396:
519:
755:
1391:
collaboration in all
European countries occupied by Nazi Germany, the specificity of the French situation was due to the combination of two characteristics: after refusing to go into exile (as the Norwegian, Dutch and Belgian governments did) and signing a political armistice (instead of a purely military capitulation like the Norwegian, Dutch and Belgian case), the French government under Pétain did not confine itself to an inevitable technical collaboration with the occupying authorities but engaged voluntarily in political and economic state collaboration with the Reich. At the same time, it took advantage of the occupation to proceed to a regime change and a 'national revolution'.
635:
1111:: "Anyone who studies the reality of a modern war, especially life under prolonged military occupation, will surely encounter stories of collaboration between the subjugated locals and the occupying power...The cooperation is often a coerced one; people may have no choice but to cooperate. Since the authority that demands cooperation may have brutally harmed the locals in the process of conquest, collaborating with this authority can be a morally explosive issue...the history of war inevitably involves stories of collaboration..."
454:, itself heavily engaged in collaboration, arrested around 2,000 individuals on charges of passing information to the Germans. They did so to centralise collaboration, ensure that the state maintained a monopoly in Franco-German relations and defend sovereignty so that they could negotiate from a position of strength. It was among the many compromises made by the Vichy government. Adolf Hitler gave Germans in France plentiful opportunities to exploit French weakness and maximize tensions there after June 1940.
1017:
798:
746:. They expressed a heavy dislike for French colonial rule without moving forward with any explicit ideological agenda. Their motives were expanded in 1943, with the addition of wanting to improve the situation of Vietnamese soldiers interned as POWs. This included improvements in conditions at camps, better food, health care, education, and vocational training.
164:. Servile is service to an enemy based on necessity for personal survival or comfort, whereas ideological is advocacy for cooperation with an enemy power. In contrast, Bertram Gordon used the terms "collaborator" and "collaborationist" for ideological and non-ideological collaboration, respectively, in France.
942:
is viewed as a serious offence and social stain and is sometimes punished (judicially or extrajudicially) by death. In addition, during the period of 2007–2009, around 30 Palestinians have been sentenced to death in court on collaboration-related charges, although the sentences have not been carried
465:
during World War II, was advised by German authorities to sign a declaration condemning an alleged massacre of
Chartres civilians by French Senegalese troops. Moulin refused to collaborate, knowing that the bombing massacre was carried out by Germans. He was then incarcerated by the Germans, and cut
187:
Collaboration with the enemy in wartime goes back to prehistory, and has always been present. Since World War II, historians have used it to refer to the wartime occupation of France by
Germany in World War II. Unlike other defeated countries which capitulated to Germany and fled into exile, France
998:
The
Ukrainian government has had broad support from its population, but support for Russia within Ukraine gained prevalence in the Donbas region during the years of Russian occupation. The Ukrainian government has since compiled a "registry of collaborators." It says that pro-Russian collaborators
1390:
Collaboration with the enemy is not unique to the Second World War but 'as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory'. Its present political and historiographical conception has, however, been essentially shaped by the events of the Second World War and its aftermath. While there was
734:
Vietnamese emigres and expatriates living in France gained inspiration from the Nazi occupation in the country. These people believed in many
European nationalist ideas at the time — these being a belief in an organic ethnocultural national community and an authoritarian corporatist state and
613:
organizations and some of the country's police forces, were directly or indirectly responsible for the brutal killing of thousands of Greeks during the occupation. Contrary to what happened to other
European countries, the members of these corps were never tried or punished, due to the
690:
Collaboration in Poland was less institutionalized than in some other countries and has been described as marginal, a point of pride with the Polish people. However, the Soviet Union did find some individuals who would work with them, and this is demonstrated notably by the
141:
Collaboration in wartime can take many forms, including political, economic, social, sexual, cultural, or military collaboration. The activities undertaken can be treasonous, to varying extent, and in a World War II context generally means working with the enemy actively.
738:
When German forces invaded France in May 1940 amid World War II, the French military and government saw a collapse. In addition, six to ten million people were forced to become refugees. The political response was then provoked by the
Vietnamese in the country.
1097:
The reasons for people collaborating with the enemy in wartime vary. In World War II, collaborators with Nazi
Germany were found in Stalin's Soviet Union and in other Western European countries, and Japanese collaborators operated in China.
2222:
543:. He became minister-president of Norway in 1942, and attempted to Nazify the country, but was fiercely resisted by most of the population. His name is now synonymous with a high-profile government collaborator, now known as a
188:
signed an armistice, remained in France, cooperated with the German Reich economically and politically, and used the new situation to effectuate a transfer of power to a cooperative French State under
Marshall Phillipe Pétain.
423:
on the other hand, engaged in collaboration for pragmatic reasons, such as carrying out the orders of the occupiers to maintain public order (policeman) or normal government functions (civil servants); commerce (including
2250:
1133:
announced on French radio that 'a collaboration has been envisioned between our two countries.' Since then, 'collaboration' has been the word by which we denigrate political cooperation with an occupying force."
735:
economy. At the time
Vietnamese feared that colonialism had "systematically destroyed all elements of social order ... which would have led the intellectual elite to oppose the bolshevization of the country."
2011:
kolaboracja... miała charakter-na terytoriach RP okupowanych przez Niemców-absolutnie marginalny (collaboration ... on the territories of German occupied Poland can be characterized as absolutely marginal)
1974:
he Poles, though strongly anti-Russian and anti-Jewish, did not significantly collaborate with Nazi Germany, whereas the Lithuanians and some of the Ukrainians (occupied by the USSR from 1939-41) did.
111:
of France, which cooperated with the Germans after the fall of France and during their occupation, 1940–44. It was first used in the modern sense on 24 October 1940 in a meeting between Marshal
993:
395:
1003:
after the invasion started, with offenders facing 15 years in prison for either collaborating with Russian forces, making public denials about Russian aggression or supporting Russia.
946:
In June 2009, Raed Sualha, a 15-year-old Palestinian boy, was brutally tortured and hanged by his family because they suspected him of collaborating with Israel. Authorities of the
1221:
2405:
2258:
1987:
950:
launched an investigation into the case and arrested the perpetrators. Police said it was unlikely that such a young boy would have been recruited as an informer.
666:(1880–1946) was a Slovene general who collaborated as he took control of the semi-independent region of the Italian-occupied southern Slovenia known as the
1144:"Collaboration with the Japanese was a necessary evil embraced by the internee government as preferable to a more direct and more oppressive enemy rule."
439:, imprisonment, or execution. In France, 10,500 collaborators are estimated to have been executed, some after legal proceedings, others extrajudicially.
870:
2316:
1215:
362:
181:
842:
1820:
1071:
919:
849:
1043:
483:
2344:
2284:
1441:
World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
1527:
Ward, James Mace (May 2008), "Legitimate Collaboration: The Administration of Santo Tomas Internment Camp and its Histories, 1942-2003,"
856:
1050:
276:. In some cases, the meaning was not disrespectful at the beginning, but changed with later use when borrowed: the Ottoman term for the
1149:
John Hickman identifies thirteen reasons why occupied populations might hold collaborators in contempt, because they are perceived as:
518:
838:
399:
In France after liberation by the Allies, many women had their heads shaved as punishment for having had relationships with Germans.
2208:
1257:
296:
290:
2465:
1057:
1627:
Collaborationists openly embraced fascism. ...They had to continue to believe in German victory or cease to be collaborationists.
475:
2196:
447:
819:
390:
127:. Pétain believed that Germany had won the war, and informed the French people that he accepted "collaboration" with Germany.
2694:
2572:
2537:
2502:
2105:
1967:
1931:
1612:
1574:
1449:
1039:
556:
479:
432:); or to fulfill personal ambitions and greed. Collaborators didn't necessarily believe in fascism or support Nazi Germany.
670:, and which came under German control in 1943. The main collaborationists in East Yugoslavia were the German-puppet Serbian
1674:
1327:(1989). "Collaboration in Nazi-Occupied France: Some Introductory Remarks". In Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Marsh, Patrick (eds.).
969:
260:
In some colonial or occupation conflicts, soldiers of native origin were seen as collaborators. This could be the case of
1999:
981:
915:
675:
2668:
1299:
462:
372:
2140:
1268:
2752:
2734:
2713:
2645:
2089:
1836:
1727:
1336:
889:
863:
366:
827:
2294:
907:
754:
671:
17:
1589:
In France, collaborationists were committed to the victory of the Third Reich and actively worked toward that end.
1278:
977:
526:
1563:
Waschuk, Roman; Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (20 June 1986). Boshyk, Yury; Wynnyckyj, Andriy (eds.).
2797:
999:
have acted as spotters to assist Russian shelling. Anti-collaboration laws were enacted by Ukrainian President
823:
582:
316:
from 1954 to 1962. The word sometimes applies to all Algerian Muslims (thus including civilians) who supported
1064:
415:
is mainly used to describe individuals enrolled in pseudo-Nazi parties, often based in Paris, who believed in
2807:
2764:
1252:
923:
2406:"Turkey's "double game" on ISIS and support for extremist groups highlighted after horrific Istanbul attack"
1029:
180:
and their Japanese captors for mutual benefit and to enhance the possibilities of the internees to survive.
651:
574:
540:
2773:
2372:
1210:
696:
107:
The meaning of "traitorous cooperation with the enemy" dates from 1940, originally in reference to the
2802:
581:), cooperated with the Axis authorities. Small but active Greek National-Socialist parties, like the
429:
2433:
808:
594:
586:
489:
320:
during the war. The motives for enlisting were mixed. They are regarded as traitors in independent
1828:
1439:
2115:
1205:
959:
947:
812:
1959:
1951:
2724:
2438:
2377:
759:
719:
346:
136:
1602:
597:
Greek Jews. In the last two years of the occupation prime minister Ioanni Rallis, created the
2251:"ISIS intelligence figure captured by YPG: "things were facilitated by Turkish intelligence""
2081:
1564:
667:
619:
1300:"Coming to Terms with Wartime Collaboration: Post-Conflict Processes & Legal Challenges"
634:
33:
is cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime. As historian
2708:. Studies in European History Series (1st ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan education.
570:
120:
8:
1719:
Collaboration in France : politics and culture during the Nazi occupation, 1940-1944
1000:
598:
2025:"Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris"
337:("Frenchified" or "French-alike") were upper-and-middle class Spanish supporters of the
237:
refers to those among the French who for whatever reason collaborated with the Germans.
225:
or other ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany.
56:
is used by historians who restrict the term to a subset of ideological collaborators in
2657:
2054:
1801:
1793:
1656:
1381:
1324:
1272:
935:
436:
34:
2529:
Hitler's Collaborators: Choosing Between Bad and Worse in Nazi-occupied Western Europe
1351:
Collaboration with the enemy is as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory.
1130:
112:
2762:
Sweets, John F (September 1997), "Review: La France a l'heure Allemande, 1940–1944",
2748:
2730:
2726:
The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940-45
2709:
2690:
2664:
2641:
2578:
2568:
2543:
2533:
2508:
2498:
2170:
2085:
2046:
1988:"Czy istniała kolaboracja z Rzeszą Niemiecką i ZSRR podczas drugiej wojny światowej?"
1963:
1927:
1832:
1805:
1733:
1723:
1660:
1618:
1608:
1580:
1570:
1455:
1445:
1385:
1342:
1332:
773:
742:
France also had a group of Vietnamese students and professionals in Paris called the
692:
173:
2687:
Complicated complicity: European collaboration with Nazi Germany during World War II
2074:
1639:
Naylor, Phillip C. (6 August 2016). "A practical guide to French Harki literature".
1477:
902:
More recent examples of collaboration have included institutions and individuals in
2812:
2777:
2036:
1872:
Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940–45
1824:
1785:
1648:
1373:
1365:
1329:
Collaboration in France: Politics and Culture During the Nazi Occupation, 1940–1944
1091:
973:
723:
590:
530:
451:
212:
145:
72:
dates from 1871, and is a back-formation from collaborator (1802), from the French
2494:
Stalin's Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941-1945
1652:
2635:
2562:
2527:
2492:
2227:
965:
768:, was tried for treason after World War II for her broadcasts to American troops.
711:
623:
536:
522:
513:
308:
is the generic term for native Muslim Algerians who served as auxiliaries in the
251:
165:
156:(an attempt to exploit necessity). According to him, collaboration can be either
89:
77:
45:
639:
602:
578:
338:
317:
273:
222:
124:
2582:
2547:
2512:
1622:
1584:
1562:
1459:
1369:
1356:
Lemmes, Fabian (16 April 2008). "Collaboration in wartime France, 1940–1944".
2791:
2280:
2050:
1947:
1346:
777:
601:, military corps that collaborated openly with the Germans, and had a strong
184:
in Europe and Asia existed in varying degrees in all the occupied countries.
1776:
Hoffmann, Stanley (1968). "Collaborationism in France during World War II".
1737:
2659:
Petain's Crime: The Complete Story of French Collaboration in the Holocaust
2289:
1232:
1122:
781:
707:
659:
655:
643:
443:
378:
313:
255:
230:
192:
116:
108:
57:
49:
27:
Cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime
2640:. Translated by Tihany, Catherine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1717:
1237:
1159:
benefiting from their own poor decisions as leaders before the occupation
926:, some Ukrainian citizens collaborated with the invading Russian forces.
903:
663:
615:
458:
333:
309:
268:
177:
1016:
2349:
2321:
2285:"Turkey could cut off Islamic State's supply lines. So why doesn't it?"
2058:
1797:
1262:
764:
565:
invasion of Greece, a Nazi-held government was put in place. All three
425:
81:
52:
to designate traitorous collaboration with the enemy. The related term
1377:
80:
against smugglers trading with England and assisting in the escape of
2410:
994:
Collaboration with Russia during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
606:
466:
his throat with glass to prevent himself from giving up information.
381:, collaboration existed to varying degrees in German-occupied zones.
37:
says, it "is as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory".
2041:
2024:
1501:
Stanley Hoffmann. 'Collaborationism in France during World War II."
797:
428:
and other women who had relationships with Germans and were called,
2781:
2110:
1789:
1273:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1247:
1200:
1126:
679:
610:
566:
544:
501:
350:
2745:
Collaboration with the nazis: public discourse after the Holocaust
2317:"Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants"
461:, a French civil servant who served as the first President of the
435:
With the defeat of the Axis, collaborators were often punished by
233:, who embraced the goal of a German victory as their own, whereas
1227:
695:
set up by the Soviets in 1944 that operated in opposition to the
562:
504:. There was an active collaboration movement in the Netherlands.
416:
321:
300:
in Basque with a more overtly pejorative meaning of "mercenary".
169:
2595:
Kwon, Heonik (2008), "Excavating the History of Collaboration,"
2564:
Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China
1222:
Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China
968:, and private individuals cooperated and gave assistance to the
2345:"Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists"
1242:
939:
715:
497:
493:
278:
261:
2617:
John Hickman. The Occupier's Dilemma: Problem Collaborators.
1532:
304:
284:
168:
has asserted that, while collaboration is often equated with
44:
dates to the 19th century and was used in France during the
2637:
The Hunt for Nazi Spies, Fighting espionage in Vichy France
911:
2466:"Ukraine cracks down on 'traitors' helping Russian troops"
1926:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 182.
1898:
Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia
1704:
France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Collaboration
618:
events immediately after the liberation, followed by the
191:
In the context of World War II Europe, and especially in
682:, who collaborated tactically with the Axis after 1941.
1358:
European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire
772:
High-profile German collaborators included Dutch actor
2747:. Routledge Jewish Studies Series. London: Routledge.
1903:
1604:
Collaborationism in France During the Second World War
1566:
Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath
1516:
Collaborationism in France during the Second World War
1216:
Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
1162:
violating the norms of the traditional political order
1101:
929:
722:
military command. He was assassinated on orders from
605:
ideology. The Security Battalions, along with various
539:(1887–1945), a major in the Norwegian Army and former
1956:
Age of Extremes The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991
446:
has shown that French authorities did not wait until
229:
refers to those, primarily from the fascist right in
2685:
Bitunjac, Martina; Schoeps, Julius H., eds. (2021).
714:
accepted appointment as mayor of the German city of
650:
The main collaborating regime in Yugoslavia was the
221:
to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for
1478:"Collaboration in the History of Wartime East Asia"
987:
2656:
2073:
1924:The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance
1874:, Berg Publishers (1992). Transl. by Louise Wilmot
1716:Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Marsh, Patrick, eds. (1989).
488:In Belgium, collaborators were organized into the
1600:
1319:
1317:
1121:"On 30 October 1940, six days after meeting with
585:, or openly anti-semitic organisations, like the
363:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
2789:
1678:, pp. 109-110. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996.
1531:Vol 77, No. 2, p. 159, 195-200. Downloaded from
215:in 1974 and other historians have used the term
2706:Resistance and collaboration in Hitler's empire
2704:Drapac, Vesna; Pritchard, Gareth, eds. (2017).
2703:
2684:
1715:
1548:Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). "La droite à Vichy".
1543:
1541:
1505:, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Sep., 1968), pp. 375–395
1090:Sometimes people collaborate with the enemy to
288:in British India, which in turn was adapted as
172:, there was "legitimate collaboration" between
2076:Hitler's Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS
1607:. Cornell University Press. pp. 20, 143.
1314:
839:"wartime collaboration" post-World War II
1985:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
484:Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany
403:In France, a distinction emerged between the
2171:"Palestinian boy 'hanged for collaboration'"
1538:
1471:
1469:
1438:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (6 September 2016).
638:Leader of the Independent State of Croatia,
353:as an opportunity to modernize the country.
216:
1992:Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego
1594:
1556:
826:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2722:
2519:
2343:Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (6 August 2014).
2342:
2336:
1550:Essais sur la France: déclin ou renouveau?
1424:
1323:
2554:
2484:
2114:(in Dutch). 17 April 2010. Archived from
2106:"Nederlanderse-entertainer-sin-Duitsland"
2098:
2040:
1829:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207061.001.0001
1466:
1291:
1142:Edilberto C. de Jesus and Carlos Quirino.
890:Learn how and when to remove this message
450:to begin pursuing collaborationists. The
152:(reluctant recognition of necessity) and
2370:
2221:Phillips, David L. (11 September 2014).
2220:
2022:
1946:
1775:
1680:Google Books. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
1547:
1258:Business collaboration with Nazi Germany
753:
633:
517:
394:
195:, historians draw a distinction between
2742:
2654:
2611:
2432:Hersh, Seymour Hersh (7 January 2016).
2279:
2248:
2211:, United Press International 12-06-2009
1921:
1909:
1818:
1754:Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 577
1495:
1418:
1040:"motivation" wartime collaboration
476:Belgian collaboration with Nazi Germany
203:on the one hand, and the related terms
137:Vichy France § Collaborationnistes
14:
2790:
2761:
2633:
2525:
2403:
2197:Palestinian family kills 15-yr-old son
2189:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2071:
2065:
1763:
1676:Guerrilla Conflict Before the Cold War
1638:
1437:
1355:
776:or English-language radio-personality
589:, helped German authorities fight the
391:French collaboration with Nazi Germany
60:who actively promoted German victory.
2560:
2490:
2431:
2371:Cockburn, Patrick (6 November 2014).
2314:
2308:
2209:Palestinian teen killed by his family
2135:
2133:
1857:Eddy de Bruyne and Marc Rikmenspoel,
1693:. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 155
1475:
1304:Brooklyn Journal of International Law
1297:
1165:having no lasting political loyalties
557:Greek collaboration with Nazi Germany
480:Dutch collaboration with Nazi Germany
2249:Bodette, Meghan (9 September 2018).
2141:"Woman Convicted as Israeli Abettor"
1641:The Journal of North African Studies
1407:The Oxford English Dictionary Online
1010:
970:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
824:adding citations to reliable sources
791:
2425:
2223:"Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey Links"
2202:
2158:
1821:"France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944"
1102:Public perceptions of collaborators
930:Palestine / Palestinian Territories
787:
676:German-occupied territory of Serbia
496:movement in Flanders, and into the
24:
2729:, London: William Heinemann Ltd.,
2678:
2130:
1752:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944,
1269:Collaboration (France and Belgium)
463:National Council of the Resistance
373:List of World War II puppet states
327:
182:Collaboration with the Axis Powers
25:
2824:
2689:. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
2295:Guardian News & Media Limited
1958:. Great Britain: Abacus. p.
1298:Darcy, Shane (27 December 2019).
1168:guilty of more than collaboration
914:and Afghanistan recruited by the
367:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
1518:(Cornell University Press, 1980)
1015:
988:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
796:
718:in 1944, under authority of the
672:Government of National Salvation
469:
2627:
2602:
2589:
2458:
2397:
2364:
2315:Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014).
2273:
2242:
2214:
2016:
1979:
1940:
1915:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1812:
1769:
1757:
1744:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1667:
1632:
1092:benefit from war and occupation
356:
84:. It is derived from the Latin
1986:Wojciechowski, Marian (2004).
1885:Quisling: A Study in Treachery
1521:
1508:
1476:Brook, Timothy (2 July 2008).
1444:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 429–430.
1412:
1396:
910:until 1989 and individuals in
749:
583:Greek National Socialist Party
245:
148:subdivided collaboration into
130:
13:
1:
2765:The Journal of Modern History
1778:The Journal of Modern History
1653:10.1080/13629387.2016.1216732
1503:The Journal of Modern History
1285:
1253:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
1006:
629:
411:(collaborationist). The term
48:. The meaning shifted during
2567:. Harvard University Press.
2404:Norton, Ben (30 June 2016).
1569:. CIUS Press. pp. 45–.
1331:. Oxford: Berg. p. 11.
1279:Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew
938:society, collaboration with
678:, and the Yugoslav royalist
652:Independent State of Croatia
575:Konstantinos Logothetopoulos
63:
7:
2774:University of Chicago Press
2743:Stauber, Roni, ed. (2011).
2532:. Oxford University Press.
2497:. Oxford University Press.
2199:, Jerusalem Post 11-06-2009
1922:Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975).
1193:
345:saw themselves as heirs of
10:
2829:
2723:Littlejohn, David (1972),
2373:"Whose side is Turkey on?"
1689:George Grossjohann. 2005.
1601:Bertram M. Gordon (1980).
1529:Pacific Historical Review,
1211:Danish collaborator trials
1186:representing powerlessness
1125:in the railway station at
991:
972:(ISIL or ISIS) during the
957:
906:who collaborated with the
729:
702:
697:Polish government-in-exile
554:
511:
473:
430:"horizontal collaborators"
419:or were anti-communists.
388:
370:
360:
339:French occupation of Spain
249:
240:
176:(mostly Americans) in the
134:
1370:10.1080/13507480801931093
1183:diverting political focus
685:
550:
507:
384:
76:. It was used during the
2663:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
2072:Rempel, Gerhard (1989).
1952:"The Fall of Liberalism"
1819:Jackson, Julian (2001).
1750:Jackson, Julian (2003),
1485:The Asia-Pacific Journal
1189:escaping their own guilt
1174:deceived by the occupier
1094:, or simply to survive.
916:Coalition of the Willing
587:National Union of Greece
2621:, Vol. 36, No. 3 (2017)
2561:Brook, Timothy (2007).
2526:Morgan, Philip (2018).
2023:Connelly, John (2005).
1859:For Rex and for Belgium
1691:Five Years, Four Fronts
1206:Collaboration with ISIL
960:Collaboration with ISIL
953:
948:Palestinian territories
780:(the most widely known
407:(collaborator) and the
349:and saw the arrival of
123:a few months after the
2655:Webster, Paul (1999).
2634:Kitson, Simon (2008).
2439:London Review of Books
2434:"Military to Military"
2378:London Review of Books
2080:. UNC Press. pp.
1896:Stevan K. Pavlowitch,
1146:
1136:
1113:
769:
647:
533:
400:
347:enlightened absolutism
217:
2798:Wartime collaboration
1673:Joes, Anthony James.
1153:scapegoats for defeat
1139:
1116:
1106:
992:Further information:
918:. In 2014 during the
757:
710:citizen and non-Nazi
668:Province of Ljubljana
637:
555:Further information:
521:
512:Further information:
474:Further information:
398:
389:Further information:
250:Further information:
31:Wartime collaboration
2808:Political neologisms
2619:Comparative Strategy
2599:, Vol. 6, No. 7, p.2
2597:Asia-Pacific Journal
2491:Edele, Mark (2017).
2283:(18 November 2015).
1998:: 17. Archived from
920:occupation of Crimea
820:improve this section
658:semi-independent of
642:, shakes hands with
571:Georgios Tsolakoglou
121:Montoire-sur-le-Loir
2195:Khaled Abu Toameh,
1883:Hans Fredrik Dahl,
1870:Gerhard Hirschfeld
1514:Bertram N. Gordon,
1325:Hirschfeld, Gerhard
1267:James E. Connolly:
1001:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
674:established on the
599:Security Battalions
593:, and identify and
541:minister of defence
218:collaborationnistes
1552:. Paris: Le Seuil.
1028:. You can help by
770:
758:Japanese-American
648:
569:prime ministers, (
534:
457:On June 25, 1940,
442:British historian
437:public humiliation
409:collaborationniste
401:
174:civilian internees
96:"work with", from
35:Gerhard Hirschfeld
2696:978-3-11-067108-7
2608:Ward, pp. 160-161
2574:978-0-674-02398-7
2539:978-0-19-923973-3
2504:978-0-19-879815-6
1969:978-0-349-10671-7
1933:978-0-8018-1589-8
1702:Philippe Burrin,
1614:978-0-8014-1263-9
1576:978-0-920862-36-0
1451:978-1-85109-969-6
1088:
1087:
908:Soviet occupation
900:
899:
892:
874:
774:Johannes Heesters
693:Lublin government
626:two years later.
16:(Redirected from
2820:
2803:War and politics
2784:
2758:
2739:
2719:
2700:
2674:
2662:
2651:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2593:
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2517:
2516:
2488:
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2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2261:on 27 April 2021
2257:. Archived from
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2167:
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2153:
2152:
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2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2118:on 25 April 2012
2102:
2096:
2095:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2044:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1944:
1938:
1937:
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1913:
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1901:
1894:
1888:
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1875:
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1846:
1845:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1722:. Oxford: Berg.
1713:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1636:
1630:
1629:
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1482:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1435:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1354:, as quoted in:
1353:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1295:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1019:
1011:
982:Libyan Civil War
974:Syrian Civil War
966:non-state actors
895:
888:
884:
881:
875:
873:
832:
800:
792:
788:Postwar examples
744:Amicale annamite
724:Heinrich Himmler
531:Norwegian Legion
452:Vichy government
413:collaborationist
282:soldiers became
227:Collaborationism
220:
213:Stanley Hoffmann
209:collaborationist
205:collaborationism
146:Stanley Hoffmann
109:Vichy Government
54:collaborationism
21:
18:Collaborationism
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2788:
2787:
2755:
2737:
2716:
2697:
2681:
2679:Further reading
2671:
2648:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2575:
2559:
2555:
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2485:
2475:
2473:
2472:. 29 April 2022
2464:
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2309:
2299:
2297:
2278:
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2264:
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2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2228:Huffington Post
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2177:. June 12, 2009
2169:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2147:. June 15, 2009
2139:
2138:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2070:
2066:
2042:10.2307/3649912
2021:
2017:
2005:
2003:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1945:
1941:
1934:
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1283:
1196:
1147:
1137:
1131:Philippe Pétain
1114:
1104:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1034:
1033:
1026:needs expansion
1020:
1009:
996:
990:
978:Iraqi Civil War
962:
956:
932:
896:
885:
879:
876:
833:
831:
817:
801:
790:
752:
732:
712:Franz Oppenhoff
705:
688:
632:
624:Greek Civil War
559:
553:
537:Vidkun Quisling
523:Vidkun Quisling
516:
514:Quisling regime
510:
486:
472:
393:
387:
375:
369:
361:Main articles:
359:
330:
328:Napoleonic Wars
258:
252:Colonial troops
248:
243:
166:James Mace Ward
139:
133:
113:Philippe Pétain
90:past participle
78:Napoleonic Wars
66:
46:Napoleonic Wars
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2826:
2816:
2815:
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2800:
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2782:10.1086/245567
2759:
2753:
2740:
2735:
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2695:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:978-1566632492
2669:
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2363:
2335:
2307:
2281:Graeber, David
2272:
2241:
2213:
2201:
2188:
2157:
2129:
2097:
2090:
2064:
2035:(4): 771–781.
2015:
1978:
1968:
1948:Hobsbawm, Eric
1939:
1932:
1914:
1912:, p. 182.
1902:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1811:
1790:10.1086/240209
1784:(3): 375–395.
1768:
1756:
1743:
1728:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1666:
1647:(1): 153–156.
1631:
1613:
1593:
1575:
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1537:
1520:
1507:
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1450:
1423:
1411:
1395:
1364:(2): 157–177.
1337:
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1213:
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1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:cheaply bought
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1138:
1119:Timothy Brook:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1086:
1085:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1005:
989:
986:
958:Main article:
955:
952:
931:
928:
924:War in Donbass
898:
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804:
802:
795:
789:
786:
751:
748:
731:
728:
704:
701:
687:
684:
631:
628:
603:anti-communist
579:Ioannis Rallis
552:
549:
509:
506:
471:
468:
448:the Liberation
386:
383:
358:
355:
329:
326:
318:French Algeria
294:in Spanish or
274:Ottoman Empire
247:
244:
242:
239:
223:anti-communist
211:on the other.
132:
129:
125:Fall of France
65:
62:
26:
9:
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2754:9780415564410
2750:
2746:
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2736:0-434-42725-X
2732:
2728:
2727:
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2715:9781137385345
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2146:
2145:Daily Express
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2091:0-8078-4299-0
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2043:
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2034:
2030:
2029:Slavic Review
2026:
2019:
2012:
2002:on 2021-01-14
2001:
1997:
1994:(in Polish).
1993:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1935:
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1911:
1906:
1900:(2008) p. 142
1899:
1893:
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1199:
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1177:self-deceived
1176:
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1156:opportunistic
1155:
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1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042: –
1041:
1037:
1036:Find sources:
1031:
1027:
1024:This section
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1002:
995:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
964:Governments,
961:
951:
949:
944:
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937:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
894:
891:
883:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848:
844:
841: –
840:
836:
835:Find sources:
829:
825:
821:
815:
814:
810:
805:This section
803:
799:
794:
793:
785:
783:
779:
778:William Joyce
775:
767:
766:
761:
756:
747:
745:
740:
736:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
700:
698:
694:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
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645:
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636:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
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604:
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584:
580:
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572:
568:
564:
558:
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546:
542:
538:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
505:
503:
499:
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491:
485:
481:
477:
470:Low Countries
467:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
433:
431:
427:
422:
421:Collaborators
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:collaborateur
397:
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382:
380:
374:
368:
364:
354:
352:
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238:
236:
235:collaboration
232:
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202:
198:
197:collaboration
194:
189:
185:
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179:
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128:
126:
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118:
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99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:collaborateur
71:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
36:
32:
19:
2769:
2763:
2744:
2725:
2705:
2686:
2658:
2636:
2628:Bibliography
2618:
2613:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2563:
2556:
2528:
2521:
2493:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2469:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2443:
2437:
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2409:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2382:
2376:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2348:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2320:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2290:The Guardian
2288:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2254:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2226:
2216:
2204:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2174:
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2109:
2100:
2075:
2067:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2010:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1995:
1991:
1981:
1973:
1955:
1942:
1923:
1917:
1910:Milazzo 1975
1905:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1814:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1759:
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818:Please help
806:
782:Lord Haw-Haw
771:
763:
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689:
660:Nazi Germany
656:puppet state
649:
644:Adolf Hitler
640:Ante Pavelić
620:White Terror
560:
535:
529:inspect the
500:movement in
487:
456:
444:Simon Kitson
441:
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379:World War II
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357:World War II
343:afrancesados
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334:Afrancesados
332:
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314:Algerian War
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234:
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200:
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193:Vichy France
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117:Adolf Hitler
106:
104:"to work".
101:
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86:collaboratus
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58:Vichy France
53:
50:World War II
42:collaborator
41:
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30:
29:
2776:: 611–613,
2234:8 September
1764:Kitson 2008
1403:collaborate
1310:(1): 75–76.
1238:Jash (term)
1109:Heonik Kwon
936:Palestinian
904:Afghanistan
762:, known as
750:Celebrities
664:Leon Rupnik
616:Dekemvriana
459:Jean Moulin
426:sex workers
312:during the
310:French Army
269:janissaries
246:Colonialism
178:Philippines
162:ideological
150:involuntary
131:Definitions
100:- "with" +
94:collaborare
82:monarchists
70:collaborate
2792:Categories
2583:1106720722
2548:1004759541
2513:1000267874
2446:(1): 11–14
2385:(21): 8–10
2350:Al-Monitor
2322:Al-Monitor
2255:The Region
2151:2010-01-02
2006:2018-04-12
1844:2020-04-29
1766:, p.
1623:1004807892
1585:1065422517
1491:(7). 2798.
1460:1300495135
1378:1814/16538
1286:References
1263:Useful Jew
1079:March 2022
1051:newspapers
1007:Motivation
880:March 2022
850:newspapers
765:Tokyo Rose
760:Iva Toguri
630:Yugoslavia
591:Resistance
561:After the
371:See also:
135:See also:
2417:29 August
2411:Salon.com
2389:29 August
2300:29 August
2265:29 August
2181:April 30,
2051:0037-6779
1950:(1995) .
1806:144309794
1661:147769533
1386:145508606
1347:848564154
807:does not
726:in 1945.
607:far-right
527:Jonas Lie
490:VNV party
154:voluntary
68:The term
64:Etymology
40:The term
2476:29 April
2175:BBC News
2111:Die Welt
1738:18715079
1248:Quisling
1201:Chinilpa
1194:See also
1171:cowardly
1127:Montoire
680:Chetniks
622:and the
611:royalist
567:quisling
545:Quisling
502:Wallonia
492:and the
351:Napoleon
2813:Treason
2470:AP NEWS
2122:7 April
2082:244–245
2059:3649912
1798:1878146
1228:Hanjian
1065:scholar
864:scholar
828:removed
813:sources
730:Vietnam
703:Germany
646:in 1941
417:fascism
377:During
322:Algeria
272:in the
263:mamluks
241:History
170:treason
158:servile
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2450:13 May
2356:13 May
2328:13 May
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1966:
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1887:(2008)
1861:(2004)
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1706:(1998)
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1271:, in:
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980:, and
940:Israel
866:
859:
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837:
720:Allied
716:Aachen
708:German
686:Poland
595:deport
563:German
551:Greece
508:Norway
498:Rexist
494:DeVlag
482:, and
385:France
341:. The
297:zipaio
291:cipayo
279:sipahi
102:labore
2772:(3),
2055:JSTOR
1802:S2CID
1794:JSTOR
1657:S2CID
1533:JSTOR
1481:(PDF)
1382:S2CID
1072:JSTOR
1058:books
943:out.
871:JSTOR
857:books
305:Harki
285:sepoy
2749:ISBN
2731:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2642:ISBN
2579:OCLC
2569:ISBN
2544:OCLC
2534:ISBN
2509:OCLC
2499:ISBN
2478:2022
2452:2016
2419:2019
2391:2019
2358:2016
2330:2016
2302:2019
2267:2019
2236:2016
2183:2010
2124:2011
2086:ISBN
2047:ISSN
1964:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1734:OCLC
1724:ISBN
1619:OCLC
1609:ISBN
1581:OCLC
1571:ISBN
1456:OCLC
1446:ISBN
1343:OCLC
1333:ISBN
1044:news
954:ISIL
912:Iraq
843:news
811:any
809:cite
654:, a
609:and
577:and
525:and
365:and
266:and
254:and
207:and
199:and
115:and
2778:doi
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