Gunpowder Plot - Knowledge

1905: 1541: 1840:, who began with a long speech—heavily influenced by Salisbury—that included a denial that the King had ever made any promises to the Catholics. Monteagle's part in the discovery of the plot was welcomed, and denunciations of the 1603 mission to Spain featured strongly. Fawkes's protestations that Gerard knew nothing of the plot were omitted from Coke's speech. The foreign powers, when mentioned, were accorded due respect, but the priests were accursed, their behaviour criticised wherever possible. There was little doubt, according to Coke, that the plot had been invented by the Jesuits. Garnet's meeting with Catesby, at which the former was said to have absolved the latter of any blame in the plot, was proof enough that the Jesuits were central to the conspiracy; according to Coke the Gunpowder Plot would always be known as the "Jesuit Treason". Coke spoke with feeling of the probable fate of the Queen and the rest of the King's family, and of the innocents who would have been caught up in the explosion. 1859:

would be decapitated, and the dismembered parts of his body displayed so that they might become "prey for the fowls of the air". Confessions and declarations from the prisoners were then read aloud, and finally the prisoners were allowed to speak. Rookwood claimed that he had been drawn into the plot by Catesby, "whom he loved above any worldy man". Thomas Wintour begged to be hanged for himself and his brother, so that his brother might be spared. Fawkes explained his not-guilty plea as ignorance of aspects of the indictment. Keyes appeared to accept his fate, Bates and Robert Wintour begged for mercy, and Grant explained his involvement as "a conspiracy intended but never effected". Only Digby, tried on a separate indictment, pleaded guilty, insisting that the King had reneged upon promises of toleration for Catholics, and that affection for Catesby and love of the Catholic cause mitigated his actions. He sought

1055: 916: 959:

government fabrication, as no evidence for the existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution, and no trace of one has ever been found. The account of a tunnel comes directly from Thomas Wintour's confession, and Guy Fawkes did not admit the existence of such a scheme until his fifth interrogation. Logistically, digging a tunnel would have proved extremely difficult, especially as none of the conspirators had any experience of mining. If the story is true, by 6 December 1604 the Scottish commissioners had finished their work, and the conspirators were busy tunnelling from their rented house to the House of Lords. They ceased their efforts when, during tunnelling, they heard a noise from above. The noise turned out to be the then-tenant's widow, who was clearing out the

72: 1043: 2255: 359: 932: 2167: 663:. Some Members of Parliament made it clear that, in their view, the "effluxion of people from the Northern parts" was unwelcome, and compared them to "plants which are transported from barren ground into a more fertile one". Even more discontent resulted when the King allowed his Scottish nobles to collect the recusancy fines. There were 5,560 convicted of recusancy in 1605, of whom 112 were landowners. The very few Catholics of great wealth who refused to attend services at their parish church were fined £20 per month. Those of more moderate means had to pay two-thirds of their annual rental income; middle class recusants were fined one 1880:", and he denied having encouraged Catholics to pray for the success of the "Catholic Cause". His interrogators resorted to the forgery of correspondence between Garnet and other Catholics, but to no avail. His jailers then allowed him to talk with another priest in a neighbouring cell, with eavesdroppers listening. Eventually Garnet let slip a crucial detail, that there was only one man who could testify that he had any knowledge of the plot. Under torture Garnet admitted that he had heard of the plot from fellow Jesuit Oswald Tesimond, who had learnt of it in confession from Catesby. Garnet was charged with high treason and tried in the 864: 1314: 1607: 848:. At some point during Northumberland's command in the Low Countries, Percy became his agent in his communications with James I. Percy was reputedly a "serious" character who had converted to the Catholic faith. His early years were, according to a Catholic source, marked by a tendency to rely on "his sword and personal courage". Northumberland, although not a Catholic himself, planned to build a strong relationship with James I in order to better the prospects of English Catholics, and to reduce the family disgrace caused by his separation from his wife Martha Wright, a favourite of Elizabeth I. 1661: 1190: 1337:

found a large pile of firewood in the undercroft beneath the House of Lords, accompanied by what they presumed to be a serving man (Fawkes), who told them that the firewood belonged to his master, Thomas Percy. They left to report their findings, at which time Fawkes also left the building. The mention of Percy's name aroused further suspicion as he was already known to the authorities as a Catholic agitator. The King insisted that a more thorough search be undertaken. Late that night, the search party, headed by

1236:

slightly of this advertisement, but retire yourself into your country where you may expect the event in safety. For though there be no appearance of any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this Parliament; and yet they shall not see who hurts them. This counsel is not to be condemned because it may do you good and can do you no harm; for the danger is passed as soon as you have burnt the letter. And I hope God will give you the grace to make good use of it, to whose holy protection I commend you.

1968: 2285:

Lords were constructed), the end wall where the barrels were placed, under the throne, was reduced to rubble, and the adjacent surviving portions of wall were shoved away. A piece of the head of the dummy representing King James, which had been placed on a throne inside the chamber, was found a considerable distance from its initial location. According to the findings of the programme, no one within 330 feet (100 m) of the blast could have survived, and all of the stained glass windows in

1623:

certainly that of the man himself, but his signature was markedly different. Wintour had previously only ever signed his name as such, but his confession is signed "Winter", and since he had been shot in the shoulder, the steady hand used to write the signature may indicate some measure of government interference—or it may indicate that writing a shorter version of his name was less painful. Wintour's testimony makes no mention of his brother, Robert. Both were published in the so-called

1751: 705: 1532:) and his company of 200 men besieged Holbeche House on the morning of 8 November. Thomas Wintour was hit in the shoulder while crossing the courtyard. John Wright was shot, followed by his brother, and then Rookwood. Catesby and Percy were reportedly killed by a single lucky shot. The attackers rushed the property, and stripped the dead or dying defenders of their clothing. Grant, Morgan, Rookwood, and Wintour were arrested. 1432: 1329: 1302:—who was uninvolved in the conspiracy—to see if he could discern what rumours surrounded the letter to Monteagle. Percy returned to London and assured Wintour, John Wright, and Robert Keyes that they had nothing to be concerned about, and returned to his lodgings on Gray's Inn Road. That same evening Catesby, likely accompanied by John Wright and Bates, set off for the Midlands. Fawkes visited Keyes, and was given a 1423:. A letter to Guy Fawkes was discovered on his person, but he claimed that name was one of his aliases. Far from denying his intentions, "Johnson" stated that it had been his purpose to destroy the King and Parliament. Nevertheless, he maintained his composure and insisted that he had acted alone. His unwillingness to yield so impressed the King that he described him as possessing "a Roman resolution". 879:, Thomas Wintour's usual residence when staying in London. Catesby, Thomas Wintour, and John Wright were in attendance, joined by Guy Fawkes and Thomas Percy. Alone in a private room, the five plotters swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book. By coincidence, and ignorant of the plot, John Gerard (a friend of Catesby's) was celebrating Mass in another room, and the five men subsequently received the 1573:, in Harrowden. Vaux was taken to London for interrogation. There she was resolute: she had never been aware that Gerard was a priest, she had presumed he was a "Catholic gentleman", and she did not know of his whereabouts. The homes of the conspirators were searched, and looted; Mary Digby's household was ransacked, and she was made destitute. Some time before the end of November, Garnet moved to 1070:, and asked him about the morality of entering into an undertaking which might involve the destruction of the innocent, together with the guilty. Garnet answered that such actions could often be excused, but according to his own account later admonished Catesby during a second meeting in July in Essex, showing him a letter from the pope which forbade rebellion. Soon after, the Jesuit priest 814:, a devout Catholic said to be one of the best swordsmen of his day, and a man who had taken part with Catesby in the Earl of Essex's rebellion three years earlier. Despite his reservations over the possible repercussions should the attempt fail, Wintour agreed to join the conspiracy, perhaps persuaded by Catesby's rhetoric: "Let us give the attempt and where it faileth, pass no further." 1710:, imprisoned for treason in 1601 for his part in the Essex revolt. They were betrayed by a cook, who grew suspicious of the amount of food sent up for his master's consumption. Humphrey denied the presence of the two fugitives, but another servant led the authorities to their hiding place. On 20 January, the local Justice of the Peace and his retainers arrived at Thomas Habington's home, 1261:

Wintour confronted the recently recruited conspirator. Tresham managed to convince the pair that he had not written the letter, but urged them to abandon the plot. Salisbury was already aware of certain stirrings before he received the letter, but did not yet know the exact nature of the plot, or who exactly was involved. He therefore elected to wait, to see how events unfolded.

1631:

been Princess Elizabeth's protector had the plot succeeded, but there was insufficient evidence to convict him. Northumberland remained in the Tower and on 27 June 1606 was finally charged with contempt. He was stripped of all public offices, fined £30,000 (about £8.3 million in 2024), and kept in the Tower until June 1621. The Lords Mordaunt and Stourton were tried in the

1498:

worried about the fate of their colleagues. They were caught, and then imprisoned in London. Catesby and the others arrived at Huddington early in the afternoon, and were met by Thomas Wintour. They received practically no support or sympathy from those they met, including family members, who were terrified at the prospect of being associated with treason. They continued on to

329:. Although anti-Catholic legislation was introduced soon after the discovery of the plot, many important and loyal Catholics remained in high office during the rest of King James I's reign. The thwarting of the Gunpowder Plot was commemorated for many years afterwards by special sermons and other public events such as the ringing of church bells, which evolved into the 1518:, to gain support, but to no avail. Tired and desperate, they spread out some of the now-soaked gunpowder in front of the fire, to dry out. Although gunpowder does not explode unless physically contained, a spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed Catesby, Rookwood, Grant, and a man named Morgan, who was a member of the hunting party. 1090:

opening of Parliament, this time until Tuesday 5 November. Fawkes left the country for a short time. The King, meanwhile, spent much of the summer away from the city, hunting. He stayed wherever was convenient, including on occasion at the houses of prominent Catholics. Garnet, convinced that the threat of an uprising had receded, travelled the country on a

1212:(a friend of Garnet who often shielded priests at her home) became increasingly concerned by what they suspected was about to happen. Several of the conspirators expressed worries about the safety of fellow Catholics who would be present in Parliament on the day of the planned explosion. Percy was concerned for his patron, Northumberland, and the young 1419:, closed the ports, and protected the house of the Spanish Ambassador, which was surrounded by an angry mob. An arrest warrant was issued against Thomas Percy, and his patron, the Earl of Northumberland, was placed under house arrest. In "John Johnson's" initial interrogation he revealed nothing other than the name of his mother, and that he was from 1039:. Undercrofts were common features at the time, used to house a variety of materials including food and firewood. Whynniard's undercroft, on the ground floor, was directly beneath the first-floor House of Lords, and may once have been part of the palace's medieval kitchen. Unused and filthy, its location was ideal for what the group planned to do. 2378:, testified that James had received his wife's desertion with equanimity, commenting, 'Well, wife, if you cannot live without this sort of thing, do your best to keep things as quiet as possible'. Anne would, indeed, keep her religious beliefs as quiet as possible: for the remainder of her life—even after her death—they remained obfuscated." 2294:

gunpowder would have been magnified by its containment in wooden barrels. The compression would have created a cannon effect, with the powder first blowing up from the top of the barrel before, a millisecond later, blowing out. Calculations showed that Fawkes, who was skilled in the use of gunpowder, had deployed double the amount needed.

1082:. Garnet decided that Tesimond's account had been given under the seal of the confessional, and that canon law therefore forbade him to repeat what he had heard. Without acknowledging that he was aware of the precise nature of the plot, Garnet attempted to dissuade Catesby from his course, to no avail. Garnet wrote to a colleague in Rome, 1387:

and Commoners and assisted with all Bishops, Judges and Doctors; at one instant and blast to have ruin'd the whole State and Kingdom of England. And for the effecting of this, there was placed under the Parliament House, where the king should sit, some 30 barrels of powder, with good store of wood, faggots, pieces and bars of iron.

1682:. Before he died, Tresham had also told of Garnet's involvement with the 1603 mission to Spain, but in his last hours he retracted some of these statements. Nowhere in his confession did he mention the Monteagle letter. He died early on the morning of 23 December, and was buried in the Tower. Nevertheless, he was 1593:, and whose wife was a first cousin of Lady Catesby, declared he had had no knowledge of the conspiracy. The Bishop of Rochester gave a sermon at St. Paul's Cross, in which he condemned the plot. In his speech to both Houses on 9 November, James expounded on two emerging preoccupations of his monarchy: the 2144:, who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to "wipe away the reproach" which the plot had exacted on generations of English Catholics. Gardiner portrayed Salisbury as guilty of nothing more than opportunism. Subsequent attempts to prove Salisbury's involvement, such as Francis Edwards's 1969 work 2366:

Historians are divided on when and if Anne converted to Catholicism. "Some time in the 1590s, Anne became a Roman Catholic." "Some time after 1600, but well before March 1603, Queen Anne was received into the Catholic Church in a secret chamber in the royal palace". "... Sir John Lindsay went to Rome

1642:

Several other people not involved in the conspiracy, but known or related to the conspirators, were also questioned. Northumberland's brothers, Sir Allen and Sir Josceline Percy, were arrested. Lord Montagu had employed Fawkes at an early age, and had also met Catesby on 29 October, and was therefore

1630:

Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, was in a difficult position. His midday dinner with Thomas Percy on 4 November was damning evidence against him, and after Thomas Percy's death there was nobody who could either implicate him or clear him. The Privy Council suspected that Northumberland would have

1089:

According to Fawkes, 20 barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first, followed by 16 more on 20 July. The supply of gunpowder was theoretically controlled by the government, but it was easily obtained from illicit sources. On 28 July, the ever-present threat of the plague again delayed the

636:

was executed, but James—keen not to have too bloody a start to his reign—reprieved Cobham, Grey, and Markham while they were at the scaffold. Raleigh, who had watched while his colleagues sweated, had been due to be executed a few days later, but was also pardoned. Arbella Stuart denied any knowledge

1916:

Although Catesby and Percy escaped the executioner, their bodies were exhumed and decapitated, and their heads exhibited on spikes outside the House of Lords. On 30 January, Everard Digby, Robert Wintour, John Grant, and Thomas Bates were tied to hurdles—wooden panels—and dragged through the crowded

1674:

Thomas Bates confessed on 4 December, providing much of the information that Salisbury needed to link the Catholic clergy to the plot. Bates had been present at most of the conspirators' meetings, and under interrogation he implicated Tesimond in the plot. On 13 January 1606, he described how he had

2096:

concluded that a successful implementation of the plot would have prompted a severe backlash against suspected Catholics, and that without foreign assistance a successful rebellion would have been unlikely; despite differing religious convictions, most Englishmen were loyal to the monarchy. England

1975:

The discovery of such a wide-ranging conspiracy and the subsequent trials led Parliament to consider new anti-Catholic legislation. The event destroyed all hope that the Spanish would ever secure tolerance of the Catholics in England. In the summer of 1606, laws against recusancy were strengthened;

1941:

at Westminster. Keyes did not wait for the hangman's command and jumped from the gallows, but he survived the drop and was led to the quartering block. Although weakened by his torture, Fawkes managed to jump from the gallows and break his neck, avoiding the agony of the gruesome latter part of his

1622:

Only two confessions were printed in full: Fawkes's confession of 8 November, and Wintour's of 23 November. Having been involved in the conspiracy from the start (unlike Fawkes), Wintour was able to give extremely valuable information to the Privy Council. The handwriting on his testimony is almost

1411:

at about 6 pm, where they met Robert Wintour and updated him on their situation. They then continued on to Dunchurch, and met with Digby. Catesby convinced him that despite the plot's failure, an armed struggle was still a real possibility. He announced to Digby's "hunting party" that the King

1386:

On the 5th of November we began our Parliament, to which the King should have come in person, but refrained through a practise but that morning discovered. The plot was to have blown up the King at such time as he should have been set on his Royal Throne, accompanied with all his Children, Nobility

1336:

Although two accounts of the number of searches and their timing exist, according to the King's version, the first search of the buildings in and around Parliament was made on Monday 4 November—as the plotters were busy making their final preparations—by Suffolk, Monteagle, and John Whynniard. They

1097:

It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England, but he was back in London by late August, when he and Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed. More gunpowder was brought into the room, along with firewood to conceal it. The final three conspirators were recruited

640:

The Catholic community responded to news of these plots with shock. That the Bye Plot had been revealed by Catholics was instrumental in saving them from further persecution, and James was grateful enough to allow pardons for those recusants who sued for them, as well as postponing payment of their

1675:

visited Garnet and Tesimond on 7 November to inform Garnet of the plot's failure. Bates also told his interrogators of his ride with Tesimond to Huddington, before the priest left him to head for the Habingtons at Hindlip Hall, and of a meeting between Garnet, Gerard, and Tesimond in October 1605.

1588:

The foiling of the Gunpowder Plot initiated a wave of national relief at the delivery of the King and his sons, and inspired in the ensuing parliament a mood of loyalty and goodwill, which Salisbury astutely exploited to extract higher subsidies for the King than any (bar one) granted in Elizabeth

1521:

Thomas Wintour and Littleton, on their way from Huddington to Holbeche House, were told by a messenger that Catesby had died. At that point, Littleton left, but Thomas arrived at the house to find Catesby alive, albeit scorched. John Grant was not so lucky, and had been blinded by the fire. Digby,

1260:

and not expected back for several days. Monteagle's servant, Thomas Ward, had family connections with the Wright brothers, and sent a message to Catesby about the betrayal. Catesby, who had been due to go hunting with the King, suspected that Tresham was responsible for the letter, and with Thomas

1235:

My Lord, out of the love I bear to some of your friends, I have a care of your preservation. Therefore I would advise you, as you tender your life, to devise some excuse to shift your attendance at this parliament; for God and man hath concurred to punish the wickedness of this time. And think not

958:

meant that rather than sitting in February, as the plotters had originally planned for, Parliament would not sit again until 3 October 1605. The contemporaneous account of the prosecution claimed that during this delay the conspirators were digging a tunnel beneath Parliament. This may have been a

2284:

and demonstrated that the explosion—if the gunpowder had been in good order—would have killed all those in the building. The power of the explosion was such that of the 7-foot (2.1 m) deep concrete walls making up the undercroft (replicating how archives suggest the walls of the old House of

1597:

and the Catholic question. He insisted that the plot had been the work of only a few Catholics, not of the English Catholics as a whole, and he reminded the assembly to rejoice at his survival, since kings were divinely appointed and he owed his escape to a miracle. Salisbury wrote to his English

1556:

Bates and Keyes were captured shortly after Holbeche House was taken. Digby, who had intended to give himself up, was caught by a small group of pursuers. Tresham was arrested on 12 November, and taken to the Tower three days later. Montague, Mordaunt, and Stourton (Tresham's brother-in-law) were

1269:

The letter was shown to the King on the first of November following his arrival back in London. Upon reading it, James immediately seized upon the word "blow" and felt that it hinted at "some strategem of fire and powder", perhaps an explosion exceeding in violence the one that killed his father,

442:

Despite competing claims to the English throne, the transition of power following Elizabeth's death went smoothly. James's succession was announced by a proclamation from Cecil on 24 March, which was generally celebrated. Leading papists, rather than causing trouble as anticipated, reacted to the

1858:

Each of the condemned, said Coke, would be drawn backwards to his death, by a horse, his head near the ground. He was to be "put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both". His genitals would be cut off and burnt before his eyes, and his bowels and heart then removed. Then he

1497:

to deliver a letter from Catesby, to Garnet and the other priests, informing them of what had transpired, and asking for their help in raising an army. Garnet replied by begging Catesby and his followers to stop their "wicked actions", before himself fleeing. Several priests set out for Warwick,

671:

On 19 March, the King gave his opening speech to his first English Parliament in which he spoke of his desire to secure peace, but only by "profession of the true religion". He also spoke of a Christian union and reiterated his desire to avoid religious persecution. For the Catholics, the King's

1618:

was in charge of the interrogations. Over a period of about ten weeks, in the Lieutenant's Lodgings at the Tower of London (now known as the Queen's House) he questioned those who had been implicated in the plot. For the first round of interrogations, no real proof exists that these people were

806:, where they discussed Catesby's plan to re-establish Catholicism in England by blowing up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament. Wintour was known as a competent scholar, able to speak several languages, and he had fought with the English army in the Netherlands. His uncle, 2293:

The programme also disproved claims that deterioration in the quality of the gunpowder would have prevented the explosion. A portion of deliberately deteriorated gunpowder, of such low quality as to make it unusable in firearms, still created a large explosion. The impact of even deteriorated

1034:

in the early 17th century was a warren of buildings clustered around the medieval chambers, chapels, and halls of the former royal palace that housed both Parliament and the various royal law courts. The old palace was easily accessible; merchants, lawyers, and others lived and worked in the

1921:. Digby, the first to mount the scaffold, asked the spectators for forgiveness, and refused a Protestant clergyman. He was stripped of his clothing, and wearing only a shirt, climbed the ladder to place his head through the noose. He was quickly cut down, and while still fully conscious was 1290:

would undertake a search of the Houses of Parliament, "both above and below". On Sunday 3 November, Percy, Catesby and Wintour had a final meeting, where Percy told his colleagues that they should "abide the uttermost triall", and reminded them of their ship waiting at anchor on the Thames.

911:

The building was occupied by Scottish commissioners appointed by the King to consider his plans for the unification of England and Scotland, so the plotters hired Catesby's lodgings in Lambeth, on the opposite bank of the Thames, from where their stored gunpowder and other supplies could be

1205:. Fawkes would be left to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames, while simultaneously a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of the King's daughter, Elizabeth. Fawkes would leave for the continent, to explain events in England to the European Catholic powers. 1985:

took another 200 years, but many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during James I's reign. Although there was no "golden time" of "toleration" of Catholics, which Garnet had hoped for, James's reign was nevertheless a period of relative leniency for Catholics.

1697:

On 15 January a proclamation named Garnet, Gerard, and Greenway (Tesimond) as wanted men. Tesimond and Gerard escaped the country and lived out their days in freedom. Several days earlier, on 9 January, Robert Wintour and Stephen Littleton had been captured. They had been hiding at

749:. Once the King and his Parliament were dead, the plotters intended to install Elizabeth on the English throne as a titular Queen. The fate of her brothers, Henry and Charles, would be improvised; their role in state ceremonies was, as yet, uncertain. The plotters planned to use 2151:

The cellars under the Houses of Parliament continued to be leased to private individuals until 1678, when news of the Popish Plot broke. It was then considered prudent to search the cellars on the day before each State Opening of Parliament, a ritual that survives to this day.

2367:

in November 1604 and had an audience with the pope at which he revealed that the queen was already a Catholic". "Catholic foreign ambassadors—who would surely have welcomed such a situation—were certain that the Queen was beyond their reach. 'She is a Lutheran', concluded the

768:(1573–1605), a man of "ancient, historic and distinguished lineage", was the inspiration behind the plot. He was described by contemporaries as "a good-looking man, about six feet tall, athletic and a good swordsman". Along with several other conspirators, he took part in the 1522:

Robert Wintour and his half-brother John, and Thomas Bates, had all left. Of the plotters, only the singed figures of Catesby and Grant, the Wright brothers, Rookwood, and Percy remained. The fugitives resolved to stay in the house and wait for the arrival of the King's men.

943:, a "desperate man, ruined and indebted", was admitted to the group. His responsibility was to take charge of Catesby's house in Lambeth, where the gunpowder and other supplies were to be stored. Keyes's family had notable connections; his wife's employer was the Catholic 899:

of 50 bodyguards to the King. This role gave Percy reason to seek a base in London, and a small property near the Prince's Chamber owned by Henry Ferrers, a tenant of John Whynniard, was chosen. Percy arranged for the use of the house through Northumberland's agents,

1173:. In his confession, Tresham claimed that he had asked Catesby if the plot would damn their souls, to which Catesby had replied it would not, and that the plight of England's Catholics required that it be done. Catesby also apparently asked for £2,000, and the use of 1980:

returned England to the Elizabethan system of fines and restrictions, introduced a sacramental test, and an Oath of Allegiance, requiring Catholics to abjure as a "heresy" the doctrine that "princes excommunicated by the Pope could be deposed or assassinated".

489:

James's attitude towards Catholics was more moderate than that of his predecessor, perhaps even tolerant. He swore that he would not "persecute any that will be quiet and give an outward obedience to the law", and believed that exile was a better solution than

2289:

would have shattered. The explosion would have been seen from miles away and heard from further still. Even if only half of the gunpowder had gone off—which Fawkes was apparently prepared for—everyone in the House of Lords would have been killed instantly.

1598:

ambassadors abroad, informing them of what had occurred, and also reminding them that the King bore no ill will to his Catholic neighbours. The foreign powers largely distanced themselves from the plotters, calling them atheists and Protestant heretics.

1086:, expressing his concerns about open rebellion in England. He also told Acquaviva that "there is a risk that some private endeavour may commit treason or use force against the King", and urged the pope to issue a public brief against the use of force. 2200:

supposedly of Fawkes—usually made from old clothes stuffed with newspaper, and fitted with a grotesque mask, to be burnt on bonfires. These "guys" were exhibited to collect money for fireworks, although this custom has become less common. The word

1166:, and a cousin to Robert Catesby; the two had been raised together. He was also the heir to his father's large fortune, which had been depleted by recusant fines, expensive tastes, and by Francis and Catesby's involvement in the Essex revolt. 443:

news by offering their enthusiastic support for the new monarch. Jesuit priests, whose presence in England was punishable by death, also demonstrated their support for James, who was widely believed to embody "the natural order of things".

829:, and in 1603 had been recommended for a captaincy. Accompanied by John Wright's brother Christopher, Fawkes had also been a member of the 1603 delegation to the Spanish court pleading for an invasion of England. Wintour told Fawkes that " 2064:

Neither the Carthaginians infamous in the name of perfidy nor the cruel Scythian nor Turk or the dreaded Sarmatian, nor the Anthropophagi, nurslings of mad savagery, nor any nation as barbarous in the furthermost regions of the world has

564:

was justifiable to remove 'tyrants' from power. Much of the "rather nervous" political writing from James I was "concerned with the threat of Catholic assassination and refutation of the argument that 'faith did not need to be kept with

1619:

tortured, although on several occasions Salisbury certainly suggested that they should be. Coke later revealed that the threat of torture was in most cases enough to elicit a confession from those caught up in the aftermath of the plot.

1377:. Meanwhile, Thomas Wintour stayed in London, and even went to Westminster to see what was happening. When he realised the plot had been uncovered, he took his horse and made for his sister's house at Norbrook, before continuing to 729:. The senior judges of the English legal system, most of the Protestant aristocracy, and the bishops of the Church of England would all have attended in their capacity as members of the House of Lords, along with the members of the 1181:. Tresham declined both offers (although he did give £100 to Thomas Wintour), and told his interrogators that he had moved his family from Rushton to London in advance of the plot; hardly the actions of a guilty man, he claimed. 791:(1571–1606) was chosen as the emissary, but the Spanish king, although sympathetic to the plight of Catholics in England, was intent on making peace with James. Wintour had also attempted to convince the Spanish envoy Don 1278:

in 1567. Keen not to seem too intriguing, and wanting to allow the King to take the credit for unveiling the conspiracy, Salisbury feigned ignorance. The following day members of the Privy Council visited the King at the

841:". The two men returned to England late in April 1604, telling Catesby that Spanish support was unlikely. Thomas Percy, Catesby's friend and John Wright's brother-in-law, was introduced to the plot several weeks later. 1197:, was instrumental in exposing the plot. Its author's identity has never been reliably established, although Francis Tresham has long been a suspect. Monteagle himself has been considered responsible, as has Salisbury. 1341:, returned to the undercroft. They again found Fawkes, dressed in a cloak and hat, and wearing boots and spurs. He was arrested, whereupon he gave his name as John Johnson. He was carrying a lantern now held in the 2039:

in 1599, before he became King of England as well as Scotland. Inversions seen in such lines as "fair is foul and foul is fair" are used frequently, and another possible reference to the plot relates to the use of

1035:

lodgings, shops and taverns within its precincts. Whynniard's building was along a right-angle to the House of Lords, alongside a passageway called Parliament Place, which itself led to Parliament Stairs and the

1369:. Christopher Wright and Thomas Percy left together. Rookwood left soon after, and managed to cover 30 miles in two hours on one horse. He overtook Keyes, who had set off earlier, then Wright and Percy at 2531:

Vaux had written a letter to Wenman regarding the marriage of her son Edward Vaux. The letter contained certain phrases which were open to interpretation, and was intercepted by Richard Wenman, who thought it

1647:

was from a Catholic family, and related to Elizabeth Vaux. She was examined twice but the charges against her were eventually dropped. Percy's secretary and later the controller of Northumberland's household,

1447:(a man with a deep-seated hatred of Catholics) questioned Rookwood's servants. By the evening he had learned the names of several of those involved in the conspiracy: Catesby, Rookwood, Keyes, Wynter [ 724:

The conspirators' principal aim was to kill King James, but many other important targets would also be present at the State Opening of Parliament, including the monarch's nearest relatives and members of the

294:—enough to reduce the House of Lords to rubble—and arrested. Hearing that the plot had been discovered, most of the conspirators fled from London while trying to enlist support along the way. Several made a 667:

a week, although the collection of all these fines was "haphazard and negligent". When James came to power, almost £5,000 a year (equivalent to almost £12 million in 2020) was being raised by these fines.

290:, a Catholic member of Parliament, who immediately showed it to the authorities. During a search of the House of Lords on the evening of 4 November 1605, Fawkes was discovered guarding 36 barrels of 1738:. On 26 January, in an attempt to trade his friends for his life, he told the authorities where they could find Garnet. Worn down by hiding for so long, Garnet, accompanied by Oldcorne, emerged from his 912:

conveniently rowed across each night. Meanwhile, King James I continued with his policies against the Catholics, and Parliament pushed through anti-Catholic legislation, until its adjournment on 7 July.

2409:

Some of the information in these accounts would have been given under pain or threat of torture, and may also have been subject to government interference, and should therefore be viewed with caution.

1557:

also imprisoned in the Tower. The Earl of Northumberland joined them on 27 November. Meanwhile, the government used the revelation of the plot to accelerate its persecution of Catholics. The home of

509:

by English-supported Protestant rebels. For the Catholic expatriates engaged in that struggle, the restoration by force of a Catholic monarchy was an intriguing possibility, but following the failed

373:

took control of the English Church from Rome, the start of several decades of religious tension in England. English Catholics struggled in a society dominated by the newly separate and increasingly

1892:

as indeed he is Superior to all his predecessors in devilish treason, a Doctor of Dissimulation, Deposing of Princes, Disposing of Kingdoms, Daunting and deterring of subjects, and Destruction.

891:

The adjournment of Parliament gave the conspirators, they thought, until February 1605 to finalise their plans. On 9 June 1604, Percy's patron, the Earl of Northumberland, appointed him to the

388:, which required anyone appointed to a public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state. The penalties for refusal were severe; fines were imposed for 306:; in the ensuing gunfight Catesby was one of those shot and killed. At their trial on 27 January 1606, eight of the surviving conspirators, including Fawkes, were convicted and sentenced to be 392:, and repeat offenders risked imprisonment and execution. Catholicism became marginalised, but despite the threat of torture or execution, priests continued to practise their faith in secret. 5641: 1074:

told Garnet he had taken Catesby's confession, in the course of which he had learnt of the plot. Garnet and Catesby met for a third time on 24 July 1605, at the house of the wealthy Catholic

5636: 855:

in private houses, so as not to cause public offence. Percy, keen to improve his standing, went even further, claiming that the future king would guarantee the safety of English Catholics.

1373:, before catching Catesby, John Wright, and Bates on the same road. Reunited, the group continued northwest to Dunchurch, using horses provided by Digby. Keyes went to Mordaunt's house at 1058:

The undercroft beneath the House of Lords, as illustrated in 1799. At about the same time it was described as 77 feet long, 24 feet and 4 inches wide, and 10 feet high.

1565:

was searched, revealing the presence of trap doors and hidden passages. A terrified servant then revealed that Garnet, who had often stayed at the house, had recently given a Mass there.

652:, James denounced the Catholic Church. Three days later, he ordered all Jesuits and all other Catholic priests to leave the country, and reimposed the collection of fines for recusancy. 494:: "I would be glad to have both their heads and their bodies separated from this whole island and transported beyond seas." Some Catholics believed that the martyrdom of James's mother, 57: 5631: 844:

Percy had found employment with his kinsman the Earl of Northumberland, and by 1596, was his agent for the family's northern estates. About 1600–1601 he served with his patron in the

998:, from a prominent Worcestershire family of recusants. Christopher Wright (1568–1605), John's brother, had also taken part in the Earl of Essex's revolt and had moved his family to 851:

Thomas Percy's meetings with James seemed to go well. Percy returned with promises of support for the Catholics, and Northumberland believed that James would go so far as to allow

1863:

and begged mercy from the King for his young family. His arguments were rebuked by Coke and Northumberland, and along with his seven co-conspirators, he was found guilty by the

524:. Catholics made several assassination attempts on Protestant rulers in Europe and in England, including plans to poison James I's predecessor, Elizabeth I. In 1589, during the 5129: 1871:. Digby shouted "If I may but hear any of your lordships say, you forgive me, I shall go more cheerfully to the gallows." The response was short: "God forgive you, and we do." 1678:

At about the same time in December, Tresham's health began to deteriorate. He was visited regularly by his wife, a nurse, and his servant William Vavasour—who documented his

2714: 5917: 5225: 2496:

As King James put it, Fawkes intended the destruction "not only ... of my person, nor of my wife and posterity also, but of the whole body of the State in general".

431:, a woman thought to have Catholic sympathies. As Elizabeth's health deteriorated, the government detained those they considered to be the "principal papists", and the 2117:

alleged that Salisbury had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda. The

1231:. Suddenly a servant appeared saying he had been handed a letter for Lord Monteagle from a stranger in the road. Monteagle ordered it to be read aloud to the company. 2371:

envoy Nicolo Molin in 1606." "In 1602 a report appeared, claiming that Anne ... had converted to the Catholic faith some years before. The author, the Scottish

1714:, to arrest the Jesuits. Despite Thomas Habington's protests, the men spent the next four days searching the house. On 24 January, starving, the Jesuit lay-brothers 1652:, had leased the vault where the gunpowder was stored, and consequently he was imprisoned in the Tower. Salisbury believed his story, and authorised his release. 4965: 1506:, the home of Stephen Littleton, a member of their ever-decreasing band of followers. Whilst there, Stephen Littleton and Thomas Wintour went to Pepperhill, the 672:

speech made it clear that they were not to "increase their number and strength in this Kingdom", that "they might be in hope to erect their Religion again". To

5902: 2071: 1845:

I never yet knew a treason without a Romish priest; but in this there are very many Jesuits, who are known to have dealt and passed through the whole action.

1451:], John and Christopher Wright, and Grant. "Johnson" meanwhile persisted with his story, and along with the gunpowder he was found with, was moved to the 2075:. Reflecting "partisan public sentiment on an English-Protestant national holiday", in the published editions of 1645 and 1673, the poem is preceded by five 461:

For decades, the English had lived under a monarch who refused to provide an heir, but James arrived with a family and a clear line of succession. His wife,

1158:. Digby also promised £1,500 after Percy failed to pay the rent due for the properties he had taken in Westminster. Finally, on 14 October Catesby invited 655:

James changed his focus from the anxieties of English Catholics to the establishment of an Anglo-Scottish union. He also appointed Scottish nobles such as

5614: 3781: 2113:

Many at the time felt that Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the King and enact more stridently anti-Catholic legislation. Such

1493:

for supplies, then continued to Norbrook to collect weapons. From there they continued their journey to Huddington. Bates left the group and travelled to

947:. He was tall, with a red beard, and was seen as trustworthy and—like Fawkes—capable of looking after himself. In December Catesby recruited his servant, 2079:

on the subject of the Gunpowder Plot, apparently written by Milton in preparation for the larger work. The plot may also have influenced his later work,

2196:

5 November firework displays and bonfire parties are common throughout Britain. Traditionally, in the weeks running up to the 5th, children made "guys"—

2328:

Salisbury wrote to James, "The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever that hatcheth such a bird".

1123: 556:. This work recounted the assassination of Henry III and argued for the legal right to overthrow a tyrant. Perhaps due in part to the publication of 5622: 1726:(Habington's chaplain) left their hiding place and were arrested. Humphrey Littleton, who had escaped from the authorities at Hagley, got as far as 4407: 1821: 1570: 1127: 676:, these words were almost certainly responsible for the heightened levels of persecution the members of his faith now suffered, and for the priest 2467:

was present at one of these parties, and following the discovery of the plot was forced to work hard at distancing himself from the conspirators.

787:, urging Philip to launch an invasion attempt on England, which they assured him would be well supported, particularly by the English Catholics. 680:, they were a repudiation of the early claims that the King had made, upon which the papists had built their hopes. A week after James's speech, 326: 1896:

Garnet refuted all the charges against him, and explained the Catholic position on such matters, but he was found guilty and sentenced to death.

1147: 1814: 821:

to enquire about Spanish support. While there, he sought out Guy Fawkes (1570–1606), a committed Catholic who had served as a soldier in the

1610:

Part of a confession by Guy Fawkes. His weak signature, made soon after his torture, is faintly visible under the word "good" (lower right).

1781:. The King and his family, hidden from view, were among the many who watched the trial. The Lords Commissioners present were the Earls of 935:

An early 19th-century illustration of the east end of the Prince's Chamber (extreme left) and the east wall of the House of Lords (centre)

223:, was to be installed as the new head of state. Catesby is suspected by historians to have embarked on the scheme after hopes of greater 5187: 5937: 1217: 999: 939:

Following their oath, the plotters left London and returned to their homes. The conspirators returned to London in October 1604, when

5927: 5135: 1786: 810:, had been executed for being a Catholic priest in 1586, and Wintour later converted to Catholicism. Also present at the meeting was 792: 451: 5061: 3788:, Tradescant Gallery, Gallery 27, First Floor, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England: britisharchaeology.ashmus.ox.ac.uk, archived from 577:

In the absence of any sign that James would move to end the persecution of Catholics, as some had hoped for, several members of the

5907: 5710: 2268: 1649: 901: 772:

in 1601, during which he was wounded and captured. Queen Elizabeth allowed him to escape with his life after fining him 4,000

2189:

were included in some of the earliest celebrations. In Britain, 5 November is variously called Bonfire Night, Fireworks Night, or

1150:, had accompanied the priest on his pilgrimage, and the two men were reportedly close friends. Digby was asked by Catesby to rent 799:

that using violence to achieve a restoration of Catholic power in England would result in the destruction of those that remained.

5851: 5219: 1904: 1794: 1299: 750: 400:

Queen Elizabeth, unmarried and childless, steadfastly refused to name an heir. Many Catholics believed that her Catholic cousin,

2033:

was heightened by the Gunpowder Plot. The King had become engaged in the great debate about other-worldly powers in writing his

5096: 1933:, along with the three other prisoners. The following day, Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, Robert Keyes, and Guy Fawkes were 1833: 1249: 681: 609: 2923: 2185:. The tradition of marking the day with the ringing of church bells and bonfires started soon after the Plot's discovery, and 5566: 5525: 5507: 5489: 5468: 5438: 5420: 5260: 4785: 2350: 1253: 892: 498:, would encourage James to convert to the Catholic faith, and the Catholic houses of Europe may also have shared that hope. 2182: 1170: 920: 597:

until he agreed to be more tolerant towards Catholics. Cecil received news of the plot from several sources, including the

520:

were intensifying. Protestants and Catholics were engaged in violent persecution of each other across Europe following the

353: 1224:, and Stourton were also mentioned. Keyes suggested warning Lord Mordaunt, his wife's employer, to derision from Catesby. 1216:'s name was brought up; Catesby suggested that a minor wound might keep him from the chamber on that day. The Lords Vaux, 5845: 2178: 1245: 1221: 1213: 954:

It was announced on 24 December 1604 that the scheduled February re-opening of Parliament would be delayed. Concern over

409: 287: 3986: 875:

The first meeting between the five conspirators took place on 20 May 1604, probably at the Duck and Drake Inn, just off

5656: 4959: 2346: 2205:, in the 19th century, thus came to mean an oddly dressed person and, in the 20th and 21st centuries, any male person. 2125:, Bishop of Lincoln, which refuted "a bold and groundless surmise that all this was a contrivance of Secretary Cecil". 2048:

was found on one of the plotters. Poets made a point of describing it as an act so evil that not only was its evil, in

1868: 1782: 1525: 1287: 944: 709: 446:

James ordered a ceasefire in the conflict with Spain, and even though the two countries were still technically at war,

318: 220: 5449:

The Progresses, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First, His Royal Consort, Family, and Court

2487:, along with a small fortune. The building became a refuge for priests, and secret Masses were often celebrated there. 2246:" took on anti-authoritarian overtones, and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes. 1635:. They were condemned to imprisonment in the Tower, where they remained until 1608, when they were transferred to the 321:

and put to death, doubt has been cast on how much he really knew. As the plot's existence was revealed to him through

5820: 5599: 5402: 5384: 5366: 5348: 5327: 5304: 5283: 5043: 1962: 1802: 1540: 632:

for funding, but were unsuccessful. All those involved in both plots were arrested in July and tried in autumn 1603.

17: 5669: 2017: 905: 470: 385: 1146:. He had been knighted by the King in April 1603, and was converted to Catholicism by Gerard. Digby and his wife, 637:

of the Main Plot. However, the two priests, Watson and Clark—condemned and "very bloodily handled"—were executed.

5877: 2181:

was passed, making services commemorating the event an annual feature of English life; the act remained in force

1338: 1139: 986:. The additions of Wintour and Wright were obvious choices. Along with a small fortune, Robert Wintour inherited 656: 605: 502: 38: 5912: 3789: 2375: 1529: 1006:, then known as something of a haven for priests. John Grant was married to Wintour's sister, Dorothy, and was 726: 5637:

Photograph of the Guy Fawkes Search that takes place at the start of a new Parliament – Parliamentary Archives

581:(including two anti-Jesuit priests) decided to take matters into their own hands. In what became known as the 5932: 5753: 2436:

Anne Vaux was related to Catesby, and to most of the other plotters. Her home was often used to hide priests.

1888:

hath many gifts and endowments of nature, by art learned, a good linguist and, by profession, a Jesuit and a

1874:

Garnet may have been questioned on as many as 23 occasions. His response to the threat of the rack was "

826: 240: 113: 5646: 5620:

The original House of Commons Journal recording the discovery of the plot – Parliamentary Archives catalogue

1283:

and informed him that, based on the information that Salisbury had given them a week earlier, on Monday the

416:. In the months before Elizabeth's death on 24 March 1603, Cecil prepared the way for James to succeed her. 5703: 5632:

Digital image of the Original Thanksgiving Act following the Gunpowder Plot from the Parliamentary Archives

3810: 2445:

Gunpowder could be purchased on the black market from soldiers, militia, merchant vessels, and powdermills.

2272:, a full-size replica of the House of Lords was built and destroyed with barrels of gunpowder, totalling 1 2105:

in the seventeenth century", rather than following the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it did.

1481:. On 7 November his resolve was broken; he confessed late that day, and again over the following two days. 994:, and was reputedly a generous and well-liked man. A devout Catholic, he married Gertrude, the daughter of 689: 513:

in 1588 the papacy had taken a longer-term view on the return of a Catholic monarch to the English throne.

466: 1306:

left by Percy, to time the fuse, and an hour later Rookwood received several engraved swords from a local

5882: 5784: 5779: 5743: 5619: 1934: 1909: 1393: 1365:

As news of "John Johnson's" arrest spread among the plotters still in London, most fled northwest, along

983: 979: 852: 811: 730: 633: 510: 322: 307: 256: 232: 212: 129: 105: 5159: 1817:. The list of traitors' names was read aloud, beginning with the priests: Garnet, Tesimond, and Gerard. 1227:

On Saturday 26 October, Monteagle (Tresham's brother-in-law) arranged a meal in a long-disused house at

1110:

near Stratford-upon-Avon. Rookwood was a young man with recusant connections, whose stable of horses at

924: 5897: 1271: 1163: 405: 5661: 908:. Fawkes, using the pseudonym "John Johnson", took charge of the building, posing as Percy's servant. 773: 696:

was introduced in Parliament which threatened to outlaw all English followers of the Catholic Church.

435:

grew so worried that Arbella Stuart was moved closer to London to prevent her from being kidnapped by

5789: 5748: 2476: 1977: 1926: 1374: 975: 802:

According to contemporary accounts, in February 1604, Catesby invited Thomas Wintour to his house in

693: 601: 537: 517: 236: 109: 915: 5892: 5591: 5554: 5546: 1829: 1460: 717: 505:, ruler of the remaining Catholic territories in the Netherlands after over 30 years of war in the 313:

Some details of the assassination attempt were allegedly known by the principal Jesuit of England,

2353:, depending on whether one recognised the legitimacy of the first-mentioned's birth; and the Lady 5922: 5872: 5696: 5588:

Bonfires and bells: national memory and the Protestant calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England

1918: 1810: 1806: 963:

directly beneath the House of Lords—the room where the plotters eventually stored the gunpowder.

863: 795:

that "3,000 Catholics" were ready and waiting to support such an invasion. Concern was voiced by

664: 586: 525: 455: 432: 5456: 5395:

God's Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot

5016: 2141: 2122: 1798: 1715: 1515: 1467:. In a letter of 6 November James wrote: "The gentler tortours are to be first used unto him, 995: 955: 713: 590: 521: 424: 404:, was the legitimate heir to the English throne, but she was executed for treason in 1587. The 52: 2715:"El De rege de Juan de Mariana (1599) y la cuestión del tiranicidio: ¿un discurso de ruptura?" 2166: 733:. Another important objective was the kidnapping of the King's daughter, Elizabeth. Housed at 5887: 5197: 4851:

Huntley, Frank L. (September 1964), "Macbeth and the Background of Jesuitical Equivocation",

1982: 1777:. Some of the prisoners were reportedly despondent, but others were nonchalant, even smoking 1594: 1321: 1031: 868: 660: 649: 427:, as Elizabeth's successor. More moderate Catholics looked to James's and Elizabeth's cousin 201: 1589:

I's reign. Walter Raleigh, who was languishing in the Tower owing to his involvement in the

1201:

The details of the plot were finalised in October, in a series of taverns across London and

644:

On 19 February 1604, shortly after he discovered that his wife, Queen Anne, had been sent a

5534: 2342: 2238:, Guy Fawkes Day in the pre-revolutionary American colonies was a very popular holiday. In 2133: 1889: 1884:

on 28 March from 8 am until 7 pm. According to Coke, Garnet instigated the plot:

1566: 838:

were uppon a resolution to doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spain healped us nott

822: 673: 495: 478: 474: 413: 401: 299: 152: 712:, whom the conspirators planned to install on the throne as a Catholic queen. Portrait by 604:, who instructed his priests to have no part in any such schemes. At about the same time, 454:, to congratulate James on his accession. In the following year both countries signed the 8: 5295:(1984), Simmonds, James D. (ed.), "Gunpowder and the Problem of Theatrical Heroic Form", 5067: 2013: 1950: 1825: 1790: 1707: 1444: 1280: 1011: 784: 629: 529: 447: 347: 272: 224: 2069:

Milton wrote a poem in 1626 that one commentator has called a "critically vexing poem",

1627:, a hastily written official account of the conspiracy published in late November 1605. 5683: 5664: 5477: 4941: 4868: 2484: 2368: 2129: 1761:

By coincidence, on the same day that Garnet was found, the surviving conspirators were

1735: 1727: 1703: 1578: 1415:

In London, news of the plot was spreading, and the authorities set extra guards on the

991: 491: 481:, were proof that James was able to provide heirs to continue the Protestant monarchy. 420: 2097:

might have become a more "Puritan absolute monarchy", as "existed in Sweden, Denmark,

1686:

along with the other plotters; his head was set on a pike either (accounts differ) at

1459:. The use of torture was forbidden, except by royal prerogative or a body such as the 1014:. Reputed to be an intelligent, thoughtful man, he sheltered Catholics at his home at 533: 5652:

The story of Guy Fawkes and The Gunpowder Plot from the BBC, with archive video clips

5595: 5562: 5521: 5503: 5485: 5464: 5434: 5416: 5398: 5380: 5362: 5344: 5323: 5317: 5300: 5279: 5256: 5039: 5003:

What was the Gunpowder Plot? : the traditional story tested by original evidence

4781: 3804: 2286: 2114: 1881: 1083: 1007: 931: 796: 776:(equivalent to more than £6 million in 2008), after which he sold his estate in 381: 377: 231:

had faded, leaving many English Catholics disappointed. His fellow conspirators were

185: 5105: 1477:

and hung from the wall, but he was almost certainly subjected to the horrors of the

5825: 5794: 5651: 4933: 4860: 4704: 4586: 4432: 4371: 4325: 4291: 4221: 4076: 3143: 2929: 2480: 2388: 2338: 2263: 2190: 2161: 2136:(who, following the plot's discovery, had evaded capture), wrote an account called 1860: 1832:, who described the intent behind the plot in lurid detail. He was followed by the 1774: 1766: 1582: 1408: 1378: 1370: 1342: 1313: 1284: 1275: 1178: 1103: 1054: 1026:

In addition, 25 March was the day on which the plotters purchased the lease to the

987: 746: 330: 260: 216: 133: 2140:, alleging Salisbury's culpability. This prompted a refutation later that year by 5830: 5804: 5626: 5292: 4211:

Nicholls, Mark (2004), "Percy, Henry, ninth earl of Northumberland (1564–1632)",

2506: 2316: 1938: 1757:

conducted the interrogations of those thought to be involved with the conspiracy.

1723: 1452: 1159: 1143: 1071: 807: 769: 677: 613: 594: 541: 462: 370: 268: 141: 5840: 5738: 5336: 4708: 4436: 4375: 4295: 4225: 4080: 3334:

Nelthorpe, Sutton (November–December 1935), "Twigmore and the Gunpowder Plot",

3147: 2354: 2277: 2254: 2121:

of 1678 sparked renewed interest in the Gunpowder Plot, resulting in a book by

1967: 1668: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1478: 1436: 1366: 1257: 1151: 876: 788: 765: 625: 617: 473:, was considered a handsome and confident boy, and their two younger children, 428: 303: 228: 208: 189: 181: 101: 5273: 4695: 4590: 4423: 4362: 4329: 4282: 4212: 4067: 3134: 2016:

seems to have featured the events of the Gunpowder Plot alongside the earlier

1130:, were wealthy landowners, and had educated their son at a Jesuit school near 5866: 5835: 5799: 5688: 5313: 5269: 4577: 4316: 2281: 2235: 2227: 2093: 2081: 1930: 1731: 1691: 1562: 1549: 1503: 1354: 1353:

and touchwood. 36 barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of

1135: 1115: 1107: 1079: 845: 374: 264: 197: 137: 48: 2177:

In January 1606, during the first sitting of Parliament since the plot, the

1169:

Catesby and Tresham met at the home of Tresham's brother-in-law and cousin,

5774: 5769: 5583: 2173:

are lit in Britain every 5 November to commemorate the failure of the plot.

2041: 2035: 1770: 1719: 1711: 1664: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1574: 1464: 1357:

and coal. Fawkes was taken to the King early on the morning of 5 November.

1303: 1174: 1111: 1067: 1036: 1015: 1003: 948: 940: 734: 506: 358: 314: 276: 252: 248: 125: 121: 4778:

Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598–1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy

4315:

Reeve, L. J. (2004), "Carleton, Dudley, Viscount Dorchester (1574–1632)",

2454:

Thomas Tresham had paid Francis's fine in full and part of Catesby's fine.

1734:

before he was captured. He was imprisoned, and then condemned to death at

1042: 2118: 2049: 1851: 1837: 1762: 1754: 1739: 1687: 1615: 1585:, where he wrote a letter to the Privy Council protesting his innocence. 1489:

On 6 November, with Fawkes maintaining his silence, the fugitives raided

1416: 624:, which involved removing James and his family and supplanting them with 553: 362: 193: 1606: 783:

In 1603, Catesby helped to organise a mission to the new king of Spain,

5733: 2464: 2243: 2030: 1507: 1350: 1099: 1091: 1047: 1027: 960: 777: 598: 295: 271:. Fawkes, who had 10 years of military experience fighting in the 244: 117: 4945: 4872: 1773:

by barge. Bates, who was considered lower class, was brought from the

1473:, and so God speed your good work." "Johnson" may have been placed in 5193: 4887:

Unspeakable: Literature and Terrorism from the Gunpowder Plot to 9/11

2186: 1922: 1683: 1679: 1590: 1558: 1511: 1420: 1412:

and Salisbury were dead, before the fugitives moved west to Warwick.

1295: 1252:, considered to have recusant sympathies, and the suspected Catholic 1241: 1209: 1075: 1018:, and was another who had been involved in the Essex revolt of 1601. 967: 880: 621: 389: 291: 31: 1189: 1030:

they had supposedly tunnelled near to, owned by John Whynniard. The

5094: 4937: 4864: 2197: 1946: 1474: 1328: 1256:, but kept news of the plot from the King, who was busy hunting in 1202: 1155: 971: 951:, into the plot, after the latter accidentally became aware of it. 867:

A contemporary engraving of eight of the thirteen conspirators, by

818: 738: 582: 566: 561: 177: 1971:"The Gunpowder Treason" in a Protestant Bible of the 18th century. 684:, informed the king of over 900 recusants brought before the 5642:

The Palace of Westminster in 1605 from the Parliamentary Archives

4281:

Griffiths, Jane (2004), "Wenman , Agnes, Lady Wenman (d. 1617)",

2427:

Haynes (2005) writes that Tesimond took Thomas Bates' confession.

2170: 2102: 2076: 2056:

in the English language, other neo-Latin poetry described it as (

2022: 2003: 1778: 1456: 1431: 1307: 1119: 896: 803: 742: 704: 685: 4924:

Quint, David (1991), "Milton, Fletcher and the Gunpowder Plot",

4694:

Nicholls, Mark (2004), "Rookwood, Ambrose (c. 1578–1606)",

2400:

Comparing relative average earnings of £3,000 in 1601 with 2008.

1949:. His cousin Humphrey, despite his co-operation, met his end at 1318:

The Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot and the Taking of Guy Fawkes

1062:

In the second week of June, Catesby met in London the principal

71: 2519: 2372: 2239: 2098: 1699: 1660: 1346: 1228: 1131: 1063: 754: 645: 578: 436: 384:, responded to the growing religious divide by introducing the 171: 2148:, have similarly foundered on the lack of any clear evidence. 2060:), unheard of, even among the most wicked nations of history: 1750: 1349:, and a search of his person revealed a pocket watch, several 1240:

Uncertain of the letter's meaning, Monteagle promptly rode to

974:, 25 March 1605, three more had been admitted to their ranks; 215:

on 5 November 1605, as the prelude to a popular revolt in the

3133:

Nicholls, Mark (2004), "Winter, Thomas (c. 1571–1606)",

2273: 1298:, ready to abduct Elizabeth. The same day, Percy visited the 1294:

By 4 November, Digby was ensconced with a "hunting party" at

325:, Garnet was prevented from informing the authorities by the 2518:

James said that it did not follow "that all professing that

1937:, opposite the building they had planned to blow up, in the 4576:

Nicholls, Mark (2004), "Digby, Sir Everard (c.1578–1606)",

1864: 1396:) to Sir Thomas Edwards, Ambassador at Brussells [ 1138:

was a young man who was generally well liked, and lived at

4984: 4982: 1993:

that could swear in both the scales against either scale;

1769:. Seven of the prisoners were taken from the Tower to the 836: 830: 412:, negotiated secretly with Mary's son and successor, King 1953:

near Worcester. Henry Garnet was executed on 3 May 1606.

1398: 1162:

into the conspiracy. Tresham was the son of the Catholic

871:. Missing are Digby, Keyes, Rookwood, Grant, and Tresham. 5066:, gunpowderplot.parliament.uk, 2005–2006, archived from 4361:

Nicholls, Mark (2004), "Tresham, Francis (1567?–1605)",

4066:

McCoog, Thomas M. (2004), "Garnett, Henry (1555–1606)",

3277: 3275: 1122:

was an important factor in his enlistment. His parents,

966:

By the time the plotters reconvened at the start of the

745:—convenient for the plotters, most of whom lived in the 560:, until the 1620s, some English Catholics believed that 4979: 2925:

Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present

2258:

A photograph of the explosion, moments after detonation

5413:

John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture

5095:

House of Commons Information Office (September 2006),

4422:

McCoog, Thomas M. (2004), "Gerard, John (1564–1637)",

3128: 3126: 3124: 1908:

Engraving of conspirators of the Gunpowder Plot being

4822: 4820: 3272: 1455:, where the King had decided that "Johnson" would be 1046:

William Capon's map of Parliament clearly labels the

832:

some good frends of his wished his company in Ingland

76:

A late 17th- or early 18th-century report of the plot

5918:

Failed assassination attempts in the United Kingdom

5455: 4988: 4763: 4727: 4645: 4569: 3835: 3707: 3635: 3605: 3281: 3242: 3218: 3166: 3121: 3038: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2985: 2949: 2906: 2894: 2822: 2750: 2276:of explosives. The experiment was conducted on the 1643:of interest; he was released several months later. 5297:Milton Studies 19: Urbane Milton: The Latin Poetry 4817: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4122: 4120: 4034: 4032: 4019: 4017: 3858: 3856: 2108: 1332:The lantern which Guy Fawkes used during the plot. 219:during which King James's nine-year-old daughter, 5682:, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online 5561:, Manchester University Press, pp. 126–145, 5036:Guy Fawkes: the real story of the gunpowder plot? 3451: 3449: 2917: 2915: 2146:Guy Fawkes: the real story of the gunpowder plot? 5864: 5322:(1st Mariner books ed.), Houghton Mifflin, 4889:, New York and London: Routledge, pp. 22–23 4061: 4059: 3160: 3015: 5189:Gunpowder plotters get their wish, 400 years on 4926:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 4528: 4509: 4117: 4029: 4014: 3853: 3087: 3085: 3083: 2734: 2732: 2541:Haynes (2005) appears to have misspelt this as 2249: 165:of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the 27:1605 failed attempt to assassinate King James I 5718: 5056: 5054: 3885: 3883: 3446: 2912: 757:, but most likely never informed him of this. 659:to his court, which proved unpopular with the 5903:Attacks on legislatures in the United Kingdom 5704: 5674:programme, with a photograph of the explosion 5559:The Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 4056: 1995:who committed treason enough for God's sake, 1193:An anonymous letter, sent to William Parker, 4415: 3080: 2756: 2729: 2636: 2634: 648:from the pope via one of James's spies, Sir 593:planned to kidnap James and hold him in the 327:absolute confidentiality of the confessional 5500:The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I 5051: 4859:(4), Modern Language Association: 390–400, 4545: 3988:TALBOT, John (1545-611), of Grafton, Worcs. 3880: 3786:British Archaeology at the Ashmolean Museum 1875: 1468: 1443:On 6 November, the Lord Chief Justice, Sir 1102:, Catesby persuaded the staunchly Catholic 919:The House of Lords (highlighted in red) on 5711: 5697: 5081: 1639:. Both were also given significant fines. 1392:Extract of a letter from Sir Edward Hoby ( 1050:used by "Guy Vaux" to store the gunpowder. 70: 5657:What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded? 5221:Guy Fawkes had twice the gunpowder needed 5181: 5179: 4961:What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded? 4769: 4280: 3779: 3333: 2631: 2607: 2090:What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded? 1718:(who had built the hides at Hindlip) and 1407:The group of six conspirators stopped at 484: 5515: 5428: 5410: 5374: 5015: 4826: 4693: 4669: 4575: 4479: 4360: 4210: 3132: 2762: 2738: 2269:The Gunpowder Plot: Exploding the Legend 2253: 2165: 1966: 1903: 1749: 1659: 1605: 1539: 1430: 1327: 1312: 1188: 1053: 1041: 930: 914: 862: 703: 469:. Their eldest child, the nine-year-old 357: 5852:Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland 5533: 5497: 5446: 5291: 5185: 5033: 4951: 4911: 4899: 4850: 4697:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4579:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4425:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4364:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4318:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4284:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4214:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4150: 4138: 4069:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3901: 3874: 3136:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2921: 2834: 2798: 2577: 2319:, which was used in England until 1752. 751:Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland 192:who considered their actions attempted 14: 5865: 5582: 5545: 5482:History of Torture Throughout the Ages 5359:The Gunpowder Plot: Faith in Rebellion 5356: 5335: 5312: 5176: 5170: 5122: 5000: 4957: 4884: 4838: 4811: 4799: 4780:, Yale University Press, p. 154, 4751: 4739: 4681: 4657: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4522: 4503: 4491: 4467: 4455: 4421: 4394: 4348: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4126: 4111: 4065: 4050: 4038: 4023: 4008: 3961: 3949: 3925: 3913: 3889: 3862: 3847: 3823: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3623: 3611: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3352: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3266: 3254: 3230: 3206: 3194: 3190: 3178: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3009: 2997: 2973: 2961: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2810: 2786: 2774: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2652: 2640: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2565: 2509:, where it was described as "decayed". 886: 760: 532:was mortally wounded with a dagger by 341: 279:, was given charge of the explosives. 5692: 5476: 5392: 5319:Paul Revere and the Times He Lived In 5268: 5250: 5217: 4923: 4775: 4314: 4099: 3973: 3937: 2846: 2725:: 89–102 – via ResearchGate.net 2712: 2664: 2351:Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven 1254:Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton 5005:, London: Osgood, McIlvaine & Co 741:, she lived only ten miles north of 354:Catholic Church in England and Wales 5846:William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle 4968:from the original on 9 January 2009 2179:Observance of 5th November Act 1605 1997:yet could not equivocate to heaven 1184: 927:. The River Thames is to the right. 858: 546:On Kings and the Education of Kings 317:. Although Garnet was convicted of 288:William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle 24: 5670:Website of a crew member of ITV's 5576: 5299:, University of Pittsburgh Press, 5131:Bonfire Night: A penny for the Guy 3780:MacGregor, Arthur (January 2012), 2522:religion were guilty of the same". 2357:on grounds similar to James's own. 2347:Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp 1514:of Robert Wintour's father-in-law 1288:Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk 990:(a known refuge for priests) near 628:. Amongst others, they approached 25: 5949: 5938:History of Catholicism in England 5821:Gunpowder Plot in popular culture 5662:Interactive Guide: Gunpowder Plot 5608: 5186:Sherwin, Adam (31 October 2005), 5158:(Oxford University Press, 1857), 2315:Dates are given according to the 2026:, written between 1603 and 1607. 1963:Gunpowder Plot in popular culture 1945:Steven Littleton was executed at 1803:Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer 1601: 1470:et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur 837: 831: 620:hatched what became known as the 275:in the failed suppression of the 151:Failure, plotters executed (some 5928:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 5518:A to Z of Punishment and Torture 5228:from the original on 23 May 2012 5218:Govan, Fiona (31 October 2005), 5211: 5164: 5149: 5027: 5023:, London: Longmans, Green and Co 5009: 4994: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4878: 4844: 4832: 4805: 4793: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4721: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4557: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4400: 4388: 4354: 4342: 4308: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4105: 4093: 4044: 4002: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3868: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 2928:, MeasuringWorth, archived from 2535: 2525: 2512: 2499: 2490: 2470: 2155: 1426: 1208:The wives of those involved and 921:John Rocque's 1746 map of London 386:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 331:British variant of Bonfire Night 176:, was an unsuccessful attempted 5104:, parliament.uk, archived from 4958:Hutton, Ronald (1 April 2001), 3677: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3346: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3184: 3172: 3109: 3097: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2744: 2706: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2505:The gunpowder was moved to the 2457: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2381: 2360: 2109:Accusations of state conspiracy 1822:Speaker of the House of Commons 1694:, and his estates confiscated. 835:", and that certain gentlemen " 540:. Nine years later, the Jesuit 419:Some exiled Catholics favoured 39:Gunpowder Plot (disambiguation) 5415:, Cambridge University Press, 5134:, icons.org.uk, archived from 2713:Merle, Alexandra (July 2014), 2619: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2331: 2322: 2309: 1991:Faith, here's an equivocator, 572: 284:an anonymous letter of warning 13: 1: 5431:Reformation England 1480–1642 2922:Officer, Lawrence H. (2009), 2297: 1899: 1484: 1244:and handed it to Cecil (then 1021: 550:De rege et regis institutione 501:James received an envoy from 395: 336: 5549:(2002), "The pilot's thumb: 2418:According to his confession. 2391:of £5,000 in 1605 with 2008. 2250:Reconstructing the explosion 2234:According to the biographer 2138:What was the Gunpowder Plot? 1956: 1815:Justices of the Common Pleas 1569:was secreted at the home of 1264: 893:Band of Gentlemen Pensioners 467:King Frederick II of Denmark 207:The plan was to blow up the 200:in England after decades of 7: 5463:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 5253:The Early Stuarts 1603–1640 4703:, Oxford University Press, 4585:, Oxford University Press, 4494:, pp. 256–257, 260–261 4431:, Oxford University Press, 4370:, Oxford University Press, 4324:, Oxford University Press, 4290:, Oxford University Press, 4220:, Oxford University Press, 4075:, Oxford University Press, 3991:, The History of Parliament 3494:, pp. 159–162, 168–169 3142:, Oxford University Press, 2215:Gunpowder treason and plot; 1935:hanged, drawn and quartered 1910:hanged, drawn and quartered 1820:The first to speak was the 1535: 1394:Gentleman of the Bedchamber 516:During James I's reign the 511:Spanish invasion of England 308:hanged, drawn and quartered 283: 233:John and Christopher Wright 213:State Opening of Parliament 106:John and Christopher Wright 10: 5954: 5720:The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 5684:(accessed 7 November 2010) 5647:The Gunpowder Plot Society 5461:Gunpowder Treason and Plot 5375:Hodgetts, Michael (1989), 2159: 2046:A Treatise of Equivocation 1960: 1785:, Worcester, Northampton, 1655: 1248:). Salisbury informed the 536:, a fanatic member of the 406:English Secretary of State 351: 345: 302:and a posse of his men at 36: 29: 5908:17th-century coups d'état 5813: 5762: 5726: 5592:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 5520:, Book Guild Publishing, 5251:Brice, Katherine (1994), 5034:Edwards, Francis (1969), 4885:Herman, Peter C. (2020), 1745: 1530:Sheriff of Worcestershire 1360: 925:Old Palace of Westminster 694:Popish Recusants Act 1605 538:Catholic League of France 518:European wars of religion 365:, queen from 1558 to 1603 237:Robert and Thomas Wintour 147: 110:Robert and Thomas Wintour 97: 89: 81: 69: 5516:Thompson, Irene (2008), 5484:, Kessinger Publishing, 5429:Marshall, Peter (2003), 5379:, Veritas Publications, 5063:Aftermath: Commemoration 4989:Northcote Parkinson 1976 4764:Northcote Parkinson 1976 4728:Northcote Parkinson 1976 4646:Northcote Parkinson 1976 3836:Northcote Parkinson 1976 3809:: CS1 maint: location ( 3708:Northcote Parkinson 1976 3636:Northcote Parkinson 1976 3282:Northcote Parkinson 1976 3243:Northcote Parkinson 1976 3219:Northcote Parkinson 1976 3167:Northcote Parkinson 1976 3039:Northcote Parkinson 1976 3027:Northcote Parkinson 1976 2986:Northcote Parkinson 1976 2950:Northcote Parkinson 1976 2907:Northcote Parkinson 1976 2895:Northcote Parkinson 1976 2823:Northcote Parkinson 1976 2751:Northcote Parkinson 1976 1805:, and two Justices, Sir 718:National Maritime Museum 30:Not to be confused with 5625:4 February 2021 at the 5457:Northcote Parkinson, C. 5433:, Bloomsbury Academic, 5411:Marshall, John (2006), 5021:What Gunpowder Plot was 4701:(subscription required) 4583:(subscription required) 4429:(subscription required) 4368:(subscription required) 4322:(subscription required) 4288:(subscription required) 4218:(subscription required) 4073:(subscription required) 3140:(subscription required) 2221:Should ever be forgot. 2128:In 1897 John Gerard of 1546:1st Earl of Salisbury. 699: 692:, and on 24 April, the 552:) argued in support of 526:French Wars of Religion 369:Between 1533 and 1540, 45: 5878:17th century in London 5498:Stewart, Alan (2003), 5447:Nichols, John (1828), 5357:Haynes, Alan (2005) , 5038:, London: Hart-Davis, 4776:Allen, Paul C (2000), 4709:10.1093/ref:odnb/24066 4437:10.1093/ref:odnb/10556 4376:10.1093/ref:odnb/27708 4296:10.1093/ref:odnb/29044 4226:10.1093/ref:odnb/21939 4081:10.1093/ref:odnb/10389 3782:"Guy Fawkes's Lantern" 3148:10.1093/ref:odnb/29767 2259: 2224: 2213:The Fifth of November, 2174: 2067: 1999: 1972: 1913: 1894: 1876: 1847: 1758: 1716:Nicholas Owen (Jesuit) 1671: 1611: 1553: 1469: 1440: 1439:in the Tower of London 1389: 1333: 1325: 1300:Earl of Northumberland 1238: 1198: 1059: 1051: 996:John Talbot of Grafton 936: 928: 872: 721: 714:Robert Peake the Elder 708:King James's daughter 682:Edmund, Lord Sheffield 522:Protestant Reformation 485:Early reign of James I 465:, was the daughter of 366: 167:Gunpowder Treason Plot 58:considered for merging 5913:Palace of Westminster 5553:and the Jesuits", in 5539:King James VI & I 5535:Willson, David Harris 5502:, Chatto and Windus, 5393:Hogge, Alice (2005), 5001:Gerard, John (1897), 4591:10.1093/ref:odnb/7626 4330:10.1093/ref:odnb/4670 3554:, pp. 79–80, 110 3336:Lincolnshire Magazine 2628:, pp. xxvii–xxix 2257: 2219:Why Gunpowder Treason 2208: 2169: 2062: 1989: 1983:Catholic emancipation 1970: 1917:streets of London to 1907: 1886: 1843: 1789:, and Salisbury. Sir 1753: 1663: 1609: 1595:divine right of kings 1543: 1434: 1384: 1331: 1322:Henry Perronet Briggs 1316: 1233: 1192: 1057: 1045: 1032:Palace of Westminster 934: 918: 869:Crispijn van de Passe 866: 825:under the command of 817:Wintour travelled to 707: 661:Parliament of England 361: 298:against the pursuing 202:religious persecution 5933:Charles I of England 5672:Exploding the Legend 5377:Secret Hiding Places 5361:, Hayes and Sutton, 5255:, Hodder Education, 3355:, pp. 136–137; 2072:In Quintum Novembris 1978:Popish Recusants Act 1919:St Paul's Churchyard 823:Southern Netherlands 496:Mary, Queen of Scots 414:James VI of Scotland 402:Mary, Queen of Scots 380:. Henry's daughter, 300:Sheriff of Worcester 37:For other uses, see 5478:Scott, George Ryley 5224:, telegraph.co.uk, 5138:on 13 November 2009 5111:on 15 February 2005 2932:on 24 November 2009 2691:, pp. xxx–xxxi 2604:, pp. xxv–xxvi 2387:Comparing relative 2341:under the terms of 2282:Spadeadam test site 2217:For I see no reason 2211:Remember, remember, 2115:conspiracy theories 2014:William Shakespeare 1826:Master of the Rolls 1281:Palace of Whitehall 1195:4th Baron Monteagle 1012:Stratford-upon-Avon 887:Further recruitment 761:Initial recruitment 630:Philip III of Spain 610:Lord Grey de Wilton 348:English Reformation 342:Religion in England 282:On 26 October 1605 273:Spanish Netherlands 225:religious tolerance 66: 5883:Anti-Protestantism 5841:James I of England 5780:Christopher Wright 5680:The Gunpowder Plot 5665:Guardian Unlimited 5615:The Gunpowder Plot 5397:, Harper Collins, 5341:The Gunpowder Plot 5098:The Gunpowder Plot 4841:, pp. 148–154 4829:, pp. 187–188 4766:, pp. 114–115 4742:, pp. 279–283 4684:, pp. 115–116 4636:, pp. 116–119 4566:, pp. 270–271 4542:, pp. 266–269 4525:, pp. 110–111 4506:, pp. 263–265 4470:, pp. 255–256 4271:, pp. 151–152 4259:, pp. 125–126 4189:, pp. 242–245 4165:, pp. 241–244 4129:, pp. 232–233 4053:, pp. 236–241 4041:, pp. 235–236 4026:, pp. 222–225 4011:, pp. 218–222 3964:, pp. 216–217 3928:, pp. 211–212 3916:, pp. 207–209 3865:, pp. 203–206 3826:, pp. 201–203 3792:on 7 November 2014 3770:, pp. 199–201 3758:, pp. 196–197 3734:, pp. 193–194 3698:, pp. 187–189 3686:, pp. 180–182 3662:, pp. 179–180 3614:, pp. 178–179 3578:, pp. 182–185 3566:, pp. 173–175 3530:, pp. 171–173 3506:, pp. 175–176 3470:, pp. 159–162 3458:, pp. 146–147 3371:, pp. 144–145 3332:, pp. 56–57; 3308:, pp. 133–134 3296:, pp. 130–132 3269:, pp. 122–124 3000:, pp. 140–142 2964:, pp. 106–107 2885:, pp. 103–106 2873:, pp. 100–103 2849:, pp. 303–304 2543:Minute ista pueris 2260: 2242:, the revelry on " 2175: 2130:Stonyhurst College 1973: 1914: 1877:Minare ista pueris 1795:Lord Chief Justice 1759: 1704:Humphrey Littleton 1672: 1612: 1581:, the home of the 1554: 1441: 1334: 1326: 1320:(c. 1823) by 1199: 1060: 1052: 984:Christopher Wright 937: 929: 873: 722: 641:fines for a year. 528:, the French King 492:capital punishment 452:Don Juan de Tassis 421:Philip II of Spain 367: 221:Princess Elizabeth 64: 5898:Conflicts in 1605 5860: 5859: 5727:Original plotters 5568:978-0-7190-6204-9 5527:978-1-84624-203-8 5509:978-0-7011-6984-8 5491:978-0-7661-4063-9 5470:978-0-297-77224-8 5440:978-0-340-70624-4 5422:978-0-521-65114-1 5262:978-0-340-57510-9 5156:Notes and queries 4787:978-0-300-07682-0 4411:, 16, pp. 639–640 2376:Robert Abercromby 2343:Henry VIII's will 2287:Westminster Abbey 2018:Gowrie conspiracy 1722:, the servant of 1502:on the border of 1250:Earl of Worcester 1246:Earl of Salisbury 1098:in late 1605. At 1084:Claudio Acquaviva 1010:of Norbrook near 1008:lord of the manor 797:Pope Clement VIII 753:, as Elizabeth's 382:Queen Elizabeth I 378:Church of England 186:English Catholics 159: 158: 18:Gunpowder Treason 16:(Redirected from 5945: 5826:Guy Fawkes Night 5795:Ambrose Rokewood 5713: 5706: 5699: 5690: 5689: 5604: 5571: 5542: 5530: 5512: 5494: 5473: 5452: 5443: 5425: 5407: 5389: 5371: 5353: 5332: 5309: 5293:Demaray, John G. 5288: 5265: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5196:, archived from 5183: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5103: 5092: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5058: 5049: 5048: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5017:Gardiner, Samuel 5013: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4730:, pp. 91–92 4725: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4702: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4584: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4526: 4520: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4430: 4419: 4413: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4369: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4323: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4289: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4219: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4074: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4021: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3850:, pp. 94–95 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3638:, pp. 62–63 3633: 3627: 3626:, pp. 78–79 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3590:, pp. 85–86 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3431:, pp. 65–67 3426: 3420: 3419:, pp. 62–65 3414: 3408: 3407:, pp. 65–66 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3327: 3321: 3320:, pp. 55–59 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3257:, pp. 54–55 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3209:, pp. 50–52 3204: 3198: 3188: 3182: 3181:, pp. 47–48 3176: 3170: 3169:, pp. 46–47 3164: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3141: 3130: 3119: 3118:, pp. 84–89 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3094:, pp. 59–61 3089: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3041:, pp. 45–46 3036: 3030: 3029:, pp. 44–46 3024: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2861:, pp. 41–42 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2789:, pp. 76–78 2784: 2778: 2777:, pp. 32–39 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2753:, pp. 32–33 2748: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2655:, pp. 70–74 2650: 2644: 2638: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2516: 2510: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2481:Huddington Court 2474: 2468: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389:purchasing power 2385: 2379: 2364: 2358: 2339:heir presumptive 2335: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2230: 2191:Guy Fawkes Night 2162:Guy Fawkes Night 2029:Interest in the 2008: 1879: 1861:death by the axe 1854: 1834:Attorney-General 1775:Gatehouse Prison 1767:Westminster Hall 1706:, brother of MP 1552:the Elder, 1602. 1472: 1409:Ashby St Ledgers 1403: 1379:Huddington Court 1371:Little Brickhill 1343:Ashmolean Museum 1285:Lord Chamberlain 1196: 1185:Monteagle letter 1179:Northamptonshire 1104:Ambrose Rookwood 988:Huddington Court 859:Initial planning 840: 839: 834: 833: 731:House of Commons 602:George Blackwell 456:Treaty of London 450:sent his envoy, 261:Ambrose Rookwood 134:Ambrose Rookwood 74: 67: 63: 61: 21: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5893:1605 in England 5863: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5831:Guy Fawkes mask 5809: 5805:Francis Tresham 5758: 5722: 5717: 5678:Mark Nicholls, 5627:Wayback Machine 5611: 5602: 5579: 5577:Further reading 5574: 5569: 5547:Wilson, Richard 5541:, Jonathan Cape 5528: 5510: 5492: 5471: 5451:, J. B. Nichols 5441: 5423: 5405: 5387: 5369: 5351: 5337:Fraser, Antonia 5330: 5307: 5286: 5263: 5241: 5240: 5231: 5229: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5154: 5150: 5141: 5139: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5093: 5082: 5073: 5071: 5070:on 19 July 2011 5060: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5032: 5028: 5014: 5010: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4980: 4971: 4969: 4956: 4952: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4883: 4879: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4713: 4711: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4529: 4521: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4332: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4298: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4230: 4228: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4085: 4083: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3351: 3347: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3152: 3150: 3139: 3131: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2933: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2507:Tower of London 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2475: 2471: 2463:The playwright 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2365: 2361: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2317:Julian calendar 2314: 2310: 2300: 2252: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2164: 2158: 2142:Samuel Gardiner 2111: 2012:The playwright 2010: 2007:, Act 2 Scene 3 2001: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1965: 1959: 1939:Old Palace Yard 1902: 1856: 1849: 1811:Peter Warburton 1807:Thomas Walmsley 1748: 1724:Edward Oldcorne 1658: 1650:Dudley Carleton 1604: 1547: 1545: 1538: 1487: 1453:Tower of London 1429: 1405: 1391: 1363: 1267: 1214:Earl of Arundel 1194: 1187: 1160:Francis Tresham 1144:Buckinghamshire 1124:Robert Rookwood 1072:Oswald Tesimond 1024: 902:Dudley Carleton 889: 861: 827:William Stanley 808:Francis Ingleby 770:Essex Rebellion 763: 702: 678:Oswald Tesimond 650:Anthony Standen 614:Griffin Markham 595:Tower of London 575: 542:Juan de Mariana 534:Jacques Clément 487: 463:Anne of Denmark 448:King Philip III 398: 371:King Henry VIII 356: 350: 344: 339: 269:Francis Tresham 196:and who sought 142:Francis Tresham 93:London, England 85:5 November 1605 77: 62: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5951: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5923:James VI and I 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5873:Gunpowder Plot 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5790:Robert Wintour 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5749:Thomas Wintour 5746: 5741: 5739:Robert Catesby 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5667: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5617: 5610: 5609:External links 5607: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5543: 5531: 5526: 5513: 5508: 5495: 5490: 5474: 5469: 5453: 5444: 5439: 5426: 5421: 5408: 5403: 5390: 5385: 5372: 5367: 5354: 5349: 5333: 5328: 5314:Forbes, Esther 5310: 5305: 5289: 5284: 5270:Croft, Pauline 5266: 5261: 5247: 5239: 5238: 5210: 5200:on 4 June 2011 5175: 5163: 5148: 5121: 5080: 5050: 5044: 5026: 5008: 4993: 4978: 4950: 4938:10.2307/751498 4916: 4904: 4902:, pp. 4–5 4892: 4877: 4865:10.2307/460744 4843: 4831: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4786: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4686: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4527: 4508: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4414: 4406:Thomas Rymer, 4399: 4387: 4353: 4341: 4307: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4131: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4055: 4043: 4028: 4013: 4001: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3879: 3867: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3345: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3193:, p. 49; 3183: 3171: 3159: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2728: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2557: 2556: 2548: 2547: 2534: 2524: 2511: 2498: 2489: 2477:Robert Wintour 2469: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2380: 2359: 2355:Arbella Stuart 2345:, i.e. either 2330: 2321: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2296: 2251: 2248: 2209: 2207: 2160:Main article: 2157: 2154: 2132:, namesake of 2110: 2107: 1988: 1958: 1955: 1901: 1898: 1842: 1830:Edward Philips 1799:Thomas Fleming 1747: 1744: 1742:the next day. 1708:John Littleton 1702:, the home of 1669:Worcestershire 1657: 1654: 1603: 1602:Interrogations 1600: 1571:Elizabeth Vaux 1544:Robert Cecil, 1537: 1534: 1500:Holbeche House 1495:Coughton Court 1491:Warwick Castle 1486: 1483: 1428: 1425: 1383: 1367:Watling Street 1362: 1359: 1266: 1263: 1258:Cambridgeshire 1186: 1183: 1164:Thomas Tresham 1152:Coughton Court 1140:Gayhurst House 1128:Dorothea Drury 1023: 1020: 976:Robert Wintour 906:John Hippisley 888: 885: 860: 857: 793:Juan de Tassis 789:Thomas Wintour 766:Robert Catesby 762: 759: 701: 698: 626:Arbella Stuart 618:Walter Raleigh 587:William Watson 585:, the priests 574: 571: 486: 483: 429:Arbella Stuart 397: 394: 346:Main article: 343: 340: 338: 335: 304:Holbeche House 209:House of Lords 190:Robert Catesby 184:by a group of 163:Gunpowder Plot 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 102:Robert Catesby 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 75: 65:Gunpowder Plot 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5950: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5836:Bonfire Night 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5800:Everard Digby 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5603: 5601:0-297-79343-8 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5584:Cressy, David 5581: 5580: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5555:Poole, Robert 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5406: 5404:0-00-715637-5 5400: 5396: 5391: 5388: 5386:1-8539-0033-8 5382: 5378: 5373: 5370: 5368:0-7509-4215-0 5364: 5360: 5355: 5352: 5350:0-7538-1401-3 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5329:0-618-00194-8 5325: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5306:0-8229-3492-2 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5285:0-333-61395-3 5281: 5278:, Macmillan, 5277: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5107: 5100: 5099: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5055: 5047: 5045:0-246-63967-9 5041: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5004: 4997: 4991:, p. 118 4990: 4985: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4827:Marshall 2003 4823: 4821: 4814:, p. 140 4813: 4808: 4802:, p. 131 4801: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4754:, p. 129 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4698: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4672:, p. 102 4671: 4670:Thompson 2008 4666: 4660:, p. 120 4659: 4654: 4648:, p. 103 4647: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4624:, p. 113 4623: 4618: 4612:, p. 273 4611: 4606: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4554:, p. 136 4553: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4482:, p. 172 4481: 4480:Hodgetts 1989 4476: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4403: 4397:, p. 104 4396: 4391: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4351:, p. 249 4350: 4345: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4319: 4311: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4247:, p. 333 4246: 4241: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4215: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4177:, p. 106 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4153:, p. 226 4152: 4147: 4141:, p. 225 4140: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4114:, p. 228 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4010: 4005: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3958: 3952:, p. 215 3951: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3904:, p. 219 3903: 3898: 3892:, p. 226 3891: 3886: 3884: 3877:, p. 584 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3806: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3602:, p. 179 3601: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3542:, p. 110 3541: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3482:, p. 170 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3443:, p. 158 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3233:, p. 120 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2976:, p. 108 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2837:, p. 182 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2765:, p. 228 2764: 2763:Marshall 2006 2759: 2752: 2747: 2741:, p. 227 2740: 2739:Marshall 2006 2735: 2733: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2616:, p. xxv 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2580:, p. 154 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2538: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2325: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236:Esther Forbes 2231: 2229: 2228:Nursery rhyme 2222: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2156:Bonfire Night 2153: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2123:Thomas Barlow 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2094:Ronald Hutton 2091: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2082:Paradise Lost 2078: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1969: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927:disembowelled 1924: 1920: 1911: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732:Staffordshire 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1692:London Bridge 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:Enfield Chase 1560: 1551: 1550:John de Critz 1542: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1526:Richard Walsh 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1510:residence at 1509: 1505: 1504:Staffordshire 1501: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1461:Privy Council 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1433: 1427:Investigation 1424: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339:Thomas Knyvet 1330: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1276:Kirk o' Field 1273: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1191: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:Lord Stourton 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:Everard Digby 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116:Stanningfield 1113: 1109: 1108:Clopton House 1105: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1080:Enfield Chase 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 957: 952: 950: 946: 945:Lord Mordaunt 942: 933: 926: 923:, within the 922: 917: 913: 909: 907: 903: 898: 897:mounted troop 894: 884: 882: 878: 870: 865: 856: 854: 849: 847: 846:Low Countries 842: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Privy Council 719: 715: 711: 706: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 669: 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 642: 638: 635: 634:George Brooke 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 600: 596: 592: 591:William Clark 588: 584: 580: 570: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 444: 440: 438: 434: 433:Privy Council 430: 426: 423:'s daughter, 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 376: 372: 364: 360: 355: 349: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265:Everard Digby 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 198:regime change 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 173: 168: 164: 154: 150: 146: 143: 139: 138:Everard Digby 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 73: 68: 59: 55: 54: 53:Infobox event 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5888:Conspiracies 5775:Thomas Bates 5770:Robert Keyes 5754:Thomas Percy 5719: 5679: 5671: 5587: 5558: 5550: 5538: 5517: 5499: 5481: 5460: 5448: 5430: 5412: 5394: 5376: 5358: 5340: 5318: 5296: 5274: 5252: 5244:Bibliography 5243: 5242: 5230:, retrieved 5220: 5213: 5202:, retrieved 5198:the original 5188: 5173:, p. 94 5166: 5155: 5151: 5140:, retrieved 5136:the original 5130: 5124: 5113:, retrieved 5106:the original 5097: 5072:, retrieved 5068:the original 5062: 5035: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4996: 4970:, retrieved 4960: 4953: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4914:, p. 17 4912:Demaray 1984 4907: 4900:Demaray 1984 4895: 4886: 4880: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4834: 4807: 4795: 4777: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4712:, retrieved 4696: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4605: 4594:, retrieved 4578: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4458:, p. 79 4451: 4440:, retrieved 4424: 4417: 4408: 4402: 4390: 4379:, retrieved 4363: 4356: 4344: 4333:, retrieved 4317: 4310: 4299:, retrieved 4283: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4229:, retrieved 4213: 4206: 4201:, p. 93 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4151:Willson 1963 4146: 4139:Stewart 2003 4134: 4107: 4102:, p. 64 4095: 4084:, retrieved 4068: 4046: 4004: 3993:, retrieved 3987: 3981: 3976:, p. 89 3969: 3957: 3945: 3940:, p. 87 3933: 3921: 3909: 3902:Stewart 2003 3897: 3875:Nichols 1828 3870: 3843: 3838:, p. 73 3831: 3819: 3794:, retrieved 3790:the original 3785: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3746:, p. 92 3739: 3727: 3722:, p. 90 3715: 3710:, p. 70 3703: 3691: 3679: 3674:, p. 89 3667: 3655: 3650:, p. 82 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3518:, p. 80 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3395:, p. 62 3388: 3383:, p. 59 3376: 3364: 3359:, p. 57 3348: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3284:, p. 96 3262: 3250: 3245:, p. 52 3238: 3226: 3221:, p. 48 3214: 3202: 3197:, p. 50 3186: 3174: 3162: 3151:, retrieved 3135: 3111: 3106:, p. 58 3099: 3077:, p. 50 3070: 3065:, p. 90 3058: 3053:, p. 93 3046: 3034: 3012:, p. 47 3005: 2993: 2988:, p. 46 2981: 2969: 2957: 2952:, p. 33 2945: 2934:, retrieved 2930:the original 2924: 2909:, p. 34 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2835:Stewart 2003 2830: 2825:, p. 36 2818: 2813:, p. 15 2806: 2801:, p. 95 2799:Willson 1963 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2679:, p. 46 2672: 2667:, p. 88 2660: 2648: 2643:, p. 91 2621: 2609: 2597: 2592:, p. 15 2585: 2578:Willson 1963 2573: 2568:, p. 12 2561: 2552: 2551: 2542: 2537: 2527: 2514: 2501: 2492: 2472: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2383: 2362: 2333: 2324: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2292: 2267: 2262:In the 2005 2261: 2233: 2225: 2210: 2202: 2195: 2176: 2150: 2145: 2137: 2127: 2112: 2089: 2087: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2042:equivocation 2036:Daemonologie 2034: 2028: 2021: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1990: 1974: 1944: 1915: 1895: 1887: 1873: 1869:high treason 1857: 1848: 1844: 1819: 1771:Star Chamber 1760: 1720:Ralph Ashley 1712:Hindlip Hall 1696: 1677: 1673: 1665:Hindlip Hall 1645:Agnes Wenman 1641: 1637:Fleet Prison 1633:Star Chamber 1629: 1624: 1621: 1613: 1587: 1575:Hindlip Hall 1555: 1548:Painting by 1524: 1520: 1488: 1465:Star Chamber 1448: 1442: 1437:torture rack 1414: 1406: 1397: 1390: 1385: 1364: 1351:slow matches 1335: 1317: 1304:pocket watch 1293: 1272:Lord Darnley 1268: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1207: 1200: 1175:Rushton Hall 1168: 1148:Mary Mulshaw 1112:Coldham Hall 1096: 1088: 1068:Henry Garnet 1066:in England, 1061: 1037:River Thames 1025: 1016:Snitterfield 1004:Lincolnshire 970:new year on 965: 953: 949:Thomas Bates 941:Robert Keyes 938: 910: 890: 874: 850: 843: 816: 801: 782: 764: 735:Coombe Abbey 723: 670: 654: 643: 639: 576: 557: 549: 545: 515: 507:Dutch Revolt 500: 488: 460: 445: 441: 418: 410:Robert Cecil 399: 368: 319:high treason 315:Henry Garnet 312: 286:was sent to 281: 277:Dutch Revolt 253:Thomas Bates 249:Robert Keyes 241:Thomas Percy 229:King James I 206: 182:King James I 170: 166: 162: 160: 153:posthumously 126:Thomas Bates 122:Robert Keyes 114:Thomas Percy 98:Participants 51: 43: 5744:John Wright 5343:, Phoenix, 5171:Forbes 1999 4932:: 261–268, 4839:Haynes 2005 4812:Haynes 2005 4800:Haynes 2005 4752:Haynes 2005 4740:Fraser 2005 4714:16 November 4682:Haynes 2005 4658:Haynes 2005 4634:Haynes 2005 4622:Haynes 2005 4610:Fraser 2005 4596:16 November 4564:Fraser 2005 4552:Wilson 2002 4540:Fraser 2005 4523:Haynes 2005 4504:Fraser 2005 4492:Fraser 2005 4468:Fraser 2005 4456:Haynes 2005 4442:20 November 4395:Haynes 2005 4381:16 November 4349:Fraser 2005 4335:16 November 4301:16 November 4269:Fraser 2005 4257:Haynes 2005 4245:Fraser 2005 4231:16 November 4199:Haynes 2005 4187:Fraser 2005 4175:Haynes 2005 4163:Fraser 2005 4127:Fraser 2005 4112:Fraser 2005 4086:16 November 4051:Fraser 2005 4039:Fraser 2005 4024:Fraser 2005 4009:Fraser 2005 3962:Fraser 2005 3950:Fraser 2005 3926:Fraser 2005 3914:Fraser 2005 3890:Fraser 2005 3863:Fraser 2005 3848:Haynes 2005 3824:Fraser 2005 3768:Fraser 2005 3756:Fraser 2005 3744:Haynes 2005 3732:Fraser 2005 3720:Haynes 2005 3696:Fraser 2005 3684:Fraser 2005 3672:Haynes 2005 3660:Fraser 2005 3648:Haynes 2005 3624:Haynes 2005 3612:Fraser 2005 3600:Fraser 2005 3588:Haynes 2005 3576:Fraser 2005 3564:Fraser 2005 3552:Fraser 2005 3540:Fraser 2005 3528:Fraser 2005 3516:Haynes 2005 3504:Fraser 2005 3492:Fraser 2005 3480:Fraser 2005 3468:Fraser 2005 3456:Fraser 2005 3441:Fraser 2005 3429:Haynes 2005 3417:Haynes 2005 3405:Haynes 2005 3393:Haynes 2005 3381:Haynes 2005 3369:Fraser 2005 3357:Haynes 2005 3353:Fraser 2005 3330:Fraser 2005 3318:Haynes 2005 3306:Fraser 2005 3294:Fraser 2005 3267:Fraser 2005 3255:Haynes 2005 3231:Fraser 2005 3207:Fraser 2005 3195:Fraser 2005 3191:Fraser 2005 3179:Fraser 2005 3153:16 November 3116:Fraser 2005 3104:Fraser 2005 3092:Fraser 2005 3075:Haynes 2005 3063:Fraser 2005 3051:Fraser 2005 3010:Haynes 2005 2998:Fraser 2005 2974:Fraser 2005 2962:Fraser 2005 2897:, p. 8 2883:Fraser 2005 2871:Fraser 2005 2859:Fraser 2005 2811:Fraser 2005 2787:Fraser 2005 2775:Haynes 2005 2703:, p. 7 2701:Fraser 2005 2689:Fraser 2005 2677:Fraser 2005 2653:Fraser 2005 2641:Fraser 2005 2626:Fraser 2005 2614:Fraser 2005 2602:Fraser 2005 2590:Haynes 2005 2566:Haynes 2005 2532:suspicious. 2134:John Gerard 2119:Popish Plot 2054:sine nomine 2050:John Milton 2044:; Garnet's 1942:execution. 1929:, and then 1852:Edward Coke 1838:Edward Coke 1791:John Popham 1755:Edward Coke 1740:priest hole 1688:Northampton 1625:King's Book 1616:Edward Coke 1567:John Gerard 1516:John Talbot 1445:John Popham 812:John Wright 674:John Gerard 657:George Home 606:Lord Cobham 573:Early plots 554:tyrannicide 363:Elizabeth I 211:during the 194:tyrannicide 47:‹ The 5867:Categories 5848:(informer) 5785:John Grant 5734:Guy Fawkes 5275:King James 5232:18 January 5204:18 January 5074:31 October 4972:7 November 4100:Croft 2003 3974:Scott 1940 3938:Scott 1940 3796:19 October 2936:3 December 2847:Hogge 2005 2665:Brice 1994 2479:inherited 2465:Ben Jonson 2298:References 2266:programme 2244:Pope Night 2183:until 1859 2092:historian 2052:'s words, 1961:See also: 1912:in London. 1900:Executions 1787:Devonshire 1583:Habingtons 1508:Shropshire 1485:Last stand 1417:city gates 1100:Michaelmas 1092:pilgrimage 1048:undercroft 1028:undercroft 1022:Undercroft 980:John Grant 961:undercroft 956:the plague 877:the Strand 785:Philip III 778:Chastleton 599:Archpriest 503:Albert VII 396:Succession 375:Protestant 352:See also: 337:Background 333:of today. 323:confession 296:last stand 257:John Grant 245:Guy Fawkes 130:John Grant 118:Guy Fawkes 5537:(1963) , 5339:(2005) , 5316:(1999) , 5194:The Times 5142:6 October 2553:Footnotes 2485:Worcester 2278:Advantica 2187:fireworks 1957:Aftermath 1931:quartered 1923:castrated 1882:Guildhall 1813:, sat as 1763:arraigned 1736:Worcester 1728:Prestwood 1684:attainted 1680:strangury 1591:Main Plot 1579:Worcester 1559:Anne Vaux 1512:Boningale 1421:Yorkshire 1296:Dunchurch 1265:Discovery 1242:Whitehall 1222:Monteagle 1210:Anne Vaux 1076:Anne Vaux 992:Worcester 968:old style 881:Eucharist 710:Elizabeth 622:Main Plot 530:Henry III 475:Elizabeth 390:recusancy 292:gunpowder 56:is being 32:Main Plot 5814:See also 5763:Recruits 5623:Archived 5586:(1989), 5480:(1940), 5459:(1976), 5272:(2003), 5226:archived 5019:(1897), 4966:archived 3995:25 April 3805:citation 3342:(8): 229 2719:Criticón 2369:Venetian 2198:effigies 2171:Bonfires 2077:epigrams 2058:inaudito 1951:Red Hill 1947:Stafford 1890:Superior 1809:and Sir 1536:Reaction 1475:manacles 1457:tortured 1203:Daventry 1156:Alcester 1106:to rent 1000:Twigmore 972:Lady Day 819:Flanders 747:Midlands 739:Coventry 690:Normanby 665:shilling 583:Bye Plot 567:heretics 562:regicide 544:'s 1599 425:Isabella 217:Midlands 180:against 178:regicide 90:Location 60:. › 49:template 5557:(ed.), 5551:Macbeth 5115:6 March 4964:, BBC, 4409:Foedera 2280:-owned 2103:Prussia 2031:demonic 2023:Macbeth 2004:Macbeth 1828:), Sir 1824:(later 1783:Suffolk 1779:tobacco 1656:Jesuits 1375:Drayton 1355:faggots 1218:Montagu 1120:Suffolk 804:Lambeth 743:Warwick 686:Assizes 558:De rege 479:Charles 437:papists 188:led by 174:Treason 169:or the 148:Outcome 5598: 5565: 5524: 5506: 5488: 5467: 5437: 5419: 5401: 5383: 5365: 5347: 5326: 5303: 5282: 5259: 5160:p. 450 5042: 4946:751498 4944: 4873:460744 4871: 4784: 2520:Romish 2373:Jesuit 2240:Boston 2101:, and 2099:Saxony 2065:heard. 1797:, Sir 1746:Trials 1700:Hagley 1361:Flight 1347:Oxford 1308:cutler 1229:Hoxton 1132:Calais 1064:Jesuit 982:, and 755:regent 646:rosary 579:clergy 263:, Sir 227:under 172:Jesuit 136:, Sir 5109:(PDF) 5102:(PDF) 4942:JSTOR 4869:JSTOR 2483:near 2349:, or 2303:Notes 2274:tonne 1577:near 1402:] 1274:, at 1154:near 774:marks 737:near 471:Henry 5596:ISBN 5563:ISBN 5522:ISBN 5504:ISBN 5486:ISBN 5465:ISBN 5435:ISBN 5417:ISBN 5399:ISBN 5381:ISBN 5363:ISBN 5345:ISBN 5324:ISBN 5301:ISBN 5280:ISBN 5257:ISBN 5234:2008 5206:2008 5144:2009 5117:2007 5076:2010 5040:ISBN 4974:2008 4853:PMLA 4782:ISBN 4716:2009 4598:2009 4444:2009 4383:2009 4337:2009 4303:2009 4233:2009 4088:2009 3997:2015 3811:link 3798:2014 3155:2009 2938:2009 2337:The 1976:the 1865:jury 1850:Sir 1836:Sir 1801:was 1793:was 1614:Sir 1479:rack 1126:and 904:and 895:, a 853:Mass 700:Plot 616:and 589:and 569:'". 477:and 267:and 161:The 140:and 82:Date 4934:doi 4861:doi 4705:doi 4587:doi 4433:doi 4372:doi 4326:doi 4292:doi 4222:doi 4077:doi 3144:doi 2723:120 2264:ITV 2203:guy 2088:In 2020:in 1867:of 1765:in 1730:in 1690:or 1667:in 1561:at 1463:or 1449:sic 1399:sic 1177:in 1142:in 1114:in 1078:in 1002:in 688:in 5869:: 5594:, 5590:, 5192:, 5178:^ 5083:^ 5053:^ 4981:^ 4940:, 4930:54 4928:, 4867:, 4857:79 4855:, 4819:^ 4530:^ 4511:^ 4119:^ 4058:^ 4031:^ 4016:^ 3882:^ 3855:^ 3807:}} 3803:{{ 3784:, 3448:^ 3338:, 3274:^ 3123:^ 3082:^ 3017:^ 2914:^ 2731:^ 2721:, 2717:, 2633:^ 2193:. 2085:. 1925:, 1435:A 1381:. 1345:, 1310:. 1220:, 1134:. 1118:, 1094:. 978:, 883:. 780:. 716:, 612:, 608:, 458:. 439:. 408:, 310:. 259:, 255:, 251:, 247:, 243:, 239:, 235:, 204:. 155:). 132:, 128:, 124:, 120:, 116:, 112:, 108:, 104:, 5712:e 5705:t 5698:v 4936:: 4863:: 4707:: 4589:: 4435:: 4374:: 4328:: 4294:: 4224:: 4079:: 3813:) 3340:2 3146:: 2545:. 1528:( 1324:. 720:. 548:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index