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Cross) ensigned with an
Imperial Crown proper; the third of the first a Maltese Cross of the fourth, surmounted by a like Imperial Crown; the fourth of the third, on a Perch wreathed Vert and Gules an Australian Piping Shrike displayed also proper; the fifth also Or a Swan naiant to the sinister Sable; the last of the first, a Lion passant of the second, the whole within a Bordure Ermine; for the Crest on a Wreath Or and Azure A Seven-pointed Star Or, and for Supporters dexter a Kangaroo, sinister an Emu, both proper.
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Senators and
Federal Members of the Australian Parliament may also use the Arms in the course of their duties as Parliamentarians. The coat of arms should never be used where it could wrongly imply a formal guarantee, sponsorship or endorsement by the Commonwealth. Use of the arms by private citizens or organisations is rarely permitted; however, there are provisions for use by sporting bodies and in educational publications. Use of the coat of arms without permission may breach the
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The coat of arms has appeared on
Australian coinage since the coins for the Australian pound were minted in the early 20th century. Until 1936, the 1908 coat of arms featured on the reverse of all silver coins in regular circulation(3d, 6d, 1'/, 2'/). After 1936, the current coat of arms was featured
701:
on the shield. The new coat of arms removed the bed of grass beneath the shield and changed the scroll to read simply "Australia". The colours in the wreath were also changed from blue and white to blue and gold. A background of two sprays of golden wattle was added, but it has never been an official
762:
The
Commonwealth Coat of Arms is the formal symbol of the Commonwealth of Australia that signifies Commonwealth authority and ownership. The Arms are used by Australian Government departments and agencies, statutory and non-statutory authorities, the Parliament and Commonwealth courts and tribunals.
308:
Australian animals large enough to be positioned together in scale holding up the shield. They symbolise progress and the nation moving forward as neither animal can easily walk backwards. Director of the
Parliament House Art Collection, Justine Van Mourik has claimed that the kangaroo is, and must
498:
Azure on an
Inescutcheon Argent upon a Cross of St. George cottised of the field five six pointed Stars of the second (representing the Constellation of the Southern Cross) all within an Orle of Inescutcheons of the second, each charged with a Chevron Gules, And for the Crest on the wreath of the
487:
Quarterly of six, the first quarter Argent a Cross Gules charged with a Lion passant guardant between on each limb a Mullet of eight points Or; the second Azure five
Mullets, one of eight, two of seven, one of six and one of five points of the first (representing the Constellation of the Southern
640:
using its foot to help the kangaroo to support the shield, all on a bed of green grass with a scroll containing the motto "Advance
Australia". The selection of the kangaroo, the emu and the words, "Advance Australia" were tied together symbolically. The shield had a white background, with a red
324:, though the representation of the species is not botanically accurate. At the bottom is a scroll that contains the name of the nation. While almost always depicted, these elements are technically optional artistic flourishes as they are not described in the royal warrant for the arms.
569:
Azure on an
Inescutcheon Argent upon a Cross of St. George cottised of the field five six pointed Stars of the second (representing the Constellation of the Southern Cross) all within an Orle of Inescutcheons of the second, each charged with a Chevron
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The emu and kangaroo are so built that they hardly fit into the heraldic atmosphere, and I think we make ourselves ridiculous when we endeavour to carry on the traditions of the Old World with some of the wild creations of our
Australian
821:
Australians are sometimes erroneously claimed to be the only people who eat the animals on their coat of arms, and the combination of both kangaroo and emu meat in a single dish such as pie or pizza is known as the Coat of Arms.
692:
Despite objections, the kangaroo and emu now not having its leg up remained the shield bearers in the new coat of arms and were modified to appear more realistic. The principal reason for the redesign was the concern that
1844:
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on the reverse of the Florin (2'/), while the 1908 arms remained on the sixpence (6d). Since decimalisation in 1966, the current coat of arms has featured on the reverse of both variants of the 50-cent coin.
273:. Six of the points on the star represent the original six states, while the seventh point represents the combined territories and any future states of Australia. In its entirety the shield represents the
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to represent British and Irish settlers. These arms were used by the government and appeared on the sixpence coin from 1910 until 1963, and the threepence, shilling and florin from 1910 to 1936.
1716:
989:
740:) to consider a redesign of the arms. While not wishing to change the major elements, the government "was anxious" to add a crown and remove the golden wattle (for ease of reproduction).
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Colours A seven pointed star Or—And for supporters On a compartment of grass to the dexter, a Kangaroo, to the sinster an Emu both proper, together with the motto "Advance Australia".
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featuring a red chevron on white, representing the six states. The Scottish Patriotic Association was vocally opposed to the shield's design, noting that it should display the
1836:
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The 1908 arms were redesigned in 1911, and officially granted by George V on 19 September 1912. The redesign spurred much debate in Parliament. The member of Parliament for
1674:
1240:
818:). A more stylised version is used as a badge of rank for Warrant Officer of the Navy, Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army and Warrant Officer of the Air Force.
777:
617:, the first official coat of arms of Australia was granted by King Edward VII on 7 May 1908. The original design is thought to have been inspired by the 1805
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have never been designated as official animal emblems of the nation. They owe their unofficial recognition to the fact that they are
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is the focal point of the coat of arms, contained within is the badge of each Australian state, the whole surrounded by an
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part of the armorial bearings, although later golden wattle was proclaimed Australia's national flower on 19 August 1988.
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179:. It depicts a shield, containing symbols of Australia's six states, and is held up by native Australian animals, the
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There is a full colour version and nine heraldically correct official versions exist for single-colour reproduction.
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on 19 September 1912, although the 1908 version continued to be used in some contexts, notably appearing on the
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1837:"Kangaroo: A Love-Hate Story Examines Australians' Relationship With the National Icon They Both Love and Eat"
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It consisted of a shield in the centre, the seven pointed star on a wreath as the crest above it, and a
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304:(found only on that continent), and likely chosen because they are the most well-known
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MP also suggested that the arms be reissued as a version of the royal arms, like the
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1485:. No. 10, 423. New South Wales, Australia. 4 April 1908. p. 7 – via
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1393:"Warrant Granting Armorial Ensigns and Supporters to the Commonwealth of Australia"
1156:
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67:
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on 19 September 1912, that officially granted the arms. The blazon is as follows:
370:
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1943:
1733:
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1448:. No. 9097. New South Wales, Australia. 27 July 1908. p. 8 – via
1314:
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341:
250:
238:
1899:"A Half Kangaroo, Half Emu Pizza Is A Unique and Delicious Reality In Australia"
1002:
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1949:
Online Exhibition commemorating the Centenary of the NSW Coat of Arms 1906–2006
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681:
621:, which showed the rose, shamrock and thistle supported by a kangaroo and emu.
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none, the name of the country is written on a scroll in commonly used versions
41:
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were not individually represented; that was achieved by showing each state's
434:
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77:
27:
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Australian Government Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2014).
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347:
281:
122:
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1737:
1509:"House of Representatives: 31 October 1912: 4th Parliament · 3rd Session"
795:, and since 1973 a slightly modified version has formed the basis of the
737:
618:
1695:
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The coat of arms is used as badge of rank for Warrant Officers Class 1 (
781:. The import of goods bearing the arms is also illegal according to the
191:
surmounting the crest also represents the states and territories, while
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of 1921, to accord with Australia's greater independence following the
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be seen to be, male, and this requirement led to a interpretation by
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1955:, was also involved in the creation of the Australian Coat of Arms
624:
645:, blue lines outside the cross, and a blue border containing six
237:
In the top half, from left to right, the states represented are
475:
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The use of each state's badge had been a feature of the first
656:
1402:
602:
554:
301:
156:
85:
1619:. 1954–1956. pp. 84–85, 97. NAA: A463, 1956/219 PART 2.
660:
Bowman Flag 1806 depicts the emu and kangaroo as supporters.
713:; according to Charles R. Wylie, badges were used because
1313:. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from
637:
584:
313:
of the coat of arms for Parliament house to be rejected.
285:
184:
130:
1630:
Use of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms General Guidelines
1401:. No. 39. 8 August 1908. p. 1181 – via
709:, introduced on 21 January 1904, where they surrounded
493:
The following is the blazon for the 1908 coat of arms:
478:
of the Commonwealth was included in a royal warrant of
1800:
1667:"Her Majesty the Queen's Personal Flag for Australia"
1420:
The Armorial Ensigns of the Commonwealth of Australia
2375:
1242:
Commonwealth Coat of Arms information and Guidelines
1146:
791:
The coat of arms was the basis of Queen Elizabeth's
1272:"National symbols - Parliamentary Education Office"
234:border representing the federation of the states.
151:is depicted in its place in commonly used versions
1766:
1696:Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (2022).
3428:
1937:Papers relating to the Commonwealth Coat of Arms
1611:"Commonwealth Coat of Arms - Proposed redesign"
1988:
2468:
2361:
2139:
1974:
1865:
1555:
1482:Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate
1234:
1232:
1230:
1205:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
1732:
2475:
2461:
2368:
2354:
2146:
2132:
1981:
1967:
1648:It's an Honour – Commonwealth Coat of Arms
1227:
269:above a blue and gold wreath, forming the
249:. In the bottom half, from left to right:
206:on 7 May 1908, and the current version by
1705:. Commonwealth of Australia. p. 21.
825:
326:
783:Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations
680:
655:
623:
261:. Above the shield is the seven-pointed
2153:
1834:
1533:. Australian National Botanic Gardens.
3429:
2482:
1951:The designer of the NSW Coat of Arms,
1931:Official website with more information
1677:from the original on 27 September 2023
1301:
1299:
1297:
2456:
2349:
2127:
1962:
1568:from the original on 14 November 2019
1499:
1896:
1772:"Ranks of the Royal Australian Navy"
1748:from the original on 15 October 2023
1591:from the original on 15 October 2019
1373:from the original on 4 December 2014
1282:from the original on 7 February 2023
1266:
1264:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1872:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1866:Chapman-Scott, Dale (9 July 2010).
1835:Withers, Rachel (26 January 2018).
1537:from the original on 18 August 2010
1294:
728:engaged several artists (including
685:An 1899 suggested version, and the
512:Commonwealth Coat of Arms 1908–1912
13:
1868:"Coat of arms pie with bunya nuts"
1816:from the original on 30 March 2023
202:The first arms were authorised by
14:
3488:
1924:
1722:from the original on 17 May 2023.
1519:from the original on 7 June 2023.
1398:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette
1335:
1261:
1215:from the original on 30 July 2020
1186:
766:Competition and Consumer Act 2010
316:In the background is a wreath of
2437:
1935:National Archives of Australia.
1782:from the original on 7 June 2023
1556:Flinders Barr (1 October 1932).
1422:1980. Commonwealth of Australia
1347:. Episode 2. 26 minutes in. ABC
1149:
1127:
1111:
1095:
1079:
1064:
1043:
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1001:
987:
973:
959:
945:
906:
899:
892:
885:
854:
847:
840:
833:
721:did not yet have coats of arms.
517:
453:
433:
413:
392:
369:
346:
40:
26:
1909:from the original on 4 May 2024
1890:
1878:from the original on 4 May 2024
1859:
1847:from the original on 4 May 2024
1828:
1794:
1760:
1726:
1689:
1659:
1641:
1623:
1603:
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1523:
1493:
1469:
1456:
2174:Federated States of Micronesia
1616:National Archives of Australia
1432:
1413:
1385:
1359:
1329:
1:
3447:National symbols of Australia
1576:– via trove.nla.gov.au.
1531:"Floral Emblems of Australia"
1487:National Library of Australia
1450:National Library of Australia
1407:National Library of Australia
1180:
1170:National colours of Australia
1136:coins of the Australian pound
2011:Australian Capital Territory
1587:. University of Queensland.
1345:The House With Annabel Crabb
926:Australian Capital Territory
199:, appears below the shield.
175:, is a formal symbol of the
7:
3477:National emblems with birds
1897:Pham, Peter (17 May 2019).
1466:to Atlee Hunt, 10 July 1908
1201:"Commonwealth Coat of Arms"
1142:
829:
751:Statute of Westminster 1931
105:
10:
3493:
3457:Coats of arms with crosses
1989:Coats of arms of Australia
1802:Royal Australian Air Force
1477:"Australia's Coat of Arms"
1440:"Australia's Coat of Arms"
687:Australian Federation Flag
504:
3462:Coats of arms with crowns
3381:
3279:
3149:
3140:
3031:
3022:
2969:
2845:Intelligence and security
2771:
2762:
2730:
2635:
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2561:
2503:
2494:
2434:
2413:
2387:
2265:
2242:
2161:
2105:
2054:
2003:
1997:Commonwealth of Australia
1994:
1367:"Australian Coat of Arms"
938:
853:
846:
839:
832:
601:
591:
574:
563:
553:
541:
533:
525:
516:
511:
469:
335:
332:
329:
221:
177:Commonwealth of Australia
173:Commonwealth Coat of Arms
169:coat of arms of Australia
155:
141:
112:
98:
84:
66:
58:
54:
39:
34:
25:
21:Commonwealth Coat of Arms
20:
3472:Coats of arms with stars
3467:Coats of arms with lions
3452:Coats of arms with birds
3437:Australian coats of arms
2320:Northern Mariana Islands
1057:
793:Personal Australian Flag
775:or section 39(2) of the
320:, the official national
76:: A seven-pointed star,
2285:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
810:) and Warrant Officer (
797:Great Seal of Australia
769:, section 145.1 of the
707:Great Seal of Australia
615:federation of Australia
275:federation of Australia
3442:National coats of arms
3239:Indigenous Australians
2740:States and territories
2414:National coats of arms
2004:States and territories
1942:21 August 2008 at the
826:States and territories
772:Criminal Code Act 1995
757:
689:
679:
661:
629:
502:
491:
403:and St Edward's Crown
2533:Territorial evolution
2426:Dependent territories
2400:Dependent territories
2268:and other territories
1768:Royal Australian Navy
1671:Royal Australian Navy
1562:Sydney Morning Herald
1209:Australian Government
684:
674:
659:
643:cross of Saint George
627:
495:
484:
2979:Cabinet of Australia
2954:Government ministers
2722:World Heritage Sites
2528:European exploration
2106:External territories
1653:15 June 2006 at the
1635:19 July 2008 at the
1317:on 28 September 2011
778:Trade Marks Act 1995
628:Original Bowman flag
187:. The seven-pointed
3051:Gross state product
2444:Heraldry portal
2155:Armorial of Oceania
1503:(31 October 1912).
1445:The Daily Telegraph
1369:. WorldWideWattle.
1175:Australian heraldry
746:Canadian royal arms
597:Grassy field proper
355:cross of St. George
3369:Australian studies
3304:Australian English
3113:Telecommunications
2949:Government leaders
2892:Political ideology
2021:Northern Territory
1699:Australian Symbols
1073:round 50 cent coin
931:Northern Territory
726:Menzies government
695:Australia's states
690:
662:
630:
267:Star of Federation
3424:
3423:
3377:
3376:
3199:Human trafficking
3136:
3135:
3018:
3017:
2818:Foreign relations
2758:
2757:
2622:
2621:
2569:Asian Australians
2450:
2449:
2343:
2342:
2335:Wallis and Futuna
2243:Associated states
2121:
2120:
2046:Western Australia
1712:978-0-642-47131-4
1165:Flag of Australia
1104:Australian Florin
1088:Australian Florin
936:
935:
916:Western Australia
730:Alistair Morrison
719:Western Australia
711:the UK Royal Arms
611:
610:
607:Advance Australia
548:Commonwealth Star
537:19 September 1912
467:
466:
429:Western Australia
377:St Edward's Crown
263:Commonwealth Star
255:Western Australia
189:Commonwealth Star
171:, officially the
165:
164:
137:(natural colours)
74:Commonwealth Star
62:19 September 1912
3484:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3266:Waste management
3147:
3146:
3068:Household income
3029:
3028:
2991:Governor-General
2801:Electoral system
2769:
2768:
2633:
2632:
2501:
2500:
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2442:
2441:
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2421:Sovereign states
2395:Sovereign states
2370:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2325:Pitcairn Islands
2295:French Polynesia
2280:Christmas Island
2209:Papua New Guinea
2189:Marshall Islands
2162:Sovereign states
2148:
2141:
2134:
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1983:
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1969:
1960:
1959:
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1918:
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1558:"The Great Seal"
1553:
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1527:
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1515:. p. 4954.
1513:Historic Hansard
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1249:on 27 April 2015
1245:. Archived from
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1157:Australia portal
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2016:New South Wales
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731:
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724:In 1954, the
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644:
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587:, both proper
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480:King George V
477:
474:The official
463:
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422:piping shrike
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322:floral emblem
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216:sixpenny coin
213:
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208:King George V
205:
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198:
197:floral emblem
194:
193:golden wattle
190:
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149:golden wattle
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49:-only version
48:
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38:
33:
29:
24:
19:
16:
3402:Bibliography
3289:Architecture
3246:Prostitution
3229:Demographics
3194:Homelessness
3093:Reserve Bank
2907:Conservatism
2855:Constitution
2823:Human rights
2781:Constitution
2732:Subdivisions
2513:Bibliography
2266:Dependencies
2252:Cook Islands
2168:
1996:
1911:. Retrieved
1902:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1871:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1840:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1809:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1775:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1741:
1728:
1698:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1643:
1625:
1614:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1584:
1570:. Retrieved
1561:
1551:
1541:23 September
1539:. Retrieved
1525:
1512:
1495:
1480:
1471:
1462:Letter from
1458:
1443:
1434:
1419:
1415:
1396:
1387:
1377:23 September
1375:. Retrieved
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1344:
1331:
1321:23 September
1319:. Retrieved
1315:the original
1310:
1284:. Retrieved
1275:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1241:
1217:. Retrieved
1204:
820:
805:
801:
790:
787:
782:
776:
770:
764:
761:
749:
723:
704:
691:
675:
670:Willie Kelly
663:
631:
612:
581:Red kangaroo
534:Relinquished
497:
496:
492:
486:
485:
473:
462:lion passant
336:Description
315:
282:red kangaroo
279:
266:
236:
225:
201:
172:
168:
166:
123:red kangaroo
104:
15:
3364:Anglosphere
3204:Immigration
3169:Citizenship
3036:Agriculture
2922:Nationalism
2865:Enforcement
2838:Transgender
2672:Earthquakes
2660:Environment
2594:Immigration
2523:Archaeology
2199:New Zealand
1681:23 December
1341:"Episode 2"
1118:Australian
1106:(2s or 2/-)
1090:(2s or 2/-)
742:Bill Taylor
738:Eileen Mayo
619:Bowman flag
593:Compartment
311:John Coburn
300:Australian
143:Compartment
129:(right) an
3431:Categories
3354:Television
3324:Literature
3209:Irreligion
3189:Healthcare
3184:Euthanasia
3164:Censorship
2971:Government
2917:Liberalism
2887:Parliament
2599:Indigenous
2589:Federation
2579:Diplomatic
2553:Since 1945
2518:Prehistory
2026:Queensland
1820:15 October
1786:15 October
1752:15 October
1595:15 October
1572:15 October
1351:15 October
1286:7 February
1276:peo.gov.au
1253:27 January
1181:References
1086:Post-1936
874:Queensland
651:Union Jack
576:Supporters
529:7 May 1908
442:black swan
388:Queensland
359:and stars
247:Queensland
228:escutcheon
114:Supporters
47:Escutcheon
3261:Squatting
3214:Languages
3179:Education
3159:Aged care
3123:Transport
2932:Socialism
2912:Far-right
2902:Christian
2897:Anarchism
2860:Judiciary
2796:Donations
2791:Elections
2702:Mountains
2650:Continent
2628:Geography
2548:1901–1945
2543:1851–1900
2538:1788–1850
2484:Australia
2169:Australia
2087:Melbourne
1903:Foodbeast
1810:Air Force
1134:Pre-1936
1102:Pre-1936
967:Melbourne
816:Air Force
666:Wentworth
357:with lion
121:(left) a
106:see below
3411:Category
3256:Religion
3154:Abortion
3108:Taxation
2877:Monarchy
2872:Military
2828:Intersex
2764:Politics
2745:Capitals
2609:Monarchy
2604:Military
2584:Economic
2562:By topic
2508:Timeline
2488:articles
2405:Timeline
2184:Kiribati
2072:Canberra
2067:Brisbane
2062:Adelaide
2041:Victoria
2036:Tasmania
1940:Archived
1907:Archived
1876:Archived
1845:Archived
1814:Archived
1780:Archived
1746:Archived
1717:Archived
1675:Archived
1651:Archived
1633:Archived
1589:Archived
1566:Archived
1535:Archived
1517:Archived
1371:Archived
1280:Archived
1219:30 April
1213:Archived
1143:See also
1120:sixpence
1023:Canberra
1009:Adelaide
981:Brisbane
921:Tasmania
869:Victoria
672:, said:
634:kangaroo
449:Tasmania
365:Victoria
259:Tasmania
243:Victoria
183:and the
181:kangaroo
127:sinister
35:Versions
3388:Outline
3359:Theatre
3349:Symbols
3314:Cuisine
3281:Culture
3142:Society
3118:Tourism
3088:Poverty
3024:Economy
2806:Parties
2707:Regions
2697:Islands
2692:Geology
2687:Forests
2655:Deserts
2640:Climate
2614:Railway
2496:History
2330:Tokelau
2234:Vanuatu
1806:"Ranks"
1738:"Ranks"
1585:AustLit
1507:(ed.).
1505:Hansard
636:and an
526:Adopted
505:History
399:a blue
298:endemic
290:support
214:of the
212:reverse
133:, both
90:Or and
59:Adopted
3416:Portal
3309:Cinema
3251:Racism
3224:People
3083:Mining
3046:Energy
3041:Dollar
2786:Courts
2776:Asylum
2750:Cities
2717:Rivers
2665:issues
2486:
2305:Hawaii
2229:Tuvalu
2097:Sydney
2082:Hobart
2077:Darwin
1709:
1426:
1051:Darwin
1037:Hobart
953:Sydney
939:Cities
677:fauna.
565:Shield
476:blazon
470:Blazon
460:a red
333:Badge
330:State
306:native
294:shield
257:, and
232:ermine
222:Design
147:none,
135:proper
119:Dexter
100:Shield
94:(blue)
80:(gold)
3395:Index
3344:Sport
3339:Radio
3329:Music
3319:Dance
3271:Women
3174:Crime
3078:Media
2944:Women
2682:Fauna
2677:Flora
2224:Tonga
2214:Samoa
2204:Palau
2194:Nauru
2092:Perth
1913:4 May
1882:4 May
1851:4 May
1841:Slate
1720:(PDF)
1703:(PDF)
1403:Trove
1071:1966
1058:Coins
995:Perth
603:Motto
570:Gules
555:Torse
543:Crest
302:fauna
288:that
271:crest
157:Motto
92:azure
86:Torse
68:Crest
3299:Arts
3008:list
2996:list
2984:list
2833:LGBT
2379:and
2300:Guam
2257:Niue
2179:Fiji
1915:2024
1884:2024
1853:2024
1822:2023
1788:2023
1776:Navy
1754:2023
1742:Army
1707:ISBN
1683:2023
1597:2019
1574:2019
1543:2014
1424:ISBN
1379:2014
1353:2023
1323:2014
1288:2023
1255:2015
1221:2024
1122:(6d)
814:and
812:Navy
808:Army
736:and
717:and
583:and
379:and
353:the
292:the
284:and
280:The
245:and
226:The
167:The
72:The
3294:Art
2850:Law
758:Use
638:emu
585:emu
286:emu
265:or
185:emu
131:emu
3433::
1905:.
1901:.
1874:.
1870:.
1843:.
1839:.
1812:.
1808:.
1804:.
1778:.
1774:.
1770:.
1744:.
1740:.
1736:.
1715:.
1673:.
1669:.
1613:.
1583:.
1578:;
1560:.
1511:.
1479:.
1442:.
1405:,
1395:.
1343:.
1339:.
1309:.
1296:^
1278:.
1274:.
1263:^
1229:^
1211:.
1207:.
1203:.
1188:^
799:.
785:.
754:.
668:,
440:a
277:.
253:,
241:,
218:.
125:,
78:or
2476:e
2469:t
2462:v
2369:e
2362:t
2355:v
2147:e
2140:t
2133:v
1982:e
1975:t
1968:v
1917:.
1886:.
1855:.
1824:.
1790:.
1756:.
1685:.
1599:.
1545:.
1489:.
1452:.
1409:.
1381:.
1355:.
1325:.
1290:.
1257:.
1223:.
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