were "far more circumscribed, and depended heavily upon coalitions of support and alliances reached" among various power-holders within
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In recent times, the word ghaza has been understood in the West as meaning "Holy War against the infidels" and as referring to religiously inspired military actions taken by the early Ottomans against their Christian neighbors. Despite being commonly used in this way, however, the meaning of this
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That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an
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Older and a good deal wiser, he made capturing Constantinople his first priority, believing that it would solidify his power over the high military and administrative officials who had caused him such problems during his earlier reign. Good reasons underlay his decision. So long as Constantinople
2517:). The Ottoman army that laid siege to the city knew nothing of the transfer of power, and a number of Venetian soldiers were killed by Ottoman troops, believing them to be Greeks. Murad II had been on peaceful terms with Venice, so the Venetians deemed the act unacceptable and declared full war.
2202:
was returned, and with Venice in 1403 to bolster his position. Suleyman's imperious character, however, turned his Balkan vassals against him. In 1410 he was defeated and killed by his brother Musa, who won the Ottoman Balkans with the support of Byzantine Emperor Manuel II, Serbian Despot Stefan
1577:
and the Serbs numbering some 70,000 men under the command of the Serbian king of Prilep Vukašin Mrnjavčević and his brother despot Uglješa. Despot Uglješa wanted to make a surprise attack in their capital city, Edirne, while Murad I was in Asia Minor. The Ottoman army was much smaller, but due to
1033:
Osman was adept at forging political and commercial relationships with nearby groups, Muslim as well as Christian. Early on, he attracted several notable figures to his side, including Köse Mihal, a Byzantine village headman whose descendants (known as the Mihaloğulları) enjoyed primacy among the
777:
The early Ottomans were noteworthy for the low tax rates which they imposed on their subjects. This reflected both an ideological concern for the well-being of their subjects, and also a pragmatic need to earn the loyalty of newly conquered populations. In the fifteenth century, the Ottoman state
1984:
In 1396 Hungarian King Sigismund finally pulled together a crusade against the Ottomans. The crusader army was composed primarily of Hungarian and French knights, but included some Wallachian troops. Though nominally led by Sigismund, it lacked command cohesion. The crusaders crossed the Danube,
1690:
Murad returned from Anatolia in 1388 and launched a lightning campaign against the Bulgarian rulers Shishman and Sratsimir, who swiftly were forced into vassal submission. He then demanded that Lazar proclaim his vassalage and pay tribute. Confident because of the victory at Plocnik, the Serbian
1992:
Following Nikopol, Bayezid contented himself with raiding Hungary, Wallachia, and Bosnia. He conquered most of Albania and forced the remaining northern Albanian lords into vassalage. A new, halfhearted siege of Constantinople was undertaken but lifted in 1397 after Emperor Manuel II, Bayezid's
1127:
was overrun by Ottoman forces within a decade and was permanently brought under Orhan's control by means of heavy colonization. The initial Thracian conquests placed the Ottomans strategically astride all of the major overland communication routes linking Constantinople to the Balkan frontiers,
728:
after 1347. Urban centers and settled regions were devastated, while nomadic groups suffered less of an impact. The first Ottoman incursions into the Balkans began shortly thereafter. Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman
2520:
Murad acted swiftly, besieging Constantinople and sending his armies to Salonika. The Venetians had gained reinforcements by sea but, when the Ottomans stormed the city, the outcome was forgone and the Venetians fled to their ships. But when the Turks entered and began plundering the city, the
2099:, in 1402. The Ottomans were routed and Bayezid was taken prisoner, later dying in captivity. A civil war, lasting from 1402 to 1413, broke out among Bayezid's surviving sons. Known in Ottoman history as the Interregnum, that struggle temporarily halted active Ottoman expansion in the Balkans.
1869:
Having dealt harshly and effectively with his disloyal Bulgarian vassals, Bayezid then turned his attention south to Thessaly and the Morea, whose Greek lords had accepted Ottoman vassalage in the 1380s. Their incessant bickering among themselves, especially those of the Greek Morean magnates,
528:
has emphasized the importance of religious zeal—expressed through jihad—as a primary motivation for the conquests of the Ottomans: “The ideal of gaza, holy war, was an important factor in the foundation and development of the Ottoman state. Society in the frontier principalities conformed to a
2817:
Mehmed spent two years preparing for his attempt on the Byzantine capital. He built a navy to cut the city off from outside help by sea; he purchased an arsenal of large cannons from the Hungarian gunsmith Urban; he sealed the Bosphorus north of the city by erecting a powerful fortress on its
2211:
vassal rulers turned to Mehmed, as did the chief Ottoman military, religious, and commercial leaders. In 1412 Mehmed invaded the Balkans, took Sofia and Nis, and joined forces with Lazarevicys Serbs. In the following year, Mehmed decisively defeated Musa outside of Sofia. Musa was killed, and
3132:
for the first time since 751. Justinian's cathedral of Hagia Sophia was converted into an imperial mosque, as eventually were numerous other churches and monasteries. The rights of non-Muslim inhabitants were protected to ensure continuity and stability for commercial activities. Never fully
605:. The power of these groups was largely dependent upon their ability to attract military manpower. Western Anatolia was then a hotbed of raiding activity, with warriors switching allegiance at will to whichever chief seemed most able to provide them with opportunities for plunder and glory.
1989:. Because Sratsimir had permitted the crusaders to pass through Vidin, Bayezid invaded his lands, took him prisoner, and annexed his territories. With Vidin's fall, Bulgaria ceased to exist, becoming the first major Balkan Christian state to disappear completely by direct Ottoman conquest.
662:
territories of the region. This Ottoman tribe was based not on blood-ties, but on political expedience. Thus it was inclusive of all who wished to join, including people of Byzantine origin. The Ottoman enterprise came to be led by several great warrior families, including the family of
2579:
In 1430 a large Ottoman fleet attacked Salonika by surprise. The Venetians signed a peace treaty in 1432. The treaty gave the Ottomans the city of Salonika and the surrounding land. The war by Serbia and Hungary against the Ottoman Empire had come to a standstill in 1441, when the
1034:
frontier warriors in Ottoman service. Köse Mihal was noteworthy for having been a Christian Greek; while he eventually converted to Islam, his prominent historical role indicates Osman's willingness to cooperate with non-Muslims and to incorporate them in his political enterprise.
1890:
While Bayezid was occupied in Greece, Mircea of Wallachia conducted a series of raids across the Danube into Ottoman territory. In retaliation, Bayezid's forces, which included Serb vassal troops led by Lazarevic and Kralj Marko, struck into Wallachia in 1395 but were defeated at
573:
dynasty in 1261, which shifted Byzantine attention away from the Anatolian frontier. Mongol pressure pushed nomadic Turkish tribes to migrate westward, into the now poorly-defended Byzantine territory. For the next two centuries, Anatolian Beyliks were under the suzerainty of the
1280:
was expanding and prosperous. However, at the end of his rule, the Bulgarian Tsar made the fatal mistake to divide the Second Bulgarian Empire into three appanages held by his sons. Bulgaria's cohesion was shattered further in the 1350s by a rivalry between the holder of
2089:
Bayezid took with him an army composed primarily of Balkan vassal troops, including Serbs led by Lazarevic. He soon faced an invasion of Anatolia by the Central Asian ruler Timur Lenk. Around 1400, Timur entered the Middle East. Timur Lenk pillaged a few villages in
1317:. Although the Hungarians were repulsed and Ivan Sratsimir restored to his throne, Bulgaria emerged more intensely divided. Ivan Sratsimir proclaimed himself tsar of an "Empire" of Vidin in 1370, and Dobrotitsa received de facto recognition as independent despot in
2949:'s (1448–53) authority, put up a heroic defense, without the benefit of outside aid their efforts were doomed. The formerly impregnable land walls were breached after two months of constant pounding by Mehmed's heavy artillery. In the predawn hours of 29 May 1453,
2193:
brought a brief period of semi-independence to the vassal Christian Balkan states. Suleyman, one of the late sultan's sons, held the Ottoman capital at Edirne and proclaimed himself ruler, but his brothers refused to recognize him. He then concluded alliances with
905:
Osman's army at the beginning of the fourteenth century consisted largely of mounted warriors. These he used in raids, ambushes, and hit-and-run attacks, allowing him to control the countryside of Bithynia. However, he initially lacked the means to conduct sieges.
934:
The Ottomans began employing gunpowder weapons in the 1380s at the latest. By the 1420s they were regularly using cannons in siege warfare. Cannons were also used for fortress defense, and shore batteries allowed the Ottomans to bypass a Crusader blockade of the
1376:
in Macedonia. Far from preserving Serb unity, Uroš's loosely amalgamated domains were wracked by constant civil war among the regional nobles, leaving Serbia vulnerable to the rising Ottoman threat. Murad I did rise to the power of the Ottoman Empire in 1362.
781:
An important factor in Ottoman success was their ability to preserve the empire across generations. Other Turkic groups frequently divided their realms between the sons of a deceased ruler. The Ottomans consistently kept the empire united under a single heir.
495:
and vassals (Beys) to maintain control over their realm. By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state, a process which was achieved by Sultan
1608:
The Bulgarians and Serbs enjoyed a brief respite during the 1370s and into the 1380s when matters in Anatolia and increased meddling in Byzantium's political affairs kept Murad preoccupied. In Serbia, the lull permitted the northern Serb ‘’bojar’’ Prince
1309:, whose ruler Ivan Sratsimir was taken captive. Despite the concurrent loss of most Bulgarian Thracian holdings to Murad, Ivan Aleksandar became fixated on the Hungarians in Vidin. He formed a coalition against them with the Bulgarian ruler of Dobrudja
931:(raiders), they were attracted to his success and joined out of a desire to win plunder and glory. Most of Osman's early followers were Muslim Turks of tribal origin, while others were of Byzantine origin, either Christians or recent converts to Islam.
1359:, while the Hungarians encroached deeper into Serb lands in the north. Uros held only the core Serbian lands, whose nobles, although more powerful than their prince, generally remained loyal. These core lands consisted of: The western lands, including
1140:
In taking control over the passageways to Europe, the Ottomans gained a significant advantage over their rival Turkish principalities in Anatolia, as they now could gain immense prestige and wealth from conquests carried out on the Balkan frontier.
1886:
accepted Ottoman overlordship when Turkish forces appeared on its border. Although a massive Ottoman punitive raid into the Peloponnese in 1395 netted much booty, events in the Balkans’ northeast saved Morea from further direct attack at the time.
650:) as the sources, none of them contemporary, provide many different and conflicting origin stories. What is certain is that at some point in the late thirteenth century Osman emerged as the leader of a small principality centered on the town of
3426:
Almost all the traditional tales about Osman Gazi are fictitious. The best thing a modern historian can do is to admit frankly that the earliest history of the Ottomans is a black hole. Any attempt to fill this hole will result simply in more
1895:, where Marko was killed. The victory saved Wallachia from Turkish occupation, but Mircea accepted vassalage under Bayezid to avert further Ottoman intervention. The sultan took consolation for his less than victorious efforts in annexing
1264:
were frightened by Ottoman conquests in Thrace, and were ill-prepared to deal with the threat. Byzantine territory was reduced and fragmented. It consisted mostly of the capital, Constantinople and its Thracian environs, the city of
1993:
vassal, agreed that the sultan should confirm all future Byzantine emperors. Soon thereafter Bayezid was called back to Anatolia to deal with continuing problems with the Ottomans’ Turkish rivals and never returned to the Balkans.
1087:
in 1345-6, thus placing all potential crossing points to Europe in Ottoman hands. The experienced Karesi warriors were incorporated into the Ottoman military, and were a valuable asset in subsequent campaigns into the Balkans.
745:, it had a tribal organization without a complex administrative apparatus. As Ottoman territory expanded, its rulers were faced with the challenge of administering an ever-larger population. Early on, the Ottomans adopted the
1881:
When the Moreans later reneged on their Serres agreement with Bayezid, the angered Ottoman ruler blockaded the Morean despot's imperial brother Manuel II in Constantinople and then marched southward and annexed Thessaly. The
1676:
dispatched against him. Lazar and Tvrtko met the Turks and defeated them at Plocnik, west of Niš. The victory by his fellow Christian princes encouraged Shishman to shed Ottoman vassalage and reassert Bulgarian independence.
1672:
escaped that fate. One contingent reached the Albanian Adriatic coast in 1385. Another took and occupied Thessaloniki in 1387. The danger to the continued independence of the Balkan Christian states grew alarmingly apparent.
1128:
facilitating their expanded military operations. ln addition, control of the highways in Thrace isolated Byzantium from direct overland contact with any of its potential allies in the Balkans and in Western Europe. Byzantine
2177:
followed a time of total chaos in the Empire. Mongols roamed free in Anatolia and the political power of the sultan was broken. After Beyazid was captured, his remaining sons, Suleiman Çelebi, İsa Çelebi, Mehmed Çelebi, and
1132:
was forced to sign an unfavorable treaty with Orhan in 1356 that recognized his Thracian losses. For the next 50 years, the Ottomans went on to conquer vast territories in the Balkans, reaching as far north as modern-day
1041:
on the frontier. Later Ottoman writers embellished this event by depicting Osman as having experienced a dream while staying with Edebali, in which it was foretold that his descendants would rule over a vast empire.
1866:. When that town fell to Bayezid, Shishman was captured and beheaded. All his lands were annexed by the sultan, and Sratsimir, whose Vidin holdings had escaped Bayezid's wrath, was forced to reaffirm his vassalage.
2521:
Venetian fleet started bombarding the city from the sea-side. The Ottomans fled and the fleet was able to hold off the Ottomans until new Venetian reinforcements arrived to recapture the city. The outcome of the
3749:
is now thought to have been a much more fluid undertaking, sometimes referring to actions that were nothing more than raids, sometimes meaning a deliberate holy war, but most often combining a mixture of these
5479:
1371:
in Serres, encompassing all of eastern Macedonia; and the central Serbian lands, stretching from the Danube south into central Macedonia, co-ruled by Uroš and the powerful noble Vukasin Mrnjavcevic, who held
4538:
Schamiloglu, Uli (2004). "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire: The Black Death in Medieval Anatolia and its Impact on Turkish Civilization". In Yavari, Neguin; Lawrence G. Potter; Jean-Marc Ran Oppenheim (eds.).
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Schamiloglu, Uli (2004). "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire: The Black Death in Medieval Anatolia and its Impact on Turkish Civilization". In Yavari, Neguin; Lawrence G. Potter; Jean-Marc Ran Oppenheim (eds.).
3240:
A term normally meaning "a warrior who fights in the name of Islam", but which had a variety of different meanings for the early Ottomans, not all of them strictly religious. On this see the above section,
3768:
the closest comrades and fellow-fighters of the first two Ottoman rulers, Osman Ghazi (d. 1324) and Orhan I (r. 1324–62), included several Orthodox Christian Greeks and recent Christian converts to Islam.
1477:, protector of Uroš and Uglješa's brother, joined in the effort. The others either failed to recognize the Ottoman danger or refused to participate lest competitors attacked while they were in the field.
3324:
The conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 can be taken as a watershed moment for Ottoman power, ideology, and governance that is usually characterized as a transition from principality to empire.
2094:
and commenced the conflict with the Ottoman Empire. In August, 1400, Timur and his horde burned the town of Sivas to the ground and advanced into the mainland. Their armies met outside of Ankara, at the
2347:(1404–09, 1421–45), along with many Bosnian regional nobles, to accept formal Ottoman vassalage, Mehmed conducted only one actual war with the Europeans — a short and indecisive conflict with Venice.
2203:
Lazarevic, Wallachian Voievod Mircea, and the two last Bulgarian rulers’ sons. Musa then was confronted for sole control of the Ottoman throne by his younger brother Mehmed, who had freed himself of
529:
particular cultural pattern imbued with the ideal of continuous Holy War and continuous expansion of the Dar ul Islam—the realms of Islam—until they covered the whole world.” This is known as the
517:
The earlier part of this period, the fourteenth century, is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources. Not a single written document survives from the reign of
1691:
prince refused and turned to Tvrtko of Bosnia and Vuk Brankovic, his son-in-law and independent ruler of northern Macedonia and Kosovo, for aid against the certain Ottoman retaliatory offensive.
1269:
and its immediate surroundings, and the Despotate of the Morea in the Peloponnese. Contact between Constantinople and the two other regions was only feasible via a tenuous sea route through the
2350:
The new sultan had grave domestic problems. Musa's former policies sparked discontent among the Ottoman Balkans’ lower classes. In 1416 a popular revolt of Muslims and Christians broke out in
2336:
held numerous Balkan coastal possessions. Prior to Bayezid's death, Ottoman control of the Balkans appeared a certainty. At the end of the interregnum, that certainty seemed open to question.
2339:
Mehmed generally resorted to diplomacy rather than militancy in dealing with the situation. While he did conduct raiding expeditions into neighboring European lands, which returned much of
790:
The process of centralization is closely connected with an influx of Muslim scholars from Central Anatolia, where a more urban and bureaucratic Turkish civilization had developed under the
1878:(1391–1425), and Serbian Prince Lazarevic. At the meeting, Bayezid acquired possession of all disputed territories, and all of the attendees were required to reaffirm their vassal status.
1469:. Young, his hold on the throne unsteady, threatened by Stratsimir, and probably pressured by the Turks, Shishman could not afford to participate in Uglješa's scheme. Of the regional Serb
4133:
Of we know nothing with certainty until the Battle of Bapheus, Osman's triumphant confrontation with a Byzantine force in 1301 (or 1302), which is the first datable incident in his life.
1745:(1389–1427) concluded a vassal agreement with Bayezid in 1390 to counter Hungarian moves into northern Serbia, while Vuk Branković, the last independent Serb prince, held out until 1392.
770:. Much of the state's centralization was carried out in opposition to these frontier warriors, who resented Ottoman efforts to control them. Ultimately, the Ottomans managed to harness
3596:
elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it.
1832:, "the Thunderbolt") succeeded to the sultanship upon the assassination of his father Murad. In a rage over the attack, he ordered all Serbian captives killed; Beyazid became known as
1657:
Savra field battle was fought on 18 September 1385 between Ottoman and Serbian forces. The Ottomans were victorious and most of the local Serbian and Albanian lords became vassals.
2297:. His was the duty to restore the Ottoman Empire to its former glory. The Empire had suffered hard from the interregnum; the Mongols were still at large in the east, even though
1585:, and large areas of central Serbia broke away as independent principalities, reducing it to half of its former size. No future ruler ever again officially held the office of
869:
Of great symbolic importance for Ottoman centralization was the practice of Ottoman rulers to stand upon hearing martial music, indicating their willingness to participate in
511:
in 1453 is seen as the symbolic moment when the emerging Ottoman state shifted from a mere principality into an empire therefore marking a major turning point in its history.
514:
The cause of Ottoman success cannot be attributed to any single factor, and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances.
1037:
Osman I strengthened his legitimacy by marrying the daughter of Sheikh Edebali, a prominent local religious leader who was said to have been at the head of a community of
3404:
Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty
881:
discontinued this practice, indicating that the Ottoman ruler was no longer a simple frontier warrior, but the sovereign of an empire. The empire's capital shifted from
2958:
again. However, according to Ottoman sources such as Tursun Beg he threw off his mantle and attempted to flee before being cut down by an injured Ottoman soldier. The
2301:
had died in 1405; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control; and the land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war.
1985:
marched through Vidin, and arrived at Nikopol, where they met the Turks. The headstrong French knights refused to follow Sigismund's battle plans, resulting in their
1899:
and in supporting a pretender, Vlad I (1395–97), to the Wallachian throne. Two years of civil war ensued before Mircea regained complete control of the principality.
826:, who sustained Ottoman military conquests, and created lasting tensions within the state. It was also during the reign of Murad I that the office of military judge (
3608:
In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe.
1850:
By early 1393 Turnovo Bulgaria's Ivan Shishman, hoping to throw off his onerous vassalage, was in secret negotiations with Sigismund, along with Wallachian Voievod
697:, in which he put forth the argument that the early Ottoman state was constructed upon an ideology of Islamic holy war against non-Muslims. Such a war was known as
417:
5884:
3124:", or "Roman Caesar", and modelled the state after the old Byzantine Empire, thinking of himself as the successor to the Roman throne. Later, when he invaded
1593:
enjoyed enough power or respect to gain recognition as a unifying leader. Vukasin's son, Marko, survived the slaughter and proclaimed himself Serbian "king" (
6250:
5486:
4842:
910:, the first major town conquered by the Ottomans, surrendered under threat of starvation following a long blockade rather than from an assault. It was under
2522:
1840:
firm base for permanent expansion westward to the Adriatic coast, Bayezid settled large numbers of ‘’yürüks’’ along the Vardar River valley in Macedonia.
6386:
5416:
2605:
5496:
671:, which was Bulgarian. Islam and Persian culture were part of Ottoman self-identity from the start, as evidenced by a land grant issued by Osman's son
1627:
By the mid-1380s Murad's attention once again focused on the Balkans. With his Bulgarian vassal Shishman preoccupied by a war with Wallachian Voievod
5286:
1874:
in 1394 to settle these and other outstanding matters. Among the sultan's attending vassals were the Thessalian and Morean nobles, Byzantine Emperor
491:. Throughout most of this period, the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region, and relied upon the support of local warlords
155:
1328:, its rapid dissolution following his death in 1355 was dramatic. The powerful regional Serb nobles demonstrated little respect for his successor,
2369:
Mehmed spent the rest of his reign reorganizing Ottoman state structures disrupted by the interregnum. When Mehmed died in 1421, one of his sons,
4805:
4712:
1847:
of Luxemburg (1387–1437) to the danger that the Ottomans posed to his kingdom, and he sought out Balkan allies for a new anti-Ottoman coalition.
286:
897:. This was seen, both symbolically and practically, as the moment of the empire's definitive shift from a frontier principality into an empire.
5899:
2433:
in 1423, which ended Murad's siege of Constantinople. Thessalonica continued to be under siege until 1430, with the Turkish sack of the city.
6485:
2902:
to double the tribute for holding an Ottoman pretender for the throne, he used the request as a pretext for annulling all treaties with the
5976:
5528:
4869:
1581:
What little unity Serbia possessed collapsed after the catastrophe at Ormenion (Chernomen). Uroš died before the year was out, ending the
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2738:
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2134:
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1934:
1780:
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49:
1601:, in central Macedonia. Serbia slipped into accelerated fragmentation and internecine warfare among the proliferating regional princes.
5421:
4879:
68:
5719:
5216:
4889:
836:) and the rest of society. Murad I also instituted the practice of appointing specific frontier warriors as "Lords of the Frontier" (
312:
1858:'s Ivan Sratsimir. Bayezid got wind of the talks and launched a devastating campaign against Shishman. Turnovo was captured after a
5684:
4953:
3577:
but otherwise the details of their story, including the identity of the grandfather, are too mythological to be taken for granted.
2612:
to Hungary and gave western Bulgaria (including Sofia) to Serbia. It forced Murad to abdicate in favor of his twelve-year-old son
75:
5025:
4864:
2798:, the Conqueror) again came to the Ottoman throne following Murad's death in 1451. But by conquering and annexing the emirate of
862:. These surveys enabled the Ottoman state to organize the distribution of agricultural taxation rights to the military class of
561:
in the central plateau. Equilibrium between them was disrupted by the Mongol invasion and conquest of the Seljuks following the
5768:
5560:
5548:
5465:
5147:
5020:
4884:
403:
133:
2810:
proved his skills both on the military and the political front and was soon accepted by the noble class of the Ottoman court.
1005:
had become the leader of a group of Turkish pastoral tribes, through which he ruled over a small territory around the town of
5854:
5679:
4973:
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encouraged other Christian states to join the war against the Ottomans, though only Austria ever sent troops to the Balkans.
2508:
729:
expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.
82:
5157:
5132:
5101:
4776:
832:) was created, indicating an increasing level of social stratification between the emerging military-administrative class (
384:
234:
6465:
6310:
6285:
6225:
4943:
4764:
4705:
4284:"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance."
3995:Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800".
2426:
1325:
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208:
1355:
as well as Dušan's former Albanian holdings. A series of small independent principalities arose in western and southern
6401:
5813:
5773:
5747:
5701:
5442:
5189:
4837:
362:
64:
1635:, the last remaining Bulgarian possession south of the Balkan Mountains, opening the way toward strategically located
814:. This gave the Ottoman rulers a source of manpower from which they could construct a new personal army, known as the
6444:
6406:
5936:
5071:
4988:
4978:
4822:
4681:
4509:
4490:
4082:
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2922:, was against it and criticized the Sultan for being too rash and overconfident in his abilities. On April 15, 1452,
2879:
2764:
2494:
2276:
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2060:
1960:
1806:
1538:
1444:
1214:
346:
328:
115:
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the Ottomans in a single battle. Hunyadi was totally immodest and led his forces without leaving any escort behind.
2476:
2258:
2142:
2042:
1942:
1788:
1520:
1426:
1196:
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as models for administration and the Illkhanates as models for military warfare, and by 1324 were able to produce
5904:
5709:
5674:
5580:
5538:
4832:
1055:
354:
270:
6270:
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6182:
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4906:
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2405:
2254:
2138:
2038:
1938:
1784:
1516:
1422:
1192:
163:
53:
2320:, and Byzantine vassals were virtually independent. The Albanian tribes were uniting into a single state, and
6356:
6187:
5806:
5752:
5602:
5592:
5086:
4874:
4729:
3064:
1306:
1234:
636:
The origin of the Ottoman dynasty isn't known for sure but it is known that it was established by Turks from
142:
4290:. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
593:
were established both in formerly Byzantine lands and in the territory of the fragmenting Seljuk Sultanate.
6480:
5370:
5152:
4901:
2953:
ordered an all-out assault on the battered ramparts. After a brief but vicious melee at the walls in which
2639:
1017:. Success attracted warriors to his following, particularly after his victory over a Byzantine army in the
844:. As a way of openly declaring this new status, Murad became the first Ottoman ruler to adopt the title of
597:
led several historians to describe the political entities of thirteenth and fourteenth-century Anatolia as
4521:
Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image, and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800
3517:
Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image, and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800
3295:
Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image, and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800
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Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image, and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800
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spent his early years on the throne disposing of rivals and rebellions, most notably the revolts of the
1717:, June 15, 1389, the Ottoman army, personally commanded by Sultan Murad, fought the Serbian army led by
1474:
89:
6361:
6351:
6315:
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370:
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Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict
2967:
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1718:
1462:
1290:
338:
3180:
6335:
5585:
5344:
5333:
4815:
3745:
term has come to be widely contested by scholars. The early Ottoman military activity described as
3496:
Kafadar, Cemal (2007). "A Rome of One's Own: Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum".
2842:
2727:
2457:
2239:
2123:
2023:
1923:
1769:
1501:
1407:
1314:
1177:
741:
When the Ottoman polity first emerged at the end of the thirteenth century under the leadership of
621:. According to later Ottoman tradition, he was descended from a Turkic tribe which migrated out of
20:
6039:
6009:
5820:
5326:
5169:
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2731:
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2461:
2309:
2243:
2127:
2027:
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in 1444. By that time, handheld firearms had also come into use, and were adopted by some of the
562:
42:
4285:
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6152:
5926:
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508:
392:
195:
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attacked the Empire from the back. Murad had to split his army. The main force went to defend
756:
The early Ottoman state's expansion was fueled by the military activity of frontier warriors (
6215:
6107:
6064:
5401:
5116:
4911:
2608:. On July 12, 1444, Murad signed a treaty which gave Wallachia and the Bulgarian province of
2549:
2415:
2359:
1875:
1321:. Bulgaria's efforts were squandered to little domestic purpose and against the wrong enemy.
2393:
802:
to the early Ottomans and influenced their institutional development. Some time after 1376,
6434:
6376:
6172:
6079:
6049:
6034:
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5625:
5610:
5354:
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origin. During the growth of the Empire Turks seldom were appointed to the high positions.
2954:
2942:
1622:
1364:
1297:
designated successor. In addition to internal problems, Bulgaria was further crippled by a
1092:
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On the request of its inhabitants, Venetian troops took control of the city of Salonika (
2344:
2190:
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1986:
1977:
1610:
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1083:
In addition to fighting the Byzantines, Orhan also conquered the Turkish principality of
1051:
968:
893:, a city with deeply imperial connotations due to its long history as the capital of the
550:
187:
5734:
4786:
3120:
in 1462 and moved the Ottoman capital there from Adrianople. Mehmed had himself titled "
1742:
1685:
1582:
778:
became more centralized and the tax burden increased, prompting criticism from writers.
244:
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6235:
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5951:
5889:
5657:
4916:
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2669:. After the Balkan front was secured, Murad turned east and defeated Timur Lenk's son,
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2329:
1628:
1356:
1302:
1298:
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1103:
in 1352, after which the Ottomans gained their first permanent stronghold in Europe at
1099:. When John VI became co-emperor (1347–1354) he allowed Orhan to raid the peninsula of
1096:
1059:
766:
586:. From the 1260s onward Anatolia increasingly began to slip from Byzantine control, as
260:
218:
5182:
3021:
6420:
6162:
6132:
6122:
6112:
6029:
6019:
6004:
5871:
5788:
5630:
4983:
4677:
4658:
4632:
4613:
4594:
4544:
4524:
4505:
4486:
4440:
4421:
4397:
4378:
4349:
4319:
4078:
4016:
3804:
3520:
3446:
3393:
3298:
3273:
2581:
2430:
2321:
2313:
1863:
1730:
1666:
1574:
1552:
1018:
962:
840:). Such power of appointment indicates that the Ottoman rulers were no longer merely
590:
3117:
2389:
2355:
1870:
required Bayezid's intervention. He summoned a meeting of all his Balkan vassals at
1843:
The appearance of Turk raiders at Hungary's southern borders awakened the Hungarian
1738:
437:
is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality (
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6142:
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fell to the Christians in 1443. In 1444, the Empire suffered a major defeat in the
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1253:
1014:
894:
852:
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5010:
2616:. Later the same year the Christians violated the peace treaty and attacked anew.
1726:
1368:
921:
The warriors in Osman's service came from diverse backgrounds. Known variously as
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decided to pursue war against Europe, Anatolian Turks were settled in and around
702:
487:. For this reason, this period in the empire's history has been described as the
460:
182:
4089:
The chronology of Osman's activities until 1302 cannot be accurately determined.
3783:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Ghaza (gaza)". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
3762:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Ghaza (gaza)". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
3738:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Ghaza (gaza)". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
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Beginning in the 1430s, but most likely earlier, the Ottomans conducted regular
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and made it his new capital in 1363. By transferring his capital from Bursa in
890:
746:
646:
Likewise, nothing is known about how Osman first established his principality (
614:
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583:
566:
433:
296:
147:
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3144:
2429:. Byzantine involvement in the war ended with the transfer of the city to the
2179:
633:, but beyond this the details "are too mythological to be taken for granted."
6459:
6054:
5635:
5575:
5389:
5060:
5047:
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5000:
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Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). "Osman I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
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emirates (in violation of the peace treaty) intervened against the Ottomans.
2538:
1566:
799:
575:
525:
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3192:
1973:
1095:. In 1346 Orhan openly supported John VI in the overthrowing of the emperor
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651:
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There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of ʿO
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for several months and lifted it only after forcing the Byzantine emperor,
2308:
to Adrianople. He faced a delicate political situation in the Balkans. His
2199:
1266:
918:(r. 1362-1389) that the Ottomans mastered the techniques of siege warfare.
738:
the empire, including Turkic tribal leaders and Balkan allies and vassals.
637:
622:
602:
484:
388:
4456:"A Rome of One's Own: Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum"
4008:
629:. As evidenced by coins minted during his reign, Osman's father was named
459:. This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the
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5863:
5321:
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1124:
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684:
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553:(1071) Anatolia was divided between two relatively powerful states: the
19:
This article is about the historical topic. For the 2020 TV series, see
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succeeded him as leader of the Ottomans. Orhan oversaw the conquest of
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The Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the second reign of Mehmed II.
2778:
2670:
2658:
2654:
2613:
2593:
2565:
2545:
2363:
2317:
2195:
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1318:
1112:
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953:
885:, the city symbolically connected with the frontier warrior ethos of
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815:
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to institute a tax of one-fifth on slaves taken in war, known as the
724:
Anatolia and the Balkans were greatly impacted by the arrival of the
668:
659:
579:
497:
4921:
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2783:
2716:
2544:
The war in the Balkans began as the Ottoman army moved to recapture
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2112:
2012:
1912:
1836:, the lightning bolt, for the speed with which his empire expanded.
1758:
1490:
1396:
1166:
31:
6290:
6167:
6044:
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mān, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether.
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2657:
in 1446. Another peace treaty was signed in 1448 giving the Empire
2589:
2573:
2564:
and, at the same time, urged by the Pope, the Anatolian emirate of
2561:
2388:. He also had problems at home. He subdued the rebels of his uncle
2381:
2370:
2325:
2294:
2212:
1734:
1714:
1348:
1242:
1069:
1027:
1010:
990:
855:
of the territory under their rule, producing record-books known as
828:
655:
601:, or "petty kings", a comparison with the history of late-medieval
476:
464:
304:
5516:
5121:
5931:
5511:
5281:
5255:
4936:
4931:
4690:
3125:
3000:
2666:
2635:
2585:
2530:
2351:
2289:
When Mehmed Çelebi stood as victor in 1413 he crowned himself in
2215:(1413–21) emerged as the sole ruler of a reunited Ottoman state.
1570:
1336:
was incapable of ruling as his father had. The separatist-minded
1150:
1077:
1038:
999:
915:
807:
742:
618:
518:
472:
5501:
1557:
5783:
5260:
5243:
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3105:
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2534:
2526:
2422:
2290:
2204:
2174:
1871:
1640:
1598:
1458:
1373:
1347:
First to throw off Serbian control were the Greek provinces of
1246:
1238:
1134:
1116:
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956:
but, following the latter's death in 1402, written for his son
882:
856:
845:
492:
2597:
1636:
1597:) but was unable to enforce his claim beyond his lands around
1289:, Ivan Aleksandar's sole surviving son by his first wife, and
1237:
of the Byzantine city of Adrianople in 1362. He renamed it to
617:
dynasty is named after the first ruler of the Ottoman polity,
533:, a now largely-criticised theory of early Ottoman expansion.
2911:
2601:
2569:
2557:
2385:
2305:
2298:
2002:
1855:
1632:
1282:
1108:
1073:
1065:
1023:
911:
907:
672:
643:, who migrated to Anatolia and were under Mongol suzerainty.
598:
3242:
5277:
4067:
of Turkoman tribal leaders operating in the Sakarya region.
3984:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 262–4.
640:
4541:
Views From the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet
3801:
Views From the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet
3116:
Following the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed built the
994:
An estimation of the territory under the control of Osman.
678:
467:, and its transformation from a small principality on the
4655:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4610:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
4437:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4394:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
4272:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4242:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4226:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 8–9.
4209:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4194:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4179:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4164:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4129:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4105:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
4032:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3952:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3937:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3907:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3889:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3874:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3859:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3844:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3725:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3695:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
3678:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3591:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3572:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3557:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3542:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3483:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3470:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 6–7.
3390:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
3375:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3353:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
3338:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
2802:(May–June, 1451) and by renewing the peace treaties with
2556:
vassal state. As the Ottoman army entered Wallachia, the
1115:
to secure it as a springboard for military operations in
1091:
Orhan married Theodora, the daughter of Byzantine prince
4311:
3803:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 270–2.
3320:
Scholars and Sultans in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire
2777:
Further information: the Sultan's personal information
2699:. Some have it that he was wounded in a battle against
1819:
Further information: the Sultan's personal information
667:, which had a Greek Christian origin and the family of
582:. All coins minted during this period in Anatolia show
4259:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9.
4151:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8.
4122:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8.
3322:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 212.
1293:, the product of Aleksandar's second marriage and the
971:") was part of a genre known as "mirror for princes" (
774:
military power while increasingly subordinating them.
4629:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power
4417:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power
4257:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power
4224:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power
4149:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power
4120:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power
4077:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 23.
3982:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power
3468:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power
2354:, led by Musa's former confidant, the scholar-mystic
1573:
on September 26, 1371 with sultan Murad's lieutenant
4420:(Second ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
4372:
675:
in 1324, describing him as "Champion of the Faith".
16:
Rise of the Ottoman Empire to prominence (1299-1453)
4298:
4296:
2332:retained territorial ambitions in the Balkans, and
1340:were quick to take advantage of the situation, and
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4330:The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
3416:Imber, Colin (1991). Elizabeth Zachariadou (ed.).
2906:. Nevertheless, when he proposed in 1452 to siege
2102:
764:), of whom the Ottoman ruler was initially merely
4341:
946:
6457:
4293:
1324:Given Serbia's preeminence in the Balkans under
1026:groups and with the neighboring principality of
1013:. He led frequent raids against the neighboring
3900:
3898:
3442:The Ottoman Empire The Classical Age, 1300-1600
3128:, his goal was to capture Rome and reunite the
2970:killed. His following four granviziers were of
2343:to Ottoman control and forced Bosnian King-Ban
1561:The Ottoman advance after the Battle of Maritsa
1080:(University) was established in Iznik in 1331.
536:
2182:fought each other in what became known as the
806:, the head of the Çandarlı family, encouraged
608:
5848:
4706:
2985:The Conquest of Constantinople on 29 May 1453
926:
411:
4631:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
4373:Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters, eds. (2009).
4235:
4233:
3895:
753:bureaucratic documents in the Seljuk style.
701:, and a warrior fighting in it was called a
4566:
4537:
4348:. University Press of America. p. 88.
3969:. Indiana University Press. pp. 29–30.
3797:
2979:
2898:When in 1451 the bankrupt Byzantines asked
2860:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2745:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2475:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2257:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2041:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1941:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1787:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1519:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1465:(1371–95), who ruled central Bulgaria from
1425:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1195:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
985:
545:A rough map of Anatolian beyliks in c. 1300
5855:
5841:
4713:
4699:
3822:
3820:
3641:. Indiana University Press. pp. 23–5.
3626:. Indiana University Press. pp. 20–1.
2653:Murad was reinstated with the help of the
2552:during the Interregnum and that now was a
1709:Battle on Kosovo, by Adam Stefanovic, 1870
418:
404:
4593:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4485:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
4471:
4230:
3243:"Gaza and gazis in early Ottoman history"
3065:Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant (1845–1902)
2880:Learn how and when to remove this message
2806:(September 10) and Hungary (November 20)
2765:Learn how and when to remove this message
2630:On November 10, 1444, Murad defeated the
2495:Learn how and when to remove this message
2277:Learn how and when to remove this message
2161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2061:Learn how and when to remove this message
1961:Learn how and when to remove this message
1807:Learn how and when to remove this message
1725:, which also included contingents led by
1639:, the northern terminus of the important
1539:Learn how and when to remove this message
1445:Learn how and when to remove this message
1215:Learn how and when to remove this message
1009:in the north-western Anatolian region of
654:in the north-western Anatolian region of
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
5862:
4483:Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia
4075:Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia
3967:Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia
3654:Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia
3639:Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia
3624:Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia
3606:. Indiana University Press. p. 10.
3604:Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia
3445:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 6.
3438:
2982:
2941:. Although the city's defenders, led by
2926:ordered preparations to be made for the
2782:
2706:
2324:remained completely independent, as did
2072:
1972:
1748:
1704:
1565:The Battle of Maritsa took place at the
1556:
989:
540:
463:in the northwestern Anatolian region of
4652:
4543:. New York: Columbia University Press.
4518:
4480:
4453:
4434:
4269:
4239:
4206:
4191:
4176:
4161:
4126:
4072:
4059:
4029:
3994:
3964:
3949:
3934:
3904:
3886:
3871:
3856:
3841:
3817:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3761:
3737:
3722:
3675:
3656:. Indiana University Press. p. 33.
3651:
3636:
3621:
3601:
3588:
3569:
3554:
3539:
3514:
3495:
3480:
3372:
3350:
3335:
3292:
3267:
2962:broke through and swept over the city.
2821:
2399:
2376:
2218:
1315:Voievod Vladislav I Vlaicu of Wallachia
785:
693:published an influential work entitled
679:Gaza and gazis in early Ottoman history
6458:
4607:
4588:
4557:
4391:
3707:
3692:
3387:
3263:
3261:
2695:Murad died in the winter 1450–1451 in
2421:In 1422 the first regular war against
2358:, and supported by Wallachian voivode
1646:
1233:Murad's first major offensive was the
1144:
1045:
5836:
4694:
4674:The Nature of the Early Ottoman State
4671:
4626:
4502:The Nature of the Early Ottoman State
4499:
4410:
4254:
4221:
4146:
4117:
4047:The Nature of the Early Ottoman State
4044:
3979:
3922:The Nature of the Early Ottoman State
3919:
3829:The Nature of the Early Ottoman State
3826:
3669:The Nature of the Early Ottoman State
3666:
3465:
3415:
3317:
2572:and the reserves had to be called to
2436:
2207:vassalage and held Ottoman Anatolia.
471:frontier into an empire spanning the
6486:Historiography of the Ottoman Empire
4571:. Rethymnon: Crete University Press.
4567:Zachariadou, Elizabeth, ed. (1991).
3773:
3297:. London: Continuum. pp. 41–3.
2858:adding citations to reliable sources
2825:
2743:adding citations to reliable sources
2710:
2473:adding citations to reliable sources
2440:
2255:adding citations to reliable sources
2222:
2139:adding citations to reliable sources
2106:
2039:adding citations to reliable sources
2006:
1939:adding citations to reliable sources
1906:
1785:adding citations to reliable sources
1752:
1517:adding citations to reliable sources
1484:
1423:adding citations to reliable sources
1390:
1193:adding citations to reliable sources
1160:
980:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
6440:
5885:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
4312:Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013).
3258:
1616:
794:. Particularly influential was the
13:
6476:15th century in the Ottoman Empire
6471:14th century in the Ottoman Empire
5977:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
5138:(reform and constitutional period)
4720:
4657:. University of California Press.
4646:
4577:
4439:. University of California Press.
4375:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
4102:
4062:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3785:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3764:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3740:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
2991:( Fatih Sultan Mehmed Khan Ghazi )
2077:Painting by Stanisław Chlebowski,
1631:(ca. 1383-86), in 1385 Murad took
1380:
1149:Soon after Orhan's death in 1362,
14:
6497:
6407:Historiography in the Middle Ages
5026:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
4989:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
4342:Isabelle Dierauer (16 May 2013).
3519:. London: Continuum. p. 43.
3272:. London: Continuum. p. 41.
2673:, and the emirates of Candar and
2548:, which the Ottomans had lost to
2509:Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)
2081:, 1878, depicting the capture of
1457:By 1370 Murad controlled most of
960:instead. This work, entitled the
6439:
6430:
6429:
6419:
5021:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
4315:Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520
3215:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2830:
2715:
2445:
2410:In 1422, Murad II laid siege to
2227:
2111:
2079:Sultan Bayezid prisoned by Timur
2011:
1911:
1757:
1660:
1489:
1480:
1395:
1165:
822:). Such measures frustrated the
154:
30:
5905:Christianity in the Middle Ages
5900:Decline of Hellenistic religion
5102:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
4591:A History of the Ottoman Empire
4569:The Ottoman Emirate (1300-1389)
4365:
4335:
4305:
4278:
4263:
4248:
4215:
4200:
4185:
4170:
4155:
4140:
4111:
4096:
4053:
4038:
4023:
3988:
3973:
3958:
3943:
3928:
3913:
3880:
3865:
3850:
3835:
3791:
3755:
3731:
3716:
3701:
3686:
3660:
3645:
3630:
3615:
3582:
3563:
3548:
3533:
3508:
3489:
3474:
3459:
3418:The Ottoman Emirate (1300-1389)
3234:
2680:
2427:Siege of Thessalonica (1422–30)
2103:Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413)
1996:
1694:
1679:
1367:); the southern lands, held by
1156:
689:In 1938 the Austrian historian
565:in 1243, and the reconquest of
502:
41:needs additional citations for
6183:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
4843:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
4560:The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
3710:The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
3432:
3409:
3381:
3366:
3344:
3329:
3311:
3286:
3073:The Conquest of Constantinople
2619:
2406:Siege of Constantinople (1422)
2304:Mehmed moved the capital from
947:Cultural and intellectual life
695:The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
1:
6357:Disability in the Middle Ages
6030:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
5962:Rise of the Venetian Republic
4049:. SUNY Press. pp. 15–25.
3697:. Basic Books. pp. 9–10.
3252:
1729:, and a contingent sent from
732:
719:
453:
446:
3924:. SUNY Press. pp. 90–1.
3831:. SUNY Press. pp. 72–3.
3027:
2997:
1902:
537:Anatolia before the Ottomans
65:"Rise of the Ottoman Empire"
7:
5287:Vassal and tributary states
4589:Howard, Douglas A. (2017).
4377:. New York: Facts on File.
3965:Lindner, Rudi Paul (1983).
3652:Lindner, Rudi Paul (1983).
3637:Lindner, Rudi Paul (1983).
3622:Lindner, Rudi Paul (1983).
3602:Lindner, Rudi Paul (1983).
3318:Atçıl, Abdurrahman (2017).
2418:to pay additional tribute.
1854:(1386–1418) and, possibly,
1119:against the Byzantines and
1064:Upon Osman's death his son
1056:Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)
900:
609:Origin of the Ottoman state
287:Decline & Modernization
10:
6502:
6158:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
4582:
4318:. Routledge. p. 255.
3392:. Basic Books. p. 6.
3136:
2947:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2891:
2776:
2684:
2623:
2506:
2403:
2000:
1818:
1698:
1683:
1664:
1650:
1620:
1550:
1384:
1245:to that newly won city in
1226:
1049:
997:
875:Conquest of Constantinople
682:
371:Abolition of the Caliphate
363:Abolition of the Sultanate
300:(late 18th and early 19th)
18:
6415:
6344:
6203:
6098:
6085:Mongol invasion of Europe
5990:
5870:
5801:
5761:
5733:
5700:
5601:
5556:
5547:
5464:
5430:
5380:
5308:
5299:
5236:
5168:
5130:
5069:
5058:
4961:
4952:
4860:
4853:
4806:Decline and modernization
4728:
4612:. New York: Basic Books.
4608:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
4481:Lindner, Rudi P. (1983).
4473:10.1163/22118993-90000108
4392:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
4073:Lindner, Rudi P. (1983).
3693:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
3671:. SUNY Press. p. 59.
3388:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
3078:Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929)
3033:’s Land Transport of The
2525:was a setback for Murad.
1828:(often given the epithet
798:, which supplied several
5334:Six Divisions of Cavalry
4870:Foreign Affairs Ministry
4562:. Royal Asiatic Society.
4519:Murphey, Rhoads (2008).
3997:Journal of World History
3712:. Royal Asiatic Society.
3515:Murphey, Rhoads (2008).
3439:i̇Nalcık, Halil (1973).
3293:Murphey, Rhoads (2008).
3268:Murphey, Rhoads (2008).
3227:
2640:Wladislaus III of Poland
986:Osman I (c. 1299–1323/4)
21:Rise of Empires: Ottoman
6040:Investiture Controversy
6010:Second Bulgarian Empire
5327:Agha of the Janissaries
4974:List of Ottoman sultans
4653:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4454:Kafadar, Cemal (2007).
4435:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4302:Fine (1994), pp. 409–11
4270:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4240:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4207:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4192:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4177:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4162:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4127:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
4030:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3950:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3935:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3905:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3887:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3872:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3857:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3842:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3723:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3676:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3589:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3570:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3555:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3540:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3481:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3373:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3351:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
3336:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
2928:siege of Constantinople
2703:'s Albanian guerillas.
2687:Battle of Kosovo (1448)
2533:allied themselves with
1862:, and Shishman fled to
1387:Reconquest of Gallipoli
952:be presented to Sultan
505: 1451–1481–
6466:Byzantine–Ottoman wars
6397:Post-classical history
6153:Fall of Constantinople
6060:Capet–Plantagenet feud
5927:First Bulgarian Empire
5529:Science and technology
4979:Roman succession claim
4504:. Albany: SUNY Press.
3422:Crete University Press
2894:Fall of Constantinople
2788:
2086:
1981:
1710:
1562:
1303:Hungarian King Louis I
1229:Conquest of Adrianople
995:
927:
761:
546:
339:2nd Constitutional Era
313:1st Constitutional Era
196:Fall of Constantinople
5402:Dragoman of the Fleet
5117:Dragoman of the Porte
4907:Armenian Constitution
4794:Stagnation and reform
4672:Lowry, Heath (2003).
4627:Imber, Colin (2009).
4558:Wittek, Paul (1938).
4523:. London: Continuum.
4500:Lowry, Heath (2003).
4287:Ottoman Capital Bursa
4255:Imber, Colin (2009).
4222:Imber, Colin (2009).
4147:Imber, Colin (2009).
4118:Imber, Colin (2009).
4045:Lowry, Heath (2003).
4009:10.1353/jwh.2014.0005
3980:Imber, Colin (2009).
3920:Lowry, Heath (2003).
3827:Lowry, Heath (2003).
3708:Wittek, Paul (1938).
3667:Lowry, Heath (2003).
3466:Imber, Colin (2009).
3093:Gentile Bellini, 1479
3088:(Fatih Sultan Mehmed)
2989:Mehmed The Conqueror
2914:, and especially the
2786:
2707:Mehmed II (1451–1481)
2550:Mircea I of Wallachia
2416:Manuel II Palaiologos
2366:back into vassalage.
2076:
1976:
1876:Manuel II Palaiologos
1749:Bayezid I (1389–1402)
1708:
1560:
1307:seized Vidin province
1252:The Balkan states of
993:
914:(r. 1323/4-1362) and
544:
6377:Medieval reenactment
6173:Renaissance Humanism
6080:Medieval Warm Period
6050:Republic of Florence
5864:European Middle Ages
5122:Outer Palace Service
5038:Inner Palace Service
2968:Çandarlı Halil Pasha
2943:Giovanni Giustiniani
2920:Çandarlı Halil Pasha
2854:improve this section
2822:Constantinople, 1453
2739:improve this section
2469:improve this section
2400:Constantinople, 1422
2377:Murad II (1421–1451)
2345:Tvrtko II Kotromanić
2251:improve this section
2219:Mehmed I (1413–1421)
2173:After the defeat at
2135:improve this section
2035:improve this section
1935:improve this section
1781:improve this section
1623:Battle of Dubravnica
1569:near the village of
1513:improve this section
1419:improve this section
1278:Tsar Ivan Aleksandar
1189:improve this section
1093:John VI Cantacuzenus
873:. Shortly after the
786:State centralization
557:in the west and the
489:"Proto-Imperial Era"
50:improve this article
6481:Rises to prominence
6090:Kingdom of Portugal
5957:Old Church Slavonic
5942:Anglo-Saxon England
5317:Classic period army
5158:Chamber of Deputies
5133:Imperial Government
3031:Fatih Sultan Mehmed
2191:Ottoman Interregnum
2184:Ottoman Interregnum
1978:Battle of Nicopolis
1723:Lazar Hrebeljanović
1647:Saurian Field, 1385
1611:Lazar Hrebeljanovic
1145:Murad I (1362–1389)
1072:'s major towns, as
1052:Battle of Pelekanon
1046:Orhan (1323/4–1362)
625:in the wake of the
551:Battle of Manzikert
507:). The conquest of
6271:In popular culture
6236:Crusading movement
6108:Hundred Years' War
5967:Civitas Schinesghe
5952:Carolingian Empire
5937:Kingdom of Croatia
5890:Barbarian kingdoms
4944:Translation Office
4828:2nd Constitutional
4816:1st Constitutional
4770:Sultanate of Women
4103:Finkel, Caroline.
2789:
2560:started attacking
2523:Battle of Salonika
2437:Thessalonika, 1430
2087:
1982:
1711:
1629:Dan I of Wallachia
1563:
1463:Tsar Ivan Shishman
1097:John V Palaeologus
1060:Siege of Nicomedia
996:
842:primus inter pares
767:primus inter pares
563:Battle of Köse Dağ
547:
524:Turkish historian
219:Sultanate of Women
6453:
6452:
6362:Basic topics list
6163:Swiss mercenaries
6113:Wars of the Roses
6020:Kingdom of Poland
6005:Holy Roman Empire
5872:Early Middle Ages
5830:
5829:
5797:
5796:
5789:Star and crescent
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5295:
5294:
5232:
5231:
4984:Ottoman Caliphate
4865:Foreign relations
4664:978-0-520-20600-7
4638:978-0-230-57451-9
4619:978-0-465-02396-7
4600:978-0-521-72730-3
4530:978-1-84725-220-3
4446:978-0-520-20600-7
4427:978-1-1370-1406-1
4403:978-0-465-02396-7
4384:978-0-8160-6259-1
4355:978-0-7618-6106-5
4325:978-1-317-89018-8
4166:. pp. 128–9.
3909:. pp. 142–3.
3891:. pp. 111–3.
3861:. pp. 131–2.
3787:. pp. 231–2.
3727:. p. xi-xii.
3526:978-1-84725-220-3
3485:. pp. 125–6.
3399:978-0-465-02396-7
3304:978-1-84725-220-3
3279:978-1-84725-220-3
3113:
3112:
3109:
3081:
3067:
3050:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2606:Battle of Jalowaz
2582:Holy Roman Empire
2505:
2504:
2497:
2431:Venetian Republic
2373:, became sultan.
2287:
2286:
2279:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2071:
2070:
2063:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1667:Battle of Plocnik
1643:-Morava highway.
1575:Lala Shahin Pasha
1553:Battle of Maritsa
1549:
1548:
1541:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1326:Tsar Stefan Dušan
1225:
1224:
1217:
1019:Battle of Bapheus
981:Political history
853:cadastral surveys
591:Anatolian beyliks
578:, especially the
569:by the Byzantine
559:Anatolian Seljuks
428:
427:
358:(1918–1922)
350:(1914–1918)
342:(1908–1920)
332:(1908–1922)
316:(1876–1878)
308:(1839–1876)
290:(1789–1908)
274:(1718–1730)
264:(1703–1789)
248:(1656–1703)
238:(1566–1703)
222:(1533–1656)
212:(1453–1566)
191:(1402–1413)
176:(1299–1453)
126:
125:
118:
100:
6493:
6443:
6442:
6433:
6432:
6423:
6382:Medieval studies
6226:Church and State
6100:Late Middle Ages
5992:High Middle Ages
5910:Christianization
5880:Migration Period
5857:
5850:
5843:
5834:
5833:
5561:Social structure
5554:
5553:
5407:Imperial Arsenal
5306:
5305:
5140:
5079:
5077:(classic period)
5072:Imperial Council
5067:
5066:
4959:
4958:
4858:
4857:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4668:
4642:
4623:
4604:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4534:
4515:
4496:
4477:
4475:
4450:
4431:
4407:
4388:
4360:
4359:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4123:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4069:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4034:. pp. 93–4.
4027:
4021:
4020:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3672:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3265:
3246:
3238:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3102:National Gallery
3084:
3071:
3054:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2980:
2904:Byzantine Empire
2885:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2834:
2826:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2719:
2711:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2449:
2441:
2293:(Adrianople) as
2282:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2231:
2223:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2115:
2107:
2097:Battle of Ankara
2092:eastern Anatolia
2066:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2015:
2007:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1915:
1907:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1761:
1753:
1743:Stefan Lazarević
1701:Battle of Kosovo
1686:Battle of Bileća
1617:Dubravnica, 1381
1589:, and no single
1583:Nemanjić dynasty
1544:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1493:
1485:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1399:
1391:
1301:attack. In 1365
1220:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1169:
1161:
1015:Byzantine Empire
930:
895:Byzantine Empire
751:Persian-language
627:Mongol Conquests
584:Ilkhanate rulers
555:Byzantine Empire
506:
504:
458:
455:
451:
448:
420:
413:
406:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
333:
317:
309:
301:
291:
275:
265:
249:
239:
223:
213:
192:
177:
158:
128:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6411:
6392:Neo-medievalism
6340:
6276:Itinerant court
6199:
6094:
6015:Georgian Empire
6000:Norman Conquest
5986:
5932:Frankish Empire
5866:
5861:
5831:
5826:
5793:
5757:
5729:
5696:
5597:
5586:Ottoman Turkish
5543:
5452:
5426:
5376:
5371:Modernized army
5355:Sekban-i Djedid
5291:
5228:
5183:Shaykh al-Islām
5164:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5126:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5054:
4969:Ottoman dynasty
4948:
4849:
4724:
4719:
4684:
4665:
4649:
4647:State formation
4639:
4620:
4601:
4585:
4580:
4578:Further reading
4575:
4551:
4531:
4512:
4493:
4447:
4428:
4404:
4396:. Basic Books.
4385:
4368:
4363:
4356:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4294:
4283:
4279:
4268:
4264:
4253:
4249:
4238:
4231:
4220:
4216:
4205:
4201:
4190:
4186:
4175:
4171:
4160:
4156:
4145:
4141:
4131:. p. 129.
4116:
4112:
4101:
4097:
4085:
4064:. p. 444.
4058:
4054:
4043:
4039:
4028:
4024:
3993:
3989:
3978:
3974:
3963:
3959:
3948:
3944:
3933:
3929:
3918:
3914:
3903:
3896:
3885:
3881:
3870:
3866:
3855:
3851:
3840:
3836:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3796:
3792:
3781:
3774:
3766:. p. 231.
3760:
3756:
3742:. p. 231.
3736:
3732:
3721:
3717:
3706:
3702:
3691:
3687:
3665:
3661:
3650:
3646:
3635:
3631:
3620:
3616:
3593:. p. 122.
3587:
3583:
3574:. p. 122.
3568:
3564:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3513:
3509:
3494:
3490:
3479:
3475:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3437:
3433:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3386:
3382:
3371:
3367:
3355:. p. xii.
3349:
3345:
3334:
3330:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3211:
3208:
3199:
3196:
3187:
3184:
3175:
3172:
3163:
3160:
3151:
3148:
3139:
3115:
3095:
3076:
2977:
2933:In April 1453,
2896:
2886:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2851:
2835:
2824:
2781:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2736:
2720:
2709:
2689:
2683:
2648:Battle of Varna
2628:
2626:Battle of Varna
2622:
2511:
2501:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2466:
2450:
2439:
2425:began with the
2408:
2402:
2379:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2248:
2232:
2221:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2132:
2116:
2105:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2032:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1987:crushing defeat
1967:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1932:
1916:
1905:
1884:Duchy of Athens
1823:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1778:
1762:
1751:
1737:, commanded by
1703:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1653:Battle of Savra
1649:
1625:
1619:
1555:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1510:
1494:
1483:
1451:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1416:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1381:Gallipoli, 1366
1276:Bulgaria under
1231:
1221:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1186:
1170:
1159:
1153:became Sultan.
1147:
1062:
1048:
1002:
988:
983:
958:Süleyman Çelebi
949:
903:
796:Çandarlı family
788:
735:
722:
687:
681:
611:
539:
501:
461:Ottoman Dynasty
456:
449:
443:Osmanlı Beyliği
424:
379:
378:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
334:
331:
321:
320:
315:
307:
299:
292:
289:
279:
278:
273:
266:
263:
253:
252:
247:
240:
237:
227:
226:
221:
214:
211:
201:
200:
190:
183:Beylik of Osman
178:
175:
146:
137:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6499:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6437:
6427:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6387:Misconceptions
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6195:Little Ice Age
6192:
6191:
6190:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6148:Western Schism
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5897:
5895:Late antiquity
5892:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5860:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5837:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5386:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5350:Nizam-i Djedid
5341:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5312:
5310:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5275:
5273:Mutasarrifates
5270:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5144:
5142:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5112:Reis ül-Küttab
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5070:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5048:Palace Schools
5045:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4996:Imperial Harem
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4965:
4963:
4962:House of Osman
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4782:Decline thesis
4777:Transformation
4774:
4773:
4772:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4758:Constantinople
4755:
4750:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4722:Ottoman Empire
4718:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4682:
4676:. SUNY Press.
4669:
4663:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4624:
4618:
4605:
4599:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4564:
4555:
4549:
4535:
4529:
4516:
4510:
4497:
4491:
4478:
4451:
4445:
4432:
4426:
4408:
4402:
4389:
4383:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4334:
4324:
4304:
4292:
4277:
4274:. p. 138.
4262:
4247:
4229:
4214:
4211:. p. 128.
4199:
4196:. p. 127.
4184:
4181:. p. 126.
4169:
4154:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4110:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4083:
4052:
4037:
4022:
3987:
3972:
3957:
3954:. p. 148.
3942:
3939:. p. 146.
3927:
3912:
3894:
3879:
3876:. p. 136.
3864:
3849:
3846:. p. 121.
3834:
3816:
3809:
3790:
3772:
3754:
3730:
3715:
3700:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3680:. p. 127.
3659:
3644:
3629:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3581:
3562:
3547:
3544:. p. 130.
3532:
3525:
3507:
3488:
3473:
3458:
3451:
3431:
3424:. p. 75.
3408:
3398:
3380:
3365:
3343:
3340:. p. 120.
3328:
3310:
3303:
3285:
3278:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3118:Topkapı Palace
3111:
3110:
3086:The Conqueror
3082:
3069:
3061:Constantinople
3052:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2964:Constantinople
2945:under Emperor
2939:Constantinople
2937:laid siege to
2908:Constantinople
2888:
2887:
2870:September 2016
2838:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2773:
2772:
2755:September 2016
2723:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2682:
2679:
2665:and a part of
2621:
2618:
2503:
2502:
2485:September 2016
2453:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2412:Constantinople
2401:
2398:
2390:Mustafa Çelebi
2378:
2375:
2356:Şeyh Bedreddin
2285:
2284:
2267:September 2016
2235:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2169:
2168:
2151:September 2016
2119:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2069:
2068:
2019:
2017:
2010:
1998:
1995:
1969:
1968:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1852:Mircea the Old
1845:King Sigismund
1815:
1814:
1797:September 2016
1765:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1739:Vlatko Vuković
1715:St. Vitus' Day
1696:
1693:
1681:
1678:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1645:
1618:
1615:
1547:
1546:
1529:September 2016
1497:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1453:
1452:
1403:
1401:
1394:
1382:
1379:
1332:. Young, weak
1287:Ivan Sratsimir
1223:
1222:
1205:September 2016
1173:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1130:Emperor John V
1125:eastern Thrace
1047:
1044:
987:
984:
982:
979:
967:("The Book of
948:
945:
902:
899:
891:Constantinople
792:Seljuks of Rum
787:
784:
747:Seljuks of Rum
734:
731:
721:
718:
683:Main article:
680:
677:
610:
607:
567:Constantinople
538:
535:
509:Constantinople
434:Ottoman Empire
426:
425:
423:
422:
415:
408:
400:
397:
396:
385:Historiography
381:
380:
377:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
335:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
310:
302:
297:Nizam-i Djedid
293:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
267:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
241:
235:Transformation
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
215:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
193:
185:
179:
171:
170:
167:
166:
160:
159:
151:
150:
148:Ottoman Empire
139:
138:
131:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6498:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
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6408:
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6388:
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6380:
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6279:
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6264:
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6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6055:Scholasticism
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
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6018:
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6008:
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5997:
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5989:
5983:
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5968:
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5958:
5955:
5953:
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5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5917:Rise of Islam
5915:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5844:
5839:
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5835:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
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5732:
5726:
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5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5576:Ottoman court
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Naval battles
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5390:Kapudan Pasha
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5345:Reform period
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Haseki sultan
5004:
5002:
5001:Valide sultan
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:United States
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4844:
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4839:
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4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:Classical Age
4763:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Osman's Dream
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4685:
4683:0-7914-5636-6
4679:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4511:0-7914-5636-6
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4492:0-933070-12-8
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4357:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4299:
4297:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4251:
4244:. p. 16.
4243:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4143:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4099:
4090:
4086:
4084:0-933070-12-8
4080:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3618:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3559:. p. 60.
3558:
3551:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3452:9780297994909
3448:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3420:. Rethymnon:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3377:. p. 93.
3376:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:Fausto Zonaro
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2884:
2881:
2873:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2839:This section
2837:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2769:
2766:
2758:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2724:This section
2722:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2677:in Anatolia.
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:Janos Hunyadi
2641:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2539:Pope Martin V
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2499:
2496:
2488:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2454:This section
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2394:Küçük Mustafa
2391:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2281:
2278:
2270:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2236:This section
2234:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2165:
2162:
2154:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2120:This section
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2062:
2054:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2020:This section
2018:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1962:
1954:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1920:This section
1918:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:lengthy siege
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1811:
1808:
1800:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1766:This section
1764:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:Vuk Branković
1724:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1661:Plocnik, 1386
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:Maritsa River
1559:
1554:
1543:
1540:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1498:This section
1496:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1481:Maritsa, 1371
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1446:
1438:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1404:This section
1402:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1369:Jovan Uglješa
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Stefan Uroš V
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:Ivan Shishman
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:This section
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
992:
978:
976:
975:
970:
966:
964:
959:
955:
944:
942:
938:
932:
929:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
859:
858:tahrir defter
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:Grand Viziers
797:
793:
783:
779:
775:
773:
769:
768:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
739:
730:
727:
717:
714:
710:
706:
705:
700:
696:
692:
686:
676:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
606:
604:
600:
594:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
543:
534:
532:
527:
526:Halil Inalcik
522:
520:
515:
512:
510:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
444:
440:
436:
435:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
401:
399:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
382:
372:
369:
364:
361:
356:
353:
348:
345:
340:
337:
336:
330:
325:
324:
314:
311:
306:
303:
298:
295:
294:
288:
283:
282:
272:
269:
268:
262:
257:
256:
246:
243:
242:
236:
231:
230:
220:
217:
216:
210:
209:Classical Age
205:
204:
197:
194:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
174:
169:
168:
165:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:
149:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
129:
120:
117:
109:
106:November 2007
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
6216:Architecture
6188:Great Famine
6178:Universities
6157:
6118:Hussite Wars
6035:Great Schism
5922:Papal States
5819:
5814:Bibliography
5812:
5805:
5774:Coat of arms
5748:Christianity
5702:Demographics
5685:of Armenians
5626:Illumination
5611:Architecture
5492:Central bank
5443:Conscription
5369:
5360:Mansure Army
5343:
5315:
5222:Hakham Bashi
5190:Christianity
5137:
5087:Grand Vizier
5076:
4928:Civil codes
4902:Constitution
4748:Ghaza thesis
4742:
4673:
4654:
4628:
4609:
4590:
4568:
4559:
4550:0-23113472-X
4540:
4520:
4501:
4482:
4463:
4459:
4436:
4416:
4412:Imber, Colin
4393:
4374:
4366:Bibliography
4344:
4337:
4329:
4314:
4307:
4286:
4280:
4271:
4265:
4256:
4250:
4241:
4223:
4217:
4208:
4202:
4193:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4163:
4157:
4148:
4142:
4132:
4128:
4119:
4113:
4107:. p. 2.
4104:
4098:
4088:
4074:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4046:
4040:
4031:
4025:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3981:
3975:
3966:
3960:
3951:
3945:
3936:
3930:
3921:
3915:
3906:
3888:
3882:
3873:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3843:
3837:
3828:
3810:0-23113472-X
3800:
3793:
3784:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3724:
3718:
3709:
3703:
3694:
3688:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3653:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3623:
3617:
3607:
3603:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3556:
3550:
3541:
3535:
3516:
3510:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3482:
3476:
3467:
3461:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3403:
3389:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3337:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3294:
3288:
3269:
3236:
3130:Roman Empire
3122:Kaiser-i-Rum
3114:
3097:
3087:
3035:Ottoman Navy
2990:
2983:
2976:
2960:Ottoman Army
2932:
2916:Grand Vizier
2910:most of the
2897:
2876:
2867:
2852:Please help
2840:
2816:
2812:
2795:
2790:
2761:
2752:
2737:Please help
2725:
2694:
2690:
2681:Kosovo, 1448
2652:
2629:
2578:
2543:
2519:
2515:Thessaloniki
2512:
2491:
2482:
2467:Please help
2455:
2420:
2409:
2392:and brother
2380:
2368:
2349:
2338:
2303:
2288:
2273:
2264:
2249:Please help
2237:
2209:
2200:Thessaloniki
2188:
2172:
2157:
2148:
2133:Please help
2121:
2088:
2078:
2057:
2051:October 2016
2048:
2033:Please help
2021:
1997:Ankara, 1402
1991:
1983:
1957:
1951:October 2016
1948:
1933:Please help
1921:
1889:
1880:
1868:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1803:
1794:
1779:Please help
1767:
1712:
1695:Kosovo, 1389
1689:
1680:Bileća, 1388
1674:
1670:
1656:
1626:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1564:
1535:
1526:
1511:Please help
1499:
1470:
1456:
1441:
1435:October 2016
1432:
1417:Please help
1405:
1346:
1344:fragmented.
1337:
1323:
1305:invaded and
1294:
1275:
1267:Thessaloniki
1251:
1232:
1211:
1202:
1187:Please help
1175:
1157:Edirne, 1362
1148:
1139:
1105:Çimpe Castle
1090:
1082:
1063:
1036:
1032:
1003:
973:
963:İskendernāme
961:
950:
933:
922:
920:
904:
886:
870:
868:
857:
850:
841:
837:
833:
827:
823:
819:
811:
789:
780:
776:
771:
765:
755:
740:
736:
723:
712:
708:
703:
698:
694:
688:
647:
645:
635:
623:Central Asia
612:
603:Muslim Spain
595:
548:
523:
516:
513:
488:
485:North Africa
452:, and ended
442:
432:rise of the
431:
429:
355:Partitioning
305:Tanzimat Era
172:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
6445:WikiProject
6372:Medievalism
6211:Agriculture
6075:Manorialism
6070:Communalism
6065:Monasticism
5982:Reconquista
5972:Kievan Rus'
5641:Shadow play
5487:Agriculture
5480:Reformation
5476:Enlargement
5322:Janissaries
5031:Kizlar Agha
5016:Hanımefendi
5011:Kadınefendi
4823:Dissolution
4753:Interregnum
3049:(1854–1929)
3043:Golden Horn
2955:Giustiniani
2655:Janissaries
2620:Varna, 1444
2198:, to which
2180:Musa Çelebi
1271:Dardanelles
974:naṣīḥatnāme
941:janissaries
937:Dardanelles
816:Janissaries
726:Black Death
691:Paul Wittek
685:Gaza Thesis
571:Palaiologos
531:Gaza Thesis
481:Middle East
457: 1453
450: 1299
347:World War I
329:Dissolution
245:Köprülü Era
188:Interregnum
6460:Categories
6367:Land terms
6321:Technology
6301:Philosophy
6281:Literature
6246:Demography
5947:Viking Age
5658:Literature
5571:Ottomanism
5266:Sanjakbeys
5249:Beylerbeys
5237:Provincial
4954:Government
4917:Family law
3253:References
2892:See also:
2701:Skanderbeg
2685:See also:
2624:See also:
2588:, and the
2584:, Poland,
2507:See also:
2404:See also:
2318:Wallachian
2001:See also:
1699:See also:
1684:See also:
1665:See also:
1651:See also:
1621:See also:
1551:See also:
1385:See also:
1361:Montenegro
1311:Dobrotitsa
1227:See also:
1123:. Most of
1121:Bulgarians
1050:See also:
998:See also:
838:uc begleri
804:Kara Halil
733:Government
720:Demography
665:Köse Mihal
549:After the
261:Old Regime
76:newspapers
6352:Dark Ages
6261:Household
6256:Hastilude
6025:Feudalism
5710:Armenians
5675:Education
5631:Miniature
5581:Languages
5566:Devshirme
5539:Transport
5339:Timariots
5205:Bulgarian
5097:Kazaskers
5059:Central (
5043:Kapi Agha
4912:Electoral
4838:Abolition
4833:Partition
4017:143042353
4003:: 88–94.
3750:elements.
3222:Mehmed II
3186:Bayezid I
3057:Mehmed II
3055:Entry of
2972:devshirme
2841:does not
2808:Mehmed II
2800:Karamanid
2792:Mehmed II
2779:Mehmed II
2726:does not
2671:Shah Rukh
2659:Wallachia
2636:Hungarian
2594:Karamanid
2566:Karamanid
2554:Hungarian
2546:Wallachia
2456:does not
2364:Wallachia
2310:Bulgarian
2238:does not
2196:Byzantium
2122:does not
2085:by Timur.
2022:does not
1922:does not
1903:Nicopolis
1897:Dobrudzha
1826:Bayezid I
1821:Bayezid I
1768:does not
1571:Chernomen
1500:does not
1406:does not
1357:Macedonia
1319:Dobrudzha
1299:Hungarian
1254:Byzantium
1176:does not
1113:Gallipoli
1107:in 1354.
1101:Gallipoli
1039:dervishes
969:Alexander
954:Bayezid I
879:Mehmed II
877:in 1453,
864:timariots
669:Hranislav
660:Byzantine
580:Ilkhanate
498:Mehmed II
469:Byzantine
271:Tulip Era
6435:Category
6402:Timeline
6291:Minstrel
6286:Medicine
6168:Chivalry
6123:Burgundy
6045:Crusades
5821:Category
5735:Religion
5648:Clothing
5534:Taxation
5497:Currency
5438:Aviation
5412:Admirals
5365:Hamidieh
5301:Military
5282:Kadiluks
5256:Vilayets
5210:Armenian
5148:Assembly
4885:Treaties
4854:Politics
4811:Tanzimat
4466:: 7–25.
4460:Muqarnas
4414:(2009).
3498:Muqarnas
3210:Murad II
3198:Mehmed I
2794:(called
2663:Bulgaria
2638:army of
2590:Jandarid
2574:Anatolia
2562:Bulgaria
2382:Murad II
2360:Mircea I
2326:Moldavia
2295:Mehmed I
2213:Mehmed I
1834:Yıldırım
1830:Yıldırım
1735:Tvrtko I
1733:by King
1349:Thessaly
1258:Bulgaria
1243:Anatolia
1235:conquest
1070:Bithynia
1028:Germiyan
1011:Bithynia
901:Military
829:Kazasker
820:yeniçeri
656:Bithynia
631:Ertuğrul
477:Anatolia
465:Bithynia
164:Timeline
134:a series
132:Part of
6345:Related
6331:Warfare
6326:Theatre
6316:Slavery
6311:Science
6266:Hunting
6231:Cuisine
6204:Culture
6143:Castile
6138:England
5807:Outline
5762:Symbols
5753:Judaism
5680:Schools
5653:Cuisine
5616:Mosques
5603:Culture
5593:Slavery
5549:Society
5512:Sultani
5473:By era
5466:Economy
5448:Weapons
5261:Sanjaks
5244:Eyalets
5217:Judaism
5170:Millets
5107:Nişancı
5092:Viziers
4937:Halakha
4932:Mecelle
4875:Safavid
4787:Köprülü
4730:History
4583:Surveys
3427:fables.
3174:Murad I
3150:Osman I
3137:Gallery
3126:Otranto
2862:removed
2847:sources
2747:removed
2732:sources
2675:Karaman
2667:Albania
2646:at the
2642:led by
2634:–
2586:Albania
2531:Hungary
2477:removed
2462:sources
2352:Dobruja
2341:Albania
2330:Hungary
2314:Serbian
2259:removed
2244:sources
2143:removed
2128:sources
2083:Bayezid
2043:removed
2028:sources
1943:removed
1928:sources
1864:Nikopol
1789:removed
1774:sources
1721:Prince
1719:Serbian
1521:removed
1506:sources
1475:Vukašin
1473:, only
1467:Turnovo
1427:removed
1412:sources
1197:removed
1182:sources
1151:Murad I
1078:medrese
1000:Osman I
928:akıncıs
916:Murad I
808:Murad I
758:Turkish
743:Osman I
638:Central
619:Osman I
615:Ottoman
588:Turkish
576:Mongols
519:Osman I
473:Balkans
439:Turkish
393:Decline
143:History
90:scholar
6425:Portal
6306:Poetry
6133:France
5784:Tughra
5769:Anthem
5715:Greeks
5668:Poetry
5153:Senate
4922:Düstur
4680:
4661:
4635:
4616:
4597:
4547:
4527:
4508:
4489:
4443:
4424:
4400:
4381:
4352:
4322:
4081:
4015:
3807:
3523:
3449:
3396:
3301:
3276:
3106:London
3039:Galata
2951:Mehmed
2935:Mehmed
2924:Mehmed
2900:Mehmed
2804:Venice
2697:Edirne
2632:Polish
2614:Mehmed
2535:Venice
2527:Serbia
2423:Venice
2334:Venice
2322:Bosnia
2291:Edirne
2205:Mongol
2175:Ankara
1980:(1396)
1893:Rovine
1872:Serres
1731:Bosnia
1641:Vardar
1599:Prilep
1471:bojars
1459:Thrace
1374:Prilep
1353:Epiros
1342:Serbia
1338:bojars
1295:tsar's
1262:Serbia
1260:, and
1247:Thrace
1239:Edirne
1135:Serbia
1117:Thrace
1085:Karesi
1058:, and
925:s and
883:Edirne
846:sultan
834:askeri
812:pençik
648:beylik
599:Taifas
493:Ghazis
374:(1924)
366:(1922)
145:of the
136:on the
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
6336:Women
6296:Music
6251:Domes
6241:Dance
6128:Milan
5743:Islam
5725:Women
5692:Media
5663:Prose
5636:Music
5517:Kuruş
5431:Other
5422:Ships
5278:Kazas
5200:Ullah
5178:Islam
5061:Porte
4799:Tulip
4013:S2CID
3747:ghaza
3228:Notes
3162:Orhan
3059:into
3041:into
3037:from
2912:divan
2796:Fatih
2610:Varna
2602:Sofia
2570:Sofia
2558:Serbs
2386:Serbs
2371:Murad
2306:Bursa
2299:Timur
2003:Timur
1856:Vidin
1633:Sofia
1595:kralj
1591:bojar
1283:Vidin
1109:Orhan
1074:Bursa
1066:Orhan
1024:Tatar
1022:with
1007:Söğüt
912:Orhan
908:Bursa
889:, to
673:Orhan
652:Söğüt
445:) in
389:Ghaza
97:JSTOR
83:books
5779:Flag
5720:Jews
5622:Art
5522:Lira
5507:Para
5502:Akçe
5395:List
5382:Navy
5309:Army
4890:Wars
4743:Rise
4678:ISBN
4659:ISBN
4633:ISBN
4614:ISBN
4595:ISBN
4545:ISBN
4525:ISBN
4506:ISBN
4487:ISBN
4441:ISBN
4422:ISBN
4398:ISBN
4379:ISBN
4350:ISBN
4320:ISBN
4079:ISBN
3805:ISBN
3521:ISBN
3504:: 8.
3447:ISBN
3394:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3100:52;
3096:(70
2845:any
2843:cite
2730:any
2728:cite
2661:and
2600:and
2592:and
2529:and
2460:any
2458:cite
2242:any
2240:cite
2189:The
2126:any
2124:cite
2026:any
2024:cite
1926:any
1924:cite
1772:any
1770:cite
1504:any
1502:cite
1410:any
1408:cite
1365:Zeta
1351:and
1334:Uroš
1313:and
1180:any
1178:cite
923:gazi
887:gaza
871:gaza
824:gazi
772:gazi
762:gazi
713:gazi
711:and
709:gaza
704:gazi
699:gaza
641:Asia
613:The
483:and
430:The
173:Rise
69:news
6221:Art
5195:Rūm
4897:Law
4468:doi
4005:doi
3091:by
3063:by
3045:by
2987:by
2856:by
2741:by
2598:Niš
2471:by
2253:by
2137:by
2037:by
1937:by
1783:by
1713:On
1637:Niš
1587:car
1515:by
1421:by
1191:by
52:by
6462::
5348::
5320::
4464:24
4462:.
4458:.
4328:.
4295:^
4232:^
4087:.
4011:.
4001:25
3999:.
3897:^
3819:^
3775:^
3502:24
3500:.
3402:.
3260:^
3108:).
3104:,
3075:by
3068:.
3051:.
2930:.
2918:,
2650:.
2537:.
2396:.
2328:.
2316:,
2312:,
2186:.
1285:,
1256:,
1137:.
1054:,
1030:.
943:.
848:.
760::
503:r.
479:,
475:,
454:c.
447:c.
441::
391:,
5856:e
5849:t
5842:v
5280:/
5063:)
4714:e
4707:t
4700:v
4686:.
4667:.
4641:.
4622:.
4603:.
4553:.
4533:.
4514:.
4495:.
4476:.
4470::
4449:.
4430:.
4406:.
4387:.
4358:.
4019:.
4007::
3813:.
3529:.
3455:.
3359:s
3307:.
3282:.
3245:.
3098:x
3080:.
2883:)
2877:(
2872:)
2868:(
2864:.
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