529:, chief technology officer at Emagined Security, said that hackers are spending substantial time and effort looking for ways to penetrate the cloud. "There are some real Achilles' heels in the cloud infrastructure that are making big holes for the bad guys to get into". Because data from hundreds or thousands of companies can be stored on large cloud servers, hackers can theoretically gain control of huge stores of information through a single attack—a process he called "hyperjacking". Some examples of this include the Dropbox security breach, and iCloud 2014 leak. Dropbox had been breached in October 2014, having over seven million of its users passwords stolen by hackers in an effort to get monetary value from it by Bitcoins (BTC). By having these passwords, they are able to read
809:. Cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms that run the applications. SaaS is sometimes referred to as "on-demand software" and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis or using a subscription fee. In the SaaS model, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. Cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where the application runs. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifies maintenance and support. Cloud applications differ from other applications in their scalability—which can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet changing work demand.
582:
1097:– Volunteer cloud computing is characterized as the intersection of public-resource computing and cloud computing, where a cloud computing infrastructure is built using volunteered resources. Many challenges arise from this type of infrastructure, because of the volatility of the resources used to build it and the dynamic environment it operates in. It can also be called peer-to-peer clouds, or ad-hoc clouds. An interesting effort in such direction is Cloud@Home, it aims to implement a cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing a business-model to incentivize contributions through financial restitution.
334:, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third party and need not be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is "fine-grained", with usage-based billing options. As well, less in-house IT skills are required for implementation of projects that use cloud computing. The e-FISCAL project's state-of-the-art repository contains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of them concluding that costs savings depend on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house.
590:
1187:
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771:. iPaaS enables customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows. Under the iPaaS integration model, customers drive the development and deployment of integrations without installing or managing any hardware or middleware. dPaaS delivers integration—and data-management—products as a fully managed service. Under the dPaaS model, the PaaS provider, not the customer, manages the development and execution of programs by building data applications for the customer. dPaaS users access data through
432:. Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in part because service providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford to tackle or which they lack the technical skills to address. However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or over a greater number of devices, as well as in multi-tenant systems shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security
959:
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760:, typically including an operating system, programming-language execution environment, database, and the web server. Application developers develop and run their software on a cloud platform instead of directly buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With some PaaS, the underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually.
40:
801:. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.
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709:'s definition of cloud computing describes IaaS as "where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls)."
728:). To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the number of resources allocated and consumed.
1466:– Distributed computing paradigm that provides data, compute, storage and application services closer to the client or near-user edge devices, such as network routers. Furthermore, fog computing handles data at the network level, on smart devices and on the end-user client-side (e.g. mobile devices), instead of sending data to a remote location for processing.
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cloud extends the capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific business service through the addition of externally available public cloud services. Hybrid cloud adoption depends on a number of factors such as data security and compliance requirements, level of control needed over data, and the applications an organization uses.
505:
without a warrant. That is permitted in their privacy policies, which users must agree to before they start using cloud services. Solutions to privacy include policy and legislation as well as end-users' choices for how data is stored. Users can encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access.
525:—which accounted for 29%, 25% and 10% of all cloud security outages respectively. Together, these form shared technology vulnerabilities. In a cloud provider platform being shared by different users, there may be a possibility that information belonging to different customers resides on the same data server. Additionally,
417:
time-efficient benefit of cloud scalability also means faster time to market, more business flexibility, and adaptability, as adding new resources does not take as much time as it used to. Emerging approaches for managing elasticity include the use of machine learning techniques to propose efficient elasticity models.
466:
specific needs or preferences. Complete understanding of all technology may be impossible, especially given the scale, complexity, and deliberate opacity of contemporary systems; however, there is a need for understanding complex technologies and their interconnections to have power and agency within them. The
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Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services in a single heterogeneous architecture to reduce reliance on single vendors, increase flexibility through choice, mitigate against disasters, etc. It differs from hybrid cloud in that it refers to multiple cloud services, rather than multiple
998:
Cloud services are considered "public" when they are delivered over the public
Internet, and they may be offered as a paid subscription, or free of charge. Architecturally, there are few differences between public- and private-cloud services, but security concerns increase substantially when services
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as necessary to serve requests. Requests are billed by an abstract measure of the resources required to satisfy the request, rather than per virtual machine per hour. Despite the name, serverless computing does not actually involve running code without servers. The business or person using the system
453:
One of the main challenges of cloud computing, in comparison to more traditional on-premises computing, is data security and privacy. Cloud users entrust their sensitive data to third-party providers, who may not have adequate measures to protect it from unauthorized access, breaches, or leaks. Cloud
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disciplines of cloud computing. It brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization, standardization and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse areas
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Varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist. For example, an organization may store sensitive client data in house on a private cloud application, but interconnect that application to a business intelligence application provided on a public cloud as a software service. This example of hybrid
969:
Reverse cloud migration, also known as cloud repatriation, refers to moving cloud-based workloads back to on-premises infrastructures including enterprise data centers, colocation providers, and managed service providers. Cloud repatriation occurs due to security concerns, costs, performance issues,
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Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data simultaneously, rather than waiting for it to be saved and emailed. Time may be saved as information does not need to be re-entered when fields are matched, nor do users need to install application software upgrades to their
342:
Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they use (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the
Internet, users can connect to it from anywhere.
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The goal of cloud computing is to allow users to take benefit from all of these technologies, without the need for deep knowledge about or expertise with each one of them. The cloud aims to cut costs and helps the users focus on their core business instead of being impeded by IT obstacles. The main
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are generally capital intensive. They have a significant physical footprint, requiring allocations of space, hardware, and environmental controls. These assets have to be refreshed periodically, resulting in additional capital expenditures. They have attracted criticism because users "still have to
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shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether it is managed internally or by a third-party, and hosted internally or externally, the costs are distributed among fewer users compared to a public
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is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and "bursts" to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity increases. A primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an organization pays for extra compute resources
536:
There is the problem of legal ownership of the data (If a user stores some data in the cloud, can the cloud provider profit from it?). Many Terms of
Service agreements are silent on the question of ownership. Physical control of the computer equipment (private cloud) is more secure than having the
481:
Additionally, cloud migration is a significant challenge. This process involves transferring data, applications, or workloads from one cloud environment to another, or from on-premises infrastructure to the cloud. Cloud migration can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, particularly when
351:
Maintenance of cloud environment is easier because the data is hosted on an outside server maintained by a provider without the need to invest in data center hardware. IT maintenance of cloud computing is managed and updated by the cloud provider's IT maintenance team which reduces cloud computing
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Poly cloud refers to the use of multiple public clouds for the purpose of leveraging specific services that each provider offers. It differs from Multi cloud in that it is not designed to increase flexibility or mitigate against failures but is rather used to allow an organization to achieve more
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Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third party, and hosted either internally or externally. Undertaking a private cloud project requires significant engagement to virtualize the business environment, and requires the
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hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. This enables the business to reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and from personnel expenses, towards meeting other goals. In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be released
465:
Another challenge of cloud computing is reduced visibility and control. Cloud users may not have full insight into how their cloud resources are managed, configured, or optimized by their providers. They may also have limited ability to customize or modify their cloud services according to their
138:
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing
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defines a hybrid cloud service as a cloud computing service that is composed of some combination of private, public and community cloud services, from different service providers. A hybrid cloud service crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it cannot be simply put in one category of
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cloud is a composition of a public cloud and a private environment, such as a private cloud or on-premises resources, that remain distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. Hybrid cloud can also mean the ability to connect collocation, managed
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The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure
509:
can also provide practical solutions to privacy concerns in cloud computing. These systems distinguish between authorized and unauthorized users and determine the amount of data that is accessible to each entity. The systems work by creating and describing identities, recording activities, and
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Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the service provider can access the data that is in the cloud at any time. It could accidentally or deliberately alter or delete information. Many cloud providers can share information with third parties if necessary for purposes of law and order
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Scalability and elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis in near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads. This gives the ability to scale up when the usage need increases or down if resources are not being used. The
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security could find that it is more secure for them to use a public cloud. There is the risk that end users do not understand the issues involved when signing on to a cloud service (persons sometimes do not read the many pages of the terms of service agreement, and just click "Accept" without
131:
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any
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are the underlying Linux kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers. The use of containers offers higher performance than virtualization because there is no hypervisor overhead. IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine
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equipment off-site and under someone else's control (public cloud). This delivers great incentive to public cloud computing service providers to prioritize building and maintaining strong management of secure services. Some small businesses that do not have expertise in
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essentially creating a scalable system of multiple independent computing devices, idle computing resources can be allocated and used more efficiently. Virtualization provides the agility required to speed up IT operations and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure
1083:
A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of machines in different locations, connected to a single network or hub service. It is possible to distinguish between two types of distributed clouds: public-resource computing and volunteer cloud.
158:(RJE). The "data center" model, where users submitted jobs to operators to run on mainframes, was predominantly used during this era. This was a time of exploration and experimentation with ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through
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Function as a
Service (FaaS) is a remote procedure call hosted as a service, leveraging serverless computing to deploy individual functions in the cloud that run in response to specific events. Some consider FaaS to fall under the umbrella of
43:
Cloud computing metaphor: the group of networked elements providing services does not need to be addressed or managed individually by users; instead, the entire provider-managed suite of hardware and software can be thought of as an amorphous
999:(applications, storage, and other resources) are shared by multiple customers. Most public-cloud providers offer direct-connection services that allow customers to securely link their legacy data centers to their cloud-resident applications.
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The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user, so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point. It may also be free. Proponents claim that SaaS gives a
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PaaS vendors offer a development environment to application developers. The provider typically develops toolkit and standards for development and channels for distribution and payment. In the PaaS models, cloud providers deliver a
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only when they are needed. Cloud bursting enables data centers to create an in-house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads, and use cloud resources from public or private clouds, during spikes in processing demands.
1091:– This type of distributed cloud results from an expansive definition of cloud computing, because they are more akin to distributed computing than cloud computing. Nonetheless, it is considered a sub-class of cloud computing.
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communicating with each other over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in the use of tight or loose coupling as applied to mechanisms such as these and others.
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organizations use public cloud computing resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud. This capability enables hybrid clouds to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds.
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distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access-point. To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be
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organization to reevaluate decisions about existing resources. It can improve business, but every step in the project raises security issues that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities. Self-run
554:). Fundamentally, private cloud is seen as more secure with higher levels of control for the owner, however public cloud is seen to be more flexible and requires less time and money investment from the user.
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Security can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored
139:
transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service, although for some organisations the revenue impact of high usage may affect profitability, compared to an option of sunk capital costs.
124:
The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer
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companies as up for grabs in 2030. In 2022, more than $ 1.3 trillion in enterprise IT spending was at stake from the shift to the cloud, growing to almost $ 1.8 trillion in 2025, according to
Gartner.
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private, public, or community cloud service. It allows one to extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service, by aggregation, integration or customization with another cloud service.
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there are compatibility issues between different cloud platforms or architectures. If not carefully planned and executed, cloud migration can lead to downtime, reduced performance, or even data loss.
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Nouri, Seyed; Han, Li; Srikumar, Venugopal; Wenxia, Guo; MingYun, He; Wenhong, Tian (2019). "Autonomic decentralized elasticity based on a reinforcement learning controller for cloud applications".
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1174:, Sabalcore, Gomput, and Penguin Computing offered a high-performance computing cloud. The Penguin On Demand (POD) cloud was one of the first non-virtualized remote HPC services offered on a
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may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.
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up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and that it enables IT teams to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable demand, providing
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A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
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of 2020, cloud technology has surged in popularity due to the level of data security it offers and the flexibility of working options it provides for all employees, notably remote workers.
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Armbrust, Michael; Stoica, Ion; Zaharia, Matei; Fox, Armando; Griffith, Rean; Joseph, Anthony D.; Katz, Randy; Konwinski, Andy; Lee, Gunho; Patterson, David; Rabkin, Ariel (1 April 2010).
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set out a series of "digital agenda actions" which the
Commission proposed to undertake in order to support the development of a fair and effective market for cloud computing services.
601:(SOA) promotes the idea of "Everything as a Service" (EaaS or XaaS, or simply aAsS). This concept is operationalized in cloud computing through several service models as defined by the
1482:– A distributed architecture without the need for central coordination. Participants are both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client-server model).
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environment could "go". The metaphor is credited to David
Hoffman, a General Magic communications specialist, based on its long-standing use in networking and telecom. The expression
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including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.
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with "cloud computing-enabled applications". The business plan foresaw that online consumer file storage would likely be commercially successful. As a result, Compaq decided to sell
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Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets,
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The
European Commission has observed that locations of data and processes " not in principle have to concern the user", but they may have "an important bearing on the applicable
1390:. Virtualization software separates a physical computing device into one or more "virtual" devices, each of which can be easily used and managed to perform computing tasks. With
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Duan, Yucong; Fu, Guohua; Zhou, Nianjun; Sun, Xiaobing; Narendra, Nanjangud; Hu, Bo (2015). "Everything as a
Service (XaaS) on the Cloud: Origins, Current and Future Trends".
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buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from less hands-on management, essentially " the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".
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comes with storing the users' data on the cloud provider's server. As a result, there could be unauthorized access to the data. Examples of applications offered as SaaS are
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Netto, M.; Calheiros, R.; Rodrigues, E.; Cunha, R.; Buyya, R. (2018). "HPC Cloud for
Scientific and Business Applications: Taxonomy, Vision, and Research Challenges".
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various low-level details of underlying network infrastructure like physical computing resources, location, data partitioning, scaling, security, backup, etc. A
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The issues of transferring large amounts of data to the cloud as well as data security once the data is in the cloud initially hampered adoption of cloud for
573:. Recent research conducted in 2022 has revealed that the Trojan horse injection method is a serious problem with harmful impacts on cloud computing systems.
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Bruneo, Dario; Distefano, Salvatore; Longo, Francesco; Puliafito, Antonio; Scarpa, Marco (2013). "Workload-Based Software Rejuvenation in Cloud Systems".
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basis. Penguin Computing launched its HPC cloud in 2016 as an alternative to Amazon's EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud, which uses virtualized computing nodes.
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Cunsolo, Vincenzo D.; Distefano, Salvatore; Puliafito, Antonio; Scarpa, Marco (2009). "Volunteer Computing and Desktop Cloud: The Cloud@Home Paradigm".
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He, Sijin; Guo, L.; Guo, Y.; Ghanem, M. (June 2012). "Improving Resource Utilisation in the Cloud Environment Using Multivariate Probabilistic Models".
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He, Sijin; L. Guo; Y. Guo; C. Wu; M. Ghanem (March 2012). "Elastic Application Container: A Lightweight Approach for Cloud Resource Provisioning".
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Marston, Sean; Li, Zhi; Bandyopadhyay, Subhajyoti; Zhang, Juheng; Ghalsasi, Anand (2011-04-01). "Cloud computing – The business perspective".
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74:. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and typically uses a pay-as-you-go model, which can help in reducing
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communication issued in 2012 argued that the breadth of scope offered by cloud computing made a general definition "elusive", whereas the
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dating from 2011 or later but trends indicate that these services are gaining significant mainstream traction with enterprise consumers.
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Performance is monitored by IT experts from the service provider, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using
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peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer and pay for the resources and equipment to meet their highest possible load-levels)
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Some integration and data management providers also use specialized applications of PaaS as delivery models for data. Examples include
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Cloud computing has a rich history which extends back to the 1960s, with the initial concepts of time-sharing becoming popularized via
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report, cloud cost-optimization levers and value-oriented business use cases foresee more than $ 1 trillion in run-rate EBITDA across
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1403:. By minimizing user involvement, automation speeds up the process, reduces labor costs and reduces the possibility of human errors.
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1158:(HPC) applications. These applications consume a considerable amount of computing power and memory and are traditionally executed on
1938:
1488:– A live, isolated computer environment in which a program, code or file can run without affecting the application in which it runs.
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cloud (but more than a private cloud). As a result, only a portion of the potential cost savings of cloud computing is achieved.
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Kanaker, Hasan; Karim, Nader Abdel; Awwad, Samer A. B.; Ismail, Nurul H. A.; Zraqou, Jamal; Ali, Abdulla M. F. Al (2022-12-20).
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3372:. 5th International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (ICIW). Barcelona, Spain: IEEE. pp. 155–160.
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users also face compliance risks if they have to adhere to certain regulations or standards regarding data protection, such as
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1278:(IDC), global spending on cloud computing services has reached $ 706 billion and is expected to reach $ 1.3 trillion by 2025.
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runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of
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reading). This is important now that cloud computing is common and required for some services to work, for example for an
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Availability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for
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2786:. 2012 IEEE 26th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA). pp. 15–22.
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1476:, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity."
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4186:"Customer Relationship Management in a Public Cloud environment - Key influencing factors for European enterprises"
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estimated that global public cloud services end-user spending would reach $ 600 billion by 2023. According to a
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Advocates of public and hybrid clouds claim that cloud computing allows companies to avoid or minimize up-front
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4922:"Gartner Says More Than Half of Enterprise IT Spending in Key Market Segments Will Shift to the Cloud by 2025"
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Cloud suppliers security and privacy agreements must be aligned to the demand(s) requirements and requlations.
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in 2012. In December 2019, Amazon launched AWS Outposts, a service that extends AWS infrastructure, services,
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He, Qiang, et al. "Formulating Cost-Effective Monitoring Strategies for Service-based Systems." (2013): 1–1.
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208:(AWS) in 2002, which allowed developers to build applications independently. In 2006 the beta version of
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1832:"An Introduction to Dew Computing: Definition, Concept and Implications - IEEE Journals & Magazine"
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and productivity software like Google Docs and Office Online. SaaS applications may be integrated with
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IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of equipment installed in
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centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
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162:, optimizing the infrastructure, platform, and applications, and increasing efficiency for end users.
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Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:
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621:. However, these layers are not necessarily interdependent. For instance, SaaS can be delivered on
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4872:"Gartner Forecasts Worldwide Public Cloud End-User Spending to Reach Nearly $ 500 Billion in 2022"
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and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements. Linux
625:, bypassing PaaS and IaaS, and a program can run directly on IaaS without being packaged as SaaS.
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2038:(Technical report). National Institute of Standards and Technology: U.S. Department of Commerce.
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31:
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2345:
6437:
6369:
6273:
6165:
6120:
5397:
5357:
1879:
Montazerolghaem, Ahmadreza; Yaghmaee, Mohammad Hossein; Leon-Garcia, Alberto (September 2020).
1726:
1716:
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1175:
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538:
448:
204:
In the 2000s, the application of cloud computing began to take shape with the establishment of
2378:
879:
In the "backend" as a service (m) model, also known as "mobile backend as a service" (MBaaS),
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6489:
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Kuperberg, Michael; Herbst, Nikolas; Kistowski, Joakim Von; Reussner, Ralf (1 January 2011).
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1776:
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1624:
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1302:
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identified several issues which were impeding the development of the cloud computing market:
1283:
930:
834:
784:
737:
614:
610:
67:
3083:"Google Drive, Dropbox, Box and iCloud Reach the Top 5 Cloud Storage Security Breaches List"
2546:. 2012 2012 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). pp. 574–581.
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6357:
6352:
6342:
6329:
6125:
5535:
5422:
5321:
5316:
5296:
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4625:
2784:
2012 IEEE 26th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications
1771:
1701:
1619:
1399:. Autonomic computing automates the process through which the user can provision resources
1339:
1255:
1251:
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947:
924:
874:
846:
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The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a
295:
240:
225:
4846:
4582:
4264:"What is hybrid cloud computing? The benefits of mixing private and public cloud services"
2704:
Defining and Quantifying Elasticity of Resources in Cloud Computing and Scalable Platforms
2625:
Mao, Ming; M. Humphrey (2012). "A Performance Study on the VM Startup Time in the Cloud".
1014:
are influencing the decision of enterprises and organizations to choose a public cloud or
478:; it is something experienced without precisely understanding what it is or how it works.
8:
6632:
6587:
6387:
6253:
5761:
5583:
5225:. Retrieved November 1, 2015, from National Institute of Standards and Technology website
1797:
1711:
1529:
1504:
1453:
1344:
1231:
1163:
1143:
805:
In the software as a service (SaaS) model, users gain access to application software and
530:
470:
of the cloud can be seen as problematic as cloud computing retains the aura of something
401:
323:
205:
91:
4629:
3370:
Platform-as-a-Service Architecture for Real-Time Quality of Service Management in Clouds
1436:
that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requestors (clients).
1410:
for the services used. Cloud computing attempts to address QoS (quality of service) and
533:
as well as have this data be indexed by search engines (making the information public).
369:
utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilized.
6657:
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6479:
6304:
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6217:
6059:
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3660:
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3223:
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2805:
2736:
2683:
2648:
2565:
1908:
1881:"Green Cloud Multimedia Networking: NFV/SDN Based Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation"
1861:
1756:
1706:
1696:
1407:
1396:
772:
757:
617:(SaaS). They are commonly depicted as layers in a stack, providing different levels of
260:
194:
5134:
2702:
1154:
HPC cloud refers to the use of cloud computing services and infrastructure to execute
6703:
6379:
6337:
6232:
5771:
5633:
5628:
5432:
5291:
5206:
5122:
5104:
5053:
5026:
Vaquero, Luis M.; Rodero-Merino, Luis; Caceres, Juan; Lindner, Maik (December 2008).
4961:
4764:
4213:
4192:. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017).
3964:
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3652:
3501:
3295:
3258:
3227:
3215:
2957:
2795:
2638:
2555:
2370:
2173:
2126:
2059:"Network Specifications for Remote Job Entry and Remote Job Output Retrieval at UCSB"
1912:
1900:
1853:
1469:
1221:
1135:
939:
717:
639:
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to online services that provide high-level
589:
422:
405:
331:
287:
275:
271:, and tools to customer data centers, co-location spaces, or on-premises facilities.
79:
4995:
4460:
3664:
3194:"Trojan Horse Infection Detection in Cloud Based Environment Using Machine Learning"
2890:
2687:
2569:
2492:
6713:
6512:
6447:
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6110:
6105:
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4448:
4203:
4193:
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1865:
1843:
1584:
1549:
1313:
1204:
1186:
1159:
934:
900:
551:
155:
98:'s 2011 definition of cloud computing identified "five essential characteristics":
75:
4638:
4613:
2281:
2007:, COM(2012) 529 final, page 3, published 27 September 2012, accessed 26 April 2024
66:, without direct active management by the user. Large clouds often have functions
6577:
6517:
6452:
6299:
6289:
6222:
6212:
6054:
5896:
5846:
5713:
5663:
5653:
4538:
4405:
4385:
3985:
3064:
3047:
2882:
2856:
2385:
2102:
1972:
1736:
1681:
1485:
1439:
1359:
1263:
1239:
1071:
912:
904:
652:
569:
attacks. One of the largest threats is considered to be malware attacks, such as
513:
According to the Cloud Security Alliance, the top three threats in the cloud are
490:
236:
165:
The "cloud" metaphor for virtualized services dates to 1994, when it was used by
63:
55:
5118:
4847:"IDC Forecasts Worldwide "Whole Cloud" Spending to Reach $ 1.3 Trillion by 2025"
3835:"MobStac Raises $ 2 Million in Series B To Help Brands Leverage Mobile Commerce"
3048:"Identity and access management in cloud environment: Mechanisms and challenges"
1848:
1831:
6708:
6524:
6181:
6074:
5781:
5698:
5608:
5412:
5352:
3742:"Kii Cloud Opens Doors For Mobile Developer Platform With 25 Million End Users"
1880:
1746:
1691:
1639:
1564:
1559:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1415:
1400:
1387:
1317:
938:
does not have to purchase, rent or provide servers or virtual machines for the
911:
and more. This is a relatively recent model in cloud computing, with most BaaS
681:
526:
4445:
2009 Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications
3210:
2836:
2760:
2253:"Remote work helps Zoom grow 169% in one year, posting $ 328.2M in Q1 revenue"
1896:
6757:
6597:
6474:
5756:
5603:
5593:
5578:
5555:
5503:
5460:
5377:
5362:
4155:
3656:
3219:
1904:
1857:
1721:
1671:
1604:
1569:
1463:
888:
858:
842:
810:
721:
700:
677:
182:
166:
59:
5184:
5167:
5044:
5027:
4198:
4185:
4067:"Private Clouds Take Shape – Services – Business services – Informationweek"
3804:"Mobile Backend As A Service Parse Raises $ 5.5 Million in Series A Funding"
3629:
Sun, Yunchuan; Zhang, Junsheng; Xiong, Yongping; Zhu, Guangyu (2014-07-01).
2716:
2043:
966:
The deployment of services to the cloud is referred to as cloud migration.
820:, meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud-user organization.
6197:
5926:
5886:
5786:
5776:
5678:
5530:
5520:
5480:
5133:
Singh, Jatinder; Powles, Julia; Pasquier, Thomas; Bacon, Jean (July 2015).
3709:"AnyPresence partners with Heroku to beef up its enterprise mBaaS offering"
3419:
2634:
1766:
1741:
1676:
1544:
1524:
1499:
1479:
1369:
1349:
1007:
854:
838:
713:
660:
380:
264:
159:
3647:
3630:
3254:
3142:"Security of virtualization, cloud computing divides IT and security pros"
2551:
6718:
5811:
5618:
5372:
3377:
2791:
2454:
1649:
1644:
1287:
1226:
1207:
involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple
980:
850:
829:
816:
209:
71:
5150:
4660:
4452:
3343:
3327:
3286:
Amies, Alex; Sluiman, Harm; Tong, Qiang Guo; Liu, Guo Ning (July 2012).
1809:
The VM startup time varies by VM type, location, OS and cloud provider.
1134:, but now that much data originates in the cloud and with the advent of
958:
231:
The following decade saw the launch of various cloud services. In 2010,
5931:
5916:
5876:
5816:
5733:
5703:
5683:
5668:
5638:
5623:
5540:
4614:"Big Data and cloud computing: innovation opportunities and challenges"
4208:
3903:
3713:
3509:
2679:
1107:
918:
884:
689:
673:
648:
622:
3046:
Indu, I.; Anand, P.M. Rubesh; Bhaskar, Vidhyacharan (August 1, 2018).
933:
model in which the cloud provider fully manages starting and stopping
6592:
6567:
5984:
5881:
5841:
5821:
5791:
5738:
5693:
5648:
5598:
5550:
5515:
5498:
5493:
2488:
2070:
2058:
1634:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1139:
806:
668:
433:
256:
248:
232:
213:
4737:
4684:
3421:
833:
without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of
302:
capability: high computing power at certain periods of peak demand.
6642:
6622:
6547:
5851:
5658:
5588:
5525:
5508:
5487:
5392:
4675:
1579:
1309:
1138:, the cloud has become a solution for use cases including business
1131:
1011:
862:
825:
793:'s definition of cloud computing defines Software as a Service as:
746:'s definition of cloud computing defines Platform as a Service as:
562:
475:
471:
467:
186:
52:
5241:
5025:
1878:
1446:
providing computer services, particularly from the 1960s to 1980s.
39:
6647:
6627:
6602:
6237:
5911:
5891:
5861:
5856:
5688:
5673:
5613:
5545:
5465:
5437:
4503:"Pivotal's head of products: We're moving to a multi-cloud world"
2433:
2312:"The Rising Cloud Storage Market Opportunity Strengthens Vendors"
1279:
1037:
1003:
887:
developers are provided with a way to link their applications to
880:
664:
566:
291:
4037:"Self-Run Private Cloud Computing Solution – GovConnection"
2700:
1406:
Cloud computing uses concepts from utility computing to provide
992:
For a comparison of cloud-computing software and providers, see
557:
The attacks that can be made on cloud computing systems include
6617:
6612:
5936:
5906:
5871:
5836:
5831:
5728:
5723:
5643:
5470:
5231:
4821:"Building GrepTheWeb in the Cloud, Part 1: Cloud Architectures"
4442:
3961:
Serverless Architectures on AWS: With examples using AWS Lambda
1943:
1162:
of computers. In 2016 a handful of companies, including R-HPC,
112:
4794:
4111:"There's No Such Thing As A Private Cloud – Cloud-computing -"
5921:
5826:
5708:
2665:
2147:"Announcing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) – beta"
1167:
459:
190:
3473:
3077:
3075:
593:
Cloud computing service models arranged as layers in a stack
96:
United States National Institute of Standards and Technology
6652:
6582:
6572:
4323:"Business Intelligence Takes to Cloud for Small Businesses"
4184:
Schmidt, Rainer; Möhring, Michael; Keller, Barbara (2017).
3865:"built.io Is Building an Enterprise MBaas Platform for IoT"
3246:
2850:
Why Cloud computing scalability matters for business growth
2822:
2627:
2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Cloud Computing
2544:
2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Cloud Computing
790:
743:
706:
693:
547:
455:
244:
221:
4611:
3572:
Introduction to Cloud Computing: Business & Technology
2398:"Recession Is Good For Cloud Computing – Microsoft Agrees"
868:
305:
Additional value propositions of cloud computing include:
6562:
6539:
4012:"Cloud repatriation: Why companies are leaving the cloud"
3243:
2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing
3072:
2033:
1002:
Several factors like the functionality of the solutions,
640:
290:
costs. Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows
268:
252:
5165:
5135:"Data Flow Management and Compliance in Cloud Computing"
5132:
4293:"Mind the Gap: Here Comes Hybrid Cloud – Thomas Bittman"
3773:"FatFractal ups the ante in backend-as-a-service market"
3198:
International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies
2956:. Software studies. Cambridge, Mass. London: MIT press.
1885:
IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking
1460:
computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks.
1312:
including reservations about data access and ownership,
5069:"Distinguishing Cloud Computing from Utility Computing"
3420:
Gartner; Massimo Pezzini; Paolo Malinverno; Eric Thoo.
3191:
720:
connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or
169:
for the universe of "places" that mobile agents in the
4765:"Penguin Puts High-performance Computing in the Cloud"
4553:"Polycloud: a better alternative to cloud agnosticism"
2868:
212:
was released, Amazon Simple Storage Service, known as
4612:
Yang, C.; Huang, Q.; Li, Z.; Liu, K.; Hu, F. (2017).
3413:
2005:
Unleashing the Potential of Cloud Computing in Europe
1322:
variations in standards applicable to cloud computing
628:
30:"Cloud Computing" redirects here. For the horse, see
5019:
4234:"What is hybrid cloud? - Definition from WhatIs.com"
4183:
3899:"AWS Lambda Makes Serverless Applications A Reality"
3892:
3890:
3635:
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
2620:
2618:
919:
Serverless computing or Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)
5028:"A break in the clouds: Towards a cloud definition"
3538:
A Reference Model for Developing Cloud Applications
3285:
2781:
3467:
3018:"Cloud Computing Privacy Concerns on Our Doorstep"
2979:New dark age: technology and the end of the future
2862:
2172:Qian, Ling; Lou, Zhigou; Du, Yujian; Gou, Leitao.
4823:. Developer.amazonwebservices.com. Archived from
3887:
3476:"The Value of Data Platform-as-a-Service (dPaaS)"
2741:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2615:
2430:"Defining 'Cloud Services' and "Cloud Computing""
2224:"Announcing General Availability of AWS Outposts"
1939:"Where's The Rub: Cloud Computing's Hidden Costs"
663:running directly on the physical hardware. Linux
247:initiated an open-source cloud-software project,
6755:
4419:"How Cloudbursting "Rightsizes" the Data Center"
3628:
3292:Developing and Hosting Applications on the Cloud
3045:
2935:"The pros and cons of cloud computing explained"
2933:Marko, Kurt; Bigelow, Stephen J. (10 Nov 2022).
2906:"Cloud computing security forecast: Clear skies"
1036:and/or dedicated services with cloud resources.
895:(APIs) exposed to their applications and custom
828:the potential to reduce IT operational costs by
4954:Cloud Computing Uncovered: A Research Landscape
4897:"Cloud's trillion-dollar prize is up for grabs"
3384:
929:Serverless computing is a cloud computing code
778:
731:
4349:"Hybrid cloud: is it right for your business?"
3631:"Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing"
3446:
3440:
3422:"Gartner Reference Model for Integration PaaS"
2759:. Cloud Slam 2011. 13 May 2010. Archived from
2624:
2594:"Cloud Computing: Small Companies Take Flight"
2541:
2335:
2118:
2034:Mell, Peter; Timothy Grance (September 2011).
950:, while others use the terms interchangeably.
605:(NIST). The three standard service models are
603:National Institute of Standards and Technology
585:Comparison of on-premise, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS
352:costs compared with on-premises data centers.
6000:
5257:
3832:
3739:
3240:
1421:Cloud computing shares characteristics with:
1048:Another example of hybrid cloud is one where
970:compatibility problems, and uptime concerns.
442:
4346:
3801:
3700:
3367:
3288:"Infrastructure as a Service Cloud Concepts"
2932:
1113:deployment modes (public, private, legacy).
189:. The company's ambition was to supercharge
70:over multiple locations, each of which is a
4946:
4944:
4942:
4156:"FastConnect | Oracle Cloud Infrastructure"
3986:"Are rainy days ahead for cloud computing?"
3392:"Integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS)"
2122:To the Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World
1973:"Are rainy days ahead for cloud computing?"
1386:enabling technology for cloud computing is
1122:than could be done with a single provider.
6007:
5993:
5264:
5250:
4583:"Is the Cloud Finally Ready for Big Data?"
4377:Metzler, Jim; Taylor, Steve. (2010-08-23)
3795:
2928:
2926:
2455:"State of the Art | e-FISCAL project"
2274:
5183:
5119:International Taxation of Cloud Computing
5066:
5043:
5032:ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
4674:
4637:
4207:
4197:
4009:
3770:
3733:
3646:
3328:"The Cloud, the Crowd, and Public Policy"
3209:
3063:
2757:"Economies of Cloud Scale Infrastructure"
2309:
1847:
765:iPaaS (Integration Platform as a Service)
228:for deploying private and hybrid clouds.
4939:
4762:
4532:Multcloud manage multiple cloud accounts
3857:
2775:
2171:
2096:"Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure II"
1333:
1185:
957:
588:
580:
489:
38:
5096:
4950:
3983:
3958:
3528:
3110:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2951:
2923:
2201:. Microsoft. 2010-02-01. Archived from
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
659:run in isolated partitions of a single
485:
322:A public-cloud delivery model converts
27:Form of shared internet-based computing
14:
6756:
6014:
5222:The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing
4996:"Distributed Application Architecture"
4618:International Journal of Digital Earth
4379:"Cloud computing: Reality vs. fiction"
4261:
3963:(1st ed.). Manning Publications.
3896:
3826:
3706:
3603:. Intrinsic Technology. Archived from
3325:
2991:
2976:
2954:The stack: on software and sovereignty
2506:
2482:
2476:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2036:The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1752:Private cloud computing infrastructure
177:became more widely known in 1996 when
5988:
5245:
4467:
4408:, May 2011. SearchCloudComputing.com.
4086:"Just don't call them private clouds"
3764:
2994:"The Hidden Costs Of Cloud Migration"
2903:
2187:
2056:
1392:operating system–level virtualization
565:attacks, authentication attacks, and
5967:
4801:from the original on 1 December 2017
4605:
4593:from the original on 30 January 2018
4550:
4494:
4136:from the original on 16 October 2014
4083:
4059:
4010:Linthicum, David (9 February 2024).
3814:from the original on 1 November 2012
3783:from the original on 10 October 2012
3752:from the original on 15 October 2012
3562:
3474:Enterprise CIO Forum; Gabriel Lowy.
3279:
3015:
3004:
2591:
2195:"Windows Azure General Availability"
2125:. Taylor & Francis. p. 15.
1990:
1967:
1965:
1936:
1215:
953:
281:
5271:
4775:from the original on 19 August 2016
4738:"Penguin Computing On Demand (POD)"
4705:
4580:
3534:
3113:"Who owns your stuff in the cloud?"
3111:Maltais, Michelle (26 April 2012).
2709:Karlsruher Institut fĂĽr Technologie
2415:
2153:from the original on 13 August 2014
2010:
1829:
1380:
1190:Cloud computing sample architecture
24:
5200:
5090:
4960:. Elsevier Press. pp. 41–85.
4763:Niccolai, James (11 August 2009).
4718:from the original on 30 March 2019
4303:from the original on 17 April 2015
4047:from the original on April 6, 2014
3368:Boniface, M.; et al. (2010).
3167:"The Bumpy Road to Private Clouds"
3052:Engineering Science and Technology
2871:Future Generation Computer Systems
2694:
1515:Category:Cloud computing providers
1248:information technology engineering
893:application programming interfaces
891:and cloud computing services with
769:dPaaS (Data Platform as a Service)
629:Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
510:getting rid of unused identities.
25:
6780:
5383:Distributed file system for cloud
5312:Integration platform as a service
4744:from the original on 9 March 2018
4473:
4127:
3740:Alex Williams (11 October 2012).
3516:from the original on 14 July 2014
2723:from the original on 6 April 2013
2485:"The new geek chic: Data centers"
2432:. IDC. 2008-09-23. Archived from
2344:. Thectoforum.com. Archived from
1962:
1665:Distributed file system for cloud
576:
51:is the on-demand availability of
6737:
6736:
5966:
5955:
5954:
5230:
5067:Danielson, Krissi (2008-03-26).
5060:
4988:
4914:
4889:
4864:
4839:
4813:
4787:
4513:from the original on 4 July 2014
4500:
4482:from the original on 5 July 2014
4476:"What is a multi-cloud strategy"
4359:from the original on 7 July 2017
3911:from the original on 23 May 2019
3845:from the original on 15 May 2014
3833:Pankaj Mishra (7 January 2014).
3802:Dan Rowinski (9 November 2011).
3598:"HVD: the cloud's silver lining"
3568:
3455:from the original on 7 July 2015
3428:from the original on 1 July 2013
3332:Issues in Science and Technology
2310:Baburajan, Rajani (2011-08-24).
78:but may also lead to unexpected
6208:Analysis of parallel algorithms
5075:from the original on 2017-11-10
5008:from the original on 2011-04-06
4977:from the original on 2013-06-19
4928:from the original on 2022-07-25
4903:from the original on 2022-07-25
4878:from the original on 2022-07-25
4853:from the original on 2022-07-29
4756:
4730:
4699:
4654:
4574:
4563:from the original on 2019-11-11
4544:
4525:
4436:
4425:from the original on 2016-10-19
4411:
4391:
4371:
4347:Désiré Athow (24 August 2014).
4340:
4329:from the original on 2014-06-07
4315:
4285:
4274:from the original on 2019-08-11
4255:
4244:from the original on 2019-07-16
4226:
4177:
4166:from the original on 2017-11-15
4148:
4121:
4103:
4092:from the original on 2014-12-27
4077:
4029:
4003:
3984:McManus, Sean (June 27, 2024).
3977:
3952:
3941:from the original on 2018-05-05
3923:
3875:from the original on 2014-03-06
3771:Aaron Tan (30 September 2012).
3689:from the original on 2022-10-15
3671:
3622:
3590:
3579:from the original on 2016-05-05
3551:from the original on 2012-10-05
3494:
3447:Loraine Lawson (3 April 2015).
3402:from the original on 2015-07-29
3361:
3350:from the original on 2022-09-10
3319:
3234:
3185:
3173:from the original on 2014-10-15
3159:
3148:from the original on 2024-04-26
3134:
3123:from the original on 2013-01-20
3104:
3039:
3028:from the original on 2021-12-28
2985:
2970:
2945:
2912:from the original on 2020-01-28
2897:
2843:
2816:
2749:
2659:
2585:
2576:
2535:
2465:from the original on 2013-01-27
2447:
2404:from the original on 2010-08-14
2390:
2359:
2329:
2318:from the original on 2012-06-17
2303:
2292:from the original on 2013-03-22
2263:from the original on 2023-01-17
2245:
2234:from the original on 2021-01-21
2216:
2165:
2139:
2077:from the original on 2016-03-30
1951:from the original on 2014-07-14
1919:from the original on 2020-12-09
1803:
1790:
1293:The European Commission's 2012
1181:
696:(VLANs), and software bundles.
5942:Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand
5121:. Editions Juridiques Libres,
4262:Butler, Brandon (2017-10-17).
4132:. Definition from Whatis.com.
3707:Carney, Michael (2013-06-24).
3016:Ryan, Mark D. (January 2011).
2668:IEEE Transactions on Computers
2174:"Cloud Computing: An Overview"
2112:
2088:
2050:
2046:. Special publication 800-145.
1930:
1872:
1276:International Data Corporation
1172:Silicon Graphics International
1078:
544:intelligent personal assistant
13:
1:
6155:Simultaneous and heterogenous
5097:Millard, Christopher (2013).
4639:10.1080/17538947.2016.1239771
4581:Roh, Lucas (31 August 2016).
4541:. Retrieved on 06 August 2014
3959:Sbarski, Peter (2017-05-04).
3144:. Network World. 2010-02-22.
2992:Shurma, Ramesh (8 Mar 2023).
2952:Bratton, Benjamin H. (2015).
2336:Oestreich, Ken (2010-11-15).
1816:
1762:Service-oriented architecture
869:"Backend" as a service (BaaS)
599:service-oriented architecture
307:
185:for future computing and the
85:
6743:Category: Parallel computing
5219:Mell, P. (2011, September).
4551:Gall, Richard (2018-05-16).
4113:. 2013-01-26. Archived from
4069:. 2012-09-09. Archived from
3065:10.1016/j.jestch.2018.05.010
2904:Mills, Elinor (2009-01-27).
2883:10.1016/j.future.2018.11.049
2592:King, Rachael (2008-08-04).
1066:
779:Software as a service (SaaS)
732:Platform as a service (PaaS)
515:Insecure Interfaces and APIs
224:'s development of the first
218:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
7:
5307:Infrastructure as a service
5168:"A view of cloud computing"
5117:Weisser, Alexander (2020).
5103:. Oxford University Press.
4478:. SearchCloudApplications.
4399:"Definition: Cloudbursting"
4084:Haff, Gordon (2009-01-27).
3897:Miller, Ron (24 Nov 2015).
3326:Nelson, Michael R. (2009).
2365:Simpson, Ted; Jason Novak,
2199:The Official Microsoft Blog
2094:Levy, Steven (April 1994).
1849:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2775042
1830:Ray, Partha Pratim (2018).
1732:Multi-access edge computing
1686:environmentally sustainable
1492:
1125:
694:virtual local area networks
635:Infrastructure as a service
607:Infrastructure as a Service
507:Identity management systems
413:Scalability and elasticity
179:Compaq Computer Corporation
58:, especially data storage (
10:
6785:
6050:High-performance computing
4951:HAMDAQA, Mohammad (2012).
4771:. IDG Consumer & SMB.
3679:"Use OneDrive with Office"
2859:, Symphony Solutions, 2021
2483:Farber, Dan (2008-06-25).
2367:Hands on Virtual Computing
2338:"Converged Infrastructure"
2282:"What is Cloud Computing?"
1937:Wray, Jared (2014-02-27).
1575:Cloud-to-cloud integration
1535:Cloud-computing comparison
1156:high-performance computing
1105:
1025:
994:Cloud-computing comparison
991:
973:
922:
909:social networking services
872:
782:
735:
698:
632:
497:
446:
443:Challenges and limitations
330:. This purportedly lowers
326:(e.g., buying servers) to
199:internet service providers
150:History of cloud computing
147:
143:
29:
6732:
6684:Automatic parallelization
6676:
6538:
6378:
6328:
6320:Application checkpointing
6282:
6246:
6190:
6134:
6083:
6022:
5950:
5767:Abiquo Enterprise Edition
5747:
5569:
5451:
5345:
5279:
5203:A Prehistory of the Cloud
5172:Communications of the ACM
4708:"Moving HPC to the Cloud"
3211:10.3991/ijim.v16i24.35763
3087:psg.hitachi-solutions.com
2837:10.1016/j.dss.2010.12.006
1897:10.1109/TGCN.2020.2982821
1590:Cooperative storage cloud
1269:
1089:Public-resource computing
1061:
1021:
987:
899:(SDKs). Services include
897:software development kits
849:, which is the case with
383:as the system interface.
5403:Native cloud application
3506:PC Magazine Encyclopedia
2825:Decision Support Systems
2400:. CloudAve. 2009-02-12.
2228:Amazon Web Services, Inc
1783:
1540:Cloud computing security
1520:Category:Cloud platforms
1101:
726:virtual private networks
500:Cloud computing security
6699:Embarrassingly parallel
6694:Deterministic algorithm
5927:Virtual Machine Manager
5388:Hardware virtualization
5185:10.1145/1721654.1721672
5045:10.1145/1496091.1496100
4849:. Idc.com. 2021-09-14.
4325:. CIO.com. 2014-06-04.
4199:10.24251/HICSS.2017.513
4130:"What is public cloud?"
2719:(inactive 2024-09-26).
2514:"Jeff Bezos' Risky Bet"
2119:Mosco, Vincent (2015).
2044:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-145
1660:Distributed file system
1595:Decentralized computing
1510:Browser-based computing
1434:distributed application
1430:Client–server computing
1116:
519:Data Loss & Leakage
328:operational expenditure
259:framework in 2011, and
103:On-demand self-service.
32:Cloud Computing (horse)
6414:Associative processing
6370:Non-blocking algorithm
6176:Clustered multi-thread
5398:Mobile cloud computing
5368:Cloud storage gateways
5358:Cloud-native computing
2977:Bridle, James (2019).
2635:10.1109/CLOUD.2012.103
2598:Bloomberg BusinessWeek
1727:Mobile cloud computing
1717:Knowledge as a service
1630:Distributed networking
1615:Distributed data store
1600:Desktop virtualization
1555:Cloud-native computing
1432:refers broadly to any
1284:McKinsey & Company
1225:is the application of
1191:
1149:
963:
861:being integrated with
853:being integrated with
803:
753:
594:
586:
495:
449:Cloud computing issues
45:
6530:Hardware acceleration
6443:Superscalar processor
6433:Dataflow architecture
6030:Distributed computing
5443:Virtual private cloud
5337:Software as a service
5332:Security as a service
5327:Platform as a service
5302:Function as a service
5239:at Wikimedia Commons
5201:Hu, Tung-Hui (2015).
4663:ACM Computing Surveys
4299:. 24 September 2012.
3502:"Definition of: SaaS"
3255:10.1109/CLOUD.2015.88
2717:10.5445/IR/1000023476
2552:10.1109/CLOUD.2012.66
2057:White, J. E. (1971).
2003:European Commission,
1777:Virtual private cloud
1655:Clustered file system
1625:Distributed computing
1334:List of public clouds
1303:digital single market
1301:fragmentation of the
1189:
1012:safety & security
962:Cloud computing types
961:
847:File hosting services
795:
785:Software as a service
748:
738:Platform as a service
699:Further information:
615:Software as a Service
611:Platform as a Service
592:
584:
493:
109:Broad network access.
42:
6769:Cloud infrastructure
6409:Pipelined processing
6358:Explicit parallelism
6353:Implicit parallelism
6343:Dataflow programming
5423:Serverless computing
5322:Network as a service
5317:Backend as a service
5297:Desktop as a service
5287:Content as a service
5139:IEEE Cloud Computing
4447:. pp. 134–139.
4238:SearchCloudComputing
3378:10.1109/ICIW.2010.91
3249:. pp. 621–628.
2792:10.1109/AINA.2012.74
1772:Ubiquitous computing
1702:In-memory processing
1620:Distributed database
1472:– The "packaging of
1340:Adobe Creative Cloud
1201:systems architecture
1028:Hybrid cloud storage
1006:, integrational and
948:serverless computing
925:Serverless computing
875:Backend as a service
799:cloud infrastructure
486:Security and privacy
339:Device independence
324:capital expenditures
226:open-source software
115:, and workstations).
6633:Parallel Extensions
6438:Pipelined processor
5762:Amazon Web Services
5584:Amazon Web Services
5151:10.1109/MCC.2015.69
5100:Cloud Computing Law
5001:. Sun Microsystem.
4630:2017IJDE...10...13Y
4453:10.1109/NCA.2009.41
3931:"bliki: Serverless"
3648:10.1155/2014/190903
3535:Hamdaqa, Mohammad.
3396:Gartner IT Glossary
2286:Amazon Web Services
1712:IoT security device
1530:Cloud collaboration
1505:Block-level storage
1474:computing resources
1426:Client–server model
1345:Amazon Web Services
1164:Amazon Web Services
1144:geospatial analysis
1010:aspects as well as
907:, integration with
402:business continuity
206:Amazon Web Services
92:European Commission
6507:Massively parallel
6485:distributed shared
6305:Cache invalidation
6269:Instruction window
6060:Manycore processor
6040:Massively parallel
6035:Parallel computing
6016:Parallel computing
5719:SAP Cloud Platform
5428:Structured storage
4706:Eadline, Douglas.
4537:2023-01-17 at the
4404:2013-03-19 at the
4384:2013-06-19 at the
3449:"IT Business Edge"
2855:2021-07-09 at the
2680:10.1109/TC.2013.30
2384:2023-01-17 at the
2149:. 24 August 2006.
2101:2015-10-02 at the
1757:Robot as a service
1707:Internet of things
1697:In-memory database
1414:problems of other
1196:Cloud architecture
1192:
1136:bare-metal servers
964:
905:push notifications
773:data-visualization
758:computing platform
595:
587:
496:
80:operating expenses
46:
6751:
6750:
6704:Parallel slowdown
6338:Stream processing
6228:Karp–Flatt metric
5982:
5981:
5634:Google App Engine
5433:Virtual appliance
5292:Data as a service
5235:Media related to
5212:978-0-262-02951-3
5127:978-2-88954-030-3
5110:978-0-19-967168-7
4967:978-0-12-396535-6
4474:Rouse, Margaret.
4397:Rouse, Margaret.
4128:Rouse, Margaret.
4041:govconnection.com
3683:Microsoft Support
3610:on 2 October 2012
3301:978-0-13-306684-5
3264:978-1-4673-7287-9
3117:Los Angeles Times
2963:978-0-262-02957-5
2801:978-1-4673-0714-7
2644:978-1-4673-2892-0
2561:978-1-4673-2892-0
2314:. It.tmcnet.com.
1798:legal environment
1470:Utility computing
1222:Cloud engineering
1216:Cloud engineering
954:Deployment models
559:man-in-the middle
440:
439:
406:disaster recovery
332:barriers to entry
288:IT infrastructure
282:Value proposition
241:Rackspace Hosting
136:Measured service.
129:Rapid elasticity.
16:(Redirected from
6776:
6740:
6739:
6714:Software lockout
6513:Computer cluster
6448:Vector processor
6403:Array processing
6388:Flynn's taxonomy
6295:Memory coherence
6070:Computer network
6009:
6002:
5995:
5986:
5985:
5970:
5969:
5958:
5957:
5902:Safe Swiss Cloud
5266:
5259:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5234:
5216:
5197:
5187:
5162:
5114:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4959:
4948:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4760:
4754:
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4751:
4749:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
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4697:
4696:
4678:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4641:
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4603:
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4600:
4598:
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4569:
4568:
4548:
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4529:
4523:
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4491:
4489:
4487:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4415:
4409:
4395:
4389:
4388:, Network World.
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4319:
4313:
4312:
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4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4211:
4201:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4160:cloud.oracle.com
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
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4052:
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4000:
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3974:
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3949:
3947:
3946:
3935:martinfowler.com
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
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3894:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3861:
3855:
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3850:
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3821:
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3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3717:. Archived from
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3650:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
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3602:
3594:
3588:
3587:
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3584:
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3559:
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3556:
3550:
3543:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3482:on 19 April 2015
3478:. Archived from
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3417:
3411:
3410:
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3407:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3304:. Archived from
3283:
3277:
3276:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3213:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3163:
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3156:
3154:
3153:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3089:. Archived from
3079:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
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2895:
2894:
2866:
2860:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2674:(6): 1072–1085.
2663:
2657:
2656:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2600:. Archived from
2589:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2520:. Archived from
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2491:. Archived from
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2116:
2110:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2071:10.17487/RFC0105
2054:
2048:
2047:
2031:
2008:
2001:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1851:
1827:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1585:Computer cluster
1550:Cloud management
1381:Similar concepts
1314:data portability
1209:cloud components
1205:software systems
942:code to run on.
935:virtual machines
653:virtual machines
552:Google Assistant
523:Hardware Failure
319:Cost reductions
308:
156:remote job entry
120:Resource pooling
76:capital expenses
56:system resources
21:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6764:Cloud computing
6754:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6728:
6672:
6578:Coarray Fortran
6534:
6518:Beowulf cluster
6374:
6324:
6315:Synchronization
6300:Cache coherence
6290:Multiprocessing
6278:
6242:
6223:Cost efficiency
6218:Gustafson's law
6186:
6130:
6079:
6055:Multiprocessing
6045:Cloud computing
6018:
6013:
5983:
5978:
5946:
5897:Rackspace Cloud
5847:Microsoft Azure
5743:
5664:Microsoft Azure
5565:
5447:
5341:
5280:Business models
5275:
5273:Cloud computing
5270:
5237:Cloud computing
5229:
5213:
5111:
5093:
5091:Further reading
5088:
5087:
5078:
5076:
5065:
5061:
5024:
5020:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4994:
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4980:
4978:
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4735:
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4719:
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4700:
4685:10.1145/3150224
4669:(1): 8:1–8:29.
4659:
4655:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4579:
4575:
4566:
4564:
4549:
4545:
4539:Wayback Machine
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4472:
4468:
4441:
4437:
4428:
4426:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4406:Wayback Machine
4396:
4392:
4386:Wayback Machine
4376:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4277:
4275:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4245:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4182:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4126:
4122:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4082:
4078:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3895:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3869:programmableweb
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3580:
3569:Chou, Timothy.
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3302:
3284:
3280:
3265:
3239:
3235:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3014:
3005:
2990:
2986:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2950:
2946:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2898:
2867:
2863:
2857:Wayback Machine
2848:
2844:
2821:
2817:
2802:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2699:
2695:
2664:
2660:
2645:
2629:. p. 423.
2623:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2562:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2386:Wayback Machine
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2259:. 2 June 2020.
2251:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2103:Wayback Machine
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2055:
2051:
2032:
2011:
2002:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1877:
1873:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1737:Multisite cloud
1682:Green computing
1495:
1458:loosely coupled
1440:Computer bureau
1383:
1360:Microsoft Azure
1336:
1308:concerns about
1272:
1218:
1184:
1152:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1095:Volunteer cloud
1081:
1072:Community cloud
1069:
1064:
1030:
1024:
996:
990:
976:
956:
927:
921:
877:
871:
787:
781:
740:
734:
703:
637:
631:
579:
502:
488:
451:
445:
300:burst computing
284:
276:global pandemic
255:introduced the
237:Microsoft Azure
220:(EC2), in 2008
175:cloud computing
152:
146:
88:
64:computing power
49:Cloud computing
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6782:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6709:Race condition
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6453:Multiprocessor
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6395:
6384:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6345:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6182:Hardware scout
6179:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6136:Multithreading
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6075:Systolic array
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6012:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5989:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5964:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5749:Infrastructure
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5699:PythonAnywhere
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Cocaine (PaaS)
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5413:Personal cloud
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Cloud database
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5246:
5227:
5226:
5217:
5211:
5198:
5163:
5130:
5115:
5109:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5059:
5018:
4987:
4966:
4938:
4913:
4888:
4863:
4838:
4812:
4786:
4755:
4729:
4712:Admin Magazine
4698:
4653:
4604:
4587:dataconomy.com
4573:
4543:
4524:
4501:King, Rachel.
4493:
4466:
4435:
4421:. 2012-06-22.
4410:
4390:
4370:
4339:
4314:
4297:Thomas Bittman
4284:
4254:
4225:
4218:
4176:
4147:
4120:
4117:on 2013-01-26.
4102:
4076:
4073:on 2012-09-09.
4058:
4028:
4002:
3976:
3969:
3951:
3922:
3886:
3871:. 2014-03-03.
3856:
3825:
3794:
3777:Techgoondu.com
3763:
3732:
3699:
3670:
3621:
3589:
3561:
3527:
3493:
3466:
3439:
3412:
3383:
3360:
3318:
3300:
3278:
3263:
3233:
3204:(24): 81–106.
3184:
3169:. 2010-12-20.
3158:
3133:
3103:
3071:
3058:(4): 574–588.
3038:
3003:
2984:
2969:
2962:
2944:
2922:
2896:
2861:
2842:
2831:(1): 176–189.
2815:
2800:
2774:
2748:
2693:
2658:
2643:
2614:
2584:
2575:
2560:
2534:
2505:
2475:
2459:www.efiscal.eu
2446:
2414:
2389:
2358:
2328:
2302:
2288:. 2013-03-19.
2273:
2244:
2215:
2186:
2164:
2138:
2131:
2111:
2087:
2063:tools.ietf.org
2049:
2009:
1989:
1961:
1929:
1891:(3): 873–889.
1871:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Personal cloud
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Grid computing
1689:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1640:Edge computing
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Cloud robotics
1562:
1560:Cloud research
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1456:of networked,
1450:Grid computing
1447:
1444:service bureau
1437:
1416:grid computing
1388:virtualization
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:change control
1306:
1271:
1268:
1217:
1214:
1183:
1180:
1151:
1148:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1106:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1055:Cloud bursting
1023:
1020:
1008:organizational
989:
986:
975:
972:
955:
952:
923:Main article:
920:
917:
873:Main article:
870:
867:
811:Load balancers
783:Main article:
780:
777:
736:Main article:
733:
730:
722:carrier clouds
686:load balancers
682:object storage
633:Main article:
630:
627:
578:
577:Service models
575:
527:Eugene Schultz
498:Main article:
487:
484:
447:Main article:
444:
441:
438:
437:
425:
419:
418:
414:
410:
409:
398:
394:
393:
389:
385:
384:
377:
373:
372:
371:
370:
367:
364:
358:
354:
353:
349:
345:
344:
340:
336:
335:
320:
316:
315:
312:
283:
280:
263:announced the
257:IBM SmartCloud
148:Main article:
145:
142:
141:
140:
133:
126:
116:
106:
87:
84:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6781:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6744:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6598:Global Arrays
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6525:Grid computer
6523:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6005:
6003:
5998:
5996:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5975:
5974:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5757:Alibaba Cloud
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Cloud Foundry
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5579:Alibaba Cloud
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
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5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
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5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:Dew computing
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Cloud storage
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
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5214:
5208:
5205:. MIT Press.
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5112:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5074:
5071:. Ebizq.net.
5070:
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5022:
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4997:
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4902:
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4877:
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4852:
4848:
4842:
4827:on 5 May 2009
4826:
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4318:
4302:
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4294:
4288:
4273:
4269:
4268:Network World
4265:
4258:
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4235:
4229:
4221:
4219:9780998133102
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
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4180:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4091:
4088:. CNET News.
4087:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3970:9781617293825
3966:
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3893:
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3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3721:on 2013-06-27
3720:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3641:(7): 190903.
3640:
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3625:
3606:
3599:
3593:
3578:
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3573:
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3397:
3393:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3308:on 2012-09-15
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:. IBM Press.
3293:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
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3195:
3188:
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3147:
3143:
3137:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3093:on 2015-11-23
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3027:
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3019:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2980:
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2955:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2911:
2908:. CNET News.
2907:
2900:
2892:
2888:
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2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2851:
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2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2763:on 2021-10-27
2762:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2697:
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2673:
2669:
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2650:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2604:on 2010-08-07
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2524:on 2012-06-27
2523:
2519:
2518:Business Week
2515:
2509:
2495:on 2013-11-04
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2436:on 2010-07-22
2435:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2348:on 2012-01-13
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2205:on 2014-05-11
2204:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2132:9781317250388
2128:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2076:
2072:
2068:
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2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
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1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
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1859:
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1826:
1822:
1806:
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1778:
1775:
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1763:
1760:
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1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Microservices
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:Fog computing
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
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1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Dew computing
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:Cloud storage
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
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1528:
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1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1486:Cloud sandbox
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:Fog computing
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
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1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1328:Communication
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:across the EU
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:Communication
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:According to
1267:
1266:engineering.
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1176:pay-as-you-go
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
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1085:
1076:
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1059:
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1029:
1019:
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1005:
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995:
985:
982:
971:
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960:
951:
949:
943:
941:
936:
932:
926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:cloud storage
886:
882:
876:
866:
864:
860:
859:Office Online
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:cloud storage
840:
836:
831:
827:
821:
819:
818:
812:
808:
802:
800:
794:
792:
786:
776:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
752:
747:
745:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
702:
701:CloudBioLinux
697:
695:
691:
687:
684:, firewalls,
683:
679:
678:block storage
676:library, raw
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
636:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
591:
583:
574:
572:
571:Trojan horses
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
508:
501:
492:
483:
479:
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469:
463:
461:
457:
450:
435:
431:
426:
424:
421:
420:
415:
412:
411:
407:
403:
399:
397:Availability
396:
395:
390:
388:Productivity
387:
386:
382:
378:
375:
374:
368:
365:
362:
361:
359:
357:Multitenancy
356:
355:
350:
347:
346:
341:
338:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
317:
313:
310:
309:
306:
303:
301:
297:
294:to get their
293:
289:
279:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
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215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:business plan
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:General Magic
163:
161:
157:
151:
137:
134:
130:
127:
125:demand.
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
99:
97:
93:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:cloud storage
57:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Cloud hosting
6283:Coordination
6213:Amdahl's law
6149:Simultaneous
6044:
5972:
5959:
5887:Oracle Cloud
5807:Google Cloud
5787:DigitalOcean
5777:Citrix Cloud
5679:Oracle Cloud
5531:Proton Drive
5521:Oracle Cloud
5453:Applications
5373:Data centers
5346:Technologies
5272:
5228:
5220:
5202:
5175:
5171:
5145:(4): 24–32.
5142:
5138:
5099:
5077:. Retrieved
5062:
5038:(1): 50–55.
5035:
5031:
5021:
5010:. Retrieved
4990:
4979:. Retrieved
4953:
4930:. Retrieved
4916:
4905:. Retrieved
4899:. McKinsey.
4891:
4880:. Retrieved
4866:
4855:. Retrieved
4841:
4829:. Retrieved
4825:the original
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4795:"HPC in AWS"
4789:
4777:. Retrieved
4768:
4758:
4746:. Retrieved
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4711:
4701:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4624:(1): 13–53.
4621:
4617:
4607:
4595:. Retrieved
4586:
4576:
4565:. Retrieved
4556:
4546:
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4506:
4496:
4484:. Retrieved
4469:
4444:
4438:
4427:. Retrieved
4413:
4393:
4373:
4361:. Retrieved
4352:
4342:
4331:. Retrieved
4317:
4305:. Retrieved
4296:
4287:
4276:. Retrieved
4267:
4257:
4246:. Retrieved
4237:
4228:
4189:
4179:
4168:. Retrieved
4159:
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4123:
4115:the original
4105:
4094:. Retrieved
4079:
4071:the original
4061:
4049:. Retrieved
4040:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4015:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:
3979:
3960:
3954:
3943:. Retrieved
3934:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3902:
3877:. Retrieved
3868:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3838:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3807:
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3776:
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3745:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3719:the original
3712:
3702:
3691:. Retrieved
3682:
3673:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3605:the original
3592:
3581:. Retrieved
3571:
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3537:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3505:
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:the original
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3415:
3404:. Retrieved
3395:
3386:
3369:
3363:
3352:. Retrieved
3338:(4): 71–76.
3335:
3331:
3321:
3310:. Retrieved
3306:the original
3291:
3281:
3242:
3236:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3161:
3150:. Retrieved
3136:
3125:. Retrieved
3116:
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:the original
3086:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3030:. Retrieved
3022:cacm.acm.org
3021:
2997:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2953:
2947:
2938:
2914:. Retrieved
2899:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2845:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2783:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2761:the original
2751:
2725:. Retrieved
2703:
2696:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2626:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:the original
2597:
2587:
2578:
2543:
2537:
2526:. Retrieved
2522:the original
2517:
2508:
2497:. Retrieved
2493:the original
2478:
2467:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2406:. Retrieved
2392:
2366:
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:the original
2341:
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2305:
2294:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2265:. Retrieved
2256:
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2227:
2218:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:the original
2198:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2141:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2062:
2052:
2035:
1981:. Retrieved
1979:. 2024-06-27
1976:
1953:. Retrieved
1942:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1888:
1884:
1874:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1805:
1792:
1767:Time-sharing
1742:Peer-to-peer
1677:Fog robotics
1545:Cloud gaming
1525:Cloud broker
1500:As a service
1480:Peer-to-peer
1429:
1420:
1405:
1384:
1370:Oracle Cloud
1350:Google Cloud
1327:
1325:
1294:
1292:
1273:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1182:Architecture
1153:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1070:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1001:
997:
981:data centers
977:
968:
965:
944:
928:
903:management,
878:
855:Google Drive
822:
815:
804:
796:
788:
768:
764:
762:
754:
749:
741:
714:data centers
711:
704:
690:IP addresses
661:Linux kernel
638:
613:(PaaS), and
596:
556:
535:
531:private data
522:
518:
514:
512:
503:
480:
464:
452:
381:web services
376:Performance
348:Maintenance
314:Description
304:
299:
296:applications
285:
273:
265:Oracle Cloud
230:
203:
197:hardware to
174:
164:
160:time-sharing
153:
135:
128:
118:
108:
102:
89:
48:
47:
36:
6719:Scalability
6480:distributed
6363:Concurrency
6330:Programming
6171:Cooperative
6160:Speculative
6096:Instruction
5812:GreenButton
5619:Engine Yard
4209:10125/41673
3990:www.bbc.com
3398:. Gartner.
2877:: 765–780.
2727:12 December
1842:: 723–737.
1836:IEEE Access
1650:File system
1645:Edge device
1412:reliability
1397:utilization
1288:Fortune 500
1244:performance
1227:engineering
1079:Distributed
1016:on-premises
851:Google Docs
830:outsourcing
817:multitenant
724:(dedicated
619:abstraction
292:enterprises
210:Google Docs
82:for users.
72:data center
68:distributed
6758:Categories
6724:Starvation
6463:asymmetric
6198:PRAM model
6166:Preemptive
5932:Wakame-vdc
5917:libguestfs
5877:OpenNebula
5817:GreenQloud
5797:Eucalyptus
5772:CloudStack
5734:vCloud Air
5704:RightScale
5684:OutSystems
5669:MindSphere
5639:GreenQloud
5541:Salesforce
5504:Office 365
5408:Networking
5079:2010-08-22
5012:2009-06-16
4981:2013-03-19
4932:2022-07-25
4907:2022-07-30
4882:2022-07-25
4857:2022-07-30
4805:23 January
4748:23 January
4676:1710.08731
4597:29 January
4567:2019-11-11
4429:2016-10-19
4333:2014-06-04
4278:2019-08-11
4248:2019-08-10
4170:2017-11-15
4140:12 October
4096:2010-08-22
3945:2018-05-04
3904:TechCrunch
3839:TechCrunch
3818:23 October
3787:16 October
3756:16 October
3746:TechCrunch
3714:PandoDaily
3693:2022-10-15
3583:2017-09-09
3555:2012-05-23
3510:Ziff Davis
3432:16 January
3406:2015-07-20
3354:2022-09-10
3312:2012-07-19
3152:2010-08-22
3127:2012-12-14
3097:2015-11-22
3032:2021-05-21
2939:TechTarget
2916:2019-09-19
2608:2010-08-22
2528:2008-08-21
2499:2010-08-22
2469:2012-04-19
2440:2010-08-22
2408:2010-08-22
2375:1337515744
2352:2011-12-02
2322:2011-12-02
2296:2013-03-20
2267:2021-04-27
2257:TechCrunch
2238:2021-02-04
2209:2015-05-03
2081:2016-03-21
1983:2024-06-28
1955:2014-07-14
1923:2020-12-06
1817:References
1688:computing)
1108:Multicloud
1026:See also:
1018:solution.
885:mobile app
680:, file or
674:disk-image
669:namespaces
657:containers
649:hypervisor
623:bare metal
434:audit logs
392:computer.
274:Since the
216:, and the
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171:Telescript
86:Definition
6458:symmetric
6203:PEM model
5882:OpenStack
5842:Lunacloud
5822:IBM Cloud
5792:EMC Atmos
5739:WaveMaker
5714:Force.com
5694:OpenShift
5649:IBM Cloud
5629:GE Predix
5599:CloudBolt
5571:Platforms
5551:PlateSpin
5536:Rackspace
5516:Nextcloud
5499:Microsoft
5494:IBM Cloud
5476:Workspace
5178:(4): 50.
5054:207171174
4831:22 August
4557:Packt Hub
4353:TechRadar
4051:April 15,
4016:InfoWorld
3808:ReadWrite
3657:1550-1477
3614:30 August
3228:254960874
3220:1865-7923
3177:8 October
2737:cite book
2489:CNET News
2342:CTO Forum
1913:216188024
1905:2473-2400
1858:2169-3536
1635:e-Science
1610:Directory
1401:on-demand
1375:Panorama9
1365:OpenStack
1355:IBM Cloud
1310:contracts
1140:analytics
1067:Community
931:execution
807:databases
718:wide-area
561:attacks,
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249:OpenStack
235:launched
233:Microsoft
214:Amazon S3
6689:Deadlock
6677:Problems
6643:pthreads
6623:OpenHMPP
6548:Ateji PX
6509:computer
6380:Hardware
6247:Elements
6233:Slowdown
6144:Temporal
6126:Pipeline
5961:Category
5852:Mirantis
5659:Jelastic
5589:AppScale
5526:Owncloud
5509:OneDrive
5490:(closed)
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5438:Web APIs
5418:Security
5393:Internet
5073:Archived
5003:Archived
4972:Archived
4926:Archived
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4876:Archived
4851:Archived
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4382:Archived
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4357:Archived
4327:Archived
4307:22 April
4301:Archived
4272:Archived
4242:Archived
4164:Archived
4134:Archived
4090:Archived
4045:Archived
4043:. 2014.
3939:Archived
3909:Archived
3873:Archived
3843:Archived
3812:Archived
3781:Archived
3750:Archived
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3665:13213544
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6568:Charm++
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6254:Process
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5857:Netlify
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5689:openQRM
5674:Netlify
5654:Inktank
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2684:S2CID
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2566:S2CID
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4519:2014
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4365:2015
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