1667:
1130:
171:
1091:(pig), was designed by Tesei and Toschi during 1935 and 1936. By late 1939 about eleven were ready and in July 1940 the production version, Series 100, began to arrive. In 1941 the improved Series 200 became ready for use. The standard 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo with double propellers was changed to one larger propeller in a cowling; seats for a two-man crew were installed, with shields housing the controls. The SLC weighed 1.3–1.4 long tons (1.3–1.4 t) and was 22–24 ft (6.7–7.3 m) long. The 1.6 hp (1.2 kW) electric motor moved the
145:
1746:
157:
45:
1225:
1257:(MTM) tested in November 1940, was 20 ft (6.1 m) long. Both types carried an explosive charge of 660–730 lb (300–330 kg) in the bows at up to 31 kn (57 km/h; 36 mph). The MTM was fitted with a seat back/life raft behind the pilot for him to float on after dropping off the MTM, while waiting to be rescued. Twelve MTs were built and about forty MTMs. Early in 1941, a smaller
1535:
1045:
1277:
1808:. Faggioni, de Vito, Barberi, Cabrini, Tedeschi and Beccati were captured. The prisoners were well treated at first, Faggioni recalling that a British sailor said, "Good job, isn't it?" Later, Faggioni and his men were subjected to a mock firing squad, with an officer holding a black bandage in his hand. The prisoners were then taken back to prison.
1005:). The new force had a HQ, including a plans office and a weapons section. The surface assault boats and the training school (Lieutenant-Commander Giorgio Giobbe) were split from the human torpedoes and other underwater weapons (Lieutenant-Commander Junio Valerio Borghese) , captain of the Italian submarine
1842:
Please take statements from all men who were in boiler and engine rooms when the ship was struck on the 26th, also from any men who can bear witness as to the R.A.s who were lost, being in the engine room. I would like you also to make rough notes now, while events are fresh in your mind, of sequence
1687:
The MTMs made their way to the entrance of the bay where one MTM was obstructed by the net barrage but managed to get past and joined the rest of the formation near an islet in the mouth of the bay. At 04:30 on 26 March, Faggioni bypassed the inner net by going close to the shore and then moved along
1544:
Souda Bay (Suda Bay to the
British) is a naturally protected harbour on the north-western coast of the island of Crete, about 4.3 mi (7 km) long with a depth of 33–39 ft (10–12 m) at the mouth, increasing to 230–390 ft (70–120 m) further inside. The bay had been chosen
1314:
MAS boats, which by June 1940, had fifty Class 500 MAS and another 25 in 1941 in four versions. The Class 500 was 61 ft (18.7 m) long by 15 ft (4.7 m) wide at the beam, with a displacement of 21.7–28.9 long tons; 24.3–32.4 short tons (22–29.4 t). The MAS had a crew of 9 to
1715:
amidships. A hole had been blown in the side of the hull 25 ft × 11 ft (7.6 m × 3.4 m) upwards from the bilge keel. The side plating upwards of the bilge keel for 25 ft (7.6 m) and for 8 ft (2.4 m) below the bilge keel had been severely damaged. A9
1766:
was the inevitable consequence of using a base that was not adequately defended. The poor defences there limited its use to that of an advanced fuelling station, forcing the
Mediterranean Fleet to operate from Alexandria, 500 nmi (930 km; 580 mi) to the south. In 2015, Greene and
1699:, about 1,600 ft (500 m) away; Faggioni and another MTM pilot waited in reserve in case the attack failed. The fifth and sixth MTM pilots made ready to attack the merchant ships. Soon after 05:00, as dawn was breaking, the first two MTMs moved to about 980 ft (300 m) from
1657:
were
Alessio de Vito, Emilio Barberi, Angelo Cabrini, Tullio Tedeschi and Lino Beccati. The destroyers were to release the MTM 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) from the mouth of Souda Bay. At 23:30, the destroyers reached the launching point, quickly unloaded the MTM and turned for home.
1315:
13 men and had two 18 in (450 mm) torpedoes, 6–10 depth charges and a 13.2 mm (0.52 in) heavy machine-gun (replaced in 1941 with a Breda 20 mm cannon). The MAS could move at 44 kn (81 km/h; 51 mph) and had a range of 348–864 nmi (645–1,600 km).
982:(Special Weapons Section) from 1939. The detachment had a few officers at HQ, seven at a confidential base at Bocca di Serchio for human torpedo and frogman training and another six officers to pilot the assault motorboats, of which seven had been built, plus eleven human torpedoes.
1561:
On 24 March, aerial reconnaissance photographs showed a cruiser, two destroyers and twelve merchant ships at anchor in Souda Bay. Later information indicated one cruiser and eight merchant ships but by the time the operation, more ships had entered the bay. The heavy cruiser
1097:
at 2–3 nmi (3.7–5.6 km; 2.3–3.5 mi) at a maximum depth of 50 ft (15 m). At the target the crew detached a 6 ft (1.8 m)-long warhead with 510 to 570 lb (230 to 260 kg) of explosive, detonated by a timer. The
1180:
close to the target. The MTL had a range of only 60 nmi (110 km; 69 mi) cruising at 5 kn (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph), few were built and they were rarely used. Surface transport gave way to submarines; early in 1940 the
Italian
1898:
with electrical power, was abandoned due to the intensity of the air attacks, which damaged the submarine and forced her return to Egypt. The cruiser was evacuated and her main guns were wrecked with demolition charges by her crew before the
1882:
was disabled and run aground, though her anti-aircraft guns still provided air defence to the harbour. On 21 March two divers assessing damage were killed by a near miss during an air raid. A salvage operation involving the submarine,
1787:
were grounded and the other MTM missed their targets, one being stranded on the beach. Anti-aircraft guns around the base opened fire under the impression that the base was under air attack. The six MTM pilots were awarded the
1758:, the British official historian of the Mediterranean campaign, wrote in 1956 that the attack was the first of Italian unconventional operation and that took skill and bravery. The British official historian of the Royal Navy,
1774:
The six pilots were captured and an MTM was recovered undamaged; while being inspected there was an explosion, wounding a
British officer and damaging the vehicle. The Italians claimed hits that sank another tanker and
1688:
it, towards the centre of the bay, the MTM pilots using oars to move quietly. Faggioni called the boats together and resumed the advance towards the third net barrage, about 3 nmi (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) away.
1716:
and 8B 9 boiler rooms and the forward engine rooms were immediately flooded, with slow flooding in the after engine room and compartments nearby. Steam, lighting and power was lost and the cruiser was immobilised.
1703:
and waited for another fifteen minutes for the sky to clear, then sped towards the cruiser, the pilots abandoning their MTM about 260 ft (80 m) from the ship. At 05:11 the officer of the watch on
762:
1695:
entered the bay, causing the MTM crews to think that they had been discovered. The MTM then had to wait until there was enough natural light to attack. Faggioni briefed the pilots; two were to attack
1104:
crews the Gamma frogmen wore
Belloni rubberised suits with a closed-circuit re-breathing apparatus to avoid bubbles. The Gamma frogmen carried explosive charges, five 9.9 lb (4.5 kg)
2629:
2664:
2654:
1711:
An explosion occurred amidships on the starboard side, killing two members of the crew. The ship took on a list to starboard and settled by the stern. The two MTMs had exploded against
1838:
war log, recovered by
Italian naval officers who boarded the half-sunk cruiser after the capture of Crete. A message from Portal, the captain to his Chief Engineering Officer read,
1263:
was built with a height of 3 ft 9 in (1.14 m) to fit inside the deck cylinders of submarines with the same explosive charge but they were never used in this manner.
279:
1156:
had a range of only 4 nmi (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) at full speed and a maximum of 15 nmi (28 km; 17 mi) at cruising speed. The modified destroyers
1907:
was taken in tow by destroyers but broke in two during a storm and was sunk by gunfire on 14 April 1941 35 nmi (65 km; 40 mi) north-west of
Alexandria.
1061:
1923:
Students at the Gamma training school, which began in
September 1940, had a stringent ten-month course; about fifty graduates undertook operations during the war.
1589:
2649:
1606:
1616:
1294:(MTS, torpedo motorboat), was a small boat carrying one or two modified 450 mm (18 in) torpedoes, the MTS being more manoeuvrable than the usual
864:
2475:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO.
989:
and in August attempts to use the unconventional weapons began, with little success and the capture of
Giorgini in October. On 23 January 1941 Commander
1596:
971:
272:
93:
949:
774:
899:, Alessio de Vito, Emilio Barberi, Angelo Cabrini, Tullio Tedeschi and Lino Beccati were taken prisoner and were later awarded the Italian
1174:(MTL, slow transport motorboat) was a wooden-hulled boat 28 ft (8.5 m) long by 9 ft 6 in (2.9 m) wide, to carry
265:
1732:
of the base opened fire randomly, believing that the base was under air attack. The six pilots were captured, along with an intact MTM.
2614:
2508:
2674:
960:
and resumed testing in May. The Ethiopian defeat in 1936 ended the tests but work on assault boats continued. On 28 September 1938,
1302:. The first MTS, of early 1941, could reach 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) with a range of 85 nmi (158 km). The
891:
was sunk in shallow waters. Most of its oil was recovered and the ship eventually was to be refloated, only to founder on tow to
584:
681:
377:
2560:
2533:
2480:
2461:
2442:
2407:
2365:
2346:
1791:
1157:
834:
2598:
2579:
2384:
2327:
2308:
1863:
attacked the ship. Damage on the superstructure of the ship was caused by British demolition charges rather than by
1163:
840:
1545:
as a target by the X-MAS months before, because it had become a busy anchorage for the refuelling of ships of the
637:
1848:
1708:
heard the sound of an engine, mistook it for an aircraft and before he could raise the alarm the ship was hit.
603:
1629:
from Operation MC 9, escorting Convoy MW 6 to Malta, at 14:00 on 25 March. On the night of 25/26 March 1941,
475:
313:
2499:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th ed.). London: HMSO.
1843:
of damage reports and appreciations as time went on. Also a log of events since we started pumping out. R.P.
900:
670:
2669:
860:
846:
442:
326:
289:
32:
2553:
The Black Prince and The Sea Devils: The Story of Valerio Borghese and the Elite units of the Decima Mas
1150:
and SLCs needed transport close to the target because the re-breather lasted no more than six hours and
2684:
2644:
1182:
1066:
941:
753:
629:
391:
1006:
985:
On 24 February 1940, the 1st MAS Flotilla and the Special Weapons Section was taken over by Commander
332:
708:
650:
495:
483:
1855:
during the occupation of Crete, before the Germans arrived and recovered records which showed that
1200:
1193:
transport. The maximum depth of submersion was only 98 ft (30 m); Italian submarine
536:
57:
1251:(little boats) were guilt in late 1938, six MT being delivered in early 1939. An improved version
2679:
2659:
1436:
1194:
691:
462:
356:
2303:. Classics of Naval Literature. Translated by Cleugh, James. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute.
1602:
1392:
940:
in small boat warfare lay dormant between 1918 and the diplomatic crisis with Britain over the
870:
818:
507:
435:
410:
223:
1666:
976:(1st Torpedo Motorboat Flotilla), based at La Spezia, to establish a research department (the
1129:
927:
657:
597:
489:
2494:
1211:
cylinders could be flooded, allowing the boat to reach a depth of 295 ft (90 m).
589:
423:
343:
8:
1570:
990:
829:, during the early hours of 26 March 1941. The MTM explosive boats had been ferried from
741:
736:
686:
645:
560:
454:
2418:
H. M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action, 3rd September, 1939 to 2nd September, 1945
1729:
1576:
1382:
1168:, had carried the MTM used in the successful Raid on Souda Bay (25/26 March 1941). The
624:
576:
552:
544:
513:
337:
2594:
2575:
2556:
2529:
2500:
2476:
2457:
2438:
2421:
2403:
2402:] (in Italian). Translated by Alverà, Emanuela. Milano: Mondadori Editore S.p.A.
2380:
2361:
2342:
2323:
2304:
726:
676:
529:
467:
370:
87:
2473:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)
2064:
2062:
1679:
662:
521:
404:
36:
2624:
2619:
2454:
The World's Merchant Fleets 1939: The Particulars and Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships
2490:
1900:
1884:
1759:
1582:
1368:
1297:
1281:
1018:
881:
696:
611:
568:
448:
383:
348:
247:
198:
189:
2059:
2121:
2119:
1654:
1550:
1116:, (little trunks) and attached them to a ship's hull, with a timed detonation.
986:
957:
896:
416:
306:
194:
150:
257:
2638:
2504:
2253:
1563:
1199:
was converted in July 1940 but was sunk on 21 August. Italian submarine
853:
850:
767:
721:
701:
362:
239:
176:
108:
95:
50:
2425:
2116:
2035:
1755:
1745:
935:
812:
731:
963:
945:
1088:
1891:
1638:
1546:
892:
830:
804:
2011:
1965:
1963:
1825:
1529:
953:
822:
83:
2358:
Italian Navy & Air Force Elite Units & Special Forces1940–45
845:
and launched at the approaches to the bay. After crossing the three
44:
2170:
1987:
1960:
1771:
was the first success of the MTM which vindicated them as weapons.
320:
1948:
2471:
Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).
2198:
2160:
2158:
1358:
1332:
2435:
The Third Reich is Listening: Inside German Codebreaking 1939–45
1999:
1975:
1224:
2186:
1936:
1534:
162:
2155:
2047:
1044:
909:). A MTM was recovered undamaged by the British and studied.
895:, breaking up and being sunk by gunfire. The six MTM pilots,
826:
1553:
had spotted a number of naval and merchant ships at anchor.
2420:. London: Admiralty: Director of Naval Construction. 1952.
2665:
Italian naval victories in the battle of the Mediterranean
2655:
Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
2276:
1834:
but the matter was resolved by British records and by the
1276:
2264:
2094:
2092:
1017:
remained at La Spezia and an advanced base was set up in
2222:
2104:
1691:
Two searchlights tuned on as the anti-aircraft cruiser
2400:
The Black Prince: Junio Valerio Borghese and the X Mas
2210:
2143:
2131:
2089:
2079:
2077:
880:, which took on a list and was towed by the destroyer
2023:
2341:(2nd rev. ed.). London: Arms and Armour Press.
2234:
1867:
bombs. In 2001, David Thomas attributed the loss of
1728:
was severely damaged and settled on the bottom. The
1641:, each carrying three 2 long tons (2.0 t) MTM (
2396:
Il Principe Nero: Junio Valerio Borghese e la X Mas
2360:. Elite (No. 191) (ePub ed.). Oxford: Osprey.
2355:
2074:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1954:
1942:
2456:(2nd ed.). London: Chatham/Lionel Leventhal.
2301:Sea Devils: Italian Navy Commandos in World War II
1539:Crete, Souda Bay is on the north coast to the west
1119:
1724:and beached in 27 ft (8.2 m) of water.
785:¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission
2636:
2630:RN Ships Damaged or Sunk in the Second World War
2550:
2393:
2374:
2204:
2192:
2164:
2125:
2068:
2053:
1324:equipment (Data from Crociani and Battistelli )
1205:was sunk on 30 September, even though the three
787:² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission
287:
1549:, tankers and other support ships. Recent air
2650:Naval battles of World War II involving Italy
2551:Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (2004).
2394:Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (2015).
2377:The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943
2375:Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (2002).
1817:
1789:
1648:
1642:
1505:
1488:
1471:
1454:
1434:
1424:
1410:
1390:
1366:
1345:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1230:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1188:
1175:
1169:
1151:
1145:
1135:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1035:
1025:
1012:
1000:
994:
993:replaced Giorgini and on 15 March formed the
977:
969:
961:
933:
918:
904:
817:that used unconventional weapons. X-MAS used
810:
802:
273:
1823:
1750:Aerial view of Souda Bay from the north-east
1605:) an RAF flying boat tender and the tankers
996:Decima Flottiglia Motoscafi Armati Siluranti
1830:argued over the credit for the sinking of
1034:
944:1935–1936. In 1935 and early 1936, Captain
999:(10th Flotilla, Torpedo Armed Motorboats,
280:
266:
2588:
2569:
2416:
2356:Crociani, P.; Battistelli, P. P. (2013).
2110:
1437:Motoscafo da Turismo Silurante Modificato
1140:to be attached to the deck of a submarine
1110:(bedbugs) or two 26 lb (12 kg)
16:Boat Assault on Royal Navy ships in Crete
2470:
2379:(repr. pbk. ed.). London: Chatham.
2317:
2298:
2270:
2228:
2216:
2180:
2137:
2029:
1744:
1665:
1533:
1275:
1223:
1128:
1043:
2496:The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive
2489:
2432:
2149:
2098:
1336:
1328:
1024:
248:
199:
167:
2637:
2523:
2451:
2282:
2240:
2176:
2041:
1331:
1087:(SLC, slow speed torpedo), known as a
2511:from the original on 27 February 2022
2336:
2322:. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute.
2083:
2044:, pp. 14, 83, 98, 334, 448, 495.
1767:Massignani wrote that the sinking of
1446:Improved explosive assault motorboat
1266:
821:(MTM) against British ships lying in
261:
2615:"Attack to Suda Bay" RegiaMarina.net
1874:
1811:
1804:Two British sailors were killed on
13:
2544:
1871:to X-MAS rather than the Germans.
1851:, wrote that he had gone on board
809:(X-MAS), a specialist unit of the
14:
2696:
2608:
2574:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
2493:(1957) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).
1762:, wrote in 1957 that the loss of
1405:Explosive assault boat, 12 built
2675:Maritime incidents in March 1941
2593:. Wellesley, MA: Branden Books.
2572:The Italian Navy in World War II
2555:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.
2320:The Italian Navy in World War II
2071:, pp. 78, 81–82, 80, 83–84.
1792:Medaglia d'oro al valor militare
906:Medaglia d'oro al valor militare
169:
155:
143:
43:
2339:Warship Losses of World War Two
2318:Bragadin, Marc'Antonio (1957).
2254:"HMS York (90) [+1941]"
2246:
2018:Crociani & Battistelli 2013
2006:Crociani & Battistelli 2013
1994:Crociani & Battistelli 2013
1982:Crociani & Battistelli 2013
1970:Crociani & Battistelli 2013
1955:Crociani & Battistelli 2013
1943:Crociani & Battistelli 2013
849:, the MTM attacked the British
217:5 tankers and fleet auxiliaries
2528:. Athens: Efstathiadis Group.
1917:
1847:In 1957, the retired admiral,
1682:flying boat lands between them
1:
2625:HMS York at Naval History.Net
2526:Crete 1941, the Battle at Sea
2299:Borghese, J. Valerio (1995).
2291:
1799:
917:
912:
2205:Greene & Massignani 2015
2193:Greene & Massignani 2002
2165:Greene & Massignani 2015
2128:, pp. 81–82, 80, 83–84.
2126:Greene & Massignani 2015
2069:Greene & Massignani 2015
2054:Greene & Massignani 2015
1930:
1779:. The British reported that
1735:
1637:departed from the island of
1575:, the anti-aircraft cruiser
1523:
1511:
1494:
1477:
1460:
1442:
1416:
1398:
1374:
1351:
901:Gold Medal of Military Valor
7:
2589:Schofield, William (2004).
2433:Jenning, Christian (2018).
1740:
1498:Improved torpedo motorboat
1473:Motoscafo turismo silurante
291:Battle of the Mediterranean
33:Battle of the Mediterranean
10:
2701:
2452:Jordan, Roger W. (2006) .
1720:was towed to the shore by
1621:(8,324 GRT) were present.
1556:
1527:
1517:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1433:
1422:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1389:
1380:
1377:
1369:Motoscafo armato silurante
1365:
1357:
1354:
1344:
1298:Motoscafo armato silurante
1282:Motoscafo armato silurante
952:tested a human torpedo in
942:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
925:
2570:Sadkovich, James (1994).
1661:
1647:), the six pilots led by
1456:Motoscafo turismo ridotto
1420:Slow transport motorboat
1412:Motoscafo trasporto lento
1171:Motoscafo trasporto lento
1122:Motoscafo trasporto lento
783:
299:
230:
207:
183:
136:
66:
42:
30:
25:
1910:
1464:Small assault motorboat
1378:Armed torpedo motorboat
2524:Thomas, David (2001) .
1062:Sacrario delle Bandiere
2591:Frogmen: First Battles
2437:. Oxford: Bloomsbury.
2337:Brown, David (1995) .
1849:Marc' Antonio Bragadin
1845:
1824:
1818:
1790:
1752:
1684:
1649:
1643:
1541:
1506:
1489:
1472:
1455:
1435:
1425:
1411:
1391:
1367:
1346:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1216:
1207:
1189:
1176:
1170:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1036:
1026:
1013:
1001:
995:
978:
970:
962:
934:
919:
905:
811:
803:
184:Commanders and leaders
2620:HMS York at Uboat.net
1840:
1748:
1669:
1537:
1381:Similar to a British
1361:sabotage specialists
1279:
1245:(MT) became known as
1227:
1132:
1047:
979:Sezione Armi Speciali
928:Decima Flottiglia MAS
801:was an attack by the
231:Casualties and losses
109:35.48333°N 24.13806°E
2285:, pp. 334, 563.
1859:had sunk before the
1569:, the light cruiser
1337:English translation
932:The interest of the
1650:Tenente di vascello
1515:Slow human torpedo
1325:
991:Vittorio Moccagatta
682:Strait of Bonifacio
224:motor assault boats
105: /
2670:World War II raids
1890:, dispatched from
1753:
1730:anti-aircraft guns
1685:
1542:
1507:Siluro lenta corsa
1481:Torpedo motorboat
1402:Leisure motorboat
1383:Motor torpedo boat
1318:
1286:
1237:
1143:
1084:Siluro lenta corsa
1079:
1073:delle Forze Armate
1037:Siluro lenta corsa
833:by the destroyers
114:35.48333; 24.13806
2685:March 1941 events
2645:Conflicts in 1941
2562:978-0-306-81311-5
2535:978-9-60-226085-2
2482:978-1-84574-066-5
2463:978-1-86176-293-1
2444:978-1-4728-2952-8
2409:978-8-85-208209-2
2367:978-1-78096-372-3
2348:978-1-85409-278-6
2273:, pp. 83–84.
2207:, pp. 83–84.
1996:, pp. 13–14.
1972:, pp. 12–13.
1875:Subsequent events
1625:had arrived with
1521:
1520:
1393:Motoscafo turismo
1242:Motoscafo turismo
1217:Motoscafo turismo
1187:began tests as a
799:Raid on Souda Bay
792:
791:
256:
255:
132:
131:
88:Mediterranean Sea
26:Raid on Souda Bay
2692:
2604:
2585:
2566:
2539:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2486:
2467:
2448:
2429:
2413:
2390:
2371:
2352:
2333:
2314:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1957:, pp. 8–10.
1952:
1946:
1940:
1924:
1921:
1829:
1821:
1812:Axis controversy
1795:
1652:
1646:
1615:(8,271 GRT) and
1595:(5,934 GRT) and
1581:, the destroyer
1509:
1492:
1475:
1458:
1440:
1428:
1414:
1396:
1372:
1349:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1308:was assisted by
1307:
1301:
1293:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1234:
1219:
1210:
1192:
1179:
1173:
1159:Francesco Crispi
1155:
1149:
1139:
1134:Container for a
1124:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1086:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1054:
1039:
1029:
1016:
1004:
998:
981:
975:
967:
939:
922:
908:
836:Francesco Crispi
816:
808:
392:Cape Spartivento
294:
292:
282:
275:
268:
259:
258:
250:
201:
179:
175:
173:
172:
161:
159:
158:
149:
147:
146:
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
68:
67:
47:
37:Second World War
23:
22:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2635:
2634:
2611:
2601:
2582:
2563:
2547:
2545:Further reading
2542:
2536:
2514:
2512:
2483:
2464:
2445:
2410:
2387:
2368:
2349:
2330:
2311:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:, p. 334;
2175:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1901:Battle of Crete
1877:
1814:
1802:
1760:Stephen Roskill
1751:
1743:
1738:
1683:
1664:
1559:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1429:(little boats)
1284:
1274:
1235:
1222:
1181:submarine
1141:
1127:
1077:
1064:
1042:
1032:
1019:Augusta, Sicily
930:
924:
915:
819:explosive boats
795:
794:
793:
788:
786:
779:
775:U-boat Campaign
759:
295:
290:
288:
286:
242:
237:
221:
216:
214:
190:Reginald Portal
170:
168:
156:
154:
153:
144:
142:
128:Italian victory
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
90:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2680:Military raids
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:1941 in Greece
2657:
2652:
2647:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2609:External links
2607:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2586:
2580:
2567:
2561:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2521:
2491:Roskill, S. W.
2487:
2481:
2468:
2462:
2449:
2443:
2430:
2414:
2408:
2391:
2385:
2372:
2366:
2353:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2315:
2309:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2245:
2233:
2231:, p. 279.
2221:
2209:
2197:
2195:, p. 141.
2185:
2169:
2154:
2152:, p. 424.
2142:
2130:
2115:
2111:Admiralty 1952
2103:
2101:, p. 158.
2088:
2073:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1959:
1947:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1876:
1873:
1813:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1655:Luigi Faggioni
1558:
1555:
1551:reconnaissance
1538:
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:MTS modificato
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1165:Quintino Sella
1133:
1126:
1118:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1023:
987:Mario Giorgini
972:Flottiglia MAS
968:ordered the I
958:Tyrrhenian Sea
926:Main article:
923:
916:
914:
911:
897:Luigi Faggioni
842:Quintino Sella
790:
789:
784:
781:
780:
778:
777:
772:
771:
770:
763:Allied convoys
758:
757:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
713:
712:
709:Cape Bougaroun
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
684:
679:
674:
671:Messina convoy
668:
660:
655:
648:
643:
635:
627:
616:
615:
609:
601:
595:
587:
582:
574:
565:
558:
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519:
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228:
227:
218:
210:
209:
205:
204:
195:Luigi Faggioni
192:
186:
185:
181:
180:
165:
151:United Kingdom
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
82:
80:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
40:
39:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2697:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2600:0-8283-2088-8
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2581:0-313-28797-X
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2510:
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2502:
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2484:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2386:1-86176-190-2
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2329:0-405-13031-7
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2310:1-55750-072-X
2306:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2271:Borghese 1995
2267:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2243:, p. 56.
2242:
2237:
2230:
2229:Bragadin 1957
2225:
2219:, p. 83.
2218:
2217:Borghese 1995
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2183:, p. 80.
2182:
2181:Borghese 1995
2178:
2173:
2167:, p. 80.
2166:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2140:, p. 61.
2139:
2138:Playfair 2004
2134:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2113:, p. 59.
2112:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2086:, p. 42.
2085:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2056:, p. 78.
2055:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2032:, p. 77.
2031:
2030:Borghese 1995
2026:
2019:
2014:
2008:, p. 15.
2007:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1984:, p. 12.
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
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1714:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1659:
1656:
1653:(Lieutenant)
1651:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1611:(8,120 GRT),
1610:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1536:
1531:
1508:
1503:
1491:
1486:
1474:
1469:
1457:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1413:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1254:MT Modificato
1249:
1243:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1003:
997:
992:
988:
983:
980:
974:
973:
966:
965:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
937:
929:
921:
910:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:and beached;
886:
885:
879:
874:
872:
868:
867:
862:
858:
857:
852:
851:heavy cruiser
848:
847:boom defences
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
814:
807:
806:
800:
782:
776:
773:
769:
768:Malta convoys
766:
765:
764:
761:
760:
755:
752:
751:
750:
749:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
710:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
656:
654:
653:
649:
647:
644:
641:
640:
636:
633:
632:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
620:
613:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
583:
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:
571:
566:
564:
563:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
506:
505:
504:
503:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:Grand Harbour
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
439:
438:
434:
432:
429:
427:
426:
422:
420:
419:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
393:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
376:
374:
373:
369:
366:
365:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:
347:
345:
342:
339:
336:
334:
333:Mers-el-Kébir
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
317:
316:
312:
310:
309:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
283:
278:
276:
271:
269:
264:
263:
260:
251:
245:
241:
240:heavy cruiser
235:
234:
229:
225:
219:
212:
211:
206:
202:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
182:
178:
166:
164:
152:
141:
140:
135:
127:
124:
123:
118:
89:
85:
81:
78:
77:
74:26 March 1941
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:
46:
41:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2590:
2571:
2552:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2495:
2472:
2453:
2434:
2417:
2399:
2395:
2376:
2357:
2338:
2319:
2300:
2278:
2266:
2258:wrecksite.eu
2257:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2172:
2150:Roskill 1957
2145:
2133:
2106:
2099:Jenning 2018
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1950:
1945:, p. 8.
1938:
1919:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1819:Regia Marina
1815:
1805:
1803:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1756:Ian Playfair
1754:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:(8,427
1597:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1543:
1449:Forty built
1347:Uomini Gamma
1311:Regia Marina
1291:MT Siluranti
1287:
1269:MT Siluranti
1238:
1201:
1195:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1144:
1080:
1007:
984:
950:Elios Toschi
948:and Captain
936:Regia Marina
931:
888:
883:
877:
876:Two MTM hit
875:
869:(8,324
865:
855:
841:
835:
813:Regia Marina
798:
796:
754:Ligurian Sea
747:
746:
715:
714:
663:
651:
638:
630:
618:
617:
604:
590:
577:
569:
567:
561:
553:
545:
537:
530:
522:
514:
501:
500:
476:
468:
455:
436:
430:
424:
417:
411:Convoy AN 14
398:
397:
384:
371:
363:
357:Cape Passero
349:
314:
307:
301:
220:2 destroyers
137:Belligerents
58:
52:
49:The hulk of
31:Part of the
18:
2283:Jordan 2006
2241:Thomas 2001
2177:Jordan 2006
2042:Jordan 2006
2020:, Endpaper.
1678:beached; a
1613:Marie Mærsk
1065: [
964:Supermarina
946:Teseo Tesei
646:Pantelleria
215:1 destroyer
112: /
2639:Categories
2292:References
2084:Brown 1995
1894:to assist
1892:Alexandria
1800:Casualties
1680:Sunderland
1639:Astypalaia
1627:Gloucester
1592:Cherryleaf
1572:Gloucester
1547:Royal Navy
1355:Gamma Men
1321:Decima MAS
1305:Decima MAS
1260:MT Ridotto
1239:The first
1232:Decima MAS
1027:Decima MAS
1014:Decima MAS
1002:Decima MAS
920:Decima MAS
913:Background
893:Alexandria
831:Astypalaia
805:Decima MAS
687:Dodecanese
639:Campobasso
591:Portcullis
496:Alexandria
425:Abstention
344:Cape Spada
213:3 cruisers
100:24°08′17″E
2505:881709135
1931:Footnotes
1885:HMS
1865:Luftwaffe
1861:Luftwaffe
1826:Luftwaffe
1736:Aftermath
1608:Desmoulea
1590:RFA
1583:HMS
1564:HMS
1530:Souda Bay
1524:Souda Bay
1423:Known as
1030:equipment
954:La Spezia
882:HMS
861:Norwegian
854:HMS
823:Souda Bay
742:La Ciotat
737:Port Cros
727:Santorini
562:Agreement
508:2nd Sirte
490:1st Sirte
456:Substance
431:Souda Bay
246:6 (
97:35°29′0″N
84:Souda Bay
62:alongside
51:HMS
2509:Archived
2426:38570200
1905:Pericles
1822:and the
1785:Pericles
1777:Pericles
1741:Analysis
1726:Pericles
1693:Coventry
1676:Pericles
1644:barchini
1618:Pericles
1578:Calcutta
1426:Barchini
1248:barchini
1220:(MT/MTM)
1184:Ametista
1113:bauletti
889:Pericles
866:Pericles
859:and the
578:Stoneage
554:Pedestal
546:Vigorous
515:Calendar
477:Duisburg
388: ¹
338:Calabria
321:Club Run
243:1 tanker
236:2 killed
208:Strength
79:Location
2515:29 July
1557:Prelude
1359:Frogmen
1333:Acronym
1229:MTM of
1076:, Rome.
1055:at the
1049:A SLC (
956:on the
863:tanker
625:Zuwarah
612:Algiers
605:Olterra
538:Harpoon
531:Albumen
469:Halberd
437:Matapan
378:Otranto
372:Taranto
222:6 MTM (
197: (
35:of the
2597:
2578:
2559:
2532:
2503:
2479:
2460:
2441:
2424:
2406:
2383:
2364:
2345:
2326:
2307:
1662:Attack
1631:Crispi
1598:Dumana
1385:(MTB)
1340:Notes
1208:maiali
1202:Gondar
1190:maiale
1177:maiali
1153:maiali
1147:Maiali
1137:maiale
1107:cimici
1101:maiale
1094:maiale
1089:Maiale
1052:Maiale
692:Rhodes
677:Bastia
664:Scylla
652:Sicily
598:Skerki
585:Toulon
523:Bowery
443:Tarigo
405:Excess
327:Espero
174:
163:Norway
160:
148:
125:Result
2398:[
1911:Notes
1887:Rover
1722:Hasty
1635:Sella
1585:Hasty
1495:MTSM
1329:Name
1272:(MTS)
1196:Iride
1125:(MTL)
1069:]
1058:Museo
1040:(SLC)
1008:Scirè
884:Hasty
827:Crete
697:Leros
631:Cigno
570:Torch
449:Crete
418:Genoa
385:White
350:Hurry
315:Malta
177:Italy
59:Sirio
56:with
2595:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2517:2024
2501:OCLC
2477:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2422:OCLC
2404:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2305:ISBN
1896:York
1880:York
1869:York
1857:York
1853:York
1836:York
1832:York
1816:The
1806:York
1783:and
1781:York
1769:York
1764:York
1718:York
1713:York
1706:York
1701:York
1697:York
1674:and
1672:York
1633:and
1623:York
1566:York
1512:SLC
1478:MTS
1461:MTR
1443:MTM
1417:MTL
1375:MAS
1288:The
1162:and
1081:The
878:York
856:York
839:and
797:The
748:1945
732:Symi
716:1944
658:Gela
619:1943
502:1942
399:1941
308:Vado
302:1940
71:Date
53:York
1603:GRT
1399:MT
873:).
871:GRT
722:Ist
702:Kos
484:Bon
364:MB8
249:POW
200:POW
2641::
2507:.
2256:.
2157:^
2118:^
2091:^
2076:^
2061:^
1962:^
1903:.
1796:.
1588:,
1352:—
1067:it
1021:.
1011:.
825:,
492:¹²
340:¹²
329:¹²
238:1
86:,
2603:.
2584:.
2565:.
2538:.
2519:.
2485:.
2466:.
2447:.
2428:.
2412:.
2389:.
2370:.
2351:.
2332:.
2313:.
2260:.
903:(
756:¹
711:¹
673:²
667:²
642:²
634:²
614:¹
608:¹
600:²
594:¹
581:¹
557:¹
549:¹
541:¹
526:¹
518:¹
510:¹
486:²
480:²
472:¹
459:¹
451:²
445:²
413:¹
407:¹
394:¹
380:²
367:¹
359:¹
353:¹
323:¹
281:e
274:t
267:v
252:)
226:)
203:)
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