39:
704:. Malta was half-way between Gibraltar to Alexandria and had the only harbour controlled by the British in the area. Malta had docks, repair facilities, reserves and stores, which had been built up since the cession of the island to Britain in 1814. Malta had become an important staging post for aircraft and a base for air reconnaissance over the central Mediterranean.
711:
powers Italy and
Germany made several attempts from 1941 to 1942 to either force the British military authorities on the island to surrender or to destroy its effectiveness as a military base. The island was a forward base from which Axis supplies to their North African armies could be attacked. It
888:
From early 1942, Spitfires were necessary to counter the more modern Axis fighters. There were faults with the new external 90-gallon external (slipper) tanks that were needed to give
Spitfires enough range and two Club Runs were cancelled. After modifications to the slipper tanks at Gibraltar the
773:. Its Mediterranean operations were called Club Runs. It was deemed to be an exclusive club of the most efficient warships in the Royal Navy. A mythical "regimental tie" was designed for members of "The Club", consisting of a Mediterranean grey field, scattered with raspberries.
1440:
From
October 1942, Spitfire Mk VCs with additional internal and external fuel tanks and most armament removed were capable of flying the 1,100 mi (1,800 km) from Gibraltar to Malta, where the adaptations were reversed, which made Club Runs redundant.
889:
operations were run again. Calendar delivered inadequately prepared aircraft that were caught on the ground at Malta and the 64 Spitfires delivered by Bowery required adaptations to the slipper tanks while on board USS
1997:
656:
837:. Additional capacity was created by transporting aircraft in crates and assembling them at Gibraltar or on board carriers, one ferry run from Britain delivering enough aircraft for two Club Runs.
805:) lacked the range to fly direct from the British base at Gibraltar. The solution was for aircraft carriers to move within range for the fighters to fly off and land at a Maltese airfield.
822:
was that Malta was indefensible and this view was supported by a later review, "there is nothing practicable that we can do to increase the powers of resistance of Malta".
173:
1129:
861:
sought to attack the aircraft while in transit and catch them on the ground before they could be armed and refuelled. Forty of the
Spitfires delivered by the
1256:
1204:
1106:
1181:
1233:
1048:
1019:
996:
973:
166:
1413:, one found to be u/s and retained, one Spitfire had a defective fuel tank, the pilot bailed out but the parachute failed to open; 28 arrived
893:. The failure to rectify a fault over several deliveries in such desperate circumstances is unexplained but was described as "embarrassing".
668:
66:
159:
478:
575:
271:
1972:
1956:
1891:
1872:
1740:
880:
the Axis air forces were outwitted by getting the
Spitfires airborne and waiting for the Axis aircraft before they arrived.
1987:
826:
disagreed. In July 1940, he insisted that
Hurricanes be flown in "at the earliest moment". This led to the first Club Run,
1330:. Operation was aborted due to fuel tank fault on the Spitfires and the carrier arrived back in Gibraltar on 28 February
1937:
1910:
1853:
1824:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO.
531:
497:
1455:
697:
369:
207:
564:
1815:
1778:
336:
220:
183:
647:
523:
285:
226:
819:
602:
544:
389:
377:
1774:
430:
781:
Malta's air defences were essential, replacement aircraft and reinforcements were always needed.
766:
585:
356:
250:
1992:
770:
712:
is a measure of Malta's importance that
Britain reassigned fighter aircraft from home defence.
401:
329:
304:
551:
491:
383:
1782:
1819:
1088:
790:
483:
317:
237:
1389:. Twenty-eight arrived, one crashed on take-off, the pilot being rescued, three shot down
8:
1158:
759:
635:
630:
580:
539:
454:
348:
1267:
1238:
1209:
1186:
1163:
1134:
1111:
1082:
1053:
1024:
1001:
978:
873:
862:
749:
518:
470:
446:
438:
407:
231:
1952:
1933:
1930:
Somerville's Force H: The Royal Navy's
Gibraltar-based Fleet, June 1940 to March 1942
1906:
1887:
1868:
1849:
1825:
1792:
848:
823:
739:
620:
570:
423:
361:
324:
264:
1215:
1140:
1077:
1059:
1030:
877:
798:
786:
782:
746:
701:
556:
415:
298:
118:
30:
1784:
The
Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
1748:
1811:
1261:
955:
950:
932:
927:
866:
831:
827:
802:
590:
505:
462:
342:
277:
242:
1787:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I.
794:
310:
200:
151:
1981:
1829:
1796:
1450:
1333:
March 1942 - Operation
Spotter II: the 15 repaired Spitfire Mk VBs flown off
756:
736:
661:
615:
595:
256:
124:
81:
68:
625:
1406:, One Spitfire had engine failure on take off and was dumped over the side
708:
856:
732:
692:
was an informal name for aircraft ferry operations from Gibraltar to
1998:
Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II
1402:
14–16 July 1942 - Operation Pinpoint: 31 of 32 Spitfires flown off
1361:
April 1942 - Operation Calendar: 48 Spitfires flown off from USS
726:
1422:
28–30 October 1942 - Operation Baritone: 32 Spitfires flown off
1547:
1499:
1326:
February 1942 - Operation Spotter: 15 Spitfire Mk VBs off HMS
38:
693:
136:
876:
were destroyed on the ground but in the following operation
1788:
1409:
20–22 July 1942 - Operation Insect: 30 Spitfires flown off
1347:
27 March 1942 - Operation Picket II: 7 Spitfires flown off
1844:
Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1987).
1631:
1607:
1396:
8–10 June 1942 – Operation Salient: 32 Spitfires from HMS
1385:
3 June 1942 - Operation Style: 31 Spitfires flown off HMS
1367:
9 May 1942 - Operation Bowery 64 Spitfires: flown off USS
1650:
1648:
1646:
1535:
1523:
1720:
1660:
1416:
August 1942 - Operation Bellows: 39 Spitfires flown off
1511:
1428:
October 1942 – Operation Train: 29 Spitfires flown off
1708:
1684:
1643:
1619:
1382:; 6 Albacores were forced to return by engine failures
1378:
17–19 May 1942 - Operation LB: 17 Spitfires flown off
1583:
1571:
1559:
1487:
1696:
1672:
1595:
1474:
Most of these aircraft were destroyed on the ground.
1867:(2nd pbk. ed.). Manchester: Crécy Publishing.
1865:Eagle's War: Aircraft Carrier HMS Eagle 1939–1942
1843:
1553:
731:Ferry missions were covered by Force H, based at
679:¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission
1979:
1340:March 1942 - Operation Picket: 9 Spitfires off
681:² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission
181:
16:Operations to supply Malta during World War II
846:
167:
1905:(pbk. repr. ed.). London: John Murray.
854:
1927:
818:At the outbreak of war, the opinion of the
174:
160:
37:
29:Part of The Mediterranean campaign of the
1738:
1951:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
1773:
1493:
1900:
1881:
1821:The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive
1810:
1714:
1690:
1654:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
915:
912:
1980:
909:
906:
1946:
1862:
1726:
1702:
1678:
1666:
1601:
735:(called The Club), consisting of the
155:
1393:by bf 110 fighters from Pantellaria.
830:, using the ageing aircraft carrier
1277:1 Swordfish, 34 Hurricanes arrived
813:
13:
1949:The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945
1921:
1846:Malta: The Hurricane Years 1940–41
14:
2009:
1966:
1775:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.
1435:
1355:; 6 Albacores unable to fly off
840:
43:Map of the Western Mediterranean
1766:
1739:Whitehead, Christopher (1996).
1732:
1554:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987
1468:
1344:aborted due to fuel tank fault
902:Club Runs to Malta, 1940–1941
109:Royal Navy and Royal Air Force
1:
1928:Dannreuther, Raymond (2005).
1456:Siege of Malta (World War II)
715:
700:from 1940 to 1942 during the
1741:"1942 - The Fight Continues"
1481:
896:
7:
1988:Battle of the Mediterranean
1973:Spitfire deployment in 1942
1444:
1274:2 Swordfish, 37 Hurricanes
185:Battle of the Mediterranean
10:
2014:
1302:
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1286:
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946:
941:
938:
931:
926:
923:
808:
724:
720:
1901:Woodman, Richard (2003).
1882:Woodman, Richard (2000).
1863:Smith, Peter C. (2009) .
1320:
965:4 arrived, 7 pilots lost
677:
193:
142:
131:
113:
105:
56:
52:Aircraft ferry operations
48:
36:
28:
23:
1508:, pp. 293–295, 298.
1461:
776:
767:E and F-class destroyers
121:(July 1940 – March 1942)
1932:. London: Aurum Press.
1903:Malta Convoys 1940–1943
1886:. London: John Murray.
1884:Malta Convoys 1940–1943
1848:. London: Grub Street.
883:
1947:Hague, Arnold (2000).
1777:; et al. (1954).
855:
847:
771:8th Destroyer Flotilla
791:Supermarine Spitfires
61:Western Mediterranean
135:Deliver aircraft to
1729:, pp. 152–153.
1669:, pp. 144–145.
1640:, pp. 321–322.
1616:, pp. 320–322.
1544:, pp. 320–323.
1532:, pp. 322–324.
903:
576:Strait of Bonifacio
127:(March 1942 – 1943)
78: /
1745:The Spitfire is 60
901:
874:Operation Calendar
863:United States Navy
1958:978-1-55750-019-9
1893:978-0-7195-6408-6
1874:978-0-9075795-3-3
1520:, pp. 56–57.
1318:
1317:
849:Regia Aeronautica
824:Winston Churchill
787:Hawker Hurricanes
686:
685:
150:
149:
114:Commanded by
2005:
1962:
1943:
1916:
1897:
1878:
1859:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1816:Butler, J. R. M.
1807:
1805:
1803:
1779:Butler, J. R. M.
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1751:on 26 March 2011
1747:. Archived from
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1472:
1306:: 333 Hurricanes
1292:: 361 Hurricanes
904:
900:
878:Operation Bowery
860:
852:
814:British strategy
803:Fairey Albacores
799:Fairey Swordfish
747:aircraft carrier
702:Second World War
286:Cape Spartivento
188:
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119:James Somerville
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31:Second World War
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1940:
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1922:Further reading
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828:Operation Hurry
820:Chiefs of Staff
816:
811:
795:torpedo bombers
779:
729:
723:
718:
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682:
680:
673:
669:U-boat Campaign
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106:Planned by
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1967:External links
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1892:
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1812:Roskill, S. W.
1808:
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1762:
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1717:, p. 371.
1707:
1705:, p. 152.
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1693:, p. 370.
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1993:Malta Convoys
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1939:1-84513-020-0
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1496:, p. 29.
1495:
1494:Playfair 1954
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1451:Malta Convoys
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1436:Club Runs end
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1245:11 Albacores
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1835:21 September
1833:. Retrieved
1820:
1802:21 September
1800:. Retrieved
1783:
1767:Bibliography
1753:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1744:
1734:
1722:
1715:Woodman 2003
1710:
1698:
1691:Woodman 2003
1686:
1674:
1662:
1655:Woodman 2003
1638:Woodman 2003
1633:
1626:Woodman 2003
1621:
1614:Woodman 2003
1609:
1597:
1590:Woodman 2003
1585:
1578:Woodman 2003
1573:
1566:Woodman 2003
1561:
1549:
1542:Woodman 2000
1537:
1530:Woodman 2000
1525:
1518:Woodman 2000
1513:
1506:Roskill 1957
1501:
1489:
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1311:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1268:
1262:
1253:12 November
1248:All arrived
1239:
1216:
1210:
1196:All arrived
1187:
1178:9 September
1173:All arrived
1170:7 Swordfish
1164:
1141:
1135:
1112:
1089:
1083:
1060:
1054:
1031:
1025:
1002:
988:All arrived
979:
956:
947:17 November
933:
890:
887:
868:
844:
833:
817:
780:
761:
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741:
730:
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689:
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648:Ligurian Sea
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305:Convoy AN 14
292:
291:
278:
265:
257:
251:Cape Passero
243:
214:
208:
201:
195:
18:
1337:on 7 March.
1308:8 Swordfish
1294:9 Swordfish
1230:18 October
1225:45 arrived
1150:34 arrived
1121:21 arrived
1098:45 arrived
1069:43 arrived
1040:46 arrived
1011:23 arrived
942:12 arrived
696:during the
540:Pantelleria
85: /
1982:Categories
1727:Smith 2009
1703:Smith 2009
1679:Smith 2009
1667:Smith 2009
1602:Smith 2009
1290:Dispatched
1130:Railway II
1090:Victorious
913:Carrier/s
910:Operation
716:Background
581:Dodecanese
533:Campobasso
485:Portcullis
390:Alexandria
319:Abstention
238:Cape Spada
1830:881709135
1814:(1957) .
1797:494123451
1755:28 August
1482:Footnotes
1269:Ark Royal
1257:Perpetual
1240:Ark Royal
1211:Ark Royal
1205:Status II
1188:Ark Royal
1165:Ark Royal
1159:Substance
1136:Ark Royal
1113:Ark Royal
1107:Railway I
1084:Ark Royal
1055:Ark Royal
1026:Ark Royal
1003:Ark Royal
993:27 April
980:Ark Royal
916:Aircraft
897:Club Runs
867:USS
857:Luftwaffe
832:HMS
762:Sheffield
760:HMS
752:Ark Royal
750:HMS
740:HMS
733:Gibraltar
636:La Ciotat
631:Port Cros
621:Santorini
456:Agreement
402:2nd Sirte
384:1st Sirte
350:Substance
325:Souda Bay
132:Objective
96:Gibraltar
82:35°N 18°E
57:Locations
1445:See also
1391:en route
1371:and HMS
1182:Status I
1155:25 July
1126:30 June
1103:27 June
1074:14 June
865:carrier
853:and the
783:Fighters
765:and the
690:Club Run
472:Stoneage
448:Pedestal
440:Vigorous
409:Calendar
371:Duisburg
282: ¹
232:Calabria
215:Club Run
117:Admiral
24:Club Run
1818:(ed.).
1781:(ed.).
1430:Furious
1424:Furious
1418:Furious
1304:Arrived
1234:Callboy
1217:Furious
1142:Furious
1061:Furious
1045:6 June
1032:Furious
1016:21 May
809:Prelude
769:of the
727:Force H
721:Force H
519:Zuwarah
506:Algiers
499:Olterra
432:Harpoon
425:Albumen
363:Halberd
331:Matapan
272:Otranto
266:Taranto
143:Outcome
1955:
1936:
1909:
1890:
1871:
1852:
1828:
1795:
1078:Tracer
1049:Rocket
1020:Splice
997:Dunlop
919:Notes
793:) and
742:Renown
586:Rhodes
571:Bastia
558:Scylla
546:Sicily
492:Skerki
479:Toulon
417:Bowery
337:Tarigo
299:Excess
221:Espero
87:35; 18
1462:Notes
1411:Eagle
1404:Eagle
1398:Eagle
1387:Eagle
1380:Eagle
1373:Eagle
1357:Argus
1353:Argus
1349:Eagle
1342:Eagle
1335:Eagle
1328:Eagle
1263:Argus
974:Winch
957:Argus
951:White
934:Argus
928:Hurry
907:Date
834:Argus
777:Malta
694:Malta
591:Leros
525:Cigno
464:Torch
343:Crete
312:Genoa
279:White
244:Hurry
209:Malta
137:Malta
100:Malta
1953:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1837:2017
1826:OCLC
1804:2017
1793:OCLC
1789:HMSO
1757:2010
1369:Wasp
1363:Wasp
1351:and
1321:1942
891:Wasp
884:1942
869:Wasp
845:The
801:and
789:and
709:Axis
707:The
642:1945
626:Symi
610:1944
552:Gela
513:1943
396:1942
293:1941
202:Vado
196:1940
73:18°E
70:35°N
49:Type
1312:352
1298:381
872:in
616:Ist
596:Kos
378:Bon
258:MB8
1984::
1791:.
1743:.
1645:^
1314:)
1300:)
1266:,
1214:,
1139:,
1087:,
1058:,
1029:,
755:,
745:,
386:¹²
234:¹²
223:¹²
1961:.
1942:.
1915:.
1896:.
1877:.
1858:.
1839:.
1806:.
1759:.
797:(
785:(
650:¹
605:¹
567:²
561:²
536:²
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488:¹
475:¹
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261:¹
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175:e
168:t
161:v
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