9180:
719:
880:, who managed all audiences with the King and was in charge of the palace guard. The two men suggested to Darius that the army regroup under Bessus and that power would be transferred back to the King once Alexander was defeated. Darius did not accept this plan and his conspirators became more anxious to remove him for his successive failures against Alexander and his forces. Patron, a Greek mercenary, encouraged Darius to accept a bodyguard of Greek mercenaries rather than his usual Persian guard to protect him from Bessus and Nabarzanes, but the King could not accept for political reasons and grew accustomed to his fate. Bessus and Nabarzanes eventually bound Darius and threw him in an ox-cart while they ordered the Persian forces to continue. According to
550:
899:
842:
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impede movement of his scythed chariots. Despite all these beneficial factors, he still fled the battle before any victor had been decided and deserted his experienced commanders as well as one of the largest armies ever assembled. Another source accounts that when Darius perceived the fierce attack of
Alexander, as at Issus he turned his chariot around, and was the first to flee, once again abandoning all of his soldiers and his property to be taken by Alexander. Many Persian soldiers died that day, so many in fact that after the battle the casualties of the enemy ensured that Darius would never again raise an imperial army. Darius then fled to
645:
argue that his sudden death paved the way for the fall of the
Achaemenid Empire. Bagoas, acting as kingmaker, put the young Arses (Artaxerxes IV) on the throne. Arses was determined on trying to free himself from Bagoas' authority and influence; he made an unsuccessful effort to have the latter poisoned, only to be poisoned himself along with the rest of his family by Bagoas, who put Artashata on the throne in 336 BC. Darius III's reputation for bravery, his probable royal descent, and the support he enjoyed from Artaxerxes III all helped him gain acceptance amongst the aristocracy. Macedonian propaganda, made to legitimize the conquests of
734:
9194:
481:("from the East, Easterner"). Having two names was not unusual; there are several recorded instances of Babylonian figures having two names, often a Babylonian and Aramaic name. One Persian magnate is also attested with a Babylonian and Iranian name. However, this practice seems to have fallen out of favour during Darius' lifetime. Badian suggests that his birth name was the Aramaic Codomannus, which he later dropped in favour of Artashata when he rose in ranks. He first adopted the regnal name of Darius (Old Persian:
9525:
8556:
77:
2502:
9187:
625:(d. 497 BC). It is uncertain when this happened, it has been suggested this promotion took place around 340 BC, when Artashata married for a second time, with his sister Stateira I. In 339 BC, they had a son named Ochus. This demonstrates that Artaxerxes III, who was highly alert on any possible relative to challenge the throne, did not consider Artashata to pose the slightest threat to him or his son
757:. Darius never showed up for the battle, because there was no reason for him to suppose that Alexander intended to conquer the whole of Asia, and Darius may well have supposed that the satraps of the 'lower' satrapies could deal with the crisis, so he instead decided to remain at home in Persepolis and let his satraps handle it. In the previous invasion of Asia Minor by the Spartan king
814:. Darius reportedly offered all of his empire west of the Euphrates River to Alexander in exchange for peace several times, each time denied by Alexander against the advice of his senior commanders. Alexander could have declared victory after the capture of Persepolis, but he instead decided to pursue Darius.
793:
despite commanding a larger force in a defensive position each time. At the Battle of Issus, Darius III even caught
Alexander by surprise and failed to defeat Alexander's forces. Darius fled so far so fast that Alexander was able to capture Darius' headquarters and take Darius' family as prisoners in
780:
that at the Battle of Issus the moment the
Persian left went to pieces under Alexander's attack and Darius, in his war-chariot, saw that it was cut off, he incontinently fled ā indeed, he led the race for safety. On the way, he left behind his chariot, his bow, and his royal mantle, all of which were
797:
Circumstances were more in Darius' favor at the Battle of
Gaugamela in 331 BC. He had a good number of troops who had been organized on the battlefield properly, he had the support of the armies of several of his satraps, and the ground on the battlefield was almost perfectly even, so as not to
493:
The last century of the
Achaemenid era is notable for lacking in sources, especially during the reign of Darius III. He is not attested in any Persian sources and is almost completely only known from the reports of Greek historians, who portray his career as a contradiction to that of the successful
644:
orchestrated the poisoning and subsequent death of
Artaxerxes III through the latter's physician. The majority of Artaxerxes III's sons, except for Arses and Bisthanes, were also murdered by Bagoas. Artaxerxes III's early death proved to be a problematic issue for Persia. Several modern historians
913:
A Macedonian soldier found Darius either dead or dying in the wagon shortly thereafterāa disappointment to
Alexander, who wanted to capture Darius alive. Alexander saw Dariusā dead body in the wagon and took the signet ring off the dead king's finger. Afterwards, he sent Darius's body back to
415:, who installed Artaxerxes' youngest son Arses on the throne. He only reigned for a few years, until Bagoas had him poisoned as well. Darius was subsequently installed on the throne and soon forced Bagoas to drink his poison after discovering that the eunuch had planned to poison him as well.
662:
Bagoas soon attempted to poison Darius III as well, but his plans were discovered. Darius III summoned Bagoas and asked him to drink a toast for him, giving him his cup which was filled with poison. Bagoas was forced to drink the cup, resulting in his death. This happened around the time of
598:
for when he dropped his
Aramaic name, Codomannus. Greek writers report that Artashata later became the "courier" and "slave" of the king, which some modern historians believe was written to belittle Artashata. However, the terms are in reality a Greek translation of the Old Persian
621:) uses the term to refer to his high-ranking officers. It has been deduced that Artashata was probably in charge of the royal "postal service," a high-ranking position. He may have held the same Persepolis sector headed by the prominent Persian officer
872:, the main road through the mountains that would work to slow the following army. Persian forces became increasingly demoralized with the constant threat of a surprise attack from Alexander, leading to many desertions and eventually a coup led by
938:
took the regal name
Artaxerxes V and began calling himself the King of Asia. He was subsequently captured by Alexander, tortured, and executed. Another of Darius' generals ingratiated himself to Alexander by giving the conqueror Darius' favored
469:
is the only historian to refer Darius as Codomannus, a name he supposedly bore before he rose to prominence. It may have been his nickname, or possibly a third name. Its etymology is uncertain. Badian has suggested that the name was of
533:, a woman of obscure origins. She was probably of Achaemenid descent, although it is unknown to which branch she belonged. She may have been the daughter of Ostanes, and thus the sister of Arsames. Darius had a brother and sister;
929:
With the old king defeated and given a proper burial, Alexander's rulership of Persia became official. This led to Darius being regarded by some historians as cowardly and inefficient, as under his rulership, the entirety of the
592:. It was probably after this promotion that Artashata married for the first time, to an unknown noblewoman, who bore him two daughters, and possibly a son named Ariobarzanes. His first marriage has suggested being the
426:, by fire in 330 BC. With the Persian Empire now effectively under Alexander's control, Alexander then decided to pursue Darius. Before Alexander reached him, however, Darius was killed by his relative
918:, gave him a magnificent funeral and ordered that he be buried, like all his royal predecessors, in the royal tombs. Darius's tomb has not yet been discovered. Alexander eventually married Darius' daughter
1857:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of SÄsÄn". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
963:
According to a Babylonian tablet, Artaxerxes III "went to his fate", which is often understood to indicate death from natural causes. However, the same wording is also used to refer to the death of
794:
the process. Darius petitioned to Alexander through letters several times to get his family back, but Alexander refused to do so unless Darius would acknowledge him as the new emperor of Persia.
9179:
403:. Around 340 BC, he was placed in charge of the royal "postal service," a high-ranking position. In 338 BC, Artaxerxes III met an abrupt end after being poisoned by the court eunuch and
588:) in the 350s BC. During a battle, Artashata distinguished himself by slaying a warrior in single combat. His exploit was noticed by Artaxerxes III, who sent him gifts and gave him the
776:
in 333 BC. His forces outnumbered Alexander's soldiers by at least a 2 to 1 ratio, but Darius was still outflanked, defeated, and forced to flee. It is told by
667:
and Babylon may have briefly been plunged into rebellion. Regardless, they were seemingly not of heavy significance, as reports about the events quickly disappear.
343:
9554:
2115:
9579:
849:
Darius did attempt to restore his once-great army after his defeat at the hands of Alexander, but he failed to raise a force comparable to that which had
6869:
833:. After the battle, Darius managed to flee to the city. However, somewhat inaccurately, the confrontation is sometimes known as the "Battle of Arbela."
649:
a few years later, accused Darius III of playing a key role in the murder of Arses, who was portrayed as the last king of the Achaemenid royal house.
765:
in Greece. Darius attempted to employ the same strategy, with the Spartans rebelling against the Macedonians, but the Spartans were defeated at
422:
began his invasion of the Persian Empire and subsequently defeated the Persians in several battles before looting and destroying their capital,
1949:
1922:
1794:
1754:
1727:
1635:
1605:
9574:
1824:
887:, at this point Alexander and a small, mobile force arrived and threw the Persians into a panic, leading Bessus and two other conspirators,
2351:
718:
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6955:
868:
where he could better use his cavalry and mercenary forces on the more even ground of the plains of Asia. He led his army through the
710:, Philip was assassinated and his campaign was suspended while his heir consolidated his control of Macedonia and the rest of Greece.
9604:
9599:
6884:
6879:
2108:
749:, invaded Asia Minor at the head of an army of Macedonian and other Greek soldiers. This invasion, which marked the beginning of the
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1813:
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853:, partly because the defeat had undermined his authority, and also because Alexander's liberal policy, for instance in
722:
Darius III portrayed (in the middle) in battle against Alexander in a Greek depiction; Possible illustration of either
391:. During his early career, he was reportedly an obscure figure among his peers and first rose to prominence during the
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359:
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1847:
1675:
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6948:
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5714:
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1891:
898:
841:
1878:
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6217:
6149:
6014:
5881:
5791:
5604:
3722:
2075:
664:
549:
663:
Alexander's accession to the Macedonian throne in the autumn of 336 BC. At the start of Darius III's reign,
8741:
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5936:
5219:
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2893:
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7697:
6360:
5469:
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4634:
3375:
3260:
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750:
9609:
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8949:
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5018:
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1943:
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1629:
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17:
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defeated Darius III of Persia in 331 BC, took place approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of
772:
Darius did not take the field against Alexander's army until a year and a half after Granicus, at the
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8559:
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8349:
8126:
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707:
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8481:
8295:
7827:
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1617:
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to liberate the Greeks living under Persian control. After they took the Greek cities of Asia from
845:
Murder of Darius and Alexander at the side of the dying king depicted in a 15th-century manuscript
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2471:
2050:
733:
54:
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9314:
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6437:
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5109:
4719:
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2643:
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2138:
754:
471:
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6909:
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4786:
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2914:
2615:
1958:
1763:
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1532:
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789:
recount that Darius fled out of fear at the Battle of Issus and again two years later at the
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8759:
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4851:
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3221:
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When at Ecbatana, Darius learned of Alexander's approaching army, he decided to retreat to
682:
to initiate a sacred war of vengeance against the Persians for desecrating and burning the
671:
607:
338:
8929:
8794:
8:
9549:
8939:
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8221:
8105:
7714:
7679:
7620:
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7361:
6400:
6375:
6340:
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5627:
4831:
4826:
4250:
3681:
3143:
2790:
2461:
2085:
850:
822:
818:
790:
727:
646:
534:
495:
419:
209:
152:
485:, "he who holds firm the good(ness)") when he ascended the Achaemenid throne in 336 BC.
9528:
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9382:
9193:
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9084:
9015:
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7473:
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6677:
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4811:
3878:
3653:
3091:
2755:
1567:
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514:
466:
400:
388:
298:
7585:
9510:
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9478:
9423:
8874:
8242:
8228:
8153:
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7877:
7665:
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7605:
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In the spring of 334 BC, Philip's heir, Alexander, who had himself been confirmed as
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1839:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE ā 651 CE)
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4240:
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1994:
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1559:
1527:
753:, was followed almost immediately by the victory of Alexander over the Persians at
611:
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442:
181:
86:
59:
2329:
1836:
Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
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and attempted to raise a third army, while Alexander took possession of
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1960:
Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550ā330 BCE
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later picked up by Alexander. Greek sources such as Diodorus Siculus'
737:
Darius's flight at the Battle of Gaugamela (18th-century ivory relief)
603:, which did not mean slave, but "henchman, (loyal) servant, vassal."
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7190:
7152:
7081:
6933:
6787:
6782:
6771:
6738:
6653:
6646:
6600:
6572:
6566:
6531:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6111:
6051:
5894:
5866:
5459:
5389:
5201:
5187:
5167:
5129:
5041:
4986:
4944:
4776:
4746:
4709:
4654:
4499:
4376:
4281:
4225:
4120:
4027:
4021:
4010:
3976:
3860:
3846:
3839:
3826:
3790:
3530:
3344:
3298:
3216:
3192:
3133:
2909:
2812:
2780:
2745:
2705:
2591:
2531:
2446:
2263:
2179:
2174:
964:
940:
799:
691:
679:
280:
2501:
9309:
9248:
9238:
9142:
9064:
9059:
8987:
8982:
8957:
8924:
8884:
8879:
8731:
8643:
8633:
7970:
7260:
7227:
6764:
6703:
6546:
6230:
6041:
6035:
6023:
5904:
5899:
5836:
5815:
5660:
5612:
5512:
5502:
5227:
5124:
5094:
5076:
5065:
5048:
5000:
4993:
4924:
4846:
4494:
4302:
4288:
4200:
4151:
4057:
4000:
3951:
3784:
3774:
3754:
3687:
3537:
3416:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3328:
3314:
3284:
3255:
3237:
3187:
3174:
3163:
3158:
2982:
2919:
2898:
2838:
2828:
2817:
2700:
2678:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2436:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2253:
2248:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2159:
1860:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
865:
803:
742:
574:
566:
558:
554:
475:
438:
431:
392:
293:
238:
105:
8774:
7919:
3428:
9450:
9289:
9243:
9186:
9109:
9094:
9036:
8977:
8934:
8919:
8899:
8839:
8834:
8754:
8663:
7232:
7076:
6671:
6541:
6178:
6061:
5666:
5637:
5507:
5482:
5274:
5208:
5034:
5027:
4954:
4909:
4903:
4729:
4649:
4235:
4062:
4015:
3969:
3941:
3867:
3745:
3704:
3586:
3551:
3523:
3338:
3197:
3066:
3015:
2833:
2491:
2322:
indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.
2308:
2169:
2060:
1503:
935:
873:
858:
777:
683:
641:
427:
412:
377:
166:
8829:
8824:
895:, to wound the king with their javelins and leave him to die.
399:
in the 350s BC. As a reward for his bravery, he was given the
9299:
9294:
9279:
9099:
9051:
8909:
8869:
8799:
8779:
8764:
8309:
6757:
6536:
6526:
6504:
6162:
5071:
5059:
4972:
4889:
4740:
4674:
4336:
4005:
3963:
3957:
3749:
3708:
3579:
3572:
3558:
3288:
3125:
2870:
2801:
1231:
1229:
1227:
826:
357:
109:
761:, the Persians had pinned him in Asia Minor while fomenting
9025:
8668:
8653:
6509:
6499:
5889:
5764:
4965:
4295:
4115:
4097:
3982:
3764:
3759:
3593:
3385:
3308:
1354:
Envy of the Gods: Alexander's Ill-fated Journey across Asia
923:
830:
807:
703:
632:
In late August/late September 338 BC, the court eunuch and
462:
1805:
In the Path of Conquest: Resistance to Alexander the Great
1224:
4714:
3370:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
1510:(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 76.
1147:
1106:
861:, offered an acceptable alternative to Persian policies.
453:
Before his accession, Darius bore the name of Artashata (
5935:
1646:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
1212:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1012:
1010:
437:
Darius is partially remembered in Iranian traditions as
1936:
EncyclopƦdia Iranica, online edition, Vol. VII, Fasc. 1
1909:
EncyclopƦdia Iranica, online edition, Vol. VII, Fasc. 1
1781:
EncyclopƦdia Iranica, online edition, Vol. VII, Fasc. 1
1714:
EncyclopƦdia Iranica, online edition, Vol. III, Fasc. 7
1305:
1258:
1256:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
690:, over a century before. He sent an advance force into
569:
on the obverse, while a lion is depicted on the reverse
517:. He was the son of a certain Arsames, and grandson of
1741:
EncyclopƦdia Iranica, online edition, Vol. VI, Fasc. 1
1622:
EncyclopƦdia Iranica, online edition, Vol. I, Fasc. 8
1280:
1268:
1200:
1188:
1171:
1130:
1118:
1985:
Charles, Michael (2016). "Two notes on Darius III".
1253:
1241:
1094:
1070:
1058:
1046:
987:
2359:
1704:
1165:
1034:
1022:
836:
27:Last king of the Achaemenid Empire (r. 336ā330 BC)
1082:
934:fell to a foreign invader. After killing Darius,
9541:
2123:
1835:
445:, which reflected memories of the Achaemenids.
380:, reigning from 336 BC to his death in 330 BC.
1963:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1ā272.
974:), who was in reality assassinated by his son.
9555:4th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
8584:
6949:
3401:
2345:
2109:
1397:
1395:
1393:
7921:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC ā AD 224)
1687:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
9580:Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt
652:
8591:
8577:
6956:
6942:
3408:
3394:
2352:
2338:
2116:
2102:
1948:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1921:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1793:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1753:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1726:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1634:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1604:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1390:
1292:
8598:
1929:
1842:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies.
1683:
1218:
6818:
1856:
1768:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 3
897:
840:
732:
717:
548:
1984:
1902:
1896:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
1889:
1829:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5
1774:
1235:
1076:
713:
573:Artashata is first attested during the
513:. He was a distant member of the royal
14:
9542:
7002:
5965:
5330:
4432:
3458:
1956:
1801:
1663:
1642:
1612:
1585:
1552:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1546:
1311:
1286:
1274:
1247:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1153:
1141:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
529:from 424 BC to 405 BC. His mother was
8572:
7918:
6937:
6817:
5934:
5299:
4401:
3427:
3389:
2333:
2097:
1822:
1502:This was a different Bagoas than the
1328:The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia
1262:
903:The Family of Darius before Alexander
387:, Darius was a distant member of the
9575:People in the deuterocanonical books
6963:
6470:
1761:
1734:
1592:EncyclopƦdia Iranica, online edition
1016:
657:
465:"). The 2nd-century Roman historian
441:, the last king of the mythological
1876:
1506:mentioned above. Crompton, Louis.
1472:. third edition, Dtv, Munich 1993,
236:July 330 BC (aged approximately 50)
81:Depiction of Darius III during the
24:
9192:
9185:
9178:
8285:
7218:
2500:
1978:
694:under the command of his generals
25:
9646:
7946:
7693:
1667:Darius in the Shadow of Alexander
1403:The Genius of Alexander the Great
787:Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum
488:
9605:Opponents of Alexander the Great
9600:4th-century BC murdered monarchs
9524:
9523:
9353:Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)
8555:
8554:
7863:
1649:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1ā1196.
1521:
1508:Homosexuality & Civilization
369:; c. 380 ā 330 BC) was the last
75:
1987:The Cambridge Classical Journal
1684:Dandamaev, Muhammad A. (1989).
1540:
1516:
1496:
1483:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1317:
1166:Eilers & Herrenschmidt 1988
969:
957:
837:Flight, imprisonment, and death
616:
583:
9565:Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
13:
1:
9620:4th-century BC Iranian people
9585:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
9570:Achaemenid satraps of Armenia
9362:Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)
6428:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
2023:
1716:. New York. pp. 682ā685.
1624:. New York. pp. 827ā830.
981:
972: 486 ā 465 BC
810:, and the Persian capital at
544:
507:
501:
474:origin, most likely from the
430:, who was also the satrap of
223:
90:
9365:Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan
3415:
1775:Hanaway, William L. (1994).
1708:; Herrenschmidt, C. (1988).
1670:, Harvard University Press,
383:Contrary to his predecessor
365:
348:
7:
6361:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
2264:Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)
2259:Darius the Great (Darius I)
1808:. Oxford University Press.
1743:. New York. pp. 51ā54.
751:Wars of Alexander the Great
10:
9651:
9359:Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid
9356:Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)
5260:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
4644:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
4408:Second Intermediate Period
2498:
2239:Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)
1885:. Oxford University Press.
1356:(Da Capo Press, 2004), 47.
1341:The Campaigns of Alexander
358:
342:
9615:Murdered Persian monarchs
9519:
9443:
9375:
9346:
9267:
9203:
9176:
9133:
9050:
9024:
8948:
8740:
8682:
8619:
8612:
8552:
8270:
8136:
8127:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
8095:
8080:
7931:
7927:
7914:
7848:
7678:
7576:
7558:
7530:
7502:
7434:
7419:
7203:
7125:
7057:
7042:
6993:
6989:
6969:
6922:
6824:
6813:
6711:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
6455:
6401:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
6296:
6268:
6253:
6216:
6188:
6148:
6130:
6080:
6013:
5998:
5956:
5952:
5930:
5880:
5857:
5790:
5713:
5651:
5603:
5588:
5521:
5468:
5380:
5365:
5321:
5317:
5306:Third Intermediate Period
5295:
5218:
5177:
5085:
5017:
4865:
4633:
4618:
4554:
4528:
4480:
4465:
4423:
4419:
4397:
4352:
4312:
4187:
4172:
4106:
4048:
3991:
3932:
3917:
3807:
3736:
3721:
3622:
3506:
3491:
3449:
3445:
3434:First Intermediate Period
3423:
3368:
3269:
3235:
3206:
3172:
3123:
3086:
3021:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
3001:
2967:
2943:
2865:
2799:
2724:
2687:
2610:
2511:
2378:
2368:
2317:
2188:
2145:
2136:
2082:
2067:
2057:
2048:
2040:
2008:
1999:10.1017/S1750270516000063
1938:. New York. pp. 1ā2.
1930:Tafazzoli, Ahmad (1994).
1903:Schmitt, Rudiger (1994).
1802:Heckel, Waldemar (2020).
1783:. New York. pp. 8ā9.
322:
312:
304:
292:
266:
256:
244:
232:
219:
215:
205:
195:
187:
180:
145:
135:
127:
116:
74:
39:
32:
7421:Middle Babylonian period
6975:List of kings of Babylon
6423:Cleopatra VII Philopator
4680:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
3438: (<3150ā2040 BC)
950:
653:Conflict with the Greeks
9560:4th-century BC pharaohs
7591:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
6396:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
6311:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
4605:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
2051:King of Kings of Persia
1911:. New York. p. 40.
1664:Briant, Pierre (2015),
1643:Briant, Pierre (2002).
448:
9489:Rostam's Seven Labours
9368:Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)
9197:
9190:
9183:
8208:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
8201:Seleucus IV Philopator
8173:Seleucus II Callinicus
7545:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
6438:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
6417:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
6411:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
6366:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
6336:Arsinoe III Philopator
5250:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
4720:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
4660:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
4251:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
2959:Alexander I of Macedon
2505:
1737:"Darius v. Darius III"
1586:Badian, Ernst (2015).
1550:(2000). "Darius III".
910:
846:
755:Battle of the Granicus
738:
730:
674:was authorized by the
619: 522ā486 BC
586: 358ā338 BC
570:
100:floor mosaic from the
9484:Rostam and Esfandiyar
9196:
9189:
9182:
8317:Antiochus VII Sidetes
8180:Seleucus III Ceraunus
8113:Philip III Arrhidaeus
7850:Neo-Babylonian Empire
7752:Marduk-apla-iddina II
7747:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
7728:Marduk-apla-iddina II
7044:Old Babylonian Empire
6386:Ptolemy X Alexander I
6351:Ptolemy VI Philometor
6331:Ptolemy IV Philopator
6326:Berenice II Euergetes
6321:Ptolemy III Euergetes
6283:Philip III Arrhidaeus
4792:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
4787:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
4141:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
2616:Hellespontine Phrygia
2504:
2487:Darius III Codomannus
2304:Darius III Codomannus
1957:Waters, Matt (2014).
1618:"Alexander the Great"
1579:registration required
1533:Bibliotheca historica
901:
844:
736:
721:
552:
9625:Shahnameh characters
8940:Eskandar (Alexander)
8257:Demetrius II Nicator
7616:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
7596:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
7540:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
7444:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
7397:Marduk-apla-iddina I
6819:Dynastic genealogies
6443:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
5739:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
5653:High Priests of Amun
5155:Merankhre Mentuhotep
4857:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
4852:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
4705:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
4412: (2040ā1550 BC)
4131:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
3222:Hydarnes the Younger
2954:Amyntas I of Macedon
2477:Artaxerxes III Ochus
2472:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
2373:- Achaemenid Kingdom
2294:Artaxerxes III Ochus
2289:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
1905:"Darius i. The Name"
1890:Schmitt, R. (1986).
1762:Frye, R. N. (1988).
1300:Book XVII, Chapter 5
1115:, pp. 245, 251.
885:History of Alexander
714:Alexander's campaign
672:Philip II of Macedon
608:Behistun inscription
8222:Antiochus V Eupator
8187:Antiochus III Megas
7715:Tiglath-Pileser III
7680:Neo-Assyrian period
7621:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
7454:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
7362:Shagarakti-Shuriash
6341:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
6278:Alexander the Great
5310: (1550ā664 BC)
4832:Mershepsesre Ini II
4827:Merkawre Sobekhotep
4221:Neferkare IV Khendu
3372:Hellenistic satraps
3270:Other known satraps
2725:Greek Governors of
2492:Artaxerxes V Bessus
2482:Artaxerxes IV Arses
2309:Artaxerxes V Bessus
2299:Artaxerxes IV Arses
2086:Alexander the Great
1898:. pp. 658ā659.
1770:. pp. 298ā299.
1504:unfaithful minister
1491:Alexander the Great
1470:Alexander der GroĆe
1468:Siegfried Lauffer,
1385:Alexander the Great
1238:, pp. 658ā659.
1168:, pp. 682ā685.
1156:, pp. 249ā250.
851:fought at Gaugamela
823:Alexander the Great
819:Battle of Gaugamela
791:Battle of Gaugamela
728:Battle of Gaugamela
686:temples during the
647:Alexander the Great
506:Darius was born in
496:Alexander the Great
420:Alexander the Great
385:Artaxerxes IV Arses
210:Alexander the Great
200:Artaxerxes IV Arses
167:Artaxerxes V Bessus
153:Alexander the Great
140:Artaxerxes IV Arses
9630:Dethroned monarchs
9500:Khosrow and Shirin
9338:Other locations...
9198:
9191:
9184:
8166:Antiochus II Theos
8147:Seleucus I Nicator
8082:Hellenistic period
7977:Nebuchadnezzar III
7568:Mar-biti-apla-usur
7550:Shirikti-shuqamuna
7474:Marduk-shapik-zeri
7449:Itti-Marduk-balatu
7402:Zababa-shuma-iddin
7377:Kadashman-Harbe II
7352:Kadashman-Enlil II
6678:Trebonianus Gallus
5265:Senakhtenre Ahmose
4883:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
4837:Sewahenre Senebmiu
4812:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
4241:Neferkare V Tereru
4211:Neferkare III Neby
3879:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
3378:from around 330 BC
3376:Hellenistic rulers
2506:
2015:Achaemenid dynasty
1823:LeCoq, P. (1986).
1298:Diodorus Siculus,
911:
847:
783:Library of History
739:
731:
688:Second Persian War
590:Satrapy of Armenia
571:
553:Coin minted in by
515:Achaemenid dynasty
401:Satrapy of Armenia
389:Achaemenid dynasty
9610:Deaths by javelin
9537:
9536:
9511:Persian mythology
9506:Bijan and Manijeh
9479:Rostam and Sohrab
9174:
9173:
8950:Female characters
8930:Rostam FarrokhzÄd
8875:Zangay-i Shavaran
8566:
8565:
8548:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8277:(141 BC ā AD 224)
8266:
8265:
8243:Demetrius I Soter
8229:Demetrius I Soter
8154:Antiochus I Soter
8076:
8075:
7989:Nebuchadnezzar IV
7922:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7878:Nebuchadnezzar II
7844:
7843:
7674:
7673:
7666:Nabu-suma-ukin II
7651:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
7606:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
7522:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
7484:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
7469:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
7415:
7414:
7382:Adad-shuma-iddina
7372:Enlil-nadin-shumi
7317:Kadashman-Enlil I
7307:Kadashman-Harbe I
7199:
7198:
7038:
7037:
6931:
6930:
6918:
6917:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6725:Claudius Gothicus
6619:Severus Alexander
6586:Septimius Severus
6451:
6450:
6249:
6248:
5994:
5993:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5633:Osorkon the Elder
5584:
5583:
5361:
5360:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5255:Nubkheperre Intef
5135:Sekhemre Shedwast
4757:Sehetepkare Intef
4685:Semenkare Nebnuni
4614:
4613:
4461:
4460:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4168:
4167:
4146:Netjerkare Siptah
4068:Neferirkare Kakai
3913:
3912:
3717:
3716:
3487:
3486:
3383:
3382:
2572:Cyrus the Younger
2383:Achaemenid Empire
2362:Achaemenid Empire
2327:
2326:
2092:
2091:
2083:Succeeded by
2058:Succeeded by
1944:cite encyclopedia
1917:cite encyclopedia
1789:cite encyclopedia
1749:cite encyclopedia
1722:cite encyclopedia
1630:cite encyclopedia
1600:cite encyclopedia
1314:, pp. 11ā12.
1019:, pp. 51ā54.
747:League of Corinth
676:League of Corinth
658:Philip's campaign
527:Achaemenid Empire
332:
331:
172:
171:(self-proclaimed)
162:
159:Macedonian Empire
122:Achaemenid Empire
102:House of the Faun
65:King of Countries
16:(Redirected from
9642:
9527:
9526:
9148:House of Goudarz
8617:
8616:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8570:
8569:
8558:
8557:
8283:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8093:
8092:
8089:
8088:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7929:
7928:
7920:
7916:
7915:
7861:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7766:AŔŔur-nÄdin-Å”umi
7691:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7641:Marduk-apla-usur
7611:Nabu-apla-iddina
7601:Shamash-mudammiq
7479:Adad-apla-iddina
7464:Enlil-nadin-apli
7459:Nebuchadnezzar I
7432:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7322:Burna-Buriash II
7216:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7144:Unknown king (?)
7055:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7030:
7025:
7018:
7000:
6999:
6991:
6990:
6964:Kings of Babylon
6958:
6951:
6944:
6935:
6934:
6925:List of pharaohs
6815:
6814:
6580:Pescennius Niger
6468:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6376:Ptolemy IX Soter
6346:Cleopatra I Syra
6266:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
5963:
5962:
5954:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5932:
5931:
5683:Djedkhonsuefankh
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5348:
5343:
5328:
5327:
5319:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5297:
5296:
4890:Qareh Khawoserre
4876:Yakbim Sekhaenre
4817:Mersekhemre Ined
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4399:
4398:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3425:
3424:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3387:
3386:
2442:Darius the Great
2354:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2284:Darius II Nothus
2196:
2195:
2153:
2152:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2070:Pharaoh of Egypt
2041:Preceded by
2036:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1974:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1899:
1892:"Artaxerxes III"
1886:
1883:Oxford Reference
1873:
1853:
1832:
1819:
1798:
1792:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1701:
1680:
1660:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1582:
1575:
1528:Diodorus Siculus
1511:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1401:N.G.L. Hammond,
1399:
1388:
1383:Ulrich Wilcken,
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
975:
973:
971:
961:
926:in 324 BC.
876:, a satrap, and
620:
618:
612:Darius the Great
595:terminus ad quem
587:
585:
541:, respectively.
512:
509:
443:Kayanian dynasty
418:In 334 BC,
368:
363:
362:
351:
346:
228:
225:
182:Pharaoh of Egypt
173:
170:
163:
156:
95:
92:
87:Alexander Mosaic
79:
60:Pharaoh of Egypt
30:
29:
21:
9650:
9649:
9645:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9640:
9639:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9533:
9515:
9474:Zal and Rudabeh
9464:Derafsh Kaviani
9439:
9411:of Shah Tahmasp
9371:
9342:
9263:
9205:
9199:
9170:
9158:House of Nowzar
9135:
9129:
9046:
9020:
8944:
8742:Male characters
8736:
8678:
8608:
8597:
8567:
8562:
8536:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8272:Parthian period
8262:
8250:Alexander Balas
8132:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8072:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7923:
7902:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7840:
7806:ŠamaŔ-Ŕuma-ukin
7778:Mushezib-Marduk
7709:Nabu-mukin-zeri
7702:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7670:
7661:Nabu-nadin-zeri
7636:Marduk-bel-zeri
7626:Baba-aha-iddina
7586:NabĆ»-mukin-apli
7572:
7554:
7526:
7498:
7494:Nabu-shum-libur
7425:
7424:
7423:
7411:
7407:Enlil-nadin-ahi
7387:Adad-shuma-usur
7347:Kadashman-Turgu
7289:Kashtiliash III
7209:
7208:
7207:
7195:
7171:Peshgaldaramesh
7121:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7021:
7013:
7005:
6996:
6985:
6984:
6965:
6962:
6932:
6927:
6914:
6820:
6797:
6697:Macrianus Minor
6626:Maximinus Thrax
6562:Marcus Aurelius
6461:
6460:
6459:
6447:
6306:Ptolemy I Soter
6292:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6245:
6212:
6184:
6144:
6126:
6106:Psammetichus IV
6076:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5990:
5968:
5959:
5948:
5945:(664 BCā313 AD)
5944:
5943:
5914:
5876:
5853:
5849:Menkheperre Ini
5786:
5709:
5647:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5580:
5517:
5464:
5445:Neferneferuaten
5371:
5370:
5369:
5357:
5356:
5346:
5341:
5340:Pharaohs
5333:
5324:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5279:
5214:
5173:
5100:Sobekhotep VIII
5081:
5013:
4861:
4822:Sewadjkare Hori
4624:
4623:
4622:
4610:
4550:
4524:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4435:
4426:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4381:
4348:
4308:
4216:Djedkare Shemai
4178:
4177:
4176:
4164:
4102:
4044:
3987:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3803:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3618:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3461:
3452:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3419:
3414:
3384:
3379:
3364:
3319:Greater Phrygia
3265:
3231:
3202:
3168:
3119:
3082:
2997:
2963:
2939:
2861:
2795:
2720:
2683:
2674:Pharnabazus III
2606:
2507:
2496:
2427:Cyrus the Great
2380:
2374:
2364:
2358:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2132:
2122:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2063:
2054:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2011:
1981:
1979:Further reading
1971:
1941:
1940:
1914:
1913:
1877:Roberts, John.
1870:
1862:. Oxbow Books.
1850:
1816:
1786:
1785:
1746:
1745:
1719:
1718:
1698:
1678:
1657:
1627:
1626:
1597:
1596:
1576:
1564:10.2307/3185218
1543:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1324:George Cawkwell
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
988:
984:
979:
978:
968:
962:
958:
953:
839:
774:Battle of Issus
724:Battle of Issus
716:
708:Maiandros river
660:
655:
615:
582:
547:
521:, whose father
510:
504:
491:
472:Western Semitic
451:
288:
252:
237:
226:
176:
169:
155:
112:
93:
83:Battle of Issus
69:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9648:
9638:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9590:380s BC births
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9531:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9453:
9447:
9445:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9437:
9429:
9421:
9413:
9405:
9397:
9388:
9379:
9377:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9369:
9366:
9363:
9360:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9348:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9335:
9332:
9327:
9325:Mount Damavand
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9271:
9269:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9259:White Elephant
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9215:
9209:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9163:House of Sasan
9160:
9155:
9153:House of Viseh
9150:
9145:
9139:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9056:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9030:
9028:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8954:
8952:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8746:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8722:Humay Chehrzad
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8625:
8623:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8596:
8595:
8588:
8581:
8573:
8564:
8563:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8534:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8506:
8503:Parthamaspates
8499:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8372:
8365:
8360:
8353:
8350:Mithridates II
8346:
8339:
8332:
8327:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8291:
8289:
8280:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8169:
8162:
8157:
8150:
8142:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8109:
8101:
8099:
8090:
8078:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8063:
8057:
8050:
8047:Artaxerxes III
8043:
8036:
8029:
8022:
8015:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7991:
7986:
7979:
7974:
7967:
7960:
7952:
7950:
7941:
7933:Persian period
7925:
7924:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7893:Labashi-Marduk
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7869:
7867:
7858:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7831:
7828:SĆ®n-Å”umu-lÄ«Å”ir
7824:
7817:
7810:
7801:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7775:
7773:Nergal-ushezib
7770:
7761:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7737:
7730:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7631:Ninurta-apla-X
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7582:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7508:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7440:
7438:
7429:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7367:Kashtiliash IV
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7342:Nazi-Maruttash
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7279:Burnaburiash I
7276:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7251:Kashtiliash II
7248:
7243:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7224:
7222:
7213:
7210:(1729ā1157 BC)
7205:Kassite period
7201:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7142:
7137:
7131:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7052:
7049:(1894ā1595 BC)
7040:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7019:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6938:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6793:Maximinus Daza
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6552:Antoninus Pius
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6476:
6474:
6465:
6462:(30 BCā313 AD)
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6263:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6226:Artaxerxes III
6222:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6154:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6097:
6095:Petubastis III
6092:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6032:
6027:
6019:
6017:
6008:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5950:
5949:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5598:
5590:3 Intermediate
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5372:(1550ā1070 BC)
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5315:
5314:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5105:Neferhotep III
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4935:Sewadjkare III
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4904:Maaibre Sheshi
4900:
4897:'Ammu Ahotepre
4893:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:Merhotepre Ini
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:Sobekhotep III
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4639:
4637:
4628:
4625:(1802ā1550 BC)
4620:2 Intermediate
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4515:Mentuhotep III
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4472:(2040ā1802 BC)
4467:Middle Kingdom
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4417:
4416:
4404:Middle Kingdom
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Neferkare VIII
4364:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4332:Nebkaure Khety
4329:
4324:
4322:Meryibre Khety
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Neferkamin Anu
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4182:
4179:(2181ā2040 BC)
4174:1 Intermediate
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4093:Djedkare Isesi
4090:
4088:Menkauhor Kaiu
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3927:
3924:(2686ā2181 BC)
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3728:(3150ā2686 BC)
3723:Early Dynastic
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3510:
3501:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3292:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:Pherendates II
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:Abdashtart III
3077:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Baalshillem II
3054:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3003:Kings of Sidon
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:Pharnabazus II
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Artaphernes II
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2379:Kings of Kings
2376:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2360:Rulers in the
2357:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1927:
1900:
1887:
1874:
1868:
1854:
1848:
1833:
1831:. p. 548.
1820:
1815:978-0190076689
1814:
1799:
1772:
1759:
1732:
1702:
1697:978-9004091726
1696:
1681:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1614:Briant, Pierre
1610:
1583:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1495:
1482:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1389:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1345:
1332:
1316:
1304:
1291:
1289:, p. 770.
1279:
1277:, p. 690.
1267:
1265:, p. 548.
1252:
1240:
1223:
1221:, p. 312.
1219:Dandamaev 1989
1211:
1209:, p. 197.
1199:
1197:, p. 198.
1187:
1185:, p. 250.
1170:
1158:
1146:
1144:, p. 252.
1129:
1127:, p. 251.
1117:
1105:
1103:, p. 417.
1093:
1081:
1069:
1067:, p. 249.
1057:
1055:, p. 247.
1045:
1033:
1021:
985:
983:
980:
977:
976:
955:
954:
952:
949:
932:Persian Empire
907:Paolo Veronese
838:
835:
715:
712:
659:
656:
654:
651:
579:Artaxerxes III
577:expedition of
563:Artaxerxes III
557:by its satrap
546:
543:
503:
500:
490:
489:Historiography
487:
450:
447:
397:Artaxerxes III
395:expedition of
344:šš š¼š¹šŗš¢š
330:
329:
327:Zoroastrianism
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
306:
302:
301:
296:
290:
289:
287:
286:
283:
278:
272:
270:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
246:
242:
241:
234:
230:
229:
221:
217:
216:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
178:
177:
175:
174:
164:
149:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
114:
113:
80:
72:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
55:King of Persia
52:
47:
41:
37:
36:
35:šš š¼š¹šŗš¢š
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9647:
9636:
9635:LGBTQ royalty
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9595:330 BC deaths
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9530:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9497:
9495:
9494:Davazdah Rokh
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9428:
9427:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9406:
9404:
9403:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9391:Great Mongol
9389:
9387:
9386:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9367:
9364:
9361:
9358:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9345:
9339:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:Koulad-Ghandi
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:Kharvazan Div
9216:
9214:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9202:
9195:
9188:
9181:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9132:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9049:
9043:
9042:Mehrab Kaboli
9040:
9038:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9023:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8947:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8681:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8602:
8594:
8589:
8587:
8582:
8580:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8561:
8551:
8533:
8532:
8528:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8519:
8518:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8507:
8505:
8504:
8500:
8498:
8497:
8496:Vologases III
8493:
8491:
8490:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8482:Artabanus III
8479:
8477:
8476:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8465:
8463:
8462:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8300:
8298:
8297:
8296:Mithridates I
8293:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8273:
8269:
8259:
8258:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8117:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8106:Alexander III
8103:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8068:
8064:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8054:Artaxerxes IV
8051:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8040:Artaxerxes II
8037:
8035:
8034:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
8001:Shamash-eriba
7999:
7997:
7996:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7917:
7913:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7851:
7847:
7837:
7836:
7835:Sinsharishkun
7832:
7830:
7829:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7722:Shalmaneser V
7719:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7517:Ea-mukin-zeri
7515:
7513:
7512:Simbar-shipak
7510:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7426:(1157ā732 BC)
7422:
7418:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:Kadashman-Sah
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7238:Kashtiliash I
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7206:
7202:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7186:Melamkurkurra
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7176:Ayadaragalama
7174:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7140:Itti-ili-nibi
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7016:foreign ruler
7011:
7010:
7007:
7001:
6998:
6992:
6988:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6959:
6954:
6952:
6947:
6945:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6926:
6921:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6816:
6812:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6371:Cleopatra III
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:Nepherites II
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5984:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5964:
5961:
5955:
5951:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5704:Psusennes III
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5595:(1069ā664 BC)
5591:
5587:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Ramesses VIII
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Amenhotep III
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5353:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5270:Seqenenre Tao
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:Sobekemsaf II
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5195:Wepwawetemsaf
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Merneferre Ay
4800:
4798:
4797:Wahibre Ibiau
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Sobekhotep IV
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:Amenemhat III
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4520:Mentuhotep IV
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Mentuhotep II
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Wahkare Khety
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Neferkare VII
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Seth-Peribsen
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Hotepsekhemwy
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:Double Falcon
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:(pre-3150 BC)
3494:
3493:Protodynastic
3490:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3435:
3431:
3430:Protodynastic
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3325:Phrataphernes
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Syennesis III
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:Abdashtart II
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Baalshillem I
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Eshmunazar II
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2969:Kings of Tyre
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:Mithrobuzanes
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Pharnabazus I
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Autophradates
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Artaphernes I
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2027: 380 BC
2022:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1970:9781107652729
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1932:"DÄrÄ(b) (1)"
1928:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1869:9781785702082
1865:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1849:9780692864401
1845:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1735:EIr. (1994).
1733:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:9780674745209
1673:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1656:9781575061207
1652:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:Badian, Ernst
1545:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:Ancient works
1509:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1478:3-423-04298-2
1475:
1471:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1355:
1352:John Prevas,
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1250:, p. 88.
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1079:, p. 40.
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1043:, p. 49.
1042:
1037:
1031:, p. 48.
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
986:
966:
960:
956:
948:
946:
942:
937:
933:
927:
925:
921:
917:
908:
904:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:Caspian Gates
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
843:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
795:
792:
788:
785:and Justin's
784:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
735:
729:
725:
720:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
650:
648:
643:
639:
638:hazahrapatish
635:
630:
628:
624:
613:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
591:
580:
576:
568:
564:
561:, portraying
560:
556:
551:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511: 380 BC
499:
497:
486:
484:
483:Daraya-vahauÅ”
480:
477:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
446:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
409:hazahrapatish
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
374:King of Kings
372:
367:
361:
355:
350:
345:
340:
336:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
297:
295:
291:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
271:
269:
265:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
235:
231:
227: 380 BC
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
179:
168:
165:
160:
154:
151:
150:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
118:King of Kings
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94: 100 BC
88:
84:
78:
73:
70:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
45:King of Kings
43:
42:
38:
31:
19:
9498:
9469:Babr-e Bayan
9457:
9456:Abu-Mansuri
9433:
9425:
9416:
9408:
9401:
9396:(or Demotte)
9392:
9384:
9167:House of SÄm
8993:Banu Goshasp
8599:
8531:Artabanus IV
8529:
8524:Vologases VI
8522:
8515:
8510:Vologases IV
8508:
8501:
8494:
8487:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8440:Artabanus II
8438:
8431:
8424:
8417:
8410:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:Phraates III
8386:
8379:
8374:
8367:
8362:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8294:
8255:
8248:
8241:
8234:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8164:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8125:
8120:Alexander IV
8118:
8111:
8104:
8087:(331ā141 BC)
8066:
8065:
8052:
8045:
8038:
8031:
8024:
8017:
8012:Artaxerxes I
8010:
8006:Bel-shimanni
7993:
7981:
7969:
7962:
7955:
7938:(539ā331 BC)
7873:Nabopolassar
7855:(626ā539 BC)
7833:
7826:
7819:
7814:Ashurbanipal
7812:
7804:
7803:
7798:Ashurbanipal
7796:
7789:
7782:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7739:
7732:
7720:
7713:
7685:(732ā626 BC)
7646:Eriba-Marduk
7489:Marduk-zer-X
7337:Kurigalzu II
7327:Kara-hardash
7275:Unknown king
7266:Harba-Shipak
7256:Urzigurumash
7242:Unknown king
7148:Damqi-ilishu
7117:Samsu-Ditana
7087:Sin-Muballit
7022:
7015:
7012:Kings
6980:Royal titles
6770:
6763:
6756:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6683:
6676:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6578:
6571:
6557:Lucius Verus
6514:
6415:
6391:Berenice III
6381:Cleopatra IV
6356:Cleopatra II
6288:Alexander IV
6240:
6208:Nectanebo II
6177:
6158:Nepherites I
6117:Artaxerxes I
6104:
6034:
6022:
6005:(664ā332 BC)
5985:
5941:Roman Period
5843:Shoshenq VII
5841:
5814:
5774:
5755:Shoshenq III
5737:
5702:
5665:
5643:Psusennes II
5556:Ramesses VII
5536:Ramesses III
5420:Amenhotep II
5415:Thutmose III
5351:
5240:Sobekemsaf I
5232:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5166:
5159:
5064:
5047:
5042:'Aper-'Anati
5040:
5033:
5026:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4950:Sekheperenre
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4772:Neferhotep I
4762:Seth Meribre
4739:
4725:Djedkheperew
4642:
4603:
4594:Amenemhat IV
4584:Senusret III
4574:Amenemhat II
4490:Mentuhotep I
4452:
4341:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4206:Neferkare II
4157:
4150:
4083:Nyuserre Ini
4037:
4020:
3975:
3968:
3956:
3897:
3892:Neferkasokar
3890:
3883:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3796:
3789:
3697:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3640:Finger Snail
3638:
3631:
3611:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3478:
3335:Ariobarzanes
3305:Satibarzanes
3109:
3062:Abdashtart I
3044:Tetramnestos
3011:Eshmunazar I
2915:Artemisia II
2825:Teththiweibi
2771:Themistocles
2716:Ariarathes I
2669:Artabazus II
2664:Ariobarzanes
2654:Pharnaces II
2602:Spithridates
2577:Tissaphernes
2567:Tissaphernes
2486:
2452:Artaxerxes I
2404:
2397:
2390:
2319:
2303:
2269:Artaxerxes I
2216:
2209:
2202:
2194:(550ā330 BC)
2151:(728ā550 BC)
2076:XXXI Dynasty
2074:
2068:
2049:
2032:
2020:
2013:
1990:
1986:
1959:
1935:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1879:"Darius III"
1859:
1838:
1828:
1804:
1780:
1777:"DÄrÄb-nÄma"
1767:
1740:
1713:
1686:
1666:
1645:
1621:
1591:
1588:"Sisigambis"
1555:
1551:
1541:Modern works
1531:
1517:Bibliography
1507:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1469:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1441:Prevas 64ā65
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1402:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1307:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1243:
1236:Schmitt 1986
1214:
1202:
1190:
1161:
1149:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1077:Schmitt 1994
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
959:
928:
912:
902:
889:Satibarzanes
884:
863:
848:
816:
796:
786:
782:
771:
759:Agesilaus II
740:
669:
661:
637:
631:
605:
600:
593:
572:
505:
492:
482:
478:
461:, "Happy in
458:
452:
436:
417:
408:
382:
334:
333:
40:
9400:Baysonghor
9376:Manuscripts
9226:Div-e Sepid
9221:Arzhang Div
9206:and animals
8707:Kay Lohrasp
8702:Kay Khosrow
8517:Vologases V
8468:Vologases I
8454:Gotarzes II
8412:Phraates IV
8343:Artabanus I
8336:Hyspaosines
8324:Phraates II
8303:Phraates II
7964:Cambyses II
7888:Neriglissar
7883:Amel-Marduk
7784:Sennacherib
7741:Sennacherib
7392:Meli-Shipak
7357:Kudur-Enlil
7332:Nazi-Bugash
7312:Kurigalzu I
7284:Ulamburiash
7271:Shipta'ulzi
7246:Abi-Rattash
7135:Ilum-ma-ili
7112:Ammi-Saduqa
7107:Ammi-Ditana
7097:Samsu-iluna
7023:vassal king
6661:Gordian III
6606:Diadumenian
6406:Cleopatra V
6260:(332ā30 BC)
6255:Hellenistic
6198:Nectanebo I
6090:Cambyses II
6072:Psamtik III
6030:Tefnakht II
5832:Takelot III
5827:Osorkon III
5822:Shoshenq VI
5776:Pedubast II
5760:Shoshenq IV
5733:Shoshenq II
5698:Pinedjem II
5688:Menkheperre
5623:Psusennes I
5576:Ramesses XI
5566:Ramesses IX
5551:Ramesses VI
5541:Ramesses IV
5488:Ramesses II
5450:Tutankhamun
5425:Thutmose IV
5405:Thutmose II
5395:Amenhotep I
5367:New Kingdom
5302:New Kingdom
5161:Senusret IV
5145:Dedumose II
5120:Nebiriau II
5115:Nebiryraw I
5110:Mentuhotepi
4915:Khakherewre
4842:Merkheperre
4752:Imyremeshaw
4735:Sedjefakare
4690:Sehetepibre
4665:Ameny Qemau
4599:Sobekneferu
4579:Senusret II
4564:Amenemhat I
4546:Iyibkhentre
4276:Neferirkare
4271:Neferkauhor
4078:Shepseskare
3919:Old Kingdom
3905:Khasekhemwy
3885:Neferkara I
3854:Weneg-Nebty
3699:Scorpion II
3236:Satraps of
3207:Satraps of
3173:Satraps of
3139:Pherendates
3124:Satraps of
3072:Evagoras II
2935:Orontobates
2894:Lygdamis II
2800:Dynasts of
2776:Archeptolis
2766:Aristagoras
2751:Eurysthenes
2644:Artabazus I
2582:Tithraustes
2512:Satraps of
2432:Cambyses II
2371:Family tree
2244:Cambyses II
2139:Family tree
2080:336ā332 BC
2055:336ā330 BC
2010:Darius III
1764:"BÄbak (1)"
1594:. New York.
1558:: 241ā267.
1489:W.W. Tarn,
1312:Heckel 2020
1287:Briant 2002
1275:Briant 2002
1248:Briant 2015
1207:Waters 2014
1195:Waters 2014
1183:Badian 2000
1154:Badian 2000
1142:Badian 2000
1125:Badian 2000
1113:Badian 2000
1101:Briant 2015
1089:Badian 2015
1065:Badian 2000
1053:Badian 2000
1041:Briant 2015
1029:Briant 2015
821:, in which
767:Megalopolis
459:*ArtaÅ”iyÄta
455:Old Persian
349:DÄrayavaŹ°uÅ”
339:Old Persian
276:Stateira II
196:Predecessor
136:Predecessor
96:), ancient
9550:Darius III
9544:Categories
9419:of Rashida
9347:Structures
9320:Alborzkouh
9315:Mazandaran
9285:Zabulistan
9204:Creatures
9143:Kashvadian
8998:Gordafarid
8845:EsfandiyÄr
8717:Kay Bahman
8621:Pishdadian
8613:Characters
8475:Pacorus II
8461:Vonones II
8447:Vardanes I
8426:Orodes III
8419:Phraates V
8394:Piriustana
8381:Sinatruces
8363:Asi'abatar
8357:Gotarzes I
8067:Darius III
7791:Esarhaddon
7656:Nabonassar
7302:Karaindash
7072:Sumu-la-El
6778:Diocletian
6732:Quintillus
6685:Aemilianus
6640:Gordian II
6612:Elagabalus
6433:Arsinoe IV
6316:Arsinoe II
6241:Darius III
6168:Psammuthes
6057:Psamtik II
5872:Bakenranef
5810:Pedubast I
5805:Takelot II
5800:Harsiese A
5782:Osorkon IV
5770:Shoshenq V
5750:Osorkon II
5723:Shoshenq I
5693:Smendes II
5673:Pinedjem I
5618:Amenemnisu
5571:Ramesses X
5546:Ramesses V
5498:Amenmesses
5478:Ramesses I
5440:Smenkhkare
5410:Hatshepsut
5400:Thutmose I
5150:Montuemsaf
5140:Dedumose I
4940:Nebdjefare
4930:Merdjefare
4700:Nedjemibre
4695:Sewadjkare
4569:Senusret I
4541:Qakare Ini
4362:Meryhathor
4266:Neferkaure
4261:Qakare Iby
4246:Neferkahor
4231:Neferkamin
4039:Thamphthis
4033:Shepseskaf
3947:Sekhemkhet
3798:Horus Bird
3675:Scorpion I
3144:Achaemenes
3115:Orontes II
3110:Darius III
3031:Bodashtart
2979:Boulomenus
2905:Hecatomnus
2889:Pisindelis
2879:Lygdamis I
2852:Mithrapata
2843:Artembares
2786:Amyntas II
2727:Asia Minor
2706:Ariamnes I
2693:Cappadocia
2639:Oebares II
2624:Mitrobates
2562:Pissuthnes
2422:Cambyses I
2399:Ariaramnes
2392:Achaemenes
2234:Cambyses I
2211:Ariaramnes
2204:Achaemenes
2190:Achaemenid
2129:Achaemenid
1706:Eilers, W.
1365:Prevas 47.
1263:LeCoq 1986
982:References
916:Persepolis
893:Barsaentes
878:Nabarzanes
812:Persepolis
692:Asia Minor
670:In 336 BC
545:Early life
539:Stateira I
531:Sisygambis
525:ruled the
502:Background
424:Persepolis
371:Achaemenid
335:Darius III
317:Sisygambis
299:Achaemenid
261:Stateira I
250:Persepolis
191:336ā332 BC
131:336ā330 BC
50:Great King
33:Darius III
18:Codomannus
9458:Shahnameh
9434:Shahnameh
9426:Shahnameh
9417:Shahnameh
9409:Shahnameh
9402:Shahnameh
9393:Shahnameh
9385:Shahnameh
9383:Florence
9334:Kasa-Roud
9305:Ctesiphon
9234:Huma bird
9213:Akvan Div
9134:Clans and
9125:Biderafsh
8770:Kayanoush
8727:Kay Darab
8697:Kay KÄvus
8692:Kay KawÄd
8659:Manuchehr
8601:Shahnameh
8433:Vonones I
8405:Orodes II
8399:Teleuniqe
8375:Ispubarza
8236:Timarchus
8215:Antiochus
8194:Antiochus
8060:Nidin-Bel
8033:Darius II
8026:Sogdianus
8019:Xerxes II
7898:Nabonidus
7821:Kandalanu
7734:Sargon II
7181:Akurduana
7163:Gulkishar
7158:Shushushi
7102:Abi-Eshuh
7092:Hammurabi
7067:Sumu-abum
6910:Ptolemaic
6718:Gallienus
6633:Gordian I
6596:Caracalla
6522:Vespasian
6516:Vitellius
6298:Ptolemaic
6140:Amyrtaeus
6122:Darius II
6067:Ahmose II
6047:Psamtik I
5986:uncertain
5974:Pharaohs
5910:Tanutamun
5745:Takelot I
5728:Osorkon I
5678:Masaharta
5628:Amenemope
5531:Setnakhte
5493:Merneptah
5435:Akhenaten
5352:uncertain
5234:Nebmaatre
5055:Sakir-Har
5008:Yaqub-Har
4920:Nebefawre
4670:Hotepibre
4536:Segerseni
4505:Intef III
4453:uncertain
4441:Pharaohs
4073:Neferefre
3899:Hudjefa I
3780:Semerkhet
3517:Hedju Hor
3479:uncertain
3467:Pharaohs
3281:Abrocomas
3277:Megabyzus
3251:Camisares
3227:Atropates
3183:Hystaspes
3105:Orontes I
3100:Artasyrus
3036:Yatonmilk
2993:Azemilcus
2976:Mattan IV
2946:Macedonia
2944:Kings of
2930:Pixodarus
2884:Artemisia
2847:Artumpara
2791:Philiscus
2761:Histiaeus
2741:Demaratus
2736:Miltiades
2634:Megabates
2629:Megabazus
2587:Tiribazus
2467:Darius II
2462:Sogdianus
2457:Xerxes II
2279:Sogdianus
2274:Xerxes II
2165:Phraortes
1993:: 52ā64.
1690:. Brill.
1459:Prevas 71
1450:Prevas 69
1432:Prevas 60
1423:Prevas 55
1414:Prevas 52
1374:Prevas 48
1017:EIr. 1994
941:companion
855:Babylonia
763:rebellion
696:Parmenion
634:chiliarch
623:Pharnaces
535:Oxyathres
523:Darius II
405:chiliarch
206:Successor
146:Successor
9529:Category
9424:Windsor
9330:Tammisha
9254:Shabrang
9136:families
9120:Nastihan
9080:Afrasiab
9075:Garsivaz
9070:Aghrirat
9052:Turanian
9011:KatÄyoun
9007:Manizheh
9003:Farangis
8973:Sindukht
8968:ShahrnÄz
8865:SiyĆ¢vash
8860:Fariborz
8855:Faramarz
8850:Pashotan
8815:Gershasp
8810:Gostaham
8760:Shahrasp
8712:Goshtasb
8684:Kayanian
8674:Garshasp
8649:Fereydun
8639:Tahmuras
8629:Keyumars
8606:Ferdowsi
8560:Category
8489:Osroes I
8369:Orodes I
8160:Seleucus
7995:Xerxes I
7983:Darius I
7957:Cyrus II
7758:Bel-ibni
7294:Agum III
7191:Ea-gamil
7167:DIÅ +U-EN
7153:Ishkibal
7082:Apil-Sin
6870:21 to 23
6788:Galerius
6783:Maximian
6772:Numerian
6739:Aurelian
6691:Valerian
6654:Balbinus
6647:Pupienus
6601:Macrinus
6573:Pertinax
6567:Commodus
6532:Domitian
6495:Claudius
6490:Caligula
6485:Tiberius
6480:Augustus
6100:Darius I
6052:Necho II
5895:Shebitku
5867:Tefnakht
5460:Horemheb
5390:Ahmose I
5202:Pantjeny
5188:Senebkay
5168:Pepi III
5130:Bebiankh
4987:Shenshek
4945:Nebsenre
4777:Sihathor
4747:Khendjer
4710:Renseneb
4655:Nerikare
4500:Intef II
4377:Merykare
4282:Wadjkare
4226:Merenhor
4121:Userkare
4028:Menkaure
4022:Bikheris
4011:Djedefre
3977:Qahedjet
3861:Wadjenes
3847:Horus Sa
3840:Nubnefer
3827:Nynetjer
3791:Sneferka
3531:Ni-Neith
3417:Pharaohs
3345:Abulites
3299:Hyrcania
3217:Hydarnes
3193:Masistes
3134:Aryandes
2988:Evagoras
2910:Mausolus
2901:(satrap)
2822:Harpagus
2813:Kybernis
2781:Aridolis
2746:Gongylos
2592:Struthas
2532:Harpagus
2447:Xerxes I
2180:Astyages
2175:Cyaxares
1616:(1985).
1480:, p. 114
1339:Arrian,
1330:, p. 209
965:Xerxes I
920:Stateira
882:Curtius'
800:Ecbatana
684:Athenian
575:Cadusian
393:Cadusian
323:Religion
281:Drypetis
9444:Related
9432:Davari
9310:Estakhr
9249:Shabdiz
9239:Simurgh
9065:Pashang
9060:Zadashm
8988:Tahmina
8983:Sudabeh
8963:ArnavÄz
8958:Faranak
8925:Shaghad
8885:Goudarz
8880:Kashvad
8820:Nariman
8732:Dara II
8644:Jamshid
8634:Hushang
7971:Bardiya
7261:Agum II
7228:Gandash
7029:female)
7004:Dynasty
6765:Carinus
6746:Tacitus
6704:Quietus
6547:Hadrian
6231:Khabash
6062:Wahibre
6042:Necho I
6036:Nekauba
6024:Ammeris
5967:Dynasty
5905:Taharqa
5900:Shabaka
5837:Rudamun
5816:Iuput I
5661:Herihor
5613:Smendes
5513:Twosret
5503:Seti II
5347:female)
5332:Dynasty
5228:Rahotep
5125:Semenre
5095:Djehuti
5077:Khamudi
5066:Yanassi
5049:Salitis
5001:Yakareb
4994:Khamure
4925:Sehebre
4847:Merkare
4495:Intef I
4434:Dynasty
4343:Imhotep
4303:Iytjenu
4289:Khuiqer
4201:Menkare
4152:Neferka
4136:Pepi II
4058:Userkaf
3952:Sanakht
3775:Anedjib
3755:Hor-Aha
3688:Iry-Hor
3682:Shendjw
3654:Pen-Abu
3538:Hat-Hor
3460:Dynasty
3359:Babylon
3355:Mazaeus
3349:Susiana
3329:Parthia
3315:Atizyes
3285:Belesys
3261:Arsames
3256:Mazaeus
3238:Cilicia
3188:Dadarsi
3175:Bactria
3164:Mazaces
3159:Sabaces
3149:Arsames
3092:Armenia
3088:Satraps
2983:Abdemon
2920:Idrieus
2899:Adusius
2867:Dynasts
2857:Perikle
2839:Arbinas
2829:Kheriga
2818:Kuprlli
2809:Kheziga
2756:Prokles
2701:Datames
2689:Satraps
2679:Arsites
2612:Satraps
2542:Bagaeus
2537:Oroetus
2527:Mazares
2522:Tabalus
2437:Bardiya
2417:Cyrus I
2412:Teispes
2406:Arsames
2381:of the
2320:Italics
2254:Gaumata
2249:Smerdis
2229:Cyrus I
2224:Teispes
2218:Arsames
2160:Deioces
1825:"Arses"
1710:"Banda"
1572:3185218
909:, 1570.
866:Bactria
804:Babylon
745:by the
743:Hegemon
706:to the
700:Attalus
680:Hegemon
678:as its
606:On the
601:bandaka
567:pharaoh
559:Mazaeus
555:Cilicia
519:Ostanes
476:Aramaic
439:Dara II
432:Bactria
366:Dareios
360:ĪĪ±ĻĪµįæĪæĻ
308:Arsames
294:Dynasty
239:Parthia
120:of the
106:Pompeii
85:in the
9451:Daqiqi
9290:Sistan
9268:Places
9244:Rakhsh
9115:Barman
9110:Houman
9095:Arjasp
9090:Shideh
9085:Tageuo
9037:Zahhak
9033:Mardas
9026:Tazian
9016:Azadeh
8978:Rudaba
8935:Barbad
8920:Zavara
8915:Gorgin
8905:Bahram
8900:Rohham
8895:Bizhan
8840:Sohrab
8835:Rostam
8755:Siamak
8750:Jamasp
8664:Nowzar
8330:Ubulna
7233:Agum I
7077:Sabium
6995:Period
6905:Argead
6752:Probus
6672:Decius
6667:Philip
6542:Trajan
6270:Argead
6179:Muthis
6132:XXVIII
6112:Xerxes
5980:female
5958:Period
5667:Piankh
5638:Siamun
5508:Siptah
5483:Seti I
5323:Period
5275:Kamose
5209:Snaaib
5179:Abydos
5035:Semqen
5028:Sharek
4980:Sheneh
4960:'Apepi
4955:Bebnum
4910:Nehesy
4730:Sebkay
4650:Sonbef
4447:female
4425:Period
4236:Nikare
4126:Pepi I
4063:Sahure
4016:Khafre
4001:Snefru
3970:Sedjes
3942:Djoser
3868:Senedj
3746:Narmer
3705:Narmer
3587:Wazner
3552:Hsekiu
3524:Ny-Hor
3473:female
3451:Period
3339:Persis
3198:Bessus
3067:Tennes
3040:Anysos
3016:Tabnit
2834:Kherei
2729:cities
2547:Otanes
2170:Madyes
2147:Median
2125:Median
2061:Bessus
2035:330 BC
2031:
1967:
1866:
1846:
1812:
1694:
1674:
1653:
1570:
1476:
945:Bagoas
936:Bessus
874:Bessus
859:Persis
778:Arrian
642:Bagoas
467:Justin
428:Bessus
413:Bagoas
378:Persia
313:Mother
305:Father
257:Spouse
245:Burial
9300:Balkh
9295:Kabul
9280:Turan
9105:Piran
9100:Viseh
8910:Hojir
8870:Farud
8800:Qaren
8795:QobƔd
8780:Arash
8765:Abtin
8310:Rinnu
6758:Carus
6537:Nerva
6527:Titus
6505:Galba
6472:XXXIV
6457:Roman
6236:Arses
6163:Hakor
6082:XXVII
5792:XXIII
5382:XVIII
5342:(male
5072:Apepi
5060:Khyan
4973:Wazad
4741:Wegaf
4675:Iufni
4529:Nubia
4337:Setut
4159:Nefer
4006:Khufu
3964:Khaba
3958:Nebka
3822:Nebra
3750:Menes
3709:Menes
3661:Stork
3624:Upper
3580:Neheb
3573:Thesh
3559:Khayu
3508:Lower
3295:Ochus
3289:Syria
3209:Media
3126:Egypt
3053:Baana
2871:Caria
2802:Lycia
2514:Lydia
2131:kings
2044:Arses
2033:Died:
2021:Born:
1568:JSTOR
951:Notes
905:, by
827:Erbil
665:Egypt
627:Arses
479:qdmwn
354:Greek
285:Ochus
268:Issue
188:Reign
128:Reign
110:Italy
98:Roman
9275:Iran
8805:Tous
8785:Salm
8775:KÄve
8669:Zaav
8654:Iraj
8138:XIII
7578:VIII
6591:Geta
6510:Otho
6500:Nero
6218:XXXI
6203:Teos
6150:XXIX
6015:XXVI
6000:Late
5977:male
5937:Late
5890:Piye
5859:XXIV
5765:Pami
5715:XXII
5304:and
5220:XVII
4966:Nuya
4635:XIII
4444:male
4406:and
4296:Khui
4193:VIII
4116:Teti
4098:Unas
3983:Huni
3785:Qa'a
3765:Djet
3760:Djer
3668:Bull
3647:Fish
3613:Wash
3594:Mekh
3470:male
3374:and
3309:Aria
2127:and
1965:ISBN
1950:link
1923:link
1864:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1795:link
1755:link
1728:link
1692:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1636:link
1606:link
1474:ISBN
924:Susa
891:and
857:and
831:Iraq
817:The
808:Susa
704:Troy
698:and
537:and
463:Arta
449:Name
233:Died
220:Born
8890:Giv
8830:ZÄl
8825:SÄm
8790:Tur
8604:of
8287:XIV
8097:XII
8062:(?)
7560:VII
7220:III
6190:XXX
5939:to
5882:XXV
5605:XXI
5470:XIX
5087:XVI
4867:XIV
4715:Hor
4556:XII
4189:VII
3934:III
3770:Den
3566:Tiu
3432:to
3090:of
2925:Ada
2869:of
2691:of
2614:of
1995:doi
1560:doi
1556:100
922:at
726:or
565:as
376:of
104:in
9546::
7948:XI
7698:IX
7532:VI
7436:IV
7127:II
6900:31
6895:30
6890:27
6885:26
6880:25
6875:24
6865:20
6860:19
6855:18
6850:12
6845:11
5523:XX
5455:Ay
5019:XV
4482:XI
4314:IX
4108:VI
3993:IV
3833:Ba
3809:II
3748:/
3707:/
3693:Ka
3545:Pu
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