Italian invasion of France

2357: 198: 143: 2977:'s government, in France, on 15 June. Since Reynaud's successor, General Pétain, was known to favour an understanding with Germany, Mussolini believed it was imperative that the Italians make gains before an armistice could be signed. The same day he ordered Army Group West to prepare to begin an offensive in three days: an unrealistically aggressive timeline. Badoglio insisted that converting the troops from a defensive to an offensive disposition alone would take 25 days. The Supreme General Staff thus turned Mussolini's order into two directives: the first permitted Italian incursions into French territory, while the second abrogated the staging plan then in force and ordered the army group to prepare to take advantage of the possible collapse of the 3038:, near Briançon, in aid of the Italian ground advance. The shots did little damage to the French fort, but had a strong moral effect on the French. During the day, Army Group West received two seemingly contradictory orders: "the hostilities against France had to be immediately suspended" and "the preparation for the previously announced operations should continue at the same pace". The purpose of these orders is still not clear, but as word spread through the Italian ranks many began to celebrate the end of the war and even to fraternize with the French. The commanders at the front were ordered to explain the situation correctly to their troops: hostilities would eventually resume. That day Mussolini met Hitler in 63: 4152:

Alfieri advanced the popular but controversial argument that Mussolini weakened his armistice demands to "maintain some semblance of a continental balance of power". MacGregor Knox wrote that the claims of Ciano and Alfieri are fanciful but "Mussolini's humiliation over the results of the first day's attack in the Alps ... did contribute to his decision to reduce his demands". Knox wrote that Ciano's diary and Mussolini's comments to Hitler "quite adequately explain" the Italian position given the "strategic situation". The army had failed to break through the Alps and the French were willing to fight on—as Huntziger had made clear to the Germans.

2939:, this strategy was incoherent: the fortifications were designed to withstand heavy shelling and were partially buried in the mountainsides. He notes further that poor maps, fog and snow made target identification difficult, and the aircrews had not been prepared for such operations, nor were their pre-war studies on them. Only 115 out of 285 Italian bomber sorties during 21–24 June located their targets, dropping only 80 tonnes of bombs. On the morning of 23 June, Italian pilots looking for the French artillery at Cap Martin, which was engaging Italian troops in Menton, accidentally bombed their own artillery on 2411:, who was constitutionally the supreme commander of the Italian armed forces, to delegate his authority to Mussolini and on 4 June Badoglio was already referring to him as supreme commander. On 11 June the king issued a proclamation to all troops, naming Mussolini "supreme commander of the armed forces operating on all fronts". This was a mere proclamation and not a royal decree and lacked legal force. Technically, it also restricted Mussolini's command to forces in combat but this distinction was unworkable. On 4 June, Mussolini issued a charter sketching out a new responsibility for the Supreme General Staff ( 1498:. Mussolini had engaged in "a full-scale external war" due to the insinuation of future Spanish subservience to the Italian Empire, and as a way of placing the country on a war footing and creating "a warrior culture". The aftermath of the war in Ethiopia saw a reconciliation of German-Italian relations following years of a previously strained relationship, resulting in the signing of a treaty of mutual interest in October 1936. Mussolini referred to this treaty as the creation of a Berlin-Rome Axis, which Europe would revolve around. The treaty was the result of increasing dependence on German coal following 3551: 2917: 2903: 4185:); consisting of two regiments instead of the usual three. The Italian military requested aid from the Germans to outflank the French positions. The initial German attack was checked and the "French soldiers of the Alps ... did not have to face military defeat as their government had finally succeeded in negotiating an armistice with Italy". To explain the Italian deficiency, they wrote that the Italian superiority in numbers was betrayed by poor equipment, inferior to that of their French counterparts and that "the stormy Alpine weather was probably the best ally the French had". 232: 221: 210: 3957: 176: 2256: 4193:

massive snowstorm. Italian troops stuck in the snow were easy targets for French snipers and the winding mule trails provided plenty of opportunity for SES squads to lay ambushes. The snow also hampered the movement of artillery, food and ammunition to the summits. Richard Carrier emphasised the leadership of General Olry, that it was his leadership and autonomy from the dithering politicians in Paris that allowed him, his staff and his officers to demonstrate remarkable efficiency in checking the Italian advance and the German attempt down the Rhone as well.

1685: 2705: 3665: 3502: 1617: 3846: 2962: 2383:, mounting only a machine gun and protected by light armour unable to prevent machine gun rounds from penetrating. They were obsolete by 1940, and have been described by Italian historians as "useless". According to one study, 70% of engine failure was due to inadequate driver training. The same issue extended to the artillery arm. Only 246 pieces, out of the army's entire arsenal of 7,970 guns, were modern. The rest were up to forty years old and included many taken as reparations, in 1918, from the 2156: 3464:). On the morning of 20 June, Mussolini told Badoglio to start the offensive immediately by the next morning, stating "I do not want to suffer the shame of the Germans occupying Nice and remitting it to us." Badoglio ordered Graziani: "Tomorrow, the 21st, at the commencement of action at 0300 hours, the First and Fourth Armies will whole-heartedly attack along the entire front. Goal: penetrate as deeply as possible into French territory." At 1745 hours that day, Graziani ordered Army Group West: 1807: 4144: 161: 1308:. On 17 June, France announced that it would seek an armistice with Germany. On 21 June, with a Franco-German armistice about to be signed, the Italians launched a general offensive along the Alpine front, the main attack coming in the northern sector and a secondary advance along the coast. The Italian offensive penetrated a few kilometres into French territory against strong resistance but stalled before its primary objectives could be attained, the coastal town of 1363: 2889: 4122:

2,631 wounded and 616 reported missing. A further 2,151 men suffered from frostbite during the campaign. The official Italian numbers were compiled for a report on 18 July 1940, when many of the fallen still lay under snow. It is probable that most of the Italian missing were dead. Units operating in more difficult terrain had higher ratios of missing to killed, but probably most of the missing had died. The 44th Regiment of the Infantry Division

2791:

remainder returned to base. On the night of 16/17 June, Haddock Force made their final sorties. Nine Wellington bombers took off to bomb targets in Italy, although only five managed to find their objectives. Following which, due to the deteriorating situation in France, the 950 men of Haddock Force were withdrawn by ship from Marseille; their equipment and stores were abandoned. British bombers reportedly dropped leaflets over Rome saying:

2728:, remained in Rome to transmit the orders of Mussolini—restrained somewhat by Marshal Badoglio—to the front. Many of Roatta's orders, like "be on the heels of the enemy; audacious; daring; rushing after", were quickly contradicted by Graziani. Graziani kept all the minutes of his staff meeting during June 1940, in order to absolve himself and condemn both subordinates and superiors should the offensive fail, as he expected it would. 4032: 4084:

Roatta read out loud Italy's proposed terms, Huntziger requested a recess to confer with his government and Ciano adjourned the meeting until the next day. During the adjournment, Hitler informed Mussolini that he thought the Italian demands were too light, and he proposed linking up the German and Italian occupation zones. Roatta ultimately convinced Mussolini that it was too late to change the demands.

2284:

French border, 300,000 men—in 18 infantry and four alpine divisions—were massed. These were deployed defensively, mainly at the entrance to the valleys and with their artillery arranged to hit targets inside the border in the event of an invasion. They were not prepared to assault French fortifications, and their deployment did not change prior to June 1940. These troops formed the

3099: 1795:, he was forewarned about the Italian declaration of war on 6 June, when he met Major Navale, an Italian intelligence officer, on the Pont Saint-Louis to negotiate an exchange of captured spies. When Paillole refused Navale's proposal, the major warned him that they only had four days to work something out before war would be declared, although nothing much would happen near 2396:(Italian Air Force) had the third largest fleet of bombers in the world when it entered the war. A potent symbol of Fascist modernisation, it was the most prestigious of Italy's service branches, as well as the most recently battle-hardened, having participated in the Spanish Civil War. The 1 Squadra Aerea in northern Italy, the most powerful and well-equipped of Italy's 3635:'s tank battalion passed the motorcycles and was stopped at a minefield. Two L3s became entrapped in barbed wire and of those following, one struck a landmine trying to go around the leading two, another fell into a ditch doing the same and the remaining two suffered engine failure. That same day, a battalion of the 65th Motorised Infantry Regiment of the 1787:

Italian military was unprepared, divisions were not up to strength, troops lacked equipment, the empire was equally unprepared, and the merchant fleet was scattered across the globe. On 5 June, Mussolini told Badoglio, "I only need a few thousand dead so that I can sit at the peace conference as a man who has fought". According to the post-war memoires of

2825:(23 June). Twenty civilians were killed at Trapani and 25 at Palermo; these were the most severe French bombings of Italian soil. These sites were strategically irrelevant and many of the bombers had recently been withdrawn from France in the face of the German advance. Over 600 aircraft had been assembled in French North Africa by 22 June, when General 2376:. The issues also extended to the equipment used. Overall, the Italian troops were poorly equipped and such equipment was inferior to that in use by the French. After the invasion had begun, a circular advised that troops were to be billeted in private homes where possible because of a shortage of tent flies. The vast majority of Italy's tanks were 1649:, was declared contraband. The Germans promised to keep up shipments by train, over the Alps, and Britain offered to supply all of Italy's needs in exchange for Italian armaments. The Italians could not agree to the latter terms without shattering their alliance with Germany. On 2 February 1940, however, Mussolini approved a draft contract with the 4175:

first French strong point that resisted." Mussolini lambasted the spirit of the Italian people for the failure of the first day of the offensive. Following the armistice, highlighting his unhappiness, he remarked that it was "more a political than a military armistice after only fifteen days of war—but it gives us a good document in hand".

4226:

all this was to happen in three to four days. In these conditions, greater Italian manpower has no advantage. . . It would be a mistake to say that a battle was fought in the western Alps; what took place were only preliminary actions, technically called 'making contact'. It is not possible to speak in terms of victory or defeat. . .

2848:. A BR.20 and several CR.42s were lost, and some French aircraft were downed. On 17 June, the Italians bombed the centre of Marseille, killing 143 and wounding 136. On 21 June they bombed the port in a daylight raid and a subsequent night raid. Aerial combats also occurred over Tunisia, with each side claiming kills. On 17 June, some 2213:, the terrain was less rugged and presented the best possible invasion route for the Italians. In this area, 56 kilometres (35 mi) long between the coast and the more impenetrable mountains, the French constructed 13 artillery bunkers and 12 infantry forts. Along the border, in front of the above main fortifications, numerous 1467:, which all lay on the outside edges of its European sphere of influence. Although it was not among his publicly proclaimed aims, Mussolini wished to challenge the supremacy of Britain and France in the Mediterranean Sea, which was considered strategically vital, since the Mediterranean was Italy's only conduit to the 2316:(later Sixth Army), were made available. However, most of these latter divisions were still in the process of mobilizing and not yet ready for battle. Supporting Army Group West was 3,000 pieces of artillery and two independent armoured regiments. After the campaign opened, further tank support was provided by the 3975:). Mussolini visited the scene of the battle on 1 July and claimed, in a subsequent radio broadcast from Rome, that "our infantry were supported by an artillery train which came through the tunnel under La Mortola and shelled the strongly held town in which the enemy was maintaining an obstinate resistance". 4174:

The historians' consensus is that the Italian military fared poorly during the invasion. On 21 June 1940, Ciano recorded in his diary that Mussolini felt humiliated by the invasion of France as "our troops have not made a step forward. Even today, they were unable to pass, and stopped in front of the

4151:

The limited demands of the Italian government at the armistice led to speculation in contemporary Italian sources. General Roatta believed that Mussolini curbed his intentions because the military had failed to break the French front line and Mussolini was thus "demonstrating his sportsmanship". Dino

4087:

At 1915 hours on 24 June, at the Villa Incisa, after receiving his government's permission, General Huntziger signed the armistice on behalf of the French, and Marshal Badoglio did so for the Italians. Both armistices came into effect at thirty-five minutes past midnight (0035 hours) on 25 June. Just

4047:

handed to the Papal nuncio Valerio Valeri a note that said: "The French government, headed by Marshal Pétain, requests that the Holy See transmit to the Italian government as quickly as possible the note it has also transmitted through the Spanish ambassador to the German government. It also requests

4002:

attack. On 20 June its orders were to advance up the valley 60 km (37 mi) into French territory on the only road through the valley. Its radios did not function in the rainy weather, and it soon left its food supply far in the rear, but on 23 June it reached the Maddalena Pass—with only one

3497:

was the town of Menton. At 2000 hours on 20 June, Mussolini countermanded the attack order, but before it could go out to the troops, he received confirmation that Germany was continuing its push down the Rhône valley despite the impending armistice. He then revoked his countermand, only shifting the

1861:

had informed the prefect of the town of Menton, the largest on the Franco-Italian border, that the town would be evacuated at night on his order. He gave the order on 3 June and the following two nights the town was evacuated under the code name "Exécutez Mandrin". On the evening of 10/11 June, after

1802:

By mid-1940 Germany had revised its earlier preference for Italy as a war ally. The pending collapse of France might have been affected by any diversion of German military resources to support a new Alpine front. From a political and economic perspective, Italy was useful as a sympathetic neutral and

1669:

to enforce the blockade. Despite French misgivings, Britain rejected concessions to Italy so as not to "create an impression of weakness". Germany supplied Italy with about one million tons of coal a month beginning in the spring of 1940, an amount that even exceeded Mussolini's demand of August 1939

4225:

At the front, near the border, the mission of the French forts was to delay the Italian army from reaching the line of defense, made up of steel and concrete fortifications. . . Our infantry had to advance in the open against well-protected troops through a field under French artillery fire. . . And

4071:

in Berlin transmitted the German armistice terms to Rome. According to Ciano, "under these conditions, Mussolini is not prepared to make territorial demands ... and wait for the peace conference to make all our formal demands." He added that Mussolini wished to delay the meeting with the French in

3832:

were sent up to assist it. Two L3 tankettes hit landmines on the narrow cliffside road, halting the entire column and allowing the French artillery to eliminate the tanks following. The Italian infantry could only advance very slowly into heavy fire and in certain cases, having passed well-concealed

3536:

On 21 June, the main Italian offensive began. Early that morning, Italian troops crossed the French border at points all along the front. Initially, the Italian offensive enjoyed some level of success. The French defensive lines were weakened due to the French high command shuffling forces north to

3459:

On 19 June, Mussolini ordered his generals to seek contact with the enemy, and at 2050 hours Roatta sent a directive to "undertake small offensive operations immediately" and "make contact with the enemy everywhere, to decisively harass enemy forces as harshly as possible." The main offensive was to

4112:

in November 1942. In addition, demilitarized zones were established in the French colonies in Africa. Italy was granted the right to use the port of Djibouti in Somaliland with all its equipment, along with the French section of the Addis Ababa–Djibouti railway. More importantly, the naval bases of

4048:

that he convey to the Italian government its desire to find together the basis of a lasting peace between the two countries." That same morning, Mussolini received word from Hitler that France had asked Germany for an armistice, and he went to meet Hitler at Munich, charging General Roatta, Admiral

3936:

Division bypassed Cap Martin and then entered the Garavan quarter of Menton. The bypassed French troops continued to fight, firing the fort's armament at Italian coastal shipping, until the armistice. The fighting in the streets of Menton was fierce. The Italians pushed through the Baousset quarter

2972:

During the day on 12 June, French SES groups (scout troops on skis) crossed the border and skirmished with Italian units in the Maddalena Pass. An Italian outpost was surprised, resulting in the death of an Italian NCO and a further two soldiers being wounded. The Italian defensive attitude changed

2757:

Immediately after the declaration of war, Haddock Force began to prepare for a bombing run. The French, in order to prevent retaliatory Italian raids, blocked the runways and prevented the Wellingtons from taking off. This did not deter the British. On the night of 11 June, 36 RAF Whitleys took off

4192:

tactics that had served Germany well in northern France would have been difficult in the Alpine terrain, which has been called "perhaps the most unsuitable of all conceivable theatres of operation". The attack through the Little Saint Bernard Pass in the Alps also stalled on the first day due to a

4162:

wrote that "the singularly inglorious record of the Italians in what little fighting they had done ... facilitated German policy" and forced Mussolini to review his armistice demands. Italian war aims remained geographically expansive and a programme published on 26 June set out the acquisition of

4126:

reported 21 dead, 46 wounded, 4 frostbitten and at least 296 missing, almost all of whom were captured. The official number of French POWs was 155. All Italian prisoners of war—there is no record of how many there were, perhaps 1,141—were released immediately, but the armistice negotiators seem to

4107:

was no more than what had been occupied up to the armistice. It contained 832 km and 28,500 inhabitants, which included the city of Menton and its 21,700 inhabitants. Italy retained the right to interfere in French territory as far as the Rhône, but it did not occupy this area until after the

3312:

was struck during the squadron's attack, resulting in light damage to the boat and the crew suffering three casualties. The entire force withdrew as planned and arrived back in port before midday on 14 June. In total, the French ships fired 1,500 shells and the Italian shore guns fired around 300.

2744:

that lasted until November 1942. The first strike that morning involved 55 bombers, but Malta's anti-aircraft defences reported an attack of between five and twenty aircraft, suggesting that most bombers failed to find their target. The afternoon strike involved 38 aircraft. On 12 June some SM.79s

1637:

joining both countries in a military alliance. The pact was the culmination of German-Italian relations from 1936 and was not defensive in nature. Rather, the pact was designed for a "joint war against France and Britain", although the Italian hierarchy held the understanding that such a war would

4178:

Knox called the Italian attacks into the Alps a "fiasco", which had moral implications for the Italian generals and noted that the campaign was a humiliation for Mussolini. Paul Collier called the Italian attacks "hapless" and the Italian contribution to victory over France "ignominious". Giorgio

1897: 1876:

had given orders to arrest Italian citizens known or suspected of being anti-French in the event of war. Immediately after the declaration of war, the French authorities put up posters in all the towns near the Italian border ordering all Italian citizens to report to the local police by 15 June.

4500:

12 or Staging Plan 12), designed for war with Britain and France, with Greece, Turkey and Yugoslavia neutral. It placed Italian troops in the Alps in a defensive stance. It was first drawn up in January 1938, updated in April 1939 and again in March 1940. On 26 May, when the decision for war was

4121:

Reported French army casualties vary: 32, 37 or 40 killed; 42, 62 or 121 wounded; and 145 or 155 prisoners. The Army of the Alps suffered 20 killed, 84 wounded and 154 taken prisoner in the fighting with the German forces advancing from Lyon. Italian casualties amounted to 631 or 642 men killed,

2347:

into binary divisions. Rather than having three infantry regiments, the divisions were composed of two, bringing their total strength to around 7,000 men and therefore smaller than their French counterparts. The number of artillery guns of the divisional artillery regiment had also been reduced.

1973:

demibrigades with 175,000–185,000 men. Only 85,000 men were based on the frontier: 81,000 in 46 battalions faced Italy, supported by 65 groups of artillery and 4,500 faced Switzerland, supported by three groups of artillery. Olry also had series-B reserve divisions: second-line troops, typically

1786:

that he intended to join the German war against Britain and France, so to be able to sit at the peace table "when the world is to be apportioned" following an Axis victory. The two marshals unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Mussolini that this was not a wise course of action, arguing that the

4349:

argue that the decision to go to war was based in part on the fear of German aggression against Italy. Paoletti notes that Mussolini feared an Italo-German war following the conclusion of the fighting with the Western Powers. Thus, in order to seize his imperial ambitions Mussolini envisioned a

4083:

the previous day, landed in Rome aboard three German aircraft. The French negotiators were the same who had met with the Germans. The first meeting of the two delegations took place at 1930 hours at the Villa Incisa all'Olgiata on the Via Cassia. It lasted only twenty-five minutes, during which

3780:

The central column began its descent through the Col des Lacs Giaset shortly after noon on 21 June. As it approached the river Ambin it met strong resistance. The 2nd Battalion coming down the Little Mont Cenis had overcome weak resistance and met the central column. Some small groups were left

3455:

On 19 June, General Roatta wrote to Army Group West that "it might be that there are French troops in the fortifications, but it is probable that the mobile troops, situated in the rear, are already in retreat." These false beliefs about retreat did not trickle down to the front commanders, but

3019:

On 17 June, Pétain announced, "It is with a heavy heart that I tell you today that we must stop fighting." This stoked the belief among the Italians that the French Army of the Alps was on the point of dissolving, if not already in the process of collapse. The Supreme General Staff also falsely

2283:

Italy was prepared, in the event of war, for a defensive stance on both the Italian and Yugoslav fronts, for defence against French aggression and for an offensive against Yugoslavia while France remained neutral. There was no planning for an offensive against France beyond mobilisation. On the

2790:

On 15 June, the French finally permitted Haddock Force to operate. During the evening, eight Wellingtons took off to attack industrial targets in Genoa. Due to thunderstorms and problems locating their target, only one aircraft attacked the city during the early hours of the next day while the

1632:

and within three days had occupied the majority of the country. Albania represented a territory Italy could acquire for "'living space' to ease its overpopulation" as well as the foothold needed to launch other expansionist conflicts in the Balkans. On 22 May 1939, Italy and Germany signed the

1576:

Beginning in 1939 Mussolini often voiced his contention that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. On 4 February 1939, Mussolini addressed the Grand Council in a closed session. He delivered a long speech on international

3970:

as sometimes stated. Italian aircraft then bombed the French barracks there. That day the fort of Pont Saint-Louis engaged in its last artillery duel with the Italians. No vehicles managed to cross the bridge before the armistice. The capture of "the pearl of France", Menton, a famous tourist

3532:

to fire on Fort Chaberton. Over a three-day period, with firing delayed and interrupted by adverse weather, the French were able to silence six of the eight armoured turrets of the Italian fort in only 57 shots. Obscured by fog, the remaining two turrets continued to fire until the armistice.

1419:" and that it would therefore be in the best interests of other countries to aid in this expansion. The immediate aspiration of the regime was political "hegemony in the Mediterranean–Danubian–Balkan region", more grandiosely Mussolini imagined the conquest "of an empire stretching from the 2182:—along their border with Germany. This line had been designed to deter a German invasion across the Franco-German border and funnel an attack into Belgium, which could then be met by the best divisions of the French Army. Thus, any future war would take place outside of French territory 4011:

Division did not reach the French fortification until late on the 24th, by which time the armistice had been signed. They lost 32 dead and counted 90 wounded, 198 frostbitten and 15 missing. Because of a lack of artillery in the Ubaye Valley, they had not fired upon the French forts.

2247:(GAF), and the Occidental Front was divided into ten sectors and one autonomous subsector. When Italy entered the war, sectors I and V were placed under the command of XV Army Corps, sectors II, III and IV under II Army Corps and sectors VI, VII, VIII, IX and X under I Army Corps. 3260:, which was in the area of Genoa escorting a minelayer, were taken by surprise by the French attack. Due to misty conditions, the ship's commanding officer, Lieutenant Giuseppe Brignole, believed that he would be able to launch a torpedo strike upon the assaulting French. As the 1877:

Those who reported were asked to sign a declaration of loyalty that entailed possible future military service. The response was impressive: a majority of Italians reported, and almost all willingly signed the declaration. In Nice, over 5,000 Italians reported within three days.

4208:

that he was unable to keep in touch with the troops at the front because he could not move his headquarters up the mountain due to the weather. Italian field kitchens sometimes lacked the pots and pans to provide warm meals. The Italians also had an insufficient number of

1502:

sanctions, similar policies between the two countries over the conflict in Spain, and German sympathy towards Italy following European backlash to the Ethiopian War. The aftermath of the treaty saw the increasing ties between Italy and Germany, and Mussolini falling under

3456:

belief in low French morale did. Some Italian officers jokingly lectured their troops on how to behave with the French girls. Thus, when the main offensive began, the Italians, led by overconfident officers, advanced in orderly columns into the range of the French forts.

2947:

in southern France took no part in the defence of the Alpine Line, preferring to concentrate on defending its aerodromes from Italian attacks. Stories of Italian aircraft strafing columns of refugees on the road from Paris to Bordeaux, however, have no basis in fact. The

3652:, reinforced in the meantime. Although they did manage to damage the fort, its guns continued to hamper passage of the Little Saint Bernard until the armistice. The Alpine Army Corps did not take its ultimate objective, Bourg-Saint-Maurice. At the armistice they let the 3748:

The 2nd Battalion of the 63rd Infantry Regiment crossed the Little Mont Cenis towards the village of Le Planay, where it joined the central column, while the 1st Battalion crossed the Pas de Bellecombe and augmented the central column at the village of La Villette. The

4525:

On 21 September 1939, Italy agreed with Britain that her submarines would remain on the surface and under escort when outside of their exercise areas, of which Britain was to be notified in advance. This meant that any detected submerged submarine was presumed to be

3473:). The air force will contribute by mass bombardment of the fortifications and cities. The Germans, during the day tomorrow and the day after, will send armoured columns originating from Lyon in the direction of Chambéry, Saint-Pierre de Chartreuse and Grenoble. 3361:, attacked Genoa; these attacks, however, inflicted little damage and casualties. The French naval action precipitated Mussolini's order to the air force to begin strikes on metropolitan France, although reconnaissance operations had already been undertaken. 3264:

moved into position, it was spotted by French destroyers and engaged. A near miss caused damage to the Italian ship's hull, but it managed to fire four torpedoes at the French force although none struck any targets. A third attempt, aiming for the cruisers

3628:'s motorcycle battalion broke through the pass and began a rapid advance for 2 km (1.2 mi). They then forded a river under heavy machine gun fire, while Italian engineers repaired the demolished bridge, suffering heavy losses in the process. 1868:

to their defensive positions. French engineers destroyed the transportation and communication links across the border with Italy using fifty-three tons of explosives. For the remainder of the short war with Italy, the French took no offensive action.

3042:

and was informed that Italian claims on Nice, Corsica and Tunisia were interfering with Germany's armistice negotiations. The implication was clear: Italian claims had to be backed up by military feats if they wanted German support for their claims.

1486:. The war also marked a shift towards a more aggressive Italian foreign policy and also "exposed vulnerabilities" of the British and French. This in turn created the opportunity Mussolini needed to begin to realize his imperial goals. In 1936, the 2952:

never ventured beyond Provence in June 1940 and only targeted military sites. Eyewitness reports of aircraft bearing red, white and green roundels are false since the Italian air force had replaced the tricolour roundel with a Fascist one by 1940.

2075:(naval aviation) and three fighters and 30 other aircraft on Corsica. Italian air reconnaissance had put the number of French aircraft at over 2,000 and that of the British at over 620, in the Mediterranean. SIM also estimated the strength of the 2856:

in Tunisia. The last Italian aerial operations against France were undertaken on 19 June by aircraft of the 2 and 3 Squadre Aeree and Sardinia against targets in Corsica and Tunisia. On 21 June, nine Italian bombers attacked the French destroyer

3537:

fight the Germans. The Italian forces attacking through the Riviera—about 80,000 strong including reserves—advanced about 8 km (5 mi) on 21 June. Near the coast the French had the greatest concentration of forces, about 38,000 troops.

1849:, in Rome. He declared that he had taken the country to war to rectify maritime frontiers. Mussolini's exact reason for entering the war has been much debated, although the consensus of historians is that it was opportunistic and imperialistic. 3313:

The French reported "that they had subjected their targets to a sustained and effective bombardment", although later noted that "the results of the fire against the shore ... were nearly null, causing damage of no importance." The crew of the

3067:(the Italian Royal Navy) into battle: the British by sending the Mediterranean Fleet towards Malta (in a move that also sought to test the effectiveness of the Italian air and submarine forces) and the French by attacking shore targets in the 1613:—separated by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan—would be linked, and the Mediterranean prison destroyed. Then, Italy would be able to march "either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia, or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa". 2423:(the Italian army supreme command) ordered Army Group West to maintain "absolute defensive behaviour both on land and air", casting in doubt Mussolini's comment to Badoglio about a few thousand dead. Two days later, the army general staff ( 1814:

On 10 June, Ciano informed his ambassadors in London and Paris that a declaration of war would be handed to the British and French ambassadors in Rome at 1630 hours, local time. When Ciano presented the declaration, the French ambassador,

1665:. On 1 March, the British announced that they would block all coal exports from Rotterdam to Italy. Italian coal was one of the most discussed issues in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940. In April Britain began strengthening their 1323:(signed 22 June). Italy was allowed to occupy the territory it had captured in the brief fighting, a demilitarised zone was created on the French side of the border, Italian economic control was extended into south-east France up to the 2279:

out of this influx of men. However, only 19 of these divisions were complete and fully combat-ready. A further 32 were in various stages of being formed and could be used for combat if needed, while the rest were not ready for battle.

3740:

toward Modane. The central column consisted of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 64th Infantry Regiment and the 3rd Battalion of the 62nd Regiment. They advanced through the Col des Lacs Giaset and advanced down the valley of the

1827:) on 10/11 June. Italy's other embassies were informed of the declaration shortly before midnight. Commenting on the declaration of war, François-Poncet called it "a dagger blow to man who has already fallen", and this occasioned 2786:

and lit up the landing strip for them. At Turin, the air raid alarm was not raised until the unmolested Whitleys had left. The results of the action were unimpressive: fifteen civilians killed and no industrial targets damaged.

2404:. The request was renewed in March 1940, but declined on 8 June. On 13 June, Mussolini offered to send one Italian armoured division to serve on the German front in France in exchange for 50 AA batteries. The offer was refused. 3321:

marked the detonation of their torpedoes." This claim was used for propaganda purposes and "lent an exaggerated aura of efficiency to the Italian coastal forces." As the French squadron had ended the bombardment shortly after

1605:, Malta as the bars of her Mediterranean prison and Gibraltar and Suez as the walls." Fascist foreign policy took for granted that the democracies—Britain and France—would someday need to be faced down. Through armed conquest 3998:. It also had 3,500 mules (on which its artillery was carried) and horses, 68 motor vehicles, 71 motorcycles and 153 bicycles. The initial disposition of the troops was defensive, and some studies had even predicted a French 3446:

conducted a study which showed that a landing on Malta was not feasible, despite the island's paucity of defences. This was accepted by Badoglio at the first meeting of the several chiefs of staff during the war, on 25 June.

3812:—were much stronger. The Italians attempted to flank them from the south, and their artillery engaged the forts' guns. The forts were not reduced by the time the armistice came into effect, although the advance units of the 3607:

On 21 June, the right column of the Alpine Army Corps took the Seigne Pass and advanced several kilometres across a glacier, but were met with heavy fire from Seloge. They quickly outflanked it and on 24 June charged up the

2221:

had been constructed. However, by the outbreak of the war some of the Little Maginot Line's positions had yet to be completed and overall the fortifications were smaller and weaker than those in the main Maginot Line.

1581:". He began by claiming that the freedom of a country is proportional to the strength of its navy. This was followed by "the familiar lament that Italy was a prisoner in the Mediterranean". He called Corsica, Tunisia, 3823:

had occupied Lanslebourg and moved on to Termignon, the 3rd Battalion of the 64th Infantry had been held up. Its route was heavily mined and strewn with anti-infantry and anti-tank obstacles. A battalion of the 231st

3388:

also sustained heavy damage. This was the only Italian submarine to be sunk by the French Navy. Further sorties by French cruisers and destroyers on 18 and 19 June did not result in any action. On 21 June, the French

2753:

of the 1 Squadra Aerea in northern Italy made the first attacks on metropolitan France, bombing the airfields of the ZOAA, while the 3 Squadra Aerea in central Italy targeted shipping of France's Mediterranean coast.

3520:. This French position was unable to train its battery of six guns on the Italian position and return fire. Due to the supporting fire of the fort, the Italian troops were able to advance and capture the village of 3326:'s attack, on the Italian side it was claimed that this ship's counterattack, together with the reaction by the coastal batteries, had induced the enemy squadron to withdraw. Lieutenant Brignole was awarded the 2241:) with 133 artillery pieces. As Mussolini prepared to enter the war, construction work continued round the clock on the entire wall, including the section fronting Germany. The Alpine Wall was garrisoned by the 2352:

to the exclusion of other doctrines. Further, army front commanders were forbidden to communicate directly with their aeronautical and naval counterparts, rendering inter-service cooperation almost impossible.

3588:) of Tarentaise, was 3,000 men, 350 machine guns and 150 other guns. These forces were backed by 18 battalions with 60 guns. The primary objectives of the Alpine Army Corps were capturing Bourg-Saint-Maurice, 3468:

The Germans have occupied Lyon, it must be categorically avoided that they arrive first at the sea. By three-o'-clock tonight , you must attack along the whole front from the Little Saint Bernard to the sea

3121:

With France in the process of being overrun by Germany, the naval offensive envisioned by the allies was not undertaken. Rather, four French cruisers supported by three destroyers conducted a patrol of the

3785:

battalions coalesced around a chapel outside Bramans, and, after eliminating the French field fortifications with artillery fire, they took the city by the end of the first day. One battalion diverted to

3643:

from the rear. A machine gun unit relieved them and they abandoned the assault, continuing instead to Séez. The left column of the Alpine Corp met only weak resistance and attained the right bank of the

1770:

On 23 January 1940, Mussolini remarked that "even today we could undertake and sustain a ... parallel war", having in mind a war with Yugoslavia, since on that day Ciano had met with the dissident Croat

4307:

Historian Paul Collier comments that up to "a third of the Italian merchant shipping fleet ... was caught without warning in neutral ports". James Sadkovich provides numbers: "212 of 786 ships over 500

2001:

came to the decision that, if Italy joined the war, aerial attacks should commence against industrial and oil-related targets in northern Italy. The RAF was promised the use of two airfields, north of

2069:

by 10 June, when many had been withdrawn to face the German invasion; ZOAA had 70 fighters, 40 bombers and 20 reconnaissance craft, with a further 28 bombers, 38 torpedo bombers and 14 fighters with

4505:

was adopted, since Yugoslavia was perceived as hostile. This was abandoned after Ciano succeeded in convincing the Yugoslav ambassador of Italy's peaceful intentions towards his country on 29 May.

3612:, but they were still in the process of completing their encirclement when the armistice was signed. The central column passed through the Little Saint Bernard only to be stopped by fire from the 3129:

On 12 June, elements of the French fleet sortied in response to a report of German warships entering the Mediterranean. The report turned out to be incorrect, the French entered the sights of the

1292:

Italy declared war on France and Britain on the evening of 10 June, to take effect just after midnight. The two sides exchanged air raids on the first day of the war, but little transpired on the

3765:, advancing across the Col de Mont Cenis. The French garrisons these forces faced were 4,500 strong, backed by two divisions with sixty tanks behind them. The French also had an advanced post at 3126:

during the opening days of the war with Italy while much of the French submarine fleet put to sea. The Royal Navy, instead of sortieing towards Malta, confined themselves to the coast of Africa.

4113:

Toulon, Bizerte, Ajaccio and Oran were also to be demilitarized within fifteen days. Despite the terms of the armistice, the Battle of the Alps is often regarded as a French defensive victory.

3761:

pass and followed the river Ribon towards Bessans. It was then to follow the Arc to Lanslebourg, meeting up with Colonel Cobianchi's 3rd Battalion of the 64th Infantry Regiment of the Division

2210: 3570:

to the Col du Mont. Its main thrust was through the Little Saint Bernard Pass, which would have been the easiest route, had the French not destroyed the bridges. This route was covered by the

3284:

As the capital ships pulled out of range of the Italian guns, their escorting destroyers opened fire and silenced a shore battery at Cape Vardo. To the southeast of Savona, the Italian 13th

2724:, who had no operational command, but who served as Mussolini's connection to the front and was appointed deputy chief of the Supreme General Staff on 13 June. Graziani's adjutant, General 3837:, but at the armistice, it and the advanced post at Arcellins were still firing. The Italian column had not reached Lanslebourg, which had been occupied days earlier by Major Boccalatte. 3427:. This bombardment, however, caused only minimal damage; this was the last combined British and French naval operation before the French surrender. French naval aircraft also attacked 3020:

believed that the German advance in the Rhône Valley would force the French to begin evacuating their Alpine forts. In orders to his troops on 18 June, General Paolo Micheletti of the

645: 2372:

had complained that due to the lack of motor vehicles, the Italian army would be unable to undertake mobile warfare as had been envisaged let alone on the levels the German military

3798:

met no resistance as it crossed the Col d'Étache and the Col de Bramanette and emerged in the rear of the Fort de la Balme. The fortifications were taken on 23 June by the Division

3350: 3477:

Graziani then modified his directive of 16 June: now, the main goal of the offensive was Marseille. This final edition of the offensive plan had only two main actions, Operation

3938: 3925:, which destroyed an armoured train. Nonetheless, assisted by thunderstorms and fog, they occupied the Les Granges-Saint-Paul on 22 June. Mussolini then gave the order that the 3808: 3016:—"an imposing structure lost in the clouds at an altitude of 3,130 meters"—were trained on Fort de l'Olive. The Italian bombardment silenced the French fort the following day. 3753:

unit formed the left column that passed through the Col d'Étache. It was supposed to synchronise its attack on the flank of Modane with the arrival of the central column. The

2720:

Marshal Graziani, as army chief of staff, went to the front to take over the general direction of the war after 10 June. He was joined by the under-secretary of war, General

2400:, was responsible for supporting operations on the Alpine front. Italian aerial defences were weak. As early as August 1939 Italy had requested from Germany 150 batteries of 1638:

not take place for several years. However, despite the Italian impression, the pact made no reference to such a period of peace and the Germans proceeded with their plans to

4056:

with drafting Italy's demands. The final list of demands actually presented to the French were mild, and Italy dropped its claims to the Rhône valley, Corsica, Tunisia, and

1490:

broke out. From the beginning, Italy played an important role in the conflict. Their military contribution was so vast, that it played a decisive role in the victory of the

9265:

Schreiber, Gerhard (1995). "Part I: Political and Military Developments in the Mediterranean Area, 1939–40". In Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (eds.).

1963:, moved north to the main front against Germany, and his general staff much reduced. Olry was left with three Alpine divisions, some Alpine battalions, the Alpine fortress 3091:, chief of staff of the Italian navy, held an opposing view to a decisive battle between the opposing fleets. Cavagnari preferred to utilize his surface force to mine the 2840:

to strafe the airfields there. The most intense air-to-air combat of the campaign took place over southern France on 15 June, when Italian BR.20s and CR.42 engaged French

1736:(Case Red). With over 60 divisions, compared to the remaining 40 French divisions in the north, the Germans were able to breach the French defensive line along the river 4196:

In some cases, the Italians wore their gas masks because of the difficulty of breathing in the driving snow. Advanced troops outran their food supplies and could not be

4742:

Sometimes instead of prisoners, 150 French are reported as "missing". Rochat gives 259 as the total of captured and missing. The Italians reported taking 153 prisoners.

1557:

on the "natural aspirations of the Italian people" and was met with shouts of "Nice! Corsica! Savoy! Tunisia! Djibouti! Malta!" Later that day, Mussolini addressed the

4158:

wrote that Mussolini was forced to abandon most of what he wanted at the behest of Hitler, who did not wish to see the arrival of the Italians to be greatly rewarded.

9074: 4345:

partially supports this view, but argues that although Mussolini wanted to enter the war, he did not wish to participate actively. Alfieri and the Italian journalist

3914:

had commandeered fishing boats and pleasure boats. The Italian navy attempted some landings, but after several craft grounded the whole operation was called off. The

3524:. However, no further gains were made in the Briançon sector as the French were able to hold the line. On 21 June, the French had been able to manoeuvre a battery of 4724:

The failure to seize Tunis or Bizerte in Tunisia—more valuable ports than those in Italy for supplying Italian troops in Africa—was slammed by Roatta in his memoirs.

2197:, or the Little Maginot Line. In contrast to the Maginot Line facing the German border, the fortifications in the Alps were not a continuous chain of forts. In the 1834:'s famous remark that "the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor". François-Poncet and the French military attaché in Rome, General 2427:) ordered the army group to strengthen its anti-tank defences. No attack was planned or ordered for the following day when the declaration of war would be issued. 1688:

The situation on 4 June. Belgian, British, and French forces have been encircled near Dunkirk, while the remaining French armies take up positions to defend Paris.

2271:

had dramatically fluctuated due to waves of mobilization and demobilization. By the time Italy entered the war, over 1.5 million men had been mobilized. The

2105: 10063: 4368:

That includes 900 bombers and 1,160 fighters from the ZOAA, North Africa and Syria. These SIM estimates have been taken at face value by some Italian historians.

1482:, "a nineteenth-century colonial campaign waged out of due time". The campaign gave rise to optimistic talk on raising a native Ethiopian army "to help conquer" 10068: 638: 335: 4131:, later joined by 200 British and 600 Greeks. Although treated in accordance with the laws of war by the Italians, they probably fell into German hands after 4088:

minutes before the signing, Huntziger had asked Badoglio to strike the clause calling for the repatriation to Italy of political refugees (like the socialist

3910:. The amphibious assault had to be called off for logistical reasons—engine failures, overloaded boats, and rough seas. Lacking sufficient landing craft, the 3566:

reinforced by the corps artillery of the IV Army Corps on its left flank opened up its offensive on a front stretching 34–40 km (21–25 mi) from the

1932:) with eleven divisions and 550,000 men; ample to defend a well-fortified frontier. In October the Sixth Army was reduced to the level of an army detachment ( 2552: 2066: 9097: 8544:

La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito italiano, t. 1: Da Vittorio Veneto alla 2 guerra mondiale, no. 2: La 2 guerra mondiale, 1940–1943

1661:, believed that Mussolini was persuaded to reverse policy by German pressure in the week of 2–8 February, a view shared by the British ambassador in Rome, 3853:

The 1st Army had been spared responsibility for the main attack—which fell to the 4th Army in the north—because of the appeals of its commander, General

1334: 3873:

of the Army of the Po in reserve. It opened its offensive along the whole front on 20 June and in most places was easily repulsed by French artillery.

3834: 3567: 2829:, commander of French forces in that theatre, requested permission to undertake offensive operations against Italy or Libya and was initially refused. 2798:"Women of Italy! Your sons and husbands and sweethearts have not left you to defend their country. They suffer death to satisfy the pride of one man." 4733:

Some authorities say 0135 hours, which is more consistent with the six-hour delay between signing and coming into force reported by Auphan and Mordal.

3189:

and sailed for Italy. At 0426 hours on 14 June, the French heavy cruisers opened fire on shore targets. Firing from 15,000 metres (16,000 yards), the

7581: 4241: 3774: 2006: 631: 2745:

from Sardinia attacked French targets in northern Tunisia and, on 13 June 33 SM.79s of the 2 Squadra Aerea bombed the Tunisian aerodromes. That day

2047: 1561:"on the subject of what he called the immediate goals of 'Fascist dynamism'." These were Albania; Tunisia; Corsica, an integral part of France; the 9806:

La Commission italienne d'armistice avec la France, les rapports entre la France de Vichy et l'Italie de Mussolini, 10 juin 1940 – 8 septembre 1943

3024:

advised that "a strong resistance cannot be anticipated, owing to the shaken morale." Micheletti, indeed, was more concerned about bands of armed

1542:

with no French assimilation of the people. The French refused the demands, believing the true Italian intention was the territorial acquisition of

7768:. Vol. II, La guerra nel Mediterraneo – Le azioni navali, Tomo I: dal 10 giugno 1940 al 31 marzo 1941. Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare. 2331:

Despite the numerical superiority, the Italian military was plagued by numerous issues. During the 1930s, the army had developed an operational

9969: 9946: 9819: 9787: 9626: 7633: 4246: 2542: 1891: 1726:

and crossed the Meuse. The Germans rapidly encircled the northern Allied armies. On 27 May, Anglo-French forces trapped in the north began the

1956:; the army was deployed for offensive operations in September 1939. Olry was ordered not to engage Italian military forces unless fired upon. 1730:, abandoning their heavy equipment in the process. Following the Dunkirk evacuation, the Germans continued their offensive towards Paris with 1601:) would have to be neutralized. On 31 March, Mussolini stated that "Italy will not truly be an independent nation so long as she has Corsica, 2205:

allowed access through the Alps between Italy and France. To defend these passes, the French had constructed nine artillery and ten infantry

1765: 1719: 10078: 9525:

Diario storico del Comando Supremo: Raccolta di documenti della seconda guerra mondiale, Volume I: 1 giugno 1940 – 31 agosto 1940 (Part I)

3648:

on 22 June. By the armistice the central column had occupied Séez, but the Italians never brought up the artillery required to reduce the

1823:, who received it at 1645 hours, "did not bat an eyelid", as Ciano recorded in his diary. The declaration of war took effect at midnight ( 3766: 1213: 944: 4402:—was composed one corps of two armoured divisions (equipped with L/3 tankettes) and two motorised divisions in the Armoured Army Corps ( 4080: 3877: 328: 9582: 9014:

Mallett, Robert (1997). "The Anglo-Italian War Trade Negotiations, Contraband Control and the Failure to Appease Mussolini, 1939–40".

3617: 2984:

On 16 June, Marshal Graziani gave the order for offensive operations to begin within ten days. Three actions were planned: Operation

2356: 2276: 2669: 2633: 2628: 2612: 2607: 9865:

Une victoire dans la défaite: Racines, enjeux, significations: Le XIVème corps d'armée sur le front central des Alpes en juin 1940

4179:

Rochat wrote that "the end result of the great Italian offensive was quite miserable". Italian divisions were binary formations (

3949:, MVSN) on 24 June had to be called off because of high waves and a full moon. The French—except for the garrison of the advanced 3485:

along the Riviera, the action in the Maddalena Pass being reduced to a diversionary advance. The immediate objective of Operation

2470: 2360:

An Italian L3/35, as used during the invasion of France. This photo depicts an Italian tank and German motorbike rider during the

8832:"Le rôle de l' " hypothèse Suisse " dans la défaite de 1940 ou comment une simple possibilité théorique a pu affecter la réalité" 3866: 3676:

To the south of the Alpine Army Corps, the I Army Corps advanced along a front of 40 km (25 mi) from Mont Cenis to the

3021: 2674: 2664: 2646: 2547: 2525: 2515: 1491: 4294:

The phrase "prisoner in the Mediterranean" had been used in parliament as early as 30 March 1925, by the naval minister Admiral

3525: 3870: 3862: 2602: 2520: 2486: 2460: 2272: 9645:

Fortifications des Alpes (Ubaye – Ubayette – Restefond): leur rôle dans les combats de 1939–1945

4163:

Nice, Corsica, Tunisia, Malta, southern Switzerland and Cyprus as war aims, as well as replacing Britain and France in Egypt,

1296:

front since France and Italy had defensive strategies. There was some skirmishing between patrols and the French forts of the

9912: 9652: 9152: 8858: 8831: 8650: 8598: 8579: 8560: 8532: 8474: 8453: 8414: 8381: 8362: 8340: 8309: 8287: 8266: 8230: 8211: 8188: 8169: 8150: 8131: 8112: 8093: 8074: 8030: 7990: 7971: 7952: 7920: 7901: 7872: 7841: 7745: 7675: 7652: 7561: 7521: 7502: 4201: 4043:

On 17 June, the day after he transmitted a formal request for an armistice to the German government, French Foreign Minister

3979: 2557: 2465: 2455: 1208: 795: 684: 598: 321: 4213:

and poor intelligence of French gun emplacements, making the elimination of the forts impossible. In the opinion of General

3769:, consisting of three blockhouses, which were submerged in fog much of the time. The Italian reserve comprised the Division 2491: 1924:. The only other routes were the coast road and mule trails. Prior to September 1939, the Alpine front was defended by the 9143:

Preston, Paul (1996). "Mussolini's Spanish Adventure: From Limited Risk to War". In Preston, Paul; MacKenzie, Ann (eds.).

4007:

into France. Heavy snow and fog slowed their advance, but also prevented the French gunners from adjusting their aim. The

1267:, was the elimination of Anglo-French domination in the Mediterranean, the reclamation of historically Italian territory ( 10098: 9872: 1978:

in their forties. Series-B divisions were a low priority for new equipment and the quality of training was mediocre. The

1896: 1547: 8506: 2198: 2122: 999: 7782: 7723: 3288:

squadron had been patrolling and moved rapidly towards the French force, near Genoa and Savona, once they opened fire.

3152: 2684: 2619: 2449: 1062: 712: 503: 4359:

In North Africa the French had 65 fighters and 85 bombers, and in Syria 13 bombers, 26 fighters and 46 other aircraft.

3146: 2343:

initiated a series of reforms that radically altered the army. By 1940, all Italian divisions had been converted from

1289:

but the rapid German successes from 1938 to 1940 made Italian intervention on the German side inevitable by May 1940.

8631: 8495: 4057: 1873: 1357: 761: 570: 552: 3964:

On 24 June, the Italian infantry reached the plain of Carnolès and were repulsed by the French artillery—not by the

3950: 3833:

French machine gun nests, found themselves taking fire in their rear. The Italians managed to surround the powerful

2740:

from the 2 Squadra Aerea (Sicily and Pantelleria) under fighter escort twice struck Malta on 11 June, beginning the

10073: 8682: 3669: 3379: 2317: 1998: 1456: 9035:

Martin, Paul-É. (1945). "La défense de la Savoie et du Dauphiné par le groupement du général Cartier, Juin 1940".

2097: 1320: 62: 10083: 9720:

Battaglie di confine della seconda guerra mondiale in Valle d'Aosta, Piemonte, Riviera Ligure (10/25 giugno 1940)

9188: 9124: 9112: 6659: 1531: 8553:

Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors?: What History Teaches Us about Strategic Barriers and International Security

3158: 8807:"Les fortifications alpines françaises: Bref historique des origines à la guerre franco-italienne de juin 1940" 8706: 7851: 7704: 2061: 1586: 1432: 17: 9829:

Mussolini e Pétain: Storia dei rapporti tra l'Italia e la Francia di Vichy (10 giugno 1940 – 8 settembre 1943)

9267:

Germany and the Second World War, Volume III: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939–1942

4541:

French Navy: 78 surface ships, in addition to six torpedo boats, and 40 submarines based in the Mediterranean.

1929: 1842:), meaning that no offensive against Italy was being contemplated with France's dwindling military resources. 1645:

In September 1939, Britain imposed a selective blockade of Italy. Coal from Germany, which was shipped out of

7663: 7474: 4609: 3781:

behind for mopping up operations while the bulk of the column continued its advance towards Bramans. All the

3221: 3215: 3140: 2868: 2741: 1241: 698: 605: 8859:"La construction de la ligne Maginot alpine et son emploi en 1940: un système défensif novateur et efficace" 4103:

50 km (31 mi) deep on the French side of the border, thus eliminating the Alpine Line. The actual

3031:

On 18 June, the guns of Fort Chaberton, which dominated the Col de Montgenèvre, fired upon the small French

10103: 10088: 9674:(1985). "The Sources of Italy's Defeat in 1940: Bluff or Institutionalized Incompetence". In Fink, Carole; 8430:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 8400:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 8240: 4036: 3365: 3327: 3130: 2168: 1944:) and placed under the command of General René Olry. A plan for a "general offensive on the Alpine front" ( 655: 388: 121: 8244: 7594: 1577:

affairs and the goals of his foreign policy, "which bears comparison with Hitler's notorious disposition,

1166: 10093: 7713: 3987: 3966: 2014: 1629: 1554: 754: 545: 8670: 4591: 4429:

Pariani was both under-secretary of war and army chief of staff prior to his retirement in October 1939.

1904:

In June 1940, only five Alpine passes between France and Italy were practicable for motor vehicles: the

1628:

As early as September 1938, the Italian military had drawn up plans to invade Albania. On 7 April 1939,

1011: 10053: 10023: 10012: 9781: 9599: 9579:

Du combat en montagne, l'exemple de la deuxieme guerre mondiale dans les alpes occidentales (1940–1945)

4236: 3576:, the ruins of an old fort, which the French garrisoned with seventy men plus machine guns, and by the 3393: 3241:

opened fire on the attacking French ships. A 152-millimetre (6-inch) shell from the Batteria Mameli at

3199:, but found subsequent shooting difficult due to "the smoke pouring from the burning tanks", while the 2936: 2774:

and turbulence. During the early hours of 12 June, ten bombers reached Turin, and a further two bombed

2679: 2567: 2419:

for short): to transform his strategic directives into actual orders for the service chiefs. On 7 June

1816: 1593:

and Suez as the prison guards. To break British control, her bases on Cyprus, Gibraltar, Malta, and in

1479: 1181: 1176: 1146: 1038: 8508:

Italiani Brava Gente? The Italian Occupation of Southeastern France in the Second World War, 1940–1943

7583:

Analyse de la puissance combative de l'armée italienne durant la guerre parallele, juin 1940–mars 1941

3338: 10058: 9924:

La battaglia delle Alpi, 10–25 giugno 1940: La Divisione Superga e gli Alpini nell'Alta Valle di Susa

4674:

Kaufmann and Kaufmann say that the French positions at Bourg-Saint-Maurice were held by 5,500 troops.

3273:, failed and the ship withdrew towards Genoa. Under pressure from the Italian coastal artillery, the 3255: 3247: 2858: 1905: 1831: 1715: 1639: 1045: 785: 768: 749: 674: 588: 559: 540: 108: 31: 9977:

Zambon, David (2010). "L'heure des décisions irrévocables: 10 juin 1940, l'Italie entre en guerre".

9868: 4312:

were caught outside the Mediterranean on 10 June 1940—a loss of 1,216,637 GRT of a total 3,318,129."

4221:

Regiment during the invasion of France, the Italian leadership was asking too much of its soldiers,

3191: 1948:), in the event of war with Italy, had been worked out in August 1938 at the insistence of Generals 9001: 8485: 7717: 4698: 4661:

This was Fort Traversette to the Italians, since that had been its original name when built by the

4096: 4026: 3995: 3689: 3509:

On 20 June, the guns of the Italian fort atop Mont Chaberton—nicknamed "battleship in the clouds" (

2689: 2562: 2056: 1810:

Mussolini delivering his declaration of war speech, from the balcony of the Palazzo Venezia in Rome

1316: 1109: 790: 744: 593: 535: 477: 10043: 9079: 4104: 2401: 2297: 1828: 1775:. A war with Yugoslavia was considered likely by the end of April. On 26 May, Mussolini informed 1523: 1452: 1405: 1171: 1004: 994: 819: 482: 373: 9687:

Martel, André (1984). "La bataille des Alpes (juin 1940): De l'engagement raisonné des forces".

8350: 4350:

limited war with few casualties in order to preserve his military strength for the post-war era.

3736:, involving the capture of Bessans and Bramans, followed by a concerted advance along the river 1740:

by 6 June. Two days later, Parisians could hear distant gunfire. On 9 June, the Germans entered

394: 10048: 9990:

Zamagni, Vera (1998). "Italy: How to Lose the War and Win the Peace". In Harrison, Mark (ed.).

9236:

Sadkovich, James J. (1989). "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II".

8515: 7736: 4309: 4132: 3983: 2864: 2737: 2477: 2361: 2243: 1723: 1701: 1693: 1328: 1218: 834: 824: 809: 410: 400: 378: 367: 9207:

Sadkovich, James J. (1988). "Re-evaluating Who Won the Italo-British Naval Conflict, 1940–2".

8252:. Mémoire et citoyenneté. Vol. 6. Direction de la mémoire, du patrimoine et des archives. 9464: 8700: 4572: 4538:

British Royal Navy: 62 combat surface ships and 12 submarines based around the Mediterranean.

3701: 3550: 3529: 3106: 2505: 2384: 1582: 1558: 1440: 1278: 1090: 1028: 906: 858: 439: 197: 148: 9592:

Il vallo alpino: Le fortificazioni delle Alpi occidentali durante la seconda guerra mondiale

9057: 8425: 8395: 8302:

Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945

7830: 4381:, in reference to forts from the First World War, which were split into several categories. 1913: 8446:

Leadership in International Relations: The Balance of Power and the Origins of World War II

8297: 4295: 4188:

A German officer who visited the Alpine battle sites after the armistice remarked that the

3991: 3956: 3697: 2935:

bombed the French fortifications of the Alpine Line to little effect. According to General

2593: 2042: 2038: 1606: 1483: 1416: 1203: 1098: 932: 814: 729: 719: 520: 510: 383: 9062:

Bulletin de la Société d'études historiques, scientifiques et littéraires des Hautes-Alpes

2193:

In addition to this force, the French had constructed a series of fortifications known as

8: 9748:

Pallière, J. (1989). "Les combats de juin 1940 en Savoie: le déferlement des Allemands".

4205: 4049: 3721: 3201: 3009: 2806: 2651: 2408: 2344: 2293: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 1925: 1666: 1610: 1578: 1464: 1420: 1161: 1123: 1076: 1069: 1033: 968: 853: 734: 525: 434: 72: 8397:

Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

7590: 3639:

Division was met by French infantry and field fortifications while trying to attack the

3431:

in mainland Italy during some of the last actions of the French against the Italians; a

3061:(the French National Navy) had planned to sortie into the Mediterranean and provoke the 1803:

her entry into the war might complicate any peace negotiations with Britain and France.

9963: 9940: 9813: 9620: 9312: 9295:

Smyth, Howard McGaw (1951). "The Command of the Italian Armed Forces in World War II".

9253: 9224: 8987: 8962: 8937: 8908: 8793: 8739: 8731: 8200: 7941: 7698: 7627: 4100: 3904: 3897: 3609: 3088: 3005: 2916: 2902: 2597: 2018: 1727: 1527: 1515: 1460: 1186: 980: 973: 911: 844: 829: 690: 427: 420: 405: 3757:

under Major Boccalatte formed the right column and crossed the Pas du Chapeau and the

3677: 2656:

Autonomous Group "Levanna" (three Alpini battalions, and one mountain artillery group)

1792: 1624:. The issue of Italian coal was prominent in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940. 202: 9908: 9902: 9648: 9257: 9228: 9148: 8991: 8970:

Jensen, W. G. (1968). "The Importance of Energy in the First and Second World Wars".

8949:

Harvey, Stephen (1985). "The Italian War Effort and the Strategic Bombing of Italy".

8941: 8912: 8797: 8743: 8646: 8627: 8621: 8594: 8575: 8556: 8528: 8491: 8470: 8464: 8449: 8410: 8391: 8377: 8358: 8336: 8305: 8283: 8277: 8262: 8226: 8207: 8184: 8165: 8146: 8127: 8108: 8089: 8070: 8026: 7986: 7967: 7948: 7916: 7897: 7868: 7837: 7778: 7741: 7671: 7648: 7557: 7517: 7498: 7492: 4326: 4181: 4155: 4127:

have forgotten the French prisoners, who were sent to the camp at Fonte d'Amore near

4076: 3919: 3563: 3413: 3234: 3164: 2640: 2392: 2332: 1711: 1499: 1487: 1444: 1260: 1137: 1130: 1104: 1083: 987: 884: 839: 739: 530: 415: 214: 9953: 9662:

Guelton, Frédéric (2001). "La bataille des Alpes". In Lévisse-Touzé, Charles (ed.).

9384: 7964:

Hitler's Blitzkrieg Campaigns: The Invasion and Defense of Western Europe, 1939–1940

4197: 3664: 3572: 3501: 3471:

per questa notte alle 3 dovete attaccare su tutta la fronte dal San Bernardo al mare

2852:

floatplanes of the 4 Zona Aerea in southeastern Italy joined some SM.79s in bombing

2826: 2704: 1657:

aircraft; yet he scrapped the deal on 8 February. The British intelligence officer,

9759: 9752:. L'histoire en Savoie (94). Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie: 1–56. 9337: 9304: 9283: 9245: 9216: 9175: 9044: 9023: 8979: 8958: 8929: 8900: 8870: 8843: 8818: 8785: 8764: 8723: 8617: 8394:; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C.; Toomer, S. E. (1954). Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). 8062: 7731: 7549: 4342: 4330: 4159: 3881: 3601: 3498:

emphasis to the northern sector of the front, as his generals had urged all along.

3406: 3346: 3092: 2771: 2623: 2587: 2579: 2439: 2369: 2336: 2309: 2289: 2285: 2268: 1991: 1937: 1776: 1679: 1594: 1511: 1495: 1424: 1408: 1269: 1264: 1249: 1116: 1055: 1016: 802: 773: 583: 488: 359: 345: 50: 9125:"La Battaglia per Mentone (10–24 giugno 1940) e l'occupazione italiana di Mentone" 8042:

Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime and the War of 1940–43

7821:

Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922–1940

4535:

Overall, on 10 June 1940, the Allied and Italian navies were disposed as follows:

4420:(auto-transportable) divisions (equipped with mobile artillery and support units). 3680:. Their subsidiary objective called for them to break through the French forts at 3645: 2005:

as advanced bases for bombers flying from the United Kingdom. The headquarters of

1696:. Following a month of war, Poland was defeated. A period of inaction, called the 1616: 1411:

spoke with increasing urgency about imperial expansion, arguing that Italy needed

9727: 9460: 9433: 9274:

Sica, Emanuele (2012). "June 1940: The Italian Army and the Battle of the Alps".

8691: 8023:

Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War

7882: 4214: 4168: 4164: 4109: 3858: 3559: 3032: 2767: 2583: 2509: 2349: 2340: 2305: 2187: 2130: 1953: 1949: 1846: 1779: 1650: 1519: 1156: 1021: 949: 901: 863: 778: 576: 471: 444: 225: 30:"Battle of the Alps" redirects here. For the fighting later in World War II, see 9437: 3732:. The main attack of the I Army Corps was a three-pronged drive by the Division 3593: 1772: 1670:

that Italy receive six million tons of coal for its first twelve months of war.

1312:, situated directly on the Italian border, being the most significant conquest. 10029:

An Italian newsreel "Quattro Giorni di Battaglia" (Four Days of Battle), Part 1

9930: 9898: 9675: 9671: 9249: 9220: 8904: 8789: 8018: 7614: 7466: 4662: 4399: 4346: 4338: 4322: 3399: 3238: 3230: 3072: 3013: 2997: 2313: 2260: 1917: 1745: 1550: 1535: 1282: 939: 724: 679: 623: 515: 166: 76: 10028: 10017: 10006: 9711:

Fino alla guerra: Strategie e conflitto nella politica di potenza di Mussolini

9359: 9027: 8983: 8933: 7642: 5807: 4039:

occurred in June 1940, and it was then expanded in November 1942 (dark green).

3888:

Division, coming down the coast towards Nice, were supposed to be met by some

3554:

Italian offensive through the Little Saint Bernard towards Bourg-Saint-Maurice

3521: 3300:

before firing its torpedoes although without success. As the French withdrew,

2795:"France has nothing against you. Drop your arms and France will do the same." 2065:(SIM), overestimated the number of aircraft still available in the Alpine and 1319:. It came into effect just after midnight on 25 June, at the same time as the 10037: 9772:

Pieri, Piero (1971). "La stratégie italienne sur l'échiquier méditerranéen".

9534:

Obiettivo Italia: I bombardamenti aerei delle città italiane dal 1940 al 1945

9498:

Dalla non belligeranza all'intervento: Come e perche l'Italia entro in guerra

8753:"Réflexions sur l'efficacité militaire de l'armée des Alpes, 10–25 juin 1940" 8319: 8259:

The Rise of the Wehrmacht: The German Armed Forces and World War II, Volume 1

8050: 4515:

C'est le coeur serré que je vous dis aujourd'hui qu'il faut cesser le combat.

4266: 4064:(sportsmanship) that compelled him not to demand more than he had conquered. 4053: 3854: 3705: 3514: 3424: 3354: 3178: 3137: 3095:

while deploying his submarines en masse to seek out and engage Allied ships.

3068: 3028:(Italian political exiles) rumoured to be in the area than about the French. 2779: 2443: 2233:). By 1939 the section facing France, the Occidental Front, had 460 complete 2202: 2010: 1835: 1820: 1806: 1788: 1737: 1662: 1634: 1428: 1412: 1050: 875: 705: 612: 463: 236: 231: 220: 209: 181: 4544:

Italian Royal Navy: 83 surface ships, 138 torpedo boats, and 113 submarines.

4298:. Revel was arguing for naval funding to receive priority over army funding. 4143: 3580:(advance post) at Seloge (Séloges). The total strength of the French in the 2178:

During the 1930s, the French had constructed a series of fortifications—the

2071: 1748:. The following day, the French Government abandoned Paris, declaring it an 1684: 1569:; and all "French territory east of the River Var", including Nice, but not 494: 9992:

The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison

9750:

Mémoires et documents de la Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie

9409: 8884: 8437:

Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two

7803:

Popolo italiano! Corri alle armi: 10–25 giugno 1940, l'attacco alla Francia

5783: 4334: 4089: 4068: 4044: 4004: 3986:, comprised six battalions and one legion of the MVSN and possessed thirty 3737: 3589: 3436: 3376: 3252: 3084: 3063: 2974: 2940: 2725: 2721: 2481: 2179: 2155: 1964: 1921: 1658: 1621: 1504: 1472: 1448: 1380: 1304: 1298: 1286: 1245: 925: 54: 9904:

Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940

9797:

La bataille des Alpes, 1940: synthèse des journaux d'opérations des unités

9196:

Quaderni savonesi: Studi e ricerche sulla Resistenza e l'età contemporanea

9132:

Quaderni savonesi: Studi e ricerche sulla Resistenza e l'età contemporanea

8875: 8848: 8487:

Regia Aeronautica: A Pictorial History of the Italian Air Force, 1940–1943

8466:

Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940

3845: 1858: 1431:

dominance in the same regions. There were designs for a protectorate over

9341: 9287: 9179: 9048: 8822: 8776:

Cliadakis, Harry (1974). "Neutrality and War in Italian Policy 1939–40".

8768: 6664: 4412: 3999: 3942: 3742: 3685: 3490: 3251:, causing serious damage and killing 12 sailors. The crew of the Italian 3196: 3056: 3000:. That day, elements of the Italian 4th Army attacked in the vicinity of 2849: 2837: 2770:, before proceeding. Most were forced to divert over the Alps because of 2226: 2194: 1783: 1566: 1362: 1151: 954: 9856:

Une victoire dans la défaite: La destruction du Chaberton, Briançon 1940

7812:

Bombardate l'Italia: Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea, 1940–1945

6575: 5299: 3001: 2875:. One bomber ran out of fuel and was forced to ditch on the return leg. 2255: 9316: 8735: 8162:

Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4: La fortification alpine

8105:

Half the Battle: Civilian Morale in Britain During the Second World War

3803: 3390: 3285: 3206: 3123: 3080: 3052: 2872: 2746: 2531: 2373: 2225:

Italy had a series of fortifications along its entire land border: the

2214: 2183: 1909: 1824: 1697: 1598: 891: 668: 9741:

Dalle Alpi al Pindo: Guerra, 1940–1941. Episodi di valori e di eroismo

7533:

Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1980

3893: 3308:

each fired two torpedoes at the French cruisers, although all missed.

2966: 2312:

was held in reserve at Turin, and a further ten mobile divisions, the

2051:

in case Italy entered the war, as Aerial Operations Zone of the Alps (

7983:

Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II

4649: 3787: 3182: 2833: 2759: 2002: 1975: 1749: 1706: 1646: 1590: 1400:, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed. 1198: 9956:

Le azioni navali in Mediterraneo dal 10 giugno 1940 al 31 marzo 1941

9308: 8727: 8525:

Mussolini's Army in the French Riviera: Italy's Occupation of France

3712:

and then turn north in the direction of Albertville. The Battalions

3419:, and a further four British destroyers, opened fire on the port of 3358: 3083:. The Allied fleets held a 12:1 advantage, in the Mediterranean, in 3008:

began bombarding the Italian Fort Bardonecchia. In retaliation, the

2961: 1704:

and Germany. On 10 May 1940, this inactivity ended as Germany began

1327:

and Italy obtained certain rights and concessions in certain French

1285:

tried during the 1930s to draw Mussolini away from an alliance with

9105:

Recherches Régionales, Archives Départementales des Alpes-Maritimes

7832:

The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: Volume I

7722:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. 7013: 7011: 6807: 6805: 4854: 4075:

At 1500 hours on 23 June, the French delegation, headed by General

4031: 3918:

Division was met by a barrage of shellfire from Cap Martin and the

3758: 3621: 3528:

of the 154th Artillery Regiment into a position at the foot of the

3226: 2888: 2814: 2801:"Victorious or defeated you will have hunger, misery and slavery." 2380: 2218: 1969: 1753: 1732: 1468: 1436: 896: 564: 452: 313: 9838:

Le guerre italiane, 1935–1943: Dall'impero d'Etiopia alla disfatta

9328:

in the Defence of French North Africa before the Fall of France".

8920:

Harvey, A. D. (2009). "The Bomber Offensive that Never Took Off".

7542:

Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regia Marina, 1930–1945

5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5474: 5472: 5181: 1990:

of 35 to 40 men. These were elite troops trained and equipped for

1324: 8572:

The French Army 1939–45 (1): The Army of 1939–40 and Vichy France

8324:

The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War over Europe, 1940–1945

7939:

Kaufmann, H. W.; Jankovič-Potočnik, Aleksander; Lang, P. (2011).

7887:. Campagne de France, 1939–40. Limoges: Charles-Lavauzelle. 1941. 6729: 6676: 4128: 3681: 3428: 2853: 2822: 2818: 2292:

armies, which were under the command of the Italian Crown Prince

1987: 1654: 1602: 1539: 1397: 1274: 1255:

The Italian entry into the war widened its scope considerably in

9164:"La campagne italienne de juin 1940 dans les Alpes occidentales" 8574:. Men-At-Arms Series (1st English ed.). Osprey Publishing. 7008: 6802: 6381: 6379: 4321:

This view is also supported by historians such as Alan Cassels,

3177:

launched Operation Vado. The French 3rd Squadron comprised four

2778:. The Italians failed to detect the raid until it was over. The 9882:

Victoire sur les alpes. Juin 1940. Briançonnais, Queyras, Ubaye

9604:

A Palazzo Farnese: Memorie di un Ambasciatore a Roma, 1938–1940

9174:. Translated by Pilloud, Anne: 77–84, in 29 paragraphs online. 7308: 7306: 7150: 7148: 6977: 6975: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6643: 6641: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 5589: 5570: 5469: 4210: 3709: 3597: 3420: 3210: 3186: 3076: 3039: 2845: 2497: 2325: 2320:

bringing the total number of tanks deployed to around 200. The

2206: 1959:

By December 1939, all mobile troops had been stripped from the

1864: 1796: 1562: 1309: 1256: 8685:: 57–60. Translated by Joseph Dasher. Originally published as 8407:

The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II

7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7045: 7043: 7041: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6758: 6756: 6420: 6418: 6250: 6248: 6158: 6156: 5048: 5046: 4782: 3932:

On the night of 22/23 June, still under the cover of fog, the

2766:, the industrial heart of Italy. The bombers refuelled in the 2167:

For a full list and details on the various strong points, see

9189:"La campagna italiana sulle Alpi occidentali nel giugno 1940" 7938: 7858:. Guerre 1939–1945. Vol. 2. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 7670:. World War II: Essential Histories. Rosen Publishing Group. 7120: 7118: 6520: 6518: 5993: 5969: 5813: 5789: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 3971:

destination, was "an undeniable success (despite its cost)" (

3432: 3242: 2871:

made the first bombing run against the British naval base in

2841: 2783: 2775: 2763: 2750: 2377: 2339:

backed by heavy artillery support. Starting in 1938, General

1791:, in 1940 a captain in the French military intelligence, the 1741: 1570: 1340: 9163: 8806: 8752: 8143:

Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933–1940

7303: 7145: 6972: 6879: 6867: 6712: 6688: 6638: 6611: 6356: 5932: 5930: 5917: 5915: 5877: 5875: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5819: 5287: 4910: 4908: 1862:

the declaration of war, the French were ordered from their

9389:, Order of Battle, 5th June 1940 (Mediterranean zone only)" 8722:(4, Supplement: Official Documents): 178–83. October 1940. 8279:

Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano

8179:

Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques (2009b).

8160:

Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques (2009a).

7398: 7318: 7282: 7240: 7238: 7199: 7187: 7038: 6922: 6891: 6840: 6783: 6753: 6442: 6415: 6403: 6245: 6209: 6153: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6043: 6041: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5043: 4830: 4760: 4758: 4200:. For example, on 23 June, the front-line commander of the 3372: 3330:

for his resolved attack against a much larger enemy force.

2512:(recalled from his ambassadorial post in Madrid on 10 May) 1543: 1514:, Italy demanded concessions from France. These included a 1293: 8591:

Iron Arm: The Mechanization of Mussolini's Army, 1920–1940

7376: 7374: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7115: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6773: 6771: 6587: 6563: 6530: 6515: 6493: 6491: 6430: 6053: 5725: 5723: 5674: 5551: 5496: 4842: 4702:

published a propaganda article mocking the Italian claims.

4333:, as well as by contemporary Italian politicians, such as 3558:

The main Italian attack was by the 4th Army under General

2079:

at twelve divisions, although at most it had six by June.

8390: 8374:

La bataille des Alpes, 10–25 juin 1940: L'armée invaincue

7422: 6670: 6628: 6626: 6581: 6478: 6476: 6221: 5957: 5927: 5912: 5872: 5855: 5831: 5747: 5614: 5527: 5418: 5394: 5372: 5370: 5305: 5063: 5061: 4905: 4866: 4770: 4398:

The Army of the Po—formed in November 1938 under General

3828:

Infantry Regiment and a tank battalion from the Division

3794:, while the rest proceeded towards Modane. The Battalion 3439:

were destroyed, but otherwise, little damage was caused.

3292:

was able to get within 1,800 metres (2,000 yards) of the

3098: 2863:, but scored no hits. On the night of 22/23 June, twelve 9523:

Biagini, Antonello; Frattolillo, Fernando, eds. (1986).

8002:

Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II

7828:

Grenville, J. A. S.; Wasserstein, Bernard, eds. (2001).

7554:

Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940

7235: 6344: 6298: 6296: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6128: 6126: 6086: 6038: 6005: 5981: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5539: 5345: 5343: 5311: 5258: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5220: 4755: 2267:

During the interwar years and 1939, the strength of the

1710:(Case Yellow) against France and the neutral nations of 9680:

German Nationalism and the European Response, 1890–1945

9516:

Bataille des Alpes: Album mémorial, juin 1940 – 1944/45

8427:

The Royal Air Force 1939–1945, Vol I: The Fight at Odds

8239: 7865:

Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History

7613:

Cima, Bernard; Cima, Raymond; Truttman, Michel (1995).

7371: 7359: 7342: 7272: 7270: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7223: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7135: 7133: 7103: 7067: 7055: 7028: 7026: 6987: 6960: 6939: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6817: 6768: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6488: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6143: 6141: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 5947: 5945: 5795: 5720: 5382: 5133: 5073: 5007: 4995: 4973: 4971: 4818: 3857:, on 20 June. The southern front of the 1st Army, from 3225:, firing from 13,000 metres (14,000 yards), attacked a 1838:, declared that France would not fight a "rushed war" ( 1546:, Corsica, Tunisia, and Djibouti. On 30 November 1938, 1427:". Balkan and Mediterranean hegemony was predicated by 1395: Territories to be transformed into client states. 8223:

Military Effectiveness: Volume 3, The Second World War

7985:. Stackpole Military History Series. Stackpole Books. 7211: 6623: 6599: 6473: 6332: 5484: 5442: 5406: 5367: 5246: 5205: 5169: 5157: 5058: 5019: 4487:

Mussolini was both Prime Minister and Minister of War.

4446:(aerial zone) covering the peninsula and Sicily. Each 4147:

Battle for France. Note Italian invasion in the south.

3941:

on 23 June. A planned naval landing at Garavan by the

2259:

Several of the destroyed Italian artillery turrets of

2094:

Fortified Sector under the Army: General René Magnien

1845:

Late in the day, Mussolini addressed a crowd from the

1302:

exchanged fire with their Italian counterparts of the

7573:

Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943

6700: 6391: 6320: 6308: 6293: 6272: 6123: 5887: 5759: 5708: 5691: 5638: 5626: 5459: 5457: 5430: 5340: 5217: 5085: 4956: 4895: 4893: 4631:

Three civilians were killed and a dozen more wounded.

3816:

were within five kilometres (three miles) of Modane.

3051:

Prior to the Italian declaration of war, the British

2832:

On 15 June, the 3 Squadra Aerea sent some SM.79s and

2782:

misidentified the bombers as their own aircraft from

2304:). The chief of staff of Army Group West was General 9891:

Juin 1940. La guerre des Alpes. Enjeux et stratégies

9757:

Pallud, Jean Paul (1997). "The Battle of the Alps".

9613:

Le Operazioni del giugno 1940 sulle Alpi Occidentali

9145:

The Republic Besieged: Civil War in Spain, 1936–1939

8221:

Millett, Allan R.; Murray, Williamson, eds. (2010).

8126:. Cass Series: Naval Policy and History. Routledge. 8124:

The Italian Navy and Fascist Expansionism, 1935–1940

7827: 7434: 7410: 7330: 7267: 7250: 7160: 7130: 7091: 7023: 6903: 6850: 6542: 6503: 6454: 6260: 6233: 6192: 6168: 6138: 6065: 6017: 5942: 5662: 5650: 5145: 5121: 5109: 5097: 4983: 4968: 4944: 4932: 4878: 4860: 4806: 4794: 4665:(founding royal house of Italy) in the 17th century. 3513:) by the French—switched targets to the French fort 3462:

al più presto possibile ... non oltre il 23 corrente

3460:

begin "as soon as possible no later than 23 June" (

2328:

medium tanks shortly before the declaration of war.

1900:

General René Olry, commander of the Army of the Alps

9921: 9545:. I Libri del Tempo. Vol. 10. Rome: V. Bianco. 8178: 8159: 8011:

The Riviera at War: World War II on the Côte d'Azur

7616:

La glorieuse défense du Pont Saint-Louis, Juin 1940

7386: 7079: 6741: 6180: 5843: 5355: 5328: 5031: 4648:), the Genoa Group—with logistical headquarters at 3802:, but the forts in front of Modane—Saint-Gobain at 3245:penetrated the boiler room of the French destroyer 1373: Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories; 9522: 9414:, Order of Battle / Ordre de bataille, 10/05/1940" 9324:Thomas, Martin (1993). "Plans and Problems of the 8199: 7940: 7829: 7809: 6735: 6682: 5735: 5515: 5454: 5193: 4890: 1273:) and the expansion of Italian influence over the 8623:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 8424:Richards, Dennis (1953). Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). 5771: 4920: 4410:) divisions (consisting of cavalry regiments and 4242:List of French military equipment of World War II 3450: 2988:through the Little Saint Bernard Pass, Operation 10035: 8246:Une bataille oubliée: les Alpes, 10–25 juin 1940 8202:The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered 7980: 7961: 7766:La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale 7612: 7511: 7017: 6811: 5608: 5478: 4788: 4072:the hopes that General Gambara would take Nice. 4003:100/17 howitzer in tow—and began descending the 3584:of Bourg-Saint-Maurice, part of the sub-sector ( 2931:During the general offensive of 21–24 June, the 1335:Commissione Italiana d'Armistizio con la Francia 653: 10019:An Italian newsreel on the occupation of Menton 9994:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–223. 9954:Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare (1970). 9888: 9647:. L'Argentière-la-Bessée: Éditions du Fournel. 9058:"La défense des Hautes-Alpes (11–25 juin 1940)" 8049:Labanca, Nicola (2015). "The Italian Wars". In 8044:. Port Chester, NY: Cambridge University Press. 7884:Historique du 4 régiment d'infanterie coloniale 7544:. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute. 4325:, Ray Moseley, Circo Paoletti, Giorgio Rochat, 3903:making an amphibious landing behind the French 3481:through the Little Saint Bernard and Operation 3136:which fired torpedoes, without success, on the 10064:Military history of France during World War II 9543:Storia della Guerra nel Mediterraneo (1940–43) 9147:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 21–52. 8999:K. W. (6 July 1940). "The Battle of Mentone". 8181:Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5 8055:The Oxford Illustrated History of World War II 7913:The Italian Army 1940–45 (1): Europe 1940–1943 7757:Le Truppe alpine nella seconda guerra mondiale 7693:(Milan: Dall'Oglio, 1983) by Robert L. Miller. 7514:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 4416:mounted on bicycles and motorbikes) and three 4247:List of Italian Army equipment in World War II 3978:Along the northern front of the 1st Army, the 3384:, forced to surface and then sunk by ramming. 2553:22nd Infantry Division "Cacciatori delle Alpi" 2530:2nd Alpine Group (four Alpini battalions, one 1892:Military history of France during World War II 1439:, as well as economic and military control of 10069:Military history of Italy during World War II 9794: 9636:Regia Aeronautica e Armée de l'Air, 1940–1943 9558: 9552:La guerra italiana, retroscena della disfatti 9075:"Italy Advances in French Alps, Rome Asserts" 8490:. Crowley, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications. 8349: 8220: 7999: 7894:The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940 7494:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 6723: 6694: 5999: 5825: 4092:). Badoglio consulted Mussolini, who agreed. 3947:Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale 3672:, the pass of Mont Cenis was ceded to France. 2500:battalions and two mountain artillery groups) 1819:, was alarmed, while his British counterpart 1766:Military history of Italy during World War II 1759: 1538:, and the preservation of Italian culture on 1526:, Italian participation in the management of 1366:Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. 1351: 1332: 639: 329: 9826: 8891:in May–June 1940: A Failure of Conception". 8225:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 7929: 7810:Gioannini, Marco; Massobrio, Giulio (2007). 7465: 7154: 6647: 4687:) of Saint-Louis was Italian before the war. 3876:On 21 June, the units advancing through the 3668:Italian offensive around Mont Cenis. In the 2165:14–27: Fortified Sector of the Maritime Alps 1507:'s influence from which "he never escaped". 9598: 8922:The Royal United Services Institute Journal 8863:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains 8836:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains 8371: 8107:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 8057:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74–109. 8000:Kaufmann, J. E.; Jurga, Robert M. (2002) . 5963: 5814:Kaufmann, Jankovič-Potočnik & Lang 2011 5790:Kaufmann, Jankovič-Potočnik & Lang 2011 5620: 3937:and took the hilltop Capuchin monastery of 3720:(under Major Costantino Boccalatte) of the 3656:'s garrison march out with honours of war. 3624:to reinforce the attack. At 1100 hours the 1946:offensive d'ensemble sur le front des Alpes 9968:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9945:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9818:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9786:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9702:La marine française et la guerre 1939–1945 9625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9269:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 5–302. 8357:. London & New York: Blandford Press. 8296: 8083: 8061: 7962:Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2002) . 7763: 7632:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6617: 6593: 6385: 5293: 4764: 4060:. According to Roatta, it was Mussolini's 3620:of the Army of the Po was brought up from 3237:to the west of Genoa and at Savona and an 3004:. As the Italians advanced, the French at 2446:(Chief of Staff: General Fernando Gelich) 1782:, chief of the Supreme General Staff, and 646: 632: 336: 322: 9889:Schiavon, Max; Le Moal, Frédéric (2010). 9844: 9713:. Naples: Edizioni scientifiche italiane. 9610: 9407: 9382: 9357: 9264: 9235: 9206: 9122: 9098:"Menton et les Mentonnais de 1939 à 1945" 9095: 8874: 8847: 8775: 8716:The American Journal of International Law 8713: 8607: 7981:Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2007). 7772: 7687:Hitler and Mussolini: The Secret Meetings 7668:World War II: The Mediterranean 1940–1945 7428: 7217: 7181: 6350: 6162: 5987: 5729: 5714: 5490: 5448: 5322: 5281: 5240: 5079: 5052: 4277:This is a translation of the French term 3600:. After that, they were to advance on to 3317:believed "the flash of the shell hitting 3046: 2992:through the Maddalena Pass and Operation 2534:battalion, two mountain artillery groups) 1589:"the bars of this prison", and described 1510:In October 1938, in the aftermath of the 9879: 9862: 9853: 9747: 9726: 9589: 9549: 9540: 9531: 9459: 9432: 8668: 8616: 8550: 8423: 8330: 7800: 7754: 7512:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 7481: 7244: 7002: 6966: 6954: 6844: 6227: 6047: 6011: 5936: 5801: 5753: 5685: 5412: 5388: 5252: 5025: 4644:operated two groups of armoured trains ( 4478:typically operated one type of aircraft. 4142: 4030: 3955: 3844: 3663: 3549: 3500: 3097: 2960: 2943:, 10 km (6.2 mi) distant. The 2708:Marshal Graziani, chief of staff of the 2703: 2355: 2254: 2154: 1895: 1805: 1683: 1615: 1389: Claimed territories to be annexed; 1361: 139: 9989: 9931:Ufficio Storico dell'Esercito (1981). 9835: 9803: 9708: 9661: 9633: 9583:Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III 9576: 9472:United States Army Combined Arms Center 9445:United States Army Combined Arms Center 9142: 9072: 9013: 8856: 8829: 8750: 8643:World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia 8640: 8541: 8462: 8304:(1st ed.). Naval Institute Press. 8275: 8256: 8140: 8121: 8048: 8008: 7891: 7823:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 7791: 7684: 7661: 7579: 7570: 7548: 7539: 7440: 7380: 7365: 7312: 7229: 7124: 7109: 7073: 7061: 6981: 6885: 6873: 6777: 6632: 6605: 6524: 6497: 6482: 6326: 5765: 5644: 5583: 5436: 5376: 5349: 5228: 5211: 5187: 5175: 5163: 5067: 5001: 4989: 4914: 4872: 4836: 4824: 3157:. That same day, the Italian submarine 2736:In the first air raids of Italy's war, 2543:7th Infantry Division "Lupi di Toscana" 1620:German coal entering Italy through the 1331:. An armistice control commission, the 172: 14: 10036: 9976: 9897: 9840:(2nd ed.). Turin: Einaudi Storia. 9756: 9717: 9699: 9686: 9642: 9570:First of the Few: 5 June – 9 July 1940 9513: 9495: 9323: 9186: 9161: 9055: 9034: 8969: 8948: 8919: 8883: 8714:"Armistice Between France and Italy". 8593:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 8569: 8483: 8434: 8197: 8102: 7910: 7862: 7856:Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre 7794:Case Red: The Collapse of France, 1940 7484:L'Italia nella seconda Guerra mondiale 7404: 7324: 7297: 7261: 7205: 7193: 7169: 7049: 6933: 6897: 6796: 6762: 6706: 6448: 6424: 6409: 6397: 6338: 6302: 6287: 6254: 6215: 6132: 6117: 6105: 5921: 5906: 5881: 5866: 5849: 5837: 5702: 5656: 5564: 5533: 5509: 5424: 5400: 5151: 5127: 5115: 5091: 4977: 4938: 4812: 4776: 4715:) typically possessed about 1,300 men. 4110:Allied invasion of French North Africa 4067:On the evening of 21 June, Ambassador 3398:, accompanied by the British cruisers 2836:to bomb Corsica and, on 16 June, some 1449:protective patron–client relationships 1447:. The regime also sought to establish 9922:Turinetti di Priero, Alberto (1990). 9893:. Campagnes et stratégies. Economica. 9831:. Rome: Stato maggiore dell'Esercito. 9827:Rainero, Romain H., ed. (1990–1992). 9795:Plan, Étienne; Chiavassa, H. (1989). 9774:La Guerre en Méditerranée (1939–1945) 9771: 9738: 9563:. Madrid: Industrias Gráficas España. 9527:. Rome: Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. 9507:La guerre franco-italienne: Juin 1940 9504: 9294: 8998: 8804: 8588: 8546:. Rome: Stato maggiore dell'Esercito. 8404: 8372:Plan, Étienne; Lefèvre, Éric (1982). 8318: 7818: 7730: 7711: 7640: 7530: 7276: 7032: 6314: 6147: 5975: 5951: 5668: 5545: 5334: 5139: 5103: 4950: 4884: 4406:), and a second corps of three fast ( 3505:Italian troops in Menton in June 1940 2572:Regiment "Cavalleggeri di Monferrato" 2324:had received seventy of the new type 2211:Fortified Sector of the Maritime Alps 2053:Zone d'Opérations Aériennes des Alpes 1248:and the last major engagement of the 627: 317: 10008:An Italian newsreel about the battle 9732:La bataille pour Nice et la Provence 9670: 9567: 9273: 8589:Sweet, John Joseph Timothy (2007) . 8522: 8504: 8443: 8039: 8017: 7490: 7416: 7392: 7353: 7336: 7139: 7097: 7085: 6916: 6861: 6747: 6660:Giuseppe Brignole – Marina Militare. 6569: 6557: 6536: 6509: 6467: 6436: 6266: 6239: 6203: 6186: 6174: 6080: 6059: 6032: 5777: 5741: 5521: 5463: 5361: 5199: 5037: 5013: 4962: 4926: 4899: 4848: 4800: 3545: 3345:bombed Italian aerodromes, and nine 2430: 2407:On 29 May, Mussolini convinced King 1722:. On 13 May, the Germans fought the 1630:Italian forces landed in the country 343: 9933:La battaglia delle Alpi Occidentali 8689:(Итальянские Операции в Альпах) in 8439:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 8088:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. 7943:The Maginot Line: History and Guide 7930:Jordan, John; Moulin, Jean (2013). 7896:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7850: 7689:. New York: Enigma. Translation of 5632: 4285:, the "Battle of the Western Alps". 4167:, Somaliland, the Persian Gulf and 4035:France during the war. The initial 2956: 2144:Fortified Sector of Alpes-Maritimes 2045:. The French held back part of the 1673: 1404:During the late 1920s, the Italian 1236:(10–25 June 1940), also called the 24: 9743:. Società editrice internazionale. 9488: 9073:Packard, Reynolds (16 June 1940). 8963:10.1111/j.1468-229x.1985.tb02478.x 8763:: 85–93, in 25 paragraphs online. 8610:Strade e Sentieri del vallo Alpino 8183:. Paris: Histoire et Collections. 8164:. Paris: Histoire et Collections. 4501:taken, a slightly modified P.R. 12 4204:complained to his superior of the 3670:Treaty of Peace with Italy of 1947 3618:101st Motorised Division "Trieste" 2163:7–12: Fortified Sector of Dauphiné 2082: 2055:, ZOAA), with its headquarters at 2009:arrived at Marseille on 3 June as 1852: 1263:. The goal of the Italian leader, 27:Italian engagement of World War II 25: 10115: 10000: 9979:Histoire(s) de la Dernière Guerre 9364:: Order of Battle, 10th May 1940" 8817:: 4–15, in 20 paragraphs online. 7915:. Oxford & New York: Osprey. 3960:The defenders of Pont Saint-Louis 3953:—gradually withdrew from Menton. 2670:11th Infantry Division "Brennero" 2634:26th Infantry Division "Assietta" 2629:2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca" 2613:59th Infantry Division "Cagliari" 2608:24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo" 2425:Stato Maggiore del Regio Esercito 2150: 2059:. Italian army intelligence, the 1358:Italian imperialism under Fascism 9847:The Italian Navy in World War II 8683:Command and General Staff School 8671:"Italian Operations in the Alps" 8527:. University of Illinois Press. 7486:(in Italian). Milano: Mondadori. 6653: 4861:Grenville & Wasserstein 2001 4736: 4727: 4718: 4705: 4690: 4677: 4668: 4655: 4634: 4625: 4549: 4529: 4519: 4508: 4490: 4481: 4432: 4423: 4377:The French referred to these as 4283:Battaglia delle Alpi Occidentali 3867:5th Infantry Division "Cosseria" 3022:1st Alpine Division "Taurinense" 2915: 2901: 2887: 2675:58th Infantry Division "Legnano" 2665:2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" 2647:1st Alpine Division "Taurinense" 2548:16th Infantry Division "Pistoia" 2526:44th Infantry Division "Cremona" 2516:5th Infantry Division "Cosseria" 2348:Pariani's reforms also promoted 2318:133rd Armoured Division Littorio 2199:Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné 2123:Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné 1999:Anglo-French Supreme War Council 1994:, skiing and mountain climbing. 230: 219: 208: 196: 174: 159: 141: 61: 10079:France–Italy military relations 9238:Journal of Contemporary History 8893:Journal of Contemporary History 8778:Journal of Contemporary History 8687:Italyanskiye Operatsii v Alpakh 8641:Zabecki, David T., ed. (1999). 8555:. Georgetown University Press. 8004:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. 7966:(2nd ed.). Da Capo Press. 7724:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 7471:The French Navy in World War II 7453: 4392: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4315: 4301: 4288: 4281:. In Italian, it is called the 3982:, based at the entrance of the 3871:52nd Infantry Division "Torino" 3863:37th Infantry Division "Modena" 3849:Invasion routes of the 1st Army 3659: 2731: 2603:1st Infantry Division "Superga" 2521:37th Infantry Division "Modena" 2487:3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna" 2461:4th Infantry Division "Livorno" 2141:65th Mountain Infantry Division 2116:66th Mountain Infantry Division 2113:64th Mountain Infantry Division 1872:As early as 14 May, the French 9123:Panicacci, Jean-Louis (2010). 9096:Panicacci, Jean-Louis (1981). 8626:. Cambridge University Press. 8025:. Cambridge University Press. 7867:. New York: Hippocrene Books. 7775:Les rebelles de La Combattante 7719:The War in France and Flanders 6736:Gioannini & Massobrio 2007 6683:Gioannini & Massobrio 2007 4271: 4259: 4202:4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" 3980:33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" 3929:were to advance at all costs. 3892:coming down the valley of the 3861:to the coast, was held by the 3790:to meet up with the Battalion 3728:were attached to the Division 3451:Italian offensive (21–24 June) 2558:5th Alpine Division "Pusteria" 2471:36th Infantry Division "Forlì" 2466:33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" 2456:4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" 2161:1–6: Fortified Sector of Savoy 2138:2nd Colonial Infantry Division 2062:Servizio Informazioni Militari 1530:, some form of French-Italian 1343:to oversee French compliance. 1315:On the evening of 24 June, an 13: 1: 9734:. Nice: Éditions des Arceaux. 9559:Carmona Yáñez, Jorge (1957). 8463:Salerno, Reynolds M. (2002). 8409:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 7764:Fioravanzo, Giuseppe (1949). 7691:Mussolini nella tana del lupo 7475:United States Naval Institute 4749: 4116: 3442:On 18 June, the staff of the 3375:but was depth charged by the 3371:attacked a French convoy off 2492:6th Infantry Division "Cuneo" 2402:88-mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns 2098:Defensive Sector of the Rhône 1984:sections d'éclaireurs-skieurs 1478:In 1935, Italy initiated the 1346: 9845:Sadkovich, James J. (1994). 9611:Gallinari, Vincenzo (1981). 9509:. Paris: Presses de la Cité. 9438:"Italian Army, 10 June 1940" 8612:. Turin: Ed. del Capricorno. 8484:Shores, Christopher (1976). 8469:. Cornell University Press. 8198:Martel, Gordon, ed. (1999). 7947:. Pen & Sword Military. 7759:. Milan: Cavallotti Editore. 7662:Collier, Paul Henry (2010). 7018:Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2002 6812:Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2007 5609:Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2007 5479:Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2007 4789:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 4438:Italy had four geographical 4020: 4015: 3328:Gold Medal of Military Valor 3195:struck oil storage tanks in 2762:in order to bomb targets in 2452:, General Francesco Bettini 1700:, then followed between the 1524:Addis Ababa–Djibouti railway 1317:armistice was signed at Rome 7: 9804:Rainero, Romain H. (1985). 9709:Minniti, Fortunato (2000). 9682:. Norman. pp. 247–266. 9634:Garello, Giancarlo (1975). 9350: 9276:Canadian Journal of History 9168:Revue historique des armées 8811:Revue historique des armées 8757:Revue historique des armées 8661: 8551:Sterling, Brent L. (2009). 8333:A Military History of Italy 8257:Mitcham, Samuel W. (2008). 8009:Kundahl, George G. (2017). 5190:, pp. xvi and 135–136. 4646:batterie mobili ferroviaire 4230: 4138: 3840: 3540: 3087:over the Italians. Admiral 2716:front commander in the Alps 2685:Regiment "Nizza Cavalleria" 1579:minuted by Colonel Hossbach 10: 10120: 10099:June 1940 events in Europe 9678:; Knox, MacGregor (eds.). 9590:Fenoglio, Alberto (1992). 9532:Bonacina, Giorgio (1970). 9465:"French Army, 10 May 1940" 9408:Leulliot, Nowfel (1999c). 9383:Leulliot, Nowfel (1999b). 9358:Leulliot, Nowfel (1999a). 9250:10.1177/002200948902400102 9221:10.1177/026569148801800405 9209:European History Quarterly 8905:10.1177/002200949002500404 8857:Garraud, Philippe (2015). 8830:Garraud, Philippe (2008). 8790:10.1177/002200947400900307 8705:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 8084:Mack Smith, Denis (1982). 7932:French Cruisers, 1922–1956 7911:Jowett, Philip S. (2000). 7805:. Peveragno: BLU Edizioni. 7703:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 7571:Burgwyn, H. James (2012). 7540:Brescia, Maurizio (2012). 7469:; Mordal, Jacques (1959). 4024: 3939:Notre-Dame de l'Annonciade 2965:Fort de l'Olive, from the 2680:1st Tank Infantry Regiment 2568:3rd Tank Infantry Regiment 2250: 1889: 1763: 1760:Italian declaration of war 1677: 1480:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1435:and for the annexation of 1355: 1352:Italian imperial ambitions 1234:Italian invasion of France 1214:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1209:Strategic Bombing Campaign 44:Italian Invasion of France 29: 9700:Masson, Philippe (1991). 9643:Lachal, Philippe (2006). 9577:Domeyne, Bernard (1994). 9550:Canevari, Emilio (1948). 9028:10.1080/09592299708406033 8984:10.1017/s0018246x00001680 8934:10.1080/03071840903533021 8751:Carrier, Richard (2008). 8608:Vaschetto, Diego (2003). 8542:Stefani, Filippo (1985). 8444:Roth, Ariel Ilan (2010). 8335:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 8282:. Yale University Press. 7755:Faldella, Emilio (1977). 7580:Carrier, Richard (2002). 7575:. New York: Enigma Books. 7497:(2nd ed.). Pearson. 7482:Badoglio, Pietro (1946). 6000:Millett & Murray 2010 5826:Kaufmann & Jurga 2002 4385:were artillery forts and 3996:100/17 model 16 howitzers 3412:, the Australian cruiser 3333:In coordination with the 3163:sank the British cruiser 2881:Italian aircraft roundels 2699: 2586:(Chief of Staff: General 2119:Fortified Sector of Savoy 1906:Little Saint Bernard Pass 1885: 1880: 1832:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 665: 355: 257: 242: 189: 132: 109:Armistice of Villa Incisa 82: 60: 48: 43: 32:Second Battle of the Alps 9836:Rochat, Giorgio (2008). 9776:. Paris. pp. 61–78. 9541:Bernotti, Romeo (1960). 9496:Araldi, Vinicio (1965). 9461:Nafziger, George Francis 9434:Nafziger, George Francis 9187:Rochat, Giorgio (2010). 9162:Rochat, Giorgio (2008). 9016:Diplomacy and Statecraft 9002:New Statesman and Nation 8141:Mallett, Robert (2003). 8122:Mallett, Robert (1998). 8067:Mussolini's Roman Empire 8040:Knox, MacGregor (2000). 7934:. Naval Institute Press. 7892:Jackson, Julian (2003). 7801:Gariglio, Dario (2001). 7792:Forczyk, Robert (2017). 7773:Florentin, Eddy (2008). 7491:Bell, P. M. H. (1997) . 7458: 7155:Auphan & Mordal 1959 6648:Jordan & Moulin 2013 4699:New Statesman and Nation 4458:, "flock"), composed of 4442:(aerial squads) and one 4404:Corpo d'armata corazzato 4252: 4097:Franco-Italian Armistice 4027:Franco-Italian Armistice 3973:un succès incontestable 3951:fort of Pont Saint-Louis 3339:Lioré et Olivier LeO 45s 3075:, along southern Italy, 2922:Fascist fuselage roundel 2690:4th Bersaglieri Regiment 2563:1st Bersaglieri Regiment 2496:1st Alpine Group (three 1920:(Col de Larche) and the 1874:Ministry of the Interior 10074:Battles involving Italy 9739:Obici, Alfredo (1942). 9083:. Pittsburgh. p. 9 9080:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 8523:Sica, Emanuele (2016). 8505:Sica, Emanuele (2011). 8435:Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). 8405:Porch, Douglas (2004). 8331:Paoletti, Ciro (2008). 8241:Ministère de la Défense 8103:Mackay, Robert (2003). 7863:Hempel, Andrew (2005). 7685:Corvaja, Santi (2001). 5978:, pp. 154 and 169. 5964:Plan & Lefèvre 1982 5621:Plan & Lefèvre 1982 4652:—and the Palermo Group. 4217:, commander of the 3rd 4105:Italian occupation zone 3809:Barrière de l'Esseillon 3366:Italian submarine 3233:. In response, Italian 3131:Italian submarine 3012:of the Italian fort on 2865:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81s 2738:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79s 2413:Stato Maggiore Generale 2159:The Little Maginot Line 1829:United States President 299:2,151 frostbite victims 10084:World War II invasions 9907:. Simon and Schuster. 9880:Schiavon, Max (2011). 9869:Université de Lorraine 9863:Schiavon, Max (2009). 9854:Schiavon, Max (2007). 9718:Minola, Mauro (2010). 9600:François-Poncet, André 9561:Pétain y el armisticio 9514:Beraud, Henri (1987). 9111:: 1–43. Archived from 9056:Miguet, André (1945). 9037:Revue militaire suisse 8972:The Historical Journal 8805:David, Daniel (2008). 8516:University of Waterloo 8448:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8145:. Palgrave Macmillan. 7740:. London: Allen Lane. 7737:The Third Reich at War 7641:Clark, Martin (2005). 7556:. Praeger Publishers. 4851:, pp. 73–74, 154. 4329:, Brian Sullivan, and 4237:France–Italy relations 4228: 4148: 4040: 3984:Valle Stura di Demonte 3967:Tirailleurs sénégalais 3961: 3880:successfully occupied 3850: 3692:and the collection of 3673: 3555: 3506: 3475: 3118: 3047:French naval offensive 2969: 2803: 2717: 2643:, General Luigi Negri 2365: 2362:invasion of Yugoslavia 2264: 2244:Guardia alla Frontiera 2175: 2067:Mediterranean theatres 1901: 1811: 1694:Germany invaded Poland 1689: 1625: 1401: 1339:(CIAF), was set up in 1333: 1321:armistice with Germany 1240:, was the first major 308:1 torpedo boat damaged 190:Commanders and leaders 9884:. Mens Sana Éditions. 9554:. 2 vols. Rome: Tosi. 9505:Azeau, Henri (1967). 8876:10.3917/gmcc.259.0093 8849:10.3917/gmcc.230.0059 8669:Andreyev, N. (1941). 8351:Piekałkiewicz, Janusz 8276:Moseley, Ray (2000). 7712:Ellis, L. F. (1954). 7535:. London: Frank Cass. 7531:Brown, David (2004). 4839:, pp. 22, 50–51. 4223: 4146: 4099:established a modest 4079:, who had signed the 4034: 3959: 3848: 3667: 3553: 3504: 3466: 3107:Suffren-class cruiser 3101: 2973:with the collapse of 2964: 2793: 2707: 2385:Austro-Hungarian Army 2359: 2337:rapid mobile advances 2258: 2158: 1899: 1817:André François-Poncet 1809: 1692:On 1 September 1939, 1687: 1619: 1559:Fascist Grand Council 1365: 907:Battle of Britain Day 258:Casualties and losses 250:(85,000 at the front) 122:Italian occupied zone 99:Franco-Italian border 9704:. Paris: Tallandier. 9666:. Paris: Tallandier. 9568:Cull, Brian (2013). 9288:10.3138/cjh.47.2.355 9180:10.3917/rha.250.0077 9049:10.5169/seals-342283 8887:(1990). "The French 8823:10.3917/rha.250.0004 8769:10.3917/rha.250.0085 8618:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 8570:Sumner, Ian (1998). 7819:Gooch, John (2007). 7467:Auphan, Gabriel Paul 6671:Playfair et al. 1954 6582:Playfair et al. 1954 6572:, p. 371 n. 80. 6539:, p. 371 n. 78. 6439:, p. 372 n. 86. 6062:, p. 369 n. 68. 5306:Playfair et al. 1954 4779:, pp. 184, 198. 4389:were infantry forts. 4296:Paolo Thaon di Revel 2908:Fascist wing roundel 2780:aerodrome at Caselle 2345:triangular divisions 2237:(works, like French 2169:List of Alpine Line 2129:15th Corps: General 2104:14th Corps: General 1607:Italian North Africa 1484:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1204:Defence of the Reich 685:The Heligoland Bight 10104:Umberto II of Italy 10089:Invasions of France 9799:. Nîmes: C. Lacour. 9664:La campagne de 1940 9518:. Éditions Heimdal. 9387:Aéronautique Navale 9118:on 8 November 2014. 8326:. New York: Viking. 7600:on 18 November 2018 6120:, p. 101 n. 6. 5427:, pp. 67, 198. 5016:, pp. 73, 291. 4683:The entire bridge ( 4555:The heavy cruisers 4135:in September 1943. 4050:Raffaele de Courten 3992:75/13 mountain guns 3722:3rd Alpini Regiment 3690:Sollières-Sardières 3511:cuirassé des nuages 2807:French North Africa 2652:3rd Alpini Regiment 2409:Victor Emmanuel III 2302:Gruppo Armate Ovest 1934:détachement d'armée 1799:before 19/20 June. 1667:Mediterranean Fleet 1611:Italian East Africa 1555:Chamber of Deputies 1421:Strait of Gibraltar 1193:Strategic campaigns 796:Ypres–Comines Canal 599:Ypres–Comines Canal 282:1 destroyer damaged 73:5th Alpini Regiment 10094:Invasions by Italy 9849:. Greenwood Press. 9342:10.1093/fh/7.4.472 8392:Playfair, I. S. O. 8355:Sea War: 1939–1945 8298:O'Hara, Vincent P. 7356:, pp. 129–32. 7127:, pp. 125–26. 6724:Piekałkiewicz 1987 6695:Piekałkiewicz 1987 6527:, pp. 108–09. 5688:, pp. 145–47. 5635:, pp. 737–74. 5296:, pp. 215–16. 5142:, pp. 122–23. 4917:, pp. 105–06. 4875:, pp. 182–83. 4496:This was P.R. 12 ( 4466:, "group") of two 4279:Bataille des Alpes 4149: 4101:demilitarized zone 4052:and Air Brigadier 4041: 4037:Italian occupation 3962: 3851: 3674: 3610:Cormet de Roselend 3556: 3530:Fort de l'Infernet 3507: 3347:Fairey Swordfishes 3119: 3089:Domenico Cavagnari 2970: 2718: 2598:Carlo Vecchiarelli 2366: 2273:Royal Italian Army 2265: 2176: 1914:Col de Montgenèvre 1902: 1857:On 26 May General 1812: 1728:Dunkirk evacuation 1690: 1626: 1528:Suez Canal Company 1417:surplus population 1402: 1238:Battle of the Alps 1219:Battle of Atlantic 124:in southern France 10054:Conflicts in 1940 9914:978-0-671-20337-5 9858:. Éditions Anovi. 9782:cite encyclopedia 9654:978-2-915493-30-6 9638:. Rome: Bizzarri. 9572:. Fonthill Media. 9420:. Nowfel Leulliot 9395:. Nowfel Leulliot 9370:. Nowfel Leulliot 9154:978-0-748-60861-4 8695:(6 October 1940). 8652:978-0-824-07029-8 8600:978-0-811-73351-9 8581:978-1-855-32666-8 8562:978-1-589-01571-5 8534:978-0-252-03985-0 8476:978-0-801-43772-4 8455:978-0-230-10690-1 8416:978-0-374-20518-8 8383:978-2-702-50008-8 8376:. C.-Lavauzelle. 8364:978-0-713-71665-8 8342:978-0-275-98505-9 8311:978-1-591-14648-3 8289:978-0-300-07917-3 8268:978-0-275-99661-1 8232:978-0-521-73751-7 8213:978-0-415-16325-5 8190:978-2-35250-127-5 8171:978-2-915239-46-1 8152:978-0-714-64432-5 8133:978-0-333-74814-5 8114:978-0-719-05894-3 8095:978-0-29778-005-2 8076:978-0-29778-005-2 8063:Mack Smith, Denis 8032:978-0-521-33835-6 7992:978-0-811-73395-3 7973:978-0-306-81216-3 7954:978-1-848-84068-3 7922:978-1-855-32864-8 7903:978-0-192-80550-8 7874:978-0-781-81004-3 7843:978-0-415-23798-7 7747:978-0-713-99742-2 7732:Evans, Richard J. 7677:978-1-435-89132-6 7654:978-0-582-06595-6 7563:978-0-275-94877-1 7550:Burgwyn, H. James 7523:978-0-415-16111-4 7504:978-0-582-30470-3 7473:. Annapolis, MD: 6620:, pp. 86–90. 6388:, pp. 12–16. 6165:, pp. 93–94. 6108:, pp. 37–38. 5939:, pp. 15–16. 5816:, pp. 82–83. 5756:, pp. 69–73. 5055:, p. 178–80. 4965:, pp. 72–73. 4827:, pp. 21–22. 4803:, pp. 70–71. 4711:One MVSN legion ( 4418:autotrasportabili 4327:Gerhard Schreiber 4182:divisione binaria 4156:Samuel W. Mitcham 4133:Italy's surrender 4077:Charles Huntziger 4058:French Somaliland 3604:and Albertville. 3564:Alpine Army Corps 3546:Alpine Army Corps 2950:Regia Aeronautica 2933:Regia Aeronautica 2894:Tricolour roundel 2641:Alpine Army Corps 2435:Army Group West: 2393:Regia Aeronautica 2374:was demonstrating 2184:avoiding a repeat 1967:, and two Alpine 1597:(controlling the 1522:, control of the 1500:League of Nations 1488:Spanish Civil War 1261:Mediterranean Sea 1227: 1226: 621: 620: 312: 311: 128: 127: 90:10 – 25 June 1940 75:in action in the 71:battalion of the 16:(Redirected from 10111: 10059:Battle of France 10020: 10009: 9995: 9986: 9973: 9967: 9959: 9950: 9944: 9936: 9927: 9918: 9894: 9885: 9876: 9859: 9850: 9841: 9832: 9823: 9817: 9809: 9800: 9791: 9785: 9777: 9768: 9760:After the Battle 9753: 9744: 9735: 9728:Montagne, Alfred 9723: 9714: 9705: 9696: 9683: 9667: 9658: 9639: 9630: 9624: 9616: 9607: 9595: 9586: 9573: 9564: 9555: 9546: 9537: 9536:. Milan: Mursia. 9528: 9519: 9510: 9501: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9474:. G. F. Nafziger 9469: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9447:. G. F. Nafziger 9442: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9345: 9320: 9297:Military Affairs 9291: 9270: 9261: 9232: 9203: 9193: 9183: 9158: 9139: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9069: 9052: 9031: 9010: 8995: 8966: 8945: 8916: 8880: 8878: 8869:(259 ): 93–114. 8853: 8851: 8826: 8801: 8772: 8747: 8710: 8704: 8696: 8656: 8637: 8613: 8604: 8585: 8566: 8547: 8538: 8519: 8513: 8501: 8480: 8459: 8440: 8431: 8420: 8401: 8387: 8368: 8346: 8327: 8315: 8293: 8272: 8253: 8251: 8236: 8217: 8205: 8194: 8175: 8156: 8137: 8118: 8099: 8080: 8058: 8045: 8036: 8014: 8005: 7996: 7977: 7958: 7946: 7935: 7926: 7907: 7888: 7878: 7859: 7847: 7835: 7824: 7815: 7806: 7797: 7788: 7769: 7760: 7751: 7727: 7714:Butler, J. R. M. 7708: 7702: 7694: 7681: 7658: 7637: 7631: 7623: 7621: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7599: 7593:. Archived from 7591:Université Laval 7588: 7576: 7567: 7545: 7536: 7527: 7508: 7487: 7478: 7448: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7301: 7295: 7280: 7274: 7265: 7259: 7248: 7242: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7158: 7152: 7143: 7137: 7128: 7122: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7036: 7030: 7021: 7015: 7006: 7000: 6985: 6979: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6937: 6931: 6920: 6914: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6848: 6842: 6815: 6809: 6800: 6794: 6781: 6775: 6766: 6760: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6636: 6630: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6486: 6480: 6471: 6465: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6291: 6285: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6230:, pp. 1–10. 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6151: 6145: 6136: 6130: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6084: 6078: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6036: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5940: 5934: 5925: 5919: 5910: 5904: 5885: 5879: 5870: 5864: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5689: 5683: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5587: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5467: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5056: 5050: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4903: 4897: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4703: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4553: 4547: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4450:was composed of 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4396: 4390: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4343:Denis Mack Smith 4331:Gerhard Weinberg 4319: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4160:Gerhard Weinberg 4081:German armistice 3835:Fort de la Turra 3724:of the Division 3631:On 22 June, the 3568:Col de la Seigne 3493:, while that of 3364:On 17 June, the 3351:No. 767 Squadron 3335:Marine Nationale 3175:Marine Nationale 3173:On 13 June, the 3170:south of Crete. 3160:Alpino Bagnolini 3148:La Galissonnière 3093:Sicilian Channel 3058:Marine Nationale 2957:Initial fighting 2937:Giuseppe Santoro 2919: 2905: 2891: 2772:icing conditions 2624:Camillo Mercalli 2588:Mario Soldarelli 2370:Rodolfo Graziani 2350:frontal assaults 2294:Umberto of Savoy 2269:Italian military 2057:Valence-Chabeuil 1992:mountain warfare 1938:Army of the Alps 1680:Battle of France 1674:Battle of France 1548:Foreign Minister 1512:Munich Agreement 1496:Francisco Franco 1425:Strait of Hormuz 1409:Benito Mussolini 1394: 1388: 1378: 1372: 1338: 1270:Italia irredenta 1265:Benito Mussolini 1250:Battle of France 1056:Atlantic Pockets 660: 656:Western Front of 648: 641: 634: 625: 624: 350: 348: 347:Battle of France 338: 331: 324: 315: 314: 306:1 submarine sunk 278:~100–150 missing 235: 234: 224: 223: 213: 212: 201: 200: 184: 180: 178: 177: 165: 163: 162: 151: 147: 145: 144: 120:Creation of the 84: 83: 65: 51:Battle of France 41: 40: 21: 10119: 10118: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10034: 10033: 10018: 10007: 10003: 9998: 9961: 9960: 9938: 9937: 9915: 9899:Shirer, William 9811: 9810: 9779: 9778: 9676:Hull, Isabel V. 9672:Knox, MacGregor 9655: 9618: 9617: 9491: 9489:Further reading 9486: 9477: 9475: 9467: 9450: 9448: 9440: 9423: 9421: 9412:Armée des Alpes 9398: 9396: 9373: 9371: 9353: 9348: 9309:10.2307/1982542 9191: 9155: 9127: 9115: 9100: 9086: 9084: 8842:(230 ): 59–70. 8728:10.2307/2213458 8698: 8697: 8692:Krasnaya Zvezda 8675:Military Review 8664: 8659: 8653: 8634: 8601: 8582: 8563: 8535: 8511: 8498: 8477: 8456: 8417: 8384: 8365: 8343: 8312: 8290: 8269: 8249: 8233: 8214: 8191: 8172: 8153: 8134: 8115: 8096: 8077: 8033: 8019:Knox, MacGregor 8013:. I. B. Tauris. 7993: 7974: 7955: 7923: 7904: 7881: 7875: 7844: 7785: 7748: 7696: 7695: 7678: 7664:O'Neill, Robert 7655: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7586: 7564: 7524: 7505: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7323: 7319: 7311: 7304: 7296: 7283: 7275: 7268: 7260: 7251: 7243: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7131: 7123: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7039: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6988: 6980: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6940: 6932: 6923: 6915: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6851: 6843: 6818: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6784: 6776: 6769: 6761: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6624: 6618:Fioravanzo 1949 6616: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6596:, pp. 6–8. 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6294: 6286: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6087: 6079: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6031: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5928: 5920: 5913: 5909:, pp. 4–5. 5905: 5888: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5692: 5684: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5590: 5586:, paras. 23–24. 5582: 5571: 5563: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5470: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5294:Mack Smith 1976 5292: 5288: 5284:, pp. 7–9. 5280: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5106:, pp. 1–2. 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5004:, p. 1353. 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4765:Mack Smith 1982 4763: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4706: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4554: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4397: 4393: 4387:petits ouvrages 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4233: 4215:Emilio Faldella 4169:southern Arabia 4141: 4119: 4029: 4023: 4018: 3859:Monte Grammondo 3843: 3775:Lake Mont Cenis 3662: 3560:Alfredo Guzzoni 3548: 3543: 3453: 3353:of the British 3235:shore batteries 3055:and the French 3049: 3006:Fort de l'Olive 2979:Armée des Alpes 2959: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2768:Channel Islands 2734: 2702: 2584:Alfredo Guzzoni 2510:Gastone Gambara 2433: 2431:Order of battle 2341:Alberto Pariani 2306:Emilio Battisti 2298:Army Group West 2253: 2188:First World War 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2153: 2131:Alfred Montagne 2088:Armée des Alpes 2085: 2083:Order of battle 2077:Armée des Alpes 2013:. It comprised 1997:On 31 May, the 1980:Armée des Alpes 1961:Armée des Alpes 1954:Maurice Gamelin 1950:Gaston Billotte 1942:Armée des Alpes 1936:), renamed the 1894: 1888: 1883: 1855: 1853:French response 1847:Palazzo Venezia 1840:guerre brusquée 1793:Deuxième Bureau 1780:Pietro Badoglio 1768: 1762: 1724:Battle of Sedan 1716:the Netherlands 1682: 1676: 1653:to provide 400 1651:Royal Air Force 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1360: 1354: 1349: 1277:and in Africa. 1230: 1229: 1228: 1223: 950:St Nazaire Raid 902:The Hardest Day 769:Fort Eben-Emael 755:Rotterdam Blitz 713:The Netherlands 661: 657: 654: 652: 622: 617: 560:Fort Eben-Emael 546:Rotterdam Blitz 351: 346: 344: 342: 307: 305: 284:1 sloop damaged 283: 281: 272:~50–120 wounded 264:Total: ~340–460 249: 229: 228: 226:Alfredo Guzzoni 218: 217: 207: 203:René-Henri Olry 195: 175: 173: 160: 158: 157: 153: 142: 140: 116: 100: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10117: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10044:1940 in France 10032: 10031: 10026: 10015: 10002: 10001:External links 9999: 9997: 9996: 9987: 9974: 9951: 9928: 9919: 9913: 9895: 9886: 9877: 9867:(PhD thesis). 9860: 9851: 9842: 9833: 9824: 9801: 9792: 9769: 9754: 9745: 9736: 9724: 9715: 9706: 9697: 9684: 9668: 9659: 9653: 9640: 9631: 9608: 9596: 9587: 9581:(PhD thesis). 9574: 9565: 9556: 9547: 9538: 9529: 9520: 9511: 9502: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9457: 9430: 9405: 9380: 9362:Armée de l'Air 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9330:French History 9326:Armée de l'Air 9321: 9292: 9271: 9262: 9233: 9204: 9184: 9159: 9153: 9140: 9120: 9093: 9070: 9053: 9032: 9011: 8996: 8967: 8957:(228): 32–45. 8946: 8917: 8889:Armée de l'Air 8881: 8854: 8827: 8802: 8773: 8748: 8711: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8651: 8638: 8632: 8614: 8605: 8599: 8586: 8580: 8567: 8561: 8548: 8539: 8533: 8520: 8514:(PhD thesis). 8502: 8496: 8481: 8475: 8460: 8454: 8441: 8432: 8421: 8415: 8402: 8388: 8382: 8369: 8363: 8347: 8341: 8328: 8320:Overy, Richard 8316: 8310: 8294: 8288: 8273: 8267: 8254: 8237: 8231: 8218: 8212: 8195: 8189: 8176: 8170: 8157: 8151: 8138: 8132: 8119: 8113: 8100: 8094: 8081: 8075: 8059: 8046: 8037: 8031: 8015: 8006: 7997: 7991: 7978: 7972: 7959: 7953: 7936: 7927: 7921: 7908: 7902: 7889: 7879: 7873: 7860: 7848: 7842: 7825: 7816: 7807: 7798: 7789: 7784:978-2841412266 7783: 7777:. Flammarion. 7770: 7761: 7752: 7746: 7728: 7709: 7682: 7676: 7659: 7653: 7638: 7610: 7589:(PhD thesis). 7577: 7568: 7562: 7546: 7537: 7528: 7522: 7509: 7503: 7488: 7479: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7433: 7431:, p. 246. 7429:Schreiber 1995 7421: 7419:, p. 378. 7409: 7397: 7385: 7383:, p. 347. 7370: 7368:, p. 121. 7358: 7341: 7339:, p. 130. 7329: 7317: 7302: 7281: 7266: 7249: 7247:, p. 140. 7234: 7232:, p. 345. 7222: 7218:Armistice 1940 7210: 7198: 7186: 7182:Panicacci 1981 7174: 7159: 7157:, p. 112. 7144: 7142:, p. 133. 7129: 7114: 7112:, p. 124. 7102: 7100:, p. 131. 7090: 7078: 7076:, p. 118. 7066: 7064:, p. 116. 7054: 7037: 7022: 7020:, p. 302. 7007: 6986: 6971: 6959: 6938: 6921: 6919:, p. 373. 6902: 6890: 6878: 6866: 6864:, p. 129. 6849: 6816: 6814:, p. 178. 6801: 6782: 6780:, p. 123. 6767: 6752: 6740: 6728: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6673:, p. 110. 6663: 6652: 6650:, p. 183. 6637: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6574: 6562: 6560:, p. 371. 6541: 6529: 6514: 6512:, p. 368. 6502: 6500:, p. 113. 6487: 6472: 6470:, p. 370. 6453: 6441: 6429: 6414: 6402: 6390: 6355: 6351:Florentin 2008 6343: 6341:, p. 494. 6331: 6319: 6317:, p. 208. 6307: 6292: 6271: 6269:, p. 118. 6259: 6244: 6242:, p. 100. 6232: 6220: 6208: 6206:, p. 369. 6191: 6179: 6177:, p. 105. 6167: 6163:Schreiber 1995 6152: 6137: 6122: 6110: 6085: 6083:, p. 374. 6064: 6052: 6050:, p. 169. 6037: 6035:, p. 372. 6016: 6014:, p. 170. 6004: 6002:, p. 159. 5992: 5988:Schreiber 1995 5980: 5968: 5956: 5954:, p. 413. 5941: 5926: 5911: 5886: 5871: 5854: 5842: 5830: 5828:, p. 199. 5818: 5806: 5804:, p. 207. 5794: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5746: 5734: 5730:Schreiber 1995 5719: 5715:Leulliot 1999a 5707: 5705:, p. 451. 5690: 5673: 5671:, p. 293. 5661: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5613: 5611:, p. 177. 5588: 5569: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5495: 5491:Panicacci 1981 5483: 5481:, p. 175. 5468: 5453: 5449:Panicacci 1981 5441: 5429: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5391:, p. 171. 5381: 5379:, p. 186. 5366: 5364:, p. 125. 5354: 5339: 5327: 5325:, p. 107. 5323:Schreiber 1995 5310: 5308:, p. 109. 5298: 5286: 5282:Panicacci 1981 5257: 5245: 5243:, p. 464. 5241:Sadkovich 1988 5233: 5216: 5214:, p. 340. 5204: 5192: 5180: 5178:, p. 101. 5168: 5166:, p. xvi. 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5096: 5094:, p. 550. 5084: 5080:Sadkovich 1989 5072: 5070:, p. 158. 5057: 5053:Cliadakis 1974 5042: 5040:, p. 291. 5030: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4967: 4955: 4953:, p. 244. 4943: 4931: 4919: 4904: 4889: 4887:, p. 243. 4877: 4865: 4863:, p. 211. 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4815:, p. 198. 4805: 4793: 4791:, p. 467. 4781: 4769: 4767:, p. 170. 4753: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4704: 4689: 4676: 4667: 4663:House of Savoy 4654: 4633: 4624: 4616:Chevalier Paul 4548: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4528: 4518: 4507: 4498:Piano Radunata 4489: 4480: 4431: 4422: 4400:Ettore Bastico 4391: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4347:Virginio Gayda 4339:Filippo Anfuso 4323:MacGregor Knox 4314: 4300: 4287: 4270: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4140: 4137: 4118: 4115: 4025:Main article: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 3990:, twenty-four 3842: 3839: 3708:) overlooking 3661: 3658: 3650:Redoute Ruinée 3614:Redoute Ruinée 3573:Redoute Ruinée 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3526:280-mm mortars 3452: 3449: 3343:Armée de l'Air 3239:armoured train 3231:Sestri Ponente 3179:heavy cruisers 3142:Jean de Vienne 3138:light cruisers 3073:Tyrrhenian Sea 3048: 3045: 3014:Mont Chaberton 2967:Aiguille Rouge 2958: 2955: 2945:Armée de l'Air 2921: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2827:Charles Noguès 2821:(22 June) and 2811:Armée de l'Air 2805:From bases in 2758:from bases in 2742:siege of Malta 2733: 2730: 2710:Regio Esercito 2701: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2478:III Army Corps 2475: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2432: 2429: 2314:Army of the Po 2261:Fort Chaberton 2252: 2249: 2152: 2151:Fortifications 2149: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2106:Étienne Beynet 2102: 2101: 2100: 2084: 2081: 2048:Armée de l'Air 1930:Antoine Besson 1918:Maddalena Pass 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1854: 1851: 1761: 1758: 1752:, and fled to 1746:Upper Normandy 1678:Main article: 1675: 1672: 1565:, a canton of 1553:addressed the 1551:Galeazzo Ciano 1536:French Tunisia 1494:forces led by 1406:Prime Minister 1391: 1385: 1375: 1369: 1356:Main article: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1244:engagement of 1225: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1095: 1088: 1081: 1074: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1019: 1014: 1012:Hürtgen Forest 1009: 1002: 997: 995:Siegfried Line 992: 985: 978: 971: 960: 959: 958: 957: 952: 945:Commando Raids 942: 940:Baedeker Blitz 937: 930: 917: 916: 909: 904: 899: 894: 881: 880: 879: 878: 868: 861: 856: 851: 850: 849: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 799: 798: 793: 788: 783: 776: 771: 758: 757: 752: 747: 745:The Grebbeberg 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 709: 708: 695: 694: 687: 682: 677: 666: 663: 662: 651: 650: 643: 636: 628: 619: 618: 616: 615: 609: 608: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 574: 567: 562: 556: 555: 549: 548: 543: 538: 536:The Grebbeberg 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 507: 506: 500: 499: 492: 485: 480: 475: 468: 467: 466: 456: 449: 442: 437: 432: 431: 430: 425: 413: 408: 403: 398: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 363: 362: 356: 353: 352: 341: 340: 333: 326: 318: 310: 309: 304: 303: 300: 297: 294: 290: 285: 280: 279: 276: 275:~150 prisoners 273: 270: 266: 260: 259: 255: 254: 251: 248:~180,000 total 245: 244: 240: 239: 215:Prince Umberto 205: 192: 191: 187: 186: 169: 167:United Kingdom 135: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125: 118: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 96: 92: 91: 88: 80: 79: 77:Col de Pelouse 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 18:Operation Vado 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10116: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10049:1940 in Italy 10047: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10021: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10005: 10004: 9993: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9971: 9965: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9934: 9929: 9925: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9887: 9883: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9861: 9857: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9839: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9807: 9802: 9798: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9775: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9761: 9755: 9751: 9746: 9742: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9716: 9712: 9707: 9703: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9646: 9641: 9637: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9614: 9609: 9606:. Le Lettere. 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9553: 9548: 9544: 9539: 9535: 9530: 9526: 9521: 9517: 9512: 9508: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9493: 9473: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9446: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9419: 9415: 9413: 9406: 9394: 9390: 9388: 9381: 9369: 9365: 9363: 9356: 9355: 9343: 9339: 9336:(4): 472–95. 9335: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9282:(2): 355–78. 9281: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9215:(4): 455–71. 9214: 9210: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9126: 9121: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9099: 9094: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9022:(1): 137–67. 9021: 9017: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9003: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8978:(3): 538–54. 8977: 8973: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8928:(6): 96–102. 8927: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8899:(4): 447–65. 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8885:Harvey, A. D. 8882: 8877: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8784:(3): 171–90. 8783: 8779: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8666: 8654: 8648: 8645:. Routledge. 8644: 8639: 8635: 8633:0-521-44317-2 8629: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8592: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8526: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8509: 8503: 8499: 8497:0-89747-060-5 8493: 8489: 8488: 8482: 8478: 8472: 8468: 8467: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8206:. Routledge. 8204: 8203: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8106: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8051:Richard Overy 8047: 8043: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8007: 8003: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7945: 7944: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7836:. Routledge. 7834: 7833: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7790: 7786: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7647:. Routledge. 7646: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7618: 7617: 7611: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7516:. Routledge. 7515: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7395:, p. 78. 7394: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7375: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7338: 7333: 7326: 7321: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7299: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7279:, p. 43. 7278: 7273: 7271: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7246: 7245:Weinberg 1994 7241: 7239: 7231: 7226: 7219: 7214: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7141: 7136: 7134: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7094: 7088:, p. 99. 7087: 7082: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7035:, p. 11. 7034: 7029: 7027: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7005:, p. 60. 7004: 7003:Andreyev 1941 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6983: 6978: 6976: 6969:, p. 19. 6968: 6967:Faldella 1977 6963: 6957:, p. 59. 6956: 6955:Andreyev 1941 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6935: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6918: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6847:, p. 58. 6846: 6845:Andreyev 1941 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6779: 6774: 6772: 6764: 6759: 6757: 6750:, p. 89. 6749: 6744: 6738:, p. 97. 6737: 6732: 6726:, p. 83. 6725: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6709:, p. 29. 6708: 6703: 6697:, p. 82. 6696: 6691: 6685:, p. 96. 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6642: 6635:, p. 36. 6634: 6629: 6627: 6619: 6614: 6608:, p. 46. 6607: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6584:, p. 44. 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6519: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6485:, p. 27. 6484: 6479: 6477: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6450: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6411: 6406: 6400:, p. 98. 6399: 6394: 6387: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6353:, p. 54. 6352: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6305:, p. 99. 6304: 6299: 6297: 6290:, p. 19. 6289: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6249: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6228:Nafziger 1997 6224: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6189:, p. 69. 6188: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6150:, p. 40. 6149: 6144: 6142: 6135:, p. 97. 6134: 6129: 6127: 6119: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6082: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6048:Paoletti 2008 6044: 6042: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6013: 6012:Paoletti 2008 6008: 6001: 5996: 5990:, p. 75. 5989: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5966:, p. 32. 5965: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5946: 5938: 5937:Nafziger 1997 5933: 5931: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5868: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5802:Sterling 2009 5798: 5792:, p. 14. 5791: 5786: 5779: 5774: 5768:, p. 33. 5767: 5762: 5755: 5754:Nafziger 1992 5750: 5744:, p. 99. 5743: 5738: 5732:, p. 84. 5731: 5726: 5724: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5686:Richards 1953 5682: 5680: 5678: 5670: 5665: 5659:, p. 45. 5658: 5653: 5647:, p. 35. 5646: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5623:, p. 26. 5622: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5585: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5524:, p. 19. 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5466:, p. 22. 5465: 5460: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5439:, p. 94. 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5415:, p. 74. 5414: 5413:Weinberg 1994 5409: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5389:Paoletti 2008 5385: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5363: 5358: 5352:, p. 26. 5351: 5346: 5344: 5337:, p. 27. 5336: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5255:, p. 37. 5254: 5253:Badoglio 1946 5249: 5242: 5237: 5231:, p. 22. 5230: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5208: 5202:, p. 54. 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5154:, p. 59. 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5130:, p. 45. 5129: 5124: 5118:, p. 24. 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5082:, p. 30. 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5039: 5034: 5028:, p. 73. 5027: 5026:Weinberg 1994 5022: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4980:, p. 96. 4979: 4974: 4972: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4941:, p. 67. 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4902:, p. 72. 4901: 4896: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4701: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4664: 4658: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4484: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4448:squadra aerea 4445: 4441: 4440:squadre aeree 4435: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4383:Gros ouvrages 4380: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4267:Haddock Force 4262: 4258: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054:Egisto Perino 4051: 4046: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3988:81-mm mortars 3985: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3869:. It had the 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855:Pietro Pintor 3847: 3838: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3796:Val Cenischia 3793: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3751:Val Cenischia 3746: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714:Val Cenischia 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702:Saint-Antoine 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3552: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3448: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3425:Italian Libya 3422: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355:Fleet Air Arm 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3205:fired upon a 3204: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:capital ships 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069:Gulf of Genoa 3066: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2918: 2904: 2890: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661:Army Reserve 2660: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2620:IV Army Corps 2618: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2539:Army Reserve 2538: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2506:XV Army Corps 2504: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2450:II Army Corps 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444:Pietro Pintor 2441: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2421:Superesercito 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2398:squadre aeree 2395: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2172: 2157: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2043:149 Squadrons 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2021:bombers from 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011:Haddock Force 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1893: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1836:Henri Parisot 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821:Percy Loraine 1818: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789:Paul Paillole 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1686: 1681: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1663:Percy Loraine 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1640:invade Poland 1636: 1635:Pact of Steel 1631: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1473:Indian Oceans 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1429:ancient Roman 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1399: 1382: 1381:Client states 1364: 1359: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1051:Colmar Pocket 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1006:Market Garden 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 990: 986: 984: 983: 979: 977: 976: 972: 970: 967: 966: 965: 964: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 935: 931: 929: 928: 924: 923: 922: 921: 915: 914: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 888: 887: 886: 877: 876:Haddock Force 874: 873: 872: 869: 867: 866: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 848: 847: 843: 842: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 806: 805: 804: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 781: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 765: 764: 763: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 716: 715: 714: 707: 706:Schuster Line 704: 703: 702: 701: 700: 693: 692: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 671: 670: 664: 659: 649: 644: 642: 637: 635: 630: 629: 626: 614: 613:Schuster Line 611: 610: 607: 604: 603: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 579: 575: 573: 572: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 557: 554: 551: 550: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 505: 502: 501: 498: 497: 493: 491: 490: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 473: 469: 465: 464:Haddock Force 462: 461: 460: 457: 455: 454: 450: 448: 447: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 429: 426: 424: 423: 419: 418: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 396: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 369: 365: 364: 361: 358: 357: 354: 349: 339: 334: 332: 327: 325: 320: 319: 316: 301: 298: 296:2,631 wounded 295: 292: 291: 289: 288:Total: ~6,038 286: 277: 274: 271: 268: 267: 265: 262: 261: 256: 253:300,000 total 252: 247: 246: 241: 238: 237:Pietro Pintor 233: 227: 222: 216: 211: 206: 204: 199: 194: 193: 188: 185: 183: 170: 168: 156: 152: 150: 137: 136: 131: 123: 119: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 97: 94: 93: 89: 86: 85: 81: 78: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 9991: 9982: 9978: 9955: 9932: 9926:. Susalibri. 9923: 9903: 9890: 9881: 9864: 9855: 9846: 9837: 9828: 9808:. Vincennes. 9805: 9796: 9773: 9764: 9758: 9749: 9740: 9731: 9722:. Susalibri. 9719: 9710: 9701: 9692: 9688: 9679: 9663: 9644: 9635: 9612: 9603: 9594:. Susalibri. 9591: 9578: 9569: 9560: 9551: 9542: 9533: 9524: 9515: 9506: 9497: 9476:. Retrieved 9471: 9449:. Retrieved 9444: 9422:. Retrieved 9417: 9411: 9397:. Retrieved 9392: 9386: 9372:. Retrieved 9367: 9361: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9303:(1): 38–52. 9300: 9296: 9279: 9275: 9266: 9244:(1): 27–61. 9241: 9237: 9212: 9208: 9199: 9195: 9171: 9167: 9144: 9135: 9131: 9113:the original 9108: 9104: 9085:. Retrieved 9078: 9065: 9061: 9040: 9036: 9019: 9015: 9006: 9000: 8975: 8971: 8954: 8950: 8925: 8921: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8866: 8862: 8839: 8835: 8814: 8810: 8781: 8777: 8760: 8756: 8719: 8715: 8701:cite journal 8690: 8686: 8678: 8674: 8642: 8622: 8609: 8590: 8571: 8552: 8543: 8524: 8507: 8486: 8465: 8445: 8436: 8426: 8406: 8396: 8373: 8354: 8332: 8323: 8301: 8278: 8258: 8245: 8222: 8201: 8180: 8161: 8142: 8123: 8104: 8085: 8066: 8054: 8041: 8022: 8010: 8001: 7982: 7963: 7942: 7931: 7912: 7893: 7883: 7864: 7855: 7831: 7820: 7811: 7802: 7793: 7774: 7765: 7756: 7735: 7718: 7690: 7686: 7667: 7643: 7615: 7602:. Retrieved 7595:the original 7582: 7572: 7553: 7541: 7532: 7513: 7493: 7483: 7470: 7454:Bibliography 7444: 7441:Carrier 2008 7436: 7424: 7412: 7400: 7388: 7381:Mitcham 2008 7366:Corvaja 2001 7361: 7332: 7320: 7313:Garraud 2015 7264:, p. 8. 7230:Mitcham 2008 7225: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7184:, p. 7. 7177: 7172:, p. 5. 7125:Corvaja 2001 7110:Corvaja 2001 7105: 7093: 7081: 7074:Corvaja 2001 7069: 7062:Corvaja 2001 7057: 6982:Garraud 2015 6962: 6893: 6886:Garraud 2015 6881: 6874:Garraud 2015 6869: 6778:Corvaja 2001 6743: 6731: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6655: 6633:Brescia 2012 6613: 6606:Brescia 2012 6601: 6589: 6577: 6565: 6532: 6525:Stefani 1985 6505: 6498:Corvaja 2001 6483:Burgwyn 2012 6444: 6432: 6405: 6393: 6346: 6334: 6329:, p. 9. 6327:Packard 1940 6322: 6310: 6262: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6182: 6170: 6113: 6055: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5971: 5959: 5852:, p. 3. 5845: 5833: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5780:, p. 6. 5773: 5766:Jackson 2003 5761: 5749: 5737: 5710: 5664: 5652: 5645:Jackson 2003 5640: 5628: 5616: 5584:Garraud 2008 5541: 5529: 5517: 5493:, p. 6. 5486: 5451:, p. 5. 5444: 5437:Moseley 2000 5432: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5377:Mallett 1998 5357: 5350:Burgwyn 2012 5330: 5301: 5289: 5248: 5236: 5229:Collier 2010 5212:Mitcham 2008 5207: 5195: 5188:Jackson 2003 5183: 5176:Jackson 2003 5171: 5164:Jackson 2003 5159: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5068:Mallett 1997 5033: 5021: 5009: 5002:Zabecki 1999 4997: 4992:, p. 9. 4990:Mallett 2003 4985: 4958: 4946: 4934: 4929:, p. 8. 4922: 4915:Salerno 2002 4880: 4873:Burgwyn 1997 4868: 4856: 4844: 4837:Preston 1996 4832: 4825:Preston 1996 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4712: 4707: 4697: 4692: 4684: 4679: 4670: 4657: 4645: 4642:Regia Marina 4641: 4636: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578:destroyers, 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4531: 4521: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4425: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4341:. Historian 4335:Dino Alfieri 4317: 4303: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4261: 4224: 4218: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4154: 4150: 4123: 4120: 4094: 4090:Pietro Nenni 4086: 4074: 4069:Dino Alfieri 4066: 4061: 4045:Paul Baudoin 4042: 4008: 4005:Ubaye Valley 3977: 3972: 3965: 3963: 3946: 3933: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3915: 3912:Regia Marina 3911: 3905: 3898: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3852: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3779: 3770: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3698:Saint-Gobain 3693: 3678:Col d'Étache 3675: 3660:I Army Corps 3653: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3625: 3613: 3606: 3590:Les Chapieux 3586:sous-secteur 3585: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3557: 3535: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3444:Regia Marina 3443: 3441: 3437:beach resort 3415: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3385: 3380: 3367: 3363: 3342: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3253:torpedo boat 3246: 3220: 3214: 3200: 3190: 3174: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3154:Marseillaise 3153: 3147: 3141: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3064:Regia Marina 3062: 3057: 3050: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3018: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2975:Paul Reynaud 2971: 2949: 2944: 2941:Capo Mortola 2932: 2930: 2859: 2838:Breda Ba.88s 2831: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2756: 2735: 2732:Air campaign 2726:Mario Roatta 2722:Ubaldo Soddu 2719: 2713: 2709: 2594:I Army Corps 2482:Mario Arisio 2434: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2367: 2330: 2321: 2301: 2282: 2277:73 divisions 2266: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231:Vallo Alpino 2230: 2224: 2192: 2180:Maginot Line 2177: 2170: 2135:Corps troops 2110:Corps troops 2087: 2086: 2076: 2070: 2060: 2052: 2046: 1996: 1983: 1979: 1968: 1965:demibrigades 1960: 1958: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1922:Col de Tende 1903: 1871: 1863: 1856: 1844: 1839: 1813: 1801: 1773:Ante Pavelić 1769: 1731: 1705: 1691: 1659:Francis Rodd 1644: 1627: 1622:Brenner Pass 1575: 1509: 1505:Adolf Hitler 1477: 1403: 1314: 1305:Vallo Alpino 1303: 1299:Ligne Alpine 1297: 1291: 1268: 1254: 1246:World War II 1237: 1233: 1231: 1192: 1191: 1138: 1131: 1124: 1117: 1097: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1070: 1061: 1060: 1039: 1022: 1005: 988: 981: 974: 962: 961: 933: 926: 919: 918: 912: 883: 882: 870: 864: 845: 801: 800: 779: 760: 759: 711: 710: 697: 696: 689: 667: 658:World War II 577: 569: 495: 487: 470: 458: 451: 445: 421: 395:Weygand Plan 393: 389:Maginot Line 368:Royal Marine 366: 287: 263: 171: 155:Air support: 154: 138: 133:Belligerents 68: 55:World War II 49:Part of the 36: 9689:Stratégique 9451:19 November 9418:France 1940 9393:France 1940 9368:France 1940 8261:. Praeger. 8069:. Longman. 7604:18 November 7407:, para. 23. 7405:Rochat 2008 7327:, para. 28. 7325:Rochat 2008 7315:, para. 67. 7300:, para. 19. 7298:Rochat 2008 7262:Rochat 2010 7208:, para. 29. 7206:Rochat 2008 7196:, para. 27. 7194:Rochat 2008 7170:Jowett 2000 7052:, para. 20. 7050:Rochat 2008 6984:, para. 62. 6936:, para. 21. 6934:Rochat 2008 6900:, para. 15. 6898:Rochat 2008 6888:, para. 64. 6876:, para. 63. 6799:, para. 14. 6797:Rochat 2008 6765:, para. 17. 6763:Rochat 2008 6707:Rohwer 2005 6594:O'Hara 2009 6451:, para. 26. 6449:Rochat 2008 6427:, para. 25. 6425:Rochat 2008 6412:, para. 24. 6410:Rochat 2008 6398:Harvey 2009 6386:O'Hara 2009 6339:Thomas 1993 6303:Harvey 2009 6288:Shores 1976 6257:, para. 12. 6255:Rochat 2008 6218:, para. 11. 6216:Rochat 2008 6133:Harvey 2009 6118:Harvey 2009 6106:Harvey 1985 5922:Rochat 2008 5907:Jowett 2000 5882:Rochat 2008 5867:Rochat 2008 5850:Jowett 2000 5838:Rochat 2008 5703:Harvey 1990 5657:Sumner 1998 5567:, para. 10. 5565:Rochat 2008 5534:Rochat 2008 5512:, para. 22. 5510:Rochat 2008 5425:Martel 1999 5401:Rochat 2008 5152:Mackay 2003 5128:Mackay 2003 5116:Hempel 2005 5092:Jensen 1968 4978:Harvey 2009 4939:Martel 1999 4813:Martel 1999 4777:Martel 1999 4472:squadriglia 4468:squadriglie 4413:Bersaglieri 4198:revictualed 4062:signorilità 4000:mustard gas 3994:and twelve 3943:Blackshirts 3896:and by the 3686:Lanslebourg 3578:avant-poste 3522:Montgenèvre 3491:Albertville 3386:La Curieuse 3381:La Curieuse 3357:, based in 3197:Vado Ligure 3026:fuoriusciti 3010:149-mm guns 2924:(from 1926) 2910:(from 1936) 2850:CANT Z.506B 2747:Fiat BR.20s 2275:had formed 2227:Alpine Wall 2215:blockhouses 2195:Alpine Line 2007:No. 71 Wing 1974:comprising 1784:Italo Balbo 1567:Switzerland 1532:condominium 1492:Nationalist 1092:Blockbuster 1000:Netherlands 955:Dieppe Raid 750:Afsluitdijk 675:River Forth 541:Afsluitdijk 504:Netherlands 302:616 missing 293:~640 killed 115:Territorial 10038:Categories 9500:. Capelli. 9374:1 November 9043:: 381–98. 9009:(489): 11. 7814:. Rizzoli. 7277:Porch 2004 7033:K. W. 1940 6315:Overy 2013 6148:Smyth 1951 5976:Sweet 2007 5952:Gooch 2007 5924:, para. 9. 5884:, para. 5. 5869:, para. 8. 5840:, para. 7. 5669:Ellis 1954 5548:, para. 3. 5546:David 2008 5536:, para. 2. 5403:, para. 6. 5335:Brown 2004 5140:Evans 2008 5104:Evans 2008 4951:Clark 2005 4885:Clark 2005 4750:References 4470:(singular 4462:(singular 4454:(singular 4444:zona aerea 4190:Blitzkrieg 4117:Casualties 3908:Cap Martin 3819:While the 3804:Villarodin 3726:Taurinense 3391:battleship 3324:Calatafimi 3315:Calatafimi 3281:withdrew. 3262:Calatafimi 3257:Calatafimi 3207:steel mill 3183:destroyers 3124:Aegean Sea 3081:Dodecanese 3053:Royal Navy 2996:along the 2873:Alexandria 2622:, General 2596:, General 2582:, General 2532:Blackshirt 2508:, General 2480:, General 2442:, General 2201:, several 2090:, 10 May: 2072:Aéronavale 2019:Wellington 1976:reservists 1926:Sixth Army 1910:Mont Cenis 1890:See also: 1764:See also: 1720:Luxembourg 1698:Phoney War 1599:Suez Canal 1441:Yugoslavia 1347:Background 1099:Lumberjack 969:Baby Blitz 934:Donnerkeil 892:Kanalkampf 815:Montcornet 720:Maastricht 699:Luxembourg 669:Phoney War 606:Luxembourg 511:Maastricht 496:Fall Braun 384:Montcornet 269:~40 killed 9964:cite book 9941:cite book 9814:cite book 9621:cite book 9258:161195027 9229:143162826 9068:: 315–97. 8992:159620220 8942:152392664 8913:159795712 8798:159593953 8744:246004883 8086:Mussolini 8021:(1999) . 7796:. Osprey. 7699:cite book 7644:Mussolini 7628:cite book 7622:. Menton. 7417:Sica 2012 7393:Knox 2000 7354:Knox 1999 7337:Knox 1999 7140:Knox 1999 7098:Knox 2000 7086:Knox 2000 6917:Sica 2012 6862:Knox 1999 6748:Knox 2000 6570:Sica 2012 6558:Sica 2012 6537:Sica 2012 6510:Sica 2012 6468:Sica 2012 6437:Sica 2012 6267:Knox 2000 6240:Knox 1999 6204:Sica 2012 6187:Knox 2000 6175:Knox 1999 6081:Sica 2012 6060:Sica 2012 6033:Sica 2012 5778:Roth 2010 5742:Knox 1999 5522:Sica 2016 5464:Sica 2016 5362:Knox 1999 5200:Knox 1999 5038:Bell 1997 5014:Bell 1997 4963:Bell 1997 4927:Knox 2000 4900:Bell 1997 4849:Bell 1997 4801:Bell 1997 4650:La Spezia 4021:Armistice 4016:Aftermath 3923:Mont Agel 3899:San Marco 3788:Termignon 3767:Arcellins 3319:Albatross 3165:HMS 3109:(as were 2896:(to 1936) 2760:Yorkshire 2381:tankettes 2219:casemates 2209:. In the 2003:Marseille 1970:chasseurs 1928:(General 1859:René Olry 1825:UTC+01:00 1750:open city 1707:Fall Gelb 1647:Rotterdam 1591:Gibraltar 1516:free port 1415:for its " 1413:an outlet 1199:The Blitz 1182:Nuremberg 1177:Heilbronn 1162:Frankfurt 1147:Paderborn 1125:Undertone 1078:Veritable 1071:Blackcock 963:1944–1945 920:1941–1943 854:Abbeville 735:Rotterdam 730:The Hague 571:Dyle Plan 526:Rotterdam 521:The Hague 435:Abbeville 428:Wormhoudt 9901:(1969). 9730:(1952). 9478:18 March 9463:(1992). 9436:(1997). 9424:28 March 9399:28 March 9351:Websites 9138:: 13–21. 8662:Articles 8620:(1994). 8353:(1987). 8322:(2013). 8300:(2009). 8243:(2000). 8065:(1976). 7854:(1967). 7734:(2008). 7552:(1997). 5633:GUF 1967 4580:Albatros 4526:hostile. 4474:). Each 4379:ouvrages 4231:See also 4206:2nd Army 4139:Analysis 3934:Cosseria 3927:Cosseria 3916:Cosseria 3901:Regiment 3886:Cosseria 3878:Val Roia 3865:and the 3841:1st Army 3830:Brennero 3826:Avellino 3814:Cagliari 3806:and the 3800:Cagliari 3783:Cagliari 3771:Brennero 3763:Cagliari 3759:Novalesa 3734:Cagliari 3730:Cagliari 3694:ouvrages 3622:Piacenza 3602:Beaufort 3541:4th Army 3395:Lorraine 3337:, eight 3248:Albatros 3227:gasworks 3079:and the 3002:Briançon 2860:Le Malin 2815:Cagliari 2714:de facto 2580:4th Army 2440:1st Army 2368:Marshal 2333:doctrine 2322:Littorio 2310:7th Army 2239:ouvrages 2171:ouvrages 1988:platoons 1865:casernes 1777:Marshals 1754:Bordeaux 1733:Fall Rot 1520:Djibouti 1469:Atlantic 1465:Bulgaria 1437:Dalmatia 1329:colonies 1259:and the 1167:Würzburg 1046:2nd Alps 1040:Nordwind 982:Chastity 975:Overlord 927:Cerberus 913:Sea Lion 897:Adlertag 871:1st Alps 830:Boulogne 786:Gembloux 691:Wikinger 589:Gembloux 565:K-W Line 453:Fall Rot 406:Boulogne 374:Ardennes 243:Strength 95:Location 69:Val Dora 10024:YouTube 10013:YouTube 9958:. Rome. 9935:. Rome. 9767:: 1–25. 9615:. Rome. 9317:1982542 9202:: 4–12. 9087:7 April 8951:History 8736:2213458 8053:(ed.). 7716:(ed.). 7666:(ed.). 4713:legione 4620:Cassard 4593:Guépard 4588:Vautour 4565:Dupleix 4561:Colbert 4557:Algérie 4211:sappers 4129:Sulmona 3921:Ouvrage 3906:Ouvrage 3894:Vésubie 3773:around 3682:Bessans 3654:Redoute 3641:Redoute 3637:Trieste 3633:Trieste 3626:Trieste 3582:barrage 3516:Ouvrage 3429:Livorno 3409:Neptune 3368:Provana 3341:of the 3294:Algérie 3279:Dupleix 3275:Colbert 3271:Dupleix 3267:Colbert 3222:Dupleix 3216:Colbert 3192:Algérie 3181:and 11 3167:Calypso 3133:Dandolo 3115:Dupleix 3111:Colbert 3036:Gondran 3034:Ouvrage 2998:Riviera 2867:out of 2854:Bizerte 2846:MB.151s 2823:Palermo 2819:Trapani 2813:bombed 2417:Stamage 2364:(1941). 2251:Italian 2207:bunkers 2186:of the 2015:Whitley 1986:(SES), 1982:had 86 1712:Belgium 1655:Caproni 1603:Bizerta 1540:Corsica 1461:Romania 1457:Hungary 1453:Austria 1433:Albania 1423:to the 1398:Albania 1368:Legend: 1287:Germany 1283:Britain 1275:Balkans 1242:Italian 1187:Hamburg 1157:TF Baum 1139:Varsity 1132:Plunder 1110:Cologne 1105:Remagen 1085:Grenade 1063:Germany 1029:Scheldt 989:Dragoon 885:Britain 840:Dunkirk 762:Belgium 740:Zeeland 553:Belgium 531:Zeeland 478:Lagarde 416:Dunkirk 117:changes 53:during 9911: 9651: 9315: 9256: 9227: 9151: 8990: 8940: 8911: 8796: 8742: 8734: 8681:(80). 8649: 8630: 8597: 8578: 8559: 8531: 8494: 8473: 8452: 8413: 8380: 8361: 8339: 8308: 8286: 8265: 8229: 8210: 8187: 8168: 8149: 8130: 8111: 8092: 8073: 8029: 7989: 7970: 7951: 7919: 7900: 7871: 7840: 7781: 7744: 7674: 7651: 7560: 7520: 7501: 7445:passim 4618:, and 4606:Verdun 4584:Vauban 4571:. The 4567:, and 4476:stormo 4464:gruppo 4460:gruppi 4456:stormo 4452:stormi 4408:celeri 4219:Alpini 3890:Alpini 3884:. The 3882:Fontan 3710:Modane 3616:. The 3598:Tignes 3562:. The 3435:and a 3421:Bardia 3416:Sydney 3359:Hyères 3310:MAS535 3306:MAS538 3302:MAS534 3290:MAS539 3213:. The 3211:Savona 3187:Toulon 3151:, and 3077:Sicily 3071:, the 3040:Munich 2869:Rhodes 2842:D.520s 2809:, the 2751:CR.42s 2700:Battle 2498:Alpini 2326:M11/39 2308:. The 2203:passes 2023:No. 10 1916:, the 1912:, the 1908:, the 1886:French 1881:Forces 1797:Menton 1702:Allies 1587:Cyprus 1585:, and 1563:Ticino 1445:Greece 1393: 1387: 1379: 1377: 1371: 1310:Menton 1294:Alpine 1279:France 1257:Africa 1172:Kassel 1118:Gisela 1017:Aachen 846:Dynamo 835:Calais 820:Saumur 803:France 791:La Lys 774:Hannut 584:Hannut 489:Aerial 483:Saumur 422:Dynamo 411:Calais 360:France 179: 164: 149:France 146: 105:Result 9468:(PDF) 9441:(PDF) 9313:JSTOR 9254:S2CID 9225:S2CID 9192:(PDF) 9128:(PDF) 9116:(PDF) 9101:(PDF) 8988:S2CID 8938:S2CID 8909:S2CID 8794:S2CID 8740:S2CID 8732:JSTOR 8512:(PDF) 8250:(PDF) 7620:(PDF) 7598:(PDF) 7587:(PDF) 7459:Books 4611:Tartu 4602:Valmy 4576:class 4574:Aigle 4253:Notes 4124:Forlì 4009:Acqui 3743:Ambin 3706:Sapey 3646:Isère 3518:Janus 3433:hotel 3414:HMAS 3402:Orion 3377:sloop 3243:Pegli 3185:left 2834:G.50s 2784:Udine 2776:Genoa 2764:Turin 2415:, or 2378:L3/35 2235:opere 1744:, in 1742:Rouen 1738:Somme 1595:Egypt 1583:Malta 1571:Savoy 1534:over 1451:with 1341:Turin 1325:Rhône 1034:Bulge 1023:Queen 865:Paula 859:Lille 825:Arras 810:Sedan 780:David 578:David 472:Cycle 446:Paula 440:Lille 401:Arras 379:Sedan 182:Italy 9970:link 9947:link 9909:ISBN 9873:Metz 9820:link 9788:link 9649:ISBN 9627:link 9480:2017 9453:2014 9426:2015 9401:2015 9376:2014 9149:ISBN 9089:2015 8707:link 8647:ISBN 8628:ISBN 8595:ISBN 8576:ISBN 8557:ISBN 8529:ISBN 8492:ISBN 8471:ISBN 8450:ISBN 8411:ISBN 8378:ISBN 8359:ISBN 8337:ISBN 8306:ISBN 8284:ISBN 8263:ISBN 8227:ISBN 8208:ISBN 8185:ISBN 8166:ISBN 8147:ISBN 8128:ISBN 8109:ISBN 8090:ISBN 8071:ISBN 8027:ISBN 7987:ISBN 7968:ISBN 7949:ISBN 7917:ISBN 7898:ISBN 7869:ISBN 7838:ISBN 7779:ISBN 7742:ISBN 7705:link 7672:ISBN 7649:ISBN 7634:link 7606:2018 7558:ISBN 7518:ISBN 7499:ISBN 4696:The 4685:pont 4640:The 4598:Lion 4569:Foch 4337:and 4265:See 4165:Iraq 4095:The 3821:Susa 3792:Susa 3755:Susa 3718:Susa 3716:and 3688:and 3596:and 3594:Séez 3489:was 3407:HMS 3405:and 3400:HMS 3373:Oran 3304:and 3298:Foch 3296:and 3277:and 3269:and 3219:and 3202:Foch 3113:and 3105:, a 3103:Foch 2844:and 2749:and 2712:and 2390:The 2288:and 2217:and 2041:and 2017:and 1952:and 1718:and 1609:and 1544:Nice 1471:and 1463:and 1443:and 1281:and 1232:The 1152:Ruhr 725:Mill 680:Saar 516:Mill 459:Alps 87:Date 67:The 10022:on 10011:on 9338:doi 9305:doi 9284:doi 9246:doi 9217:doi 9176:doi 9172:250 9045:doi 9024:doi 8980:doi 8959:doi 8930:doi 8926:154 8901:doi 8871:doi 8867:259 8844:doi 8840:230 8819:doi 8815:250 8786:doi 8765:doi 8761:250 8724:doi 7852:GUF 4503:bis 4310:GRT 3738:Arc 3423:in 3349:of 3286:MAS 3229:at 3209:in 2335:of 2296:of 2290:4th 2286:1st 2039:102 1518:at 594:Lys 10040:: 9981:. 9966:}} 9962:{{ 9943:}} 9939:{{ 9875:). 9816:}} 9812:{{ 9784:}} 9780:{{ 9765:97 9763:. 9693:22 9691:. 9623:}} 9619:{{ 9602:. 9470:. 9443:. 9416:. 9391:. 9366:. 9332:. 9311:. 9301:15 9299:. 9280:47 9278:. 9252:. 9242:24 9240:. 9223:. 9213:18 9211:. 9200:22 9198:. 9194:. 9170:. 9166:. 9136:22 9134:. 9130:. 9107:. 9103:. 9077:. 9066:64 9064:. 9060:. 9039:. 9018:. 9007:20 9005:. 8986:. 8976:11 8974:. 8955:70 8953:. 8936:. 8924:. 8907:. 8897:25 8895:. 8865:. 8861:. 8838:. 8834:. 8813:. 8809:. 8792:. 8780:. 8759:. 8755:. 8738:. 8730:. 8720:34 8718:. 8703:}} 8699:{{ 8679:21 8677:. 8673:. 7701:}} 7697:{{ 7630:}} 7626:{{ 7443:, 7373:^ 7344:^ 7305:^ 7284:^ 7269:^ 7252:^ 7237:^ 7162:^ 7147:^ 7132:^ 7117:^ 7040:^ 7025:^ 7010:^ 6989:^ 6974:^ 6941:^ 6924:^ 6905:^ 6852:^ 6819:^ 6804:^ 6785:^ 6770:^ 6755:^ 6714:^ 6640:^ 6625:^ 6544:^ 6517:^ 6490:^ 6475:^ 6456:^ 6417:^ 6358:^ 6295:^ 6274:^ 6247:^ 6194:^ 6155:^ 6140:^ 6125:^ 6088:^ 6067:^ 6040:^ 6019:^ 5944:^ 5929:^ 5914:^ 5889:^ 5874:^ 5857:^ 5722:^ 5693:^ 5676:^ 5591:^ 5572:^ 5553:^ 5498:^ 5471:^ 5456:^ 5369:^ 5342:^ 5313:^ 5260:^ 5219:^ 5060:^ 5045:^ 4970:^ 4907:^ 4892:^ 4757:^ 4614:, 4608:, 4604:, 4600:, 4596:, 4590:, 4586:, 4582:, 4563:, 4559:, 4171:. 3777:. 3745:. 3704:, 3700:, 3684:, 3592:, 3145:, 2981:. 2817:, 2590:) 2387:. 2190:. 2037:, 2035:77 2033:, 2031:58 2029:, 2027:51 2025:, 1756:. 1714:, 1642:. 1573:. 1475:. 1459:, 1455:, 1252:. 9985:. 9983:5 9972:) 9949:) 9917:. 9871:( 9822:) 9790:) 9695:. 9657:. 9629:) 9585:. 9482:. 9455:. 9428:. 9410:" 9403:. 9385:" 9378:. 9360:" 9344:. 9340:: 9334:7 9319:. 9307:: 9290:. 9286:: 9260:. 9248:: 9231:. 9219:: 9182:. 9178:: 9157:. 9109:1 9091:. 9051:. 9047:: 9041:9 9030:. 9026:: 9020:8 8994:. 8982:: 8965:. 8961:: 8944:. 8932:: 8915:. 8903:: 8879:. 8873:: 8852:. 8846:: 8825:. 8821:: 8800:. 8788:: 8782:9 8771:. 8767:: 8746:. 8726:: 8709:) 8655:. 8636:. 8603:. 8584:. 8565:. 8537:. 8518:. 8500:. 8479:. 8458:. 8419:. 8386:. 8367:. 8345:. 8314:. 8292:. 8271:. 8235:. 8216:. 8193:. 8174:. 8155:. 8136:. 8117:. 8098:. 8079:. 8035:. 7995:. 7976:. 7957:. 7925:. 7906:. 7877:. 7846:. 7787:. 7750:. 7726:. 7707:) 7680:. 7657:. 7636:) 7608:. 7566:. 7526:. 7507:. 7477:. 7447:. 7220:. 5717:. 4622:. 3945:( 3696:( 3495:R 3487:M 3483:R 3479:M 3469:( 3117:) 2994:R 2990:M 2986:B 2300:( 2263:. 2229:( 2174:. 1940:( 1383:; 647:e 640:t 633:v 337:e 330:t 323:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Italian invasion of France

Index