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534:, protested his innocence, and some witnesses testified that he was in Scotland on 13 December, but another identified him as being present at the scene. Two defendants were acquitted on the instructions of the presiding judges in the course of the trial, leaving four before the jury. After deliberating for 2½ hours, three of the defendants were acquitted, but Barrett was convicted of murder at around 6:30pm on 27 April, and sentenced to death. Further enquiries into his claim to have been in Glasgow at the time of the bombing were unable to disturb the sentence, and Barrett was
27:
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401:'s barrow. The explosion demolished a 60 feet (18 m) section of the wall, but no one escaped: the prison authorities had been forewarned and the prisoners were exercised earlier in the day, so they were locked in their cells when the bomb exploded. The blast also damaged several nearby tenement houses on Corporation Lane (now Corporation Row) on the opposite side of the road, killing 12 people and causing many injuries, with estimates ranging from around 30 to over 120.
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734:, had banned all political demonstrations in London in an attempt to put a stop to the weekly meetings and marches that were being held in support of the Fenians, with a similar vice-regal declaration in Ireland. Disraeli had feared that the ban might be challenged, but the explosion had the effect of turning public opinion in his favour. After the explosion, he advocated the suspension of the
309:, the police van in which they were being transported was intercepted and they were freed. Police Sergeant Charles Brett was shot dead during the escape. Five suspected of involvement in the escape were tried for murder and sentenced to death. One was pardoned, and one had his sentence commuted, but the remaining three were hanged at Salford Gaol on the morning of Saturday 23 November 1867.
348:). (The prison was demolished in 1890; the Hugh Myddleton School building now stands on the site and has been converted into flats; a plaque commemorates the events.) In the previous weeks, a series of meetings of thousands of people regarding the three men convicted of Brett's murder had been held nearby on
392:
Burke's
Republican colleagues tried to free him on Thursday 12 December, without success. They tried to blow a hole in the prison wall while the prisoners were exercising in the prison yard, but their bomb failed to explode. They tried again at about 3:45 pm the following day, 13 December, using a
557:
The trial of Burke and Casey, and a third defendant, Henry Shaw aka
Mullady, began on 28 April, all charged with treason, before Mr Baron Bramwell and Mr Justice Keating and a jury. The prosecution claimed that Burke had been involved in finding arms for the Fenians in Birmingham in late 1865 and
826:
opined to his constituents that "No amount of eloquence could achieve what the fear of an impending insurrection, what the
Clerkenwell explosion and the shot in the police van had achieved." Parnell also attributed the explosion and the Manchester Martyrs incident as leading to "some measure of
561:
After a period in the USA, he returned to
Liverpool to take part in the preparations for a plan to storm Chester Castle, and then in Ireland. After court hearings on 28, 29 and 30 April, the case against Casey was withdrawn, but Burke and Mullady were found guilty of treason on 30 April, and
236:
of 1605. Denounced by politicians and writers from both sides of the political spectrum, the bombing was later described as the most infamous action perpetrated by
Fenians in Britain during the 19th century. It enraged the British public, causing a backlash which undermined the
305:, and members of the movement's leadership were arrested and convicted. Two succeeded in evading the police and fled to England, but they were arrested in Manchester and held in custody. On 18 September 1867, while they were being transferred from the courthouse to
711:
The London masses, who have shown great sympathy towards
Ireland, will be made wild and driven into the arms of a reactionary government. One cannot expect the London proletarians to allow themselves to be blown up in honour of Fenian
780:, then in opposition, announced his concern about Irish grievances within days of the explosion, and said that it was the duty of the British people to remove them. This act powerfully influenced Gladstone in deciding that the
798:
In April 1867, the supreme council of the Irish
Republican Brotherhood condemned the Clerkenwell Outrage as a "dreadful and deplorable event", but the organisation returned to bombings in Britain in 1881 to 1885, with the
566:
respectively. Burke protested that he was not a subject of the Queen, but a soldier of the United States, but evidence was provided that his mother and sister lived in
Ireland, and he was convicted nonetheless.
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in 1859. The IRB was a revolutionary fraternal organisation, rather than an insurrectionary conspiracy. It had an estimated 100,000 members by 1865, and frequently carried out acts of violence in
94:
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as a concession to Irish disaffection. Later, he said that it was the Fenian action at
Clerkenwell that turned his mind towards Home Rule. When Gladstone discovered at
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as an act "calculated to destroy all sympathy, and to evoke the opposition of all classes". The bombing had a traumatic effect on
British working-class opinion.
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218:. The explosion damaged nearby houses, killed 12 civilians and wounded 120; no prisoners escaped and the attack was a failure. The event was described by
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in October 1922 described the book as "an attempted Clerkenwell explosion in the well-guarded, well-built, classical prison of English literature".
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on 28 December 1867 shows the "Fenian Guy Fawkes" sitting on a barrel of gunpowder with a lighted match, surrounded by innocent women and children.
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This bombing enraged the British public, souring relations between Britain and Ireland and causing a panic over the Fenian threat. The radical,
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later that year that Queen Victoria had invited him to form a government he famously stated, "my mission is to pacify Ireland".
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Portraits of the Manchester Martyrs – Michael O'Brien, William Philip Allen and Michael Larkin – in a
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the following day as "a crime of unexampled atrocity", and compared to the "infernal machines" used in Paris in
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in Britain, as was already the case in Ireland, and wider security measures were introduced. Thousands of
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in London. Burke had purchased weapons for the Fenians in Birmingham. Burke was charged with
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The House of Detention in Clerkenwell after the bombing; seen from within the prison yard
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Executive Measures, Terrorism and National Security: Have the Rules of the Game Changed?
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The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World 1867–1900
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observing that she was "beginning to wish" that perpetrators of such crimes "be
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was held on Sunday 24 November, preceded by a black banner quoting from
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against British rule in Ireland, but their plans became known to the
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A History of the Irish Novel: Interchapter 4 - James Joyce's Ulysses
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in England, with the practice being ended from 29 May 1868 by the
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on 13 December 1867. Members of the IRB, who were nicknamed "
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early 1866, where he was using the name "Edward C Winslow".
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History of the Metropolitan Police: The Fenians and the IRA
880:"London Today - 1867: Twelve killed in prison break blast"
286:, ostensibly the American wing of the IRB, was founded in
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Visiting time at the Clerkenwell House of Detention, 1862
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The Making of Ireland: From Ancient Times to the Present
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Central Criminal Court, 20 April : The Fenian Trials –
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QC and two junior counsel. Defence barristers included
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Central Criminal Court, 30 April. The Fenian Trials –
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Central Criminal Court, 29 April. The Fenian Trials –
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Central Criminal Court, 28 April: The Fenian Trials –
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Central Criminal Court, 27 April: The Fenian Trials –
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Central Criminal Court, 25 April: The Fenian Trials –
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Central Criminal Court, 24 April: The Fenian Trials –
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Central Criminal Court, 23 April: The Fenian Trials –
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Central Criminal Court, 21 April: The Fenian Trials –
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Central Criminal Court, 20 April: The Fenian Trials –
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presided with a jury. The prosecution was led by the
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Irish Political Prisoners, 1848–1922: Theatres of War
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seeking clemency. A march from Clerkenwell Green to
1231:, Wednesday, 29 Apr 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26111; col B
1189:, Wednesday, 22 Apr 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26105; col B
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protection being given to the Irish tenant" and the
1238:, Thursday, 30 Apr 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26112; col C
1210:, Saturday, 25 Apr 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26108; col A
1196:, Thursday, 23 Apr 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26106; col B
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The Fenian Prisoners at the Bow Street Police Court
757:in March 1883, initially as a small section of the
1224:, Tuesday, 28 Apr 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26110; col C
1182:, Tuesday, 21 Apr 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26104; col A
1175:, Saturday, 14 Dec 1867; pg. 6; Issue 25994; col D
1132:House of detention, Clerkenwell after an explosion
1217:, Monday, 27 Apr 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26109; col B
1203:, Friday, 24 Apr 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26107; col C
730:The day before the explosion, the Prime Minister
1972:
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1245:, Friday, 1 May 1868; pg. 11; Issue 26113; col B
475:Charges were laid against eight, but two turned
332:in custody pending trial, and imprisoned at the
316:and his companion Joseph Casey were arrested in
2001:Improvised explosive device bombings in London
697:, condemned the incident in his newspaper the
542:on the morning of Tuesday 26 May 1868 outside
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297:In 1867, the IRB was preparing to launch an
1153:, Seán McConville, p. 136-138, 260–261
443:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1996:History of the London Borough of Islington
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951:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
198:, was a bombing attack carried out by the
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665:Learn how and when to remove this message
487:from Monday 20 to Monday 27 April 1868.
463:Learn how and when to remove this message
312:Three days earlier, on 20 November 1867,
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
936:
676:
383:
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34:This article includes a list of general
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1126:Fenian explosion at Clerkenwell Prison
858:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 9.
851:
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1171:London, Saturday, 14 December 1867 –
1075:nowrigglingoutofwriting.wordpress.com
1042:from the original on 12 November 2020
1001:
562:sentenced to 15 years and 7 years of
552:Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868
16:1867 terrorist incident in London, UK
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742:were enlisted to assist the police.
603:adding citations to reliable sources
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441:adding citations to reliable sources
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1114:Victorian Hangings: Michael Barrett
1094:, Yonah Alexander, Alan O'Day, 53-6
13:
2031:History of the Metropolitan Police
2021:1867 murders in the United Kingdom
1322:Physical force Irish republicanism
707:, then living in London, observed:
483:and five others were tried at the
376:makes countless thousands mourn."
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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1157:Joyce's Ulysses: A Reader's Guide
759:Criminal Investigation Department
2016:19th-century terrorist incidents
1431:
1082:, Richard English, p. 181-2
1070:victoriancalendar.blogspot.co.uk
1004:"The Political Ideas of Parnell"
925:The Making of Ireland: A History
579:
413:
352:, with a deputation sent to the
155:200–548 pounds (91–249 kg)
25:
1329:Irish in the American Civil War
1088:, Michael Diamond, p. 56-7
590:needs additional citations for
1065:thevictorianist.blogspot.co.uk
995:
986:
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761:, to monitor Fenian activity.
370:Man was made to mourn: A Dirge
1:
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833:disestablished and disendowed
244:
2006:Irish Republican Brotherhood
1897:The Irish People (newspaper)
1284:Irish Republican Brotherhood
974:. Cambridge University Press
570:
546:. He was the last man to be
334:Middlesex House of Detention
303:Dublin Castle administration
280:Irish Republican Brotherhood
200:Irish Republican Brotherhood
183:Irish Republican Brotherhood
7:
1387:Declaration of Independence
1168:Contemporary news reports:
1110:, information-britain.co.uk
1092:Ireland's Terrorist Dilemma
681:"The Fenian Guy Fawkes" by
10:
2047:
1922:Irish National Invincibles
1904:United Irishmen of America
1855:Emmet Monument Association
1165:, James Lydon, p. 308
1159:, Sean Sheehan, p. 99
1103:An explosive trial, part 2
1098:An explosive trial, part 1
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1890:Irish Freedom (newspaper)
1832:
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1493:Irish War of Independence
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1143:27 September 2011 at the
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906:Can Human Rights Survive?
822:On 24 September 1877, MP
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1876:Friends of Irish Freedom
1823:Francis Frederick Millen
1720:Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa
1479:Fenian dynamite campaign
1002:Lyons, F. S. L. (1973).
937:Whelehan, Niall (2012).
801:Fenian dynamite campaign
404:
239:Irish Home Rule Movement
2026:1860s murders in London
1664:Edward O'Meagher Condon
1657:Ricard O'Sullivan Burke
1380:Hindu–German Conspiracy
1108:The last public hanging
824:Charles Stewart Parnell
778:William Ewart Gladstone
614:"Clerkenwell explosion"
374:Man's inhumanity to man
314:Ricard O'Sullivan Burke
135:13 December 1867 (GMT)
90:Infobox civilian attack
82:
55:more precise citations.
1357:Irish Race Conventions
1116:, truecrimelibrary.com
1008:The Historical Journal
852:Bonner, David (2007).
714:
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389:
340:(formerly the site of
326:assaulting a constable
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95:considered for merging
2011:Mass murder in London
1926:Phoenix Park killings
1883:Irish Republican Army
1650:Thomas Francis Bourke
1453:Clerkenwell explosion
1147:, Metropolitan Police
927:, James Lydon, p. 308
709:
689:, on 28 December 1867
680:
530:Barrett, a native of
387:
342:Clerkenwell Bridewell
274:since the end of the
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192:Clerkenwell explosion
104:Clerkenwell explosion
1991:December 1867 events
966:Hand, Derek (2011).
915:, Conor Gearty, p.99
911:8 March 2017 at the
751:Special Irish Branch
599:improve this article
437:improve this section
194:, also known as the
1953: /
1816:Thomas Miller Beach
1546:John O'Connor Power
1315:Irish republicanism
747:Metropolitan Police
196:Clerkenwell Outrage
1957:51.5245°N 0.1072°W
1862:Fenian Brotherhood
1734:William R. Roberts
1706:Thomas Clarke Luby
1408:Anglo-Irish Treaty
1336:Manchester Martyrs
1134:, Museum of London
1128:, Museum of London
1122:, Museum of London
886:on 13 October 2013
740:special constables
691:
489:Lord Chief Justice
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338:Clerkenwell Prison
284:Fenian Brotherhood
262:Manchester Martyrs
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216:Clerkenwell Prison
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1773:Seán Mac Diarmada
829:Church of Ireland
785:Church of Ireland
736:Habeas Corpus Act
732:Benjamin Disraeli
700:National Reformer
695:Charles Bradlaugh
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510:Solicitor General
506:Sir John Karslake
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1518:James Stephens
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1394:Irish Republic
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1364:Obstructionism
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1339:
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1014:(4): 749–775.
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837:
789:disestablished
773:on the spot".
767:Gathorne Hardy
763:Queen Victoria
687:Punch magazine
673:
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587:
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544:Newgate Prison
471:
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358:Queen Victoria
307:Belle Vue Gaol
299:armed uprising
260:Main article:
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157:Gunpowder kegs
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24:
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1766:Bulmer Hobson
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1752:Éamonn Ceannt
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1731:
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1714:
1713:John O'Mahony
1710:
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1574:Seamus Deakin
1571:
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1486:Easter Rising
1483:
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1476:
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1449:Fenian Rising
1446:
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1412:
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1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
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1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:New Departure
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
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1301:Young Ireland
1298:
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1295:
1291:
1286:
1276:
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1269:
1264:
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1109:
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1080:Irish Freedom
1078:
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1041:
1037:
1033:
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865:9780754647560
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796:
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786:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Scotland Yard
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
724:
720:published in
719:
716:A cartoon by
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:
696:
688:
684:
679:
669:
666:
658:
647:
644:
640:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
619:
616: –
615:
611:
610:Find sources:
604:
600:
594:
593:
588:This section
586:
582:
577:
576:
568:
565:
559:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
525:Edward Clarke
522:
518:
515:supported by
514:
511:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
467:
464:
456:
446:
442:
438:
432:
431:
427:
422:This section
420:
416:
411:
410:
402:
400:
396:
386:
377:
375:
371:
368:'s 1784 poem
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:Woburn Square
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
292:Great Britain
289:
288:New York City
285:
281:
278:in 1603. The
277:
273:
269:
266:The whole of
263:
256:
251:
242:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
209:
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201:
197:
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138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
112:
107:
102:
96:
92:
91:
87:
75:
72:
64:
61:December 2012
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
1938:
1841:Clan na Gael
1744:20th century
1642:19th century
1602:Harry Boland
1595:Seán McGarry
1560:Neal O'Boyle
1553:John O'Leary
1457:Fenian raids
1452:
1370:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1046:23 September
1044:. Retrieved
1011:
1007:
997:
988:
976:. Retrieved
969:
961:
941:. Cambridge.
938:
932:
920:
900:
890:11 September
888:. Retrieved
884:the original
874:
854:
847:
821:
814:
808:
797:
775:
744:
729:
722:
718:John Tenniel
715:
710:
698:
692:
683:John Tenniel
661:
652:
642:
635:
628:
621:
609:
597:Please help
592:verification
589:
560:
556:
529:
474:
459:
450:
435:Please help
423:
399:costermonger
391:
369:
366:Robert Burns
328:. They were
311:
296:
272:British rule
265:
219:
195:
191:
189:
88:
67:
58:
39:
18:
1986:Clerkenwell
1960: /
1914:Derivatives
1588:Thomas Ashe
1500:Army Mutiny
805:James Joyce
771:lynch-lawed
712:emissaries.
354:Home Office
179:Perpetrator
141:Attack type
125:Clerkenwell
84:‹ The
53:introducing
1975:Categories
1945:51°31′28″N
1833:Associates
1808:Informants
1759:Tom Clarke
1692:John Devoy
1633:Prominent
1510:Presidents
1372:Fenian Ram
904:Quoted in
839:References
787:should be
655:March 2017
625:newspapers
485:Old Bailey
453:March 2017
393:barrel of
346:New Prison
245:Background
36:references
1948:0°06′26″W
1727:Pat Nally
1671:John Daly
1401:Sinn Féin
1343:Cuba Five
1308:Fenianism
1243:The Times
1236:The Times
1229:The Times
1222:The Times
1215:The Times
1208:The Times
1201:The Times
1194:The Times
1187:The Times
1180:The Times
1173:The Times
1036:153781140
947:cite book
807:'s novel
749:formed a
705:Karl Marx
571:Aftermath
424:does not
395:gunpowder
362:Hyde Park
221:The Times
202:(IRB) in
146:Explosion
93:is being
1472:Land War
1141:Archived
1040:Archived
909:Archived
793:Hawarden
782:Anglican
725:magazine
508:and the
499:Bramwell
496:Mr Baron
492:Cockburn
344:and the
330:remanded
255:shamrock
232:and the
121:Location
97:. ›
86:template
1635:members
1441:Actions
1293:General
1059:Sources
1028:2638281
978:5 April
831:being "
813:in the
810:Ulysses
639:scholar
445:removed
430:sources
380:Bombing
322:treason
268:Ireland
208:Fenians
171:Injured
152:Weapons
49:improve
1034:
1026:
862:
641:
634:
627:
620:
612:
536:hanged
212:remand
204:London
163:Deaths
38:, but
1032:S2CID
1024:JSTOR
723:Punch
646:JSTOR
632:books
405:Trial
1455:and
1048:2021
980:2023
953:link
892:2013
860:ISBN
745:The
618:news
523:and
494:and
428:any
426:cite
230:1835
228:and
226:1800
190:The
132:Date
1016:doi
835:".
753:at
601:by
538:by
439:by
372:: "
214:at
174:120
1977::
1038:.
1030:.
1022:.
1012:16
1010:.
1006:.
949:}}
945:{{
554:.
527:.
479:.
294:.
241:.
166:12
1928:)
1924:(
1459:)
1451:(
1274:e
1267:t
1260:v
1050:.
1018::
982:.
972:"
968:"
955:)
894:.
868:.
668:)
662:(
657:)
653:(
643:·
636:·
629:·
622:·
595:.
466:)
460:(
455:)
451:(
447:.
433:.
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
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