Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute

182: 1731:, the border between Ecuador and Brazil, in the part that they border, is the same indicated by Art. VII of the Convention that was celebrated between Brazil and Peru, in Lima, on October 23, 1851, with the constant modification in the Agreement also signed in Lima on February 11 of 1874, for the exchange of territories in the Iza or Putumayo line, that is, that the border - in whole or in part - according to the result of the aforementioned litigation, be the geodesic line that goes from the mouth of the San Antonio stream, in the left bank of the Amazon, between Tabatinga and Leticia, and ends at the confluence of the Apaporis with the Yapurá or Caquetá, except in the section of the Iza or Putumayo river, cut by the same line where the alveo of the river, between the points of intersection, will form the division. 424: 36: 1741: 1241: 732: 1648: 1041: 1635: 849: 2158: 2001: 1353: 862: 636: 368: 2228: 623: 273: 1468: 1282: 1121: 2220: 2189:

Salomón-Lozano treaty. This attitude delayed the approval of the agreement, until the signing of an act in Washington in 1925, by which Colombia recognized the territories ceded by Peru to Brazil in 1851. On December 20, 1927, it was approved by the Peruvian Congress, it would be ratified by the Colombian on March 17, 1928, and became effective on March 19, 1928. Finally, the treaty was consummated with the physical delivery of the territories on August 17, 1930.

1054: 1494:, the territory belonged to Peru, as mandated by the Royal Decree of 1802; while Ecuador had maintained its non-existence and, when the certificate was presented, its non-compliance. For its part, Colombia disputed the legal nature of the document, and argued that it was not a political or civil demarcation, but an ecclesiastical order. Thus, the intention of the royal act was to place the ecclesiastical missions in Maynas under the supervision of the 1988: 97: 1340: 1669: 883: 657: 387:, invited by the Peruvian Congress to "consolidate the independence" of Peru. On December 18 of the same year, the Galdeano-Mosquera Agreement was signed in Lima, which established that "Both parties recognize the limits of their respective territories, the same ones that the former Viceroyalties of Peru and Nueva Grenada." It was approved by the Peruvian Congress, but months later the Colombian Congress disregarded the agreement. 110: 2137:, a very sensitive episode, was still in the collective mind, being referred to when talking about Caquetá. Meanwhile, the foreign ministries of both countries were concerned with initiating new negotiations. Between 1912 and 1918, both countries insisted on the idea of arbitration. Colombia, led by the conservatives, proposed the arbitration of the Pope: Peru, on the other hand, proposed as arbitrator the 2184:

mouth of the Cuhimbé; from there by the Putumayo River to the confluence of the Yaguas River; follows a straight line that from this confluence goes to the Atacuari River in the Amazon and from there through the Amazon River to the border between Peru and Brazil established in the Peru-Brazilian Treaty of October 23, 1851.

1458:(...) consulting harmony and in order not to undermine interests already created, it will not extend its action except to the territories that are currently lacking in missions and colonization (...) that such respect is not interpreted as the recognition of true domain titles and territorial sovereignty. 1884:

Casement's report was presented at the beginning of 1911. In it, the horrible practices of the Arana house were described. The recruitment of natives at the hands of Peruvians and Colombians, slavery, sexual exploitation of women, the death of thousands of Amazonian indigenous people; which confirmed

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against the indigenous people of Putumayo: rapes, torture, mutilations and murders. In Lima, the news was published by the newspaper La Prensa on December 30, 1907. However, under the pretext that, due to the modus vivendi agreed upon the previous year, the Peruvian authorities did not have authority

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To prevent doubts regarding the mentioned Border, in the stipulations of this Convention; the high contracting parties accept the uti possidetis principle according to which the limits between the Republic of Peru and the Empire of Brazil will be fixed; Therefore, they recognize, respectively, as the

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was signed, which constituted a treaty of peace and friendship, but not limits. Its articles 5 and 6 established the basis that should serve for the delimitation between the two countries and the procedure that would be used for it. As for the procedure to carry out said delimitation, it ordered that

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denouncing the Salomón-Lozano Treaty. The "plan" would be carried out peacefully and force would only be used if Colombia authorities responded in a hostile manner. Civilians would be the only ones participating so as not to compromise the entire country, which led to Juan La Rosa Guevara renouncing

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The border line between the Peruvian Republic and the Republic of Colombia is agreed, agreed and fixed in the terms that are expressed below: From the point where the meridian of the mouth of the Cuhimbé River in Putumayo intersects the San Miguel River or Sucumbíos, go up that same meridian to said

2083:

It was then that the consuls of Peru and Colombia in Manaus, aware of the consequences of a possible confrontation, telegraphically proposed to their governments the diversion of the expeditions: the Colombian expedition, commanded by Neyra, would stop in Manaus; and the Peruvian, from Benavides, in

1911:

to expel the Colombians from the Putumayo region. The settlements of La Reserva, La Union, and El Dorado were the last significant Colombian settlements in the Putumayo at that time. The Peruvian combined force raided then burned down La Reserva and La Union, before threatening the inhabitants of El

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appointed, thanks to a complaint from the Attorney General of the Nation on August 8, 1910, a commission to investigate what happened in those territories. Carlos A. Valcárcel received the orders in November of that year, and on the 22nd, ordered that the alleged culprits be prosecuted. However, due

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Peru recognized Ecuador as an independent nation, and received its representative in Lima, Diego Noboa. On July 12, 1832, two agreements were concluded: one of friendship and alliance, and another of trade. They were approved by the Congresses of both countries, and the respective ratifications were

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Peru invited Ecuador to begin negotiations in order to settle the question of pending limits between the two countries, which it refused. The country was an interested party in the dispute between Colombia and Peru, not only because of territorial contiguity, but also because there was an area that

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on sugar. On August 27, 1932, Peruvian civilians Oscar Ordoñez and Juan La Rosa Guevara, in the presence of Lieutenant Colonel Isauro Calderón, Lieutenant Commander Hernán Tudela y Lavalle, engineers Oscar H. Ordóñez de la Haza and Luis A. Arana, doctors Guillermo Ponce de León, Ignacio Morey Peña,

2067:

In 1911, Colombia began to establish military garrisons on the left bank of the Caquetá River, in clear violation of the Porras-Tanco Argáez treaty, which established that this area was Peruvian territory. An expedition commanded by General Isaac Gamboa, made up of 110 men, occupied Puerto Córdoba,

2016:

In 1909, negotiations were resumed between Peru and Colombia, in order to put an end to the conflict taking place between Putumayo and Caquetá. The Peruvian foreign minister, Melitón Porras, and the Colombian minister, Luis Tanco Argáez, signed an agreement on April 22 of that year, which consisted

1906:

to help with his employees to repel a possible Colombian invasion. As a consequence of these two actions, a series of armed incidents took place between Peruvian and Colombian rubber tappers in the area. In 1908 around one hundred and twenty Peruvian soldiers were sent to the region to help Arana's

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cannot be claimed in its favor, which is only valid for territorial divisions such as the viceroyalties and the general captaincies. The Ecuadorian nation and its rights were born on February 10, 1832, when Colombia recognized the separation of the provinces of Ecuador, Azuay and Guayaquil, to form

1479:

The Colombian government, on the occasion of the diplomatic efforts between Ecuador and Peru, requested to be admitted to the boundary discussions in order to reach a definitive agreement; such efforts culminated with the tripartite convention meeting in Lima on October 11, 1894. Aníbal Galindo, as

1170:, both governments appointed their respective commissioners in 1866 to place the respective milestones from the mouth of the Apaporis, continuing through the Putumayo (where there were some exchanges of territories) and exploring the Yavarí River, determining (incorrectly) its origin at coordinates 1144:

Article VI. The governments of Ecuador and Peru will rectify the limits of their respective territories, appointing within a term of two years, counted from the ratification and exchange of this treaty, a mixed commission that, in accordance with the observations that it makes and the vouchers that

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Meanwhile, the Peruvian government, safeguarding its interests in the area that were being threatened by the Colombian expeditions, requested the suspension of the Neyra expedition, but was denied. Then, the Loreto authorities sent out a Peruvian contingent, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel

1897:

Despite the agreements signed with Peru, on June 5, 1907, the Colombian government secretly held a convention with Ecuador, to negotiate a border agreement in the territories that were also in dispute with Peru. At the same time, it demanded that this country approve the 1905 treaty (which did not

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The third treaty was the status quo and modus vivendi in the disputed area. Neither of the two countries would alter their positions until the dispute was resolved. Meanwhile, the dividing line would be the Putumayo River, which would be neutral. Colombia would occupy the left margin and Peru, the

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Then, two negotiations took place between both countries: between the Peruvian ministers Matías León and Agustín Guillermo Charún, and the Ecuadorians José Félix Valdivieso and Bernardo Daste, which failed. However, its importance lies in the fact that for the first time Peru based its rights over

2119:

Starting from the mouth of the Mataje River, in the Pacific Ocean, upstream of said river, to (...) the divortium aquarum between the Putumayo River and the Napo River, and through this divortium aquarum to the main source of the Ambiyacu River, and by the course of this river to its mouth in the

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signed the Tezanos Pinto-Olaya Herrera Agreement in Bogotá. In this agreement, Colombia undertook not to increase the contingent located in Puerto Córdoba and not to attack the Peruvian positions located between Putumayo and Caquetá. At the same time, the Peruvian troops were forced to abandon La

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Colombia adheres to the arbitration convention, signed between Peru and Ecuador on August 1, 1887, whose approval was exchanged in Lima on April 11, 1888; but the three high contracting parties stipulate that the royal arbitrator will rule on the issues that are the subject of the dispute, taking

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With Bolívar withdrawing in 1826, liberal and nationalist elements in Peru put an end to the Bolivarian regime in January 1827. The new government dismissed the Colombian troops and expelled the Colombian diplomatic agent, Cristóbal Armero. Throughout the country, several protests were organized

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However, due to lack of knowledge of these negotiations, an armed clash took place between the Peruvian and Colombian forces. On July 10, Benavides demanded the withdrawal of the Colombians from La Pedrera, which was denied. For this reason, the attack on Puerto Córdoba began: after two days of

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The following year, the world press was agitated by the so-called Putumayo scandals, thanks to Hardenburg's denunciation, who indicated the chilling figure of 40,000 murdered natives. The brutal crimes against the indigenous people, committed in that area by both Peruvians and Colombians, shook

1856:

In 1909, American citizens Hardenburg and Perkins were imprisoned by the Casa Arana because, according to them, they were reproached for the exploitation of indigenous people and workers in general. According to the company, Hardenburg had tried to blackmail them, indicating "that he had in his

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In 1919, a new phase of the conflict began. Colombia proposes a direct settlement, however, the line proposed by Colombian Minister Fabio Lozano Torrijos to the Peruvian Foreign Ministry was not accepted, since it did not imply any cession by Colombia. The Peruvian counterproposal was also not

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To remedy the crisis, Peru sent José Villa to Colombia as minister plenipotentiary. Bolívar refused to receive him and, through the Colombian foreign minister, asked Peru for explanations about the dismissal of Colombian troops, the intervention in Bolivia, the expulsion of Armero, the debt of

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The rectification of the boundary between Peru and Brazil and the delivery of the strip of territory bordering Brazil, by the line agreed in 1851 with Peru, as well as Colombia's access to the Amazon, of which only Peru and Brazil were condominium owners, determined Brazil's opposition to the

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The Foreign Minister of Ecuador, Carlos R. Tobar, proposed to his Peruvian counterpart, Isaac Alzamora, to enter into direct negotiations to definitively resolve the boundary dispute, dispensing with Spanish arbitration. Alzamora, in turn, accepted, and sent Arturo García as representative,

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is still criticized for signing this treaty, considered excessively inconvenient, as it delivered over 300,000 km2, a considerable part occupied by Peruvian citizens, to Colombia. However, the intention of the Peruvian government was to gain an ally for Peru, when it was overwhelmed by the

1106:, to resolve conflicts in the Amazon region. The arguments were presented by Florentino González, on behalf of Nueva Granada; and Vicente Piedrahíta, for Ecuador. However, the Chilean government did not issue a ruling, due to the vagueness of its powers and the lack of a formal commitment. 1449:

raised his protest on April 8, 1891, considering that the law violated the territorial rights of Peru, in accordance with the Royal Decree of 1802 and the possession of his country, since the inhabitants of those places obeyed the laws, the regulations and the Peruvian authorities of the

886: 2037:

In compliance with the first part of the treaty, the convention on claims was signed in Bogotá on April 13, 1910. The constitution of an international mixed tribunal that would meet in Rio de Janeiro 4 months after the signing of the convention was agreed upon. The court had to decide:

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The treaty is important because it recognized the existing limits, that is, the possessory state of Peru of Tumbes, Jaén and Maynas (against the interests of Granada) and, that of Ecuador, of Quito, Azuay and Guayaquil; until the signing of a definitive boundary treaty.

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On May 24, 1934, the diplomatic representations of Colombia and Peru signed the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro, in the city of the same name, ratifying the Salomón-Lozano treaty, still in force today and accepted by both parties, and finally ending the territorial dispute.

1487:, but integrating and replacing it (in cases of obscurity and deficiency) with the principle of equity and reciprocal convenience. According to his thesis, the arbitrator should not only attend to the titles of law, but also the interests of the countries in dispute. 236:. It would be temporarily dissolved on November 5, 1723, and its territories reincorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru, but in 1739 it was re-established again and definitively, with the same territories and rights that it had according to the Royal Decree of 1717. 1480:

special lawyer, and Luis Tanco, who was chargé d'affaires in Lima, were appointed as representatives for Colombia; for Ecuador, Julio Castro, extraordinary envoy and plenipotentiary minister of Ecuador in Lima; and for Peru, Luis Felipe Villarán, as special counsel.

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Amazon River: it being understood that the territories located on the northern margin of the Amazon and included between this border line and the limit with Brazil, belong to Colombia, which for its part leaves in Except for the possible rights of third parties.

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the allegations made earlier. Despite this, Julio César Arana would never be tried for his alleged crimes, neither before the House of Commons of Great Britain, nor before the Peruvian justice system. He would become a senator from Loreto and an opponent of the

1505:

Regarding the possible rights of Ecuador, Colombia argued that these do not start from the certificate of erection of the Audiencia de Quito, since this was never an autonomous entity, but dependent on the viceroyalties of Peru and New Granada. Due to this, the

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Disagreements soon appeared, as the Peruvian government presented revisions to the treaty, which Ecuador refused to accept. At the same time, Peru refused to accept the original proposal. As a result of these disagreements, the treaty was never applied.

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The congresses of Colombia and Peru approved the agreement, but not Ecuador, who refrained from doing so. Colombia, for its part, and given Ecuador's conduct, preferred to engage in direct negotiations. Peru withdrew its approval on January 29, 1904.

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border of the town of Tabatinga, and from Tabatinga to the North the straight line that will meet in front of the Yapurá River at its confluence with the Apaporis, and from Tabatinga to the South the Yavary River, from its confluence with the Amazon.

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that stipulated the suspension of hostilities and the return of Guayaquil. To put a definitive end to the dispute, the representatives of Peru and Colombia, José Larrea and Pedro Gual respectively, met in Guayaquil, and on September 22, 1829, the

1845:, incorporated on September 27, 1907, with a capital of one million pounds sterling. The board was made up of Henry M. Read, Sir John Lister Kaye, John Russel Gubbins, Baron de Souza Deiro, M. Henri Bonduel, Abel Alarco, and Julio Cesar Arana. 723:

assumed the government of Ecuador again in 1839. His foreign policy corresponded to his desire to expand the Ecuadorian territory to the detriment of New Granada and Peru. His expansionist spirits increased when, after the dissolution of the

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a Commission of two people for each republic should be appointed to go over, rectify and fix the dividing line, work that should begin 40 days after the treaty had been ratified by both countries. The tracing of the line would start at the

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On September 12, 1905, the new Peruvian legation in Bogotá (directed by the Peruvian plenipotentiary Hernán Velarde) managed to celebrate three new conventions with the Colombian Foreign Ministry: the Velarde-Calderón-Tanco treaties, with

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In 1887, the Ecuadorian government tried to renew the cession of territories to an English company. Peruvian Foreign Minister Cesáreo Chacaltana raised his protest and his government proposed taking the border problem to arbitration in

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On July 9, 1856, the plenipotentiary minister of New Granada, Lino de Pombo; and that of Ecuador, Teodoro Gómez de la Torre, signed a treaty, in which the provisional limits between both nations were recognized as those defined by the

2927: 1930:, between the representatives of the governments of Colombia and Brazil; Alfredo Vásquez Cobo and Enéas Martins, respectively, a treaty that defined the border, between the Cocuy stone to the mouth of the Apaporis River in Caquetá. 1760:

The first agreement was a general arbitration agreement, by which both countries undertook to resolve all their differences, except those that affected national independence or honor, through arbitration. The referee would be the

1544:, which was, at that time, one of the most powerful in America and the world. This was frustrated, however, by the discovery and publication of these documents by the Peruvian plenipotentiary in Colombia, Alberto Ulloa Cisneros. 1519:

into account not only the titles and arguments of law that have been presented and that are presented, but also to the convenience of the contracting parties, reconciling them so that the border line is founded on law and equity.

491:. In case of disagreement, it would be submitted to arbitration by a friendly government. The delimitation mission did not take place, however, as problems took place, such as both parties arrived at different times, and the 2276:

his appointment as second lieutenant in order to participate as a civilian. The takeover of Leticia, originally planned for September 15, 1932, was brought forward two weeks. The center of operations was the border city of

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On May 6, 1904, a treaty was signed in Lima between the Peruvian Foreign Minister José Pardo y Barreda and the Colombian Plenipotentiary Luis Tanco Argáez, which submitted the question of limits to the arbitration of the

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After the La Pedrera incident, relations between Colombia and Peru were disturbed: Colombian civilians stoned the house of the Peruvian ambassador in Bogotá and their press attacked the attitude of their government. The

1901:

Given this, on October 22, 1907, the Colombian government unilaterally declared the modus vivendi of 1906 ended, appointing and sustaining authorities in Putumayo. Because of this, the Peruvian Foreign Ministry asked

398:, took place. During his government, the territorial question was not brought up, and governors in Jaén and Maynas were appointed, apparently recognizing Peru's ownership of the territories. In correspondence with 1804:

in the Putumayo, a river declared neutral. Garrisons, customs, and civil and military authorities were withdrawn until the border conflicts were resolved. These measures would indirectly barbarize the region.

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The Guayaquil issue was approached with care by both countries, who signed a treaty on July 6, 1822, allowing special privileges to citizens of both states. The issue, yet to be resolved, was postponed.

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On October 26, 1858, the war between Peru and Ecuador began, because, according to the Peruvian plenipotentiary Juan Celestino Cavero, the Ecuadorian government decided to settle its foreign debt with

158:, which regarded the Spanish borders of 1810 as the borders of the new republics. However, conflicting claims and disagreements between the newly formed countries eventually escalated to the point of 1869:, the British consul in Manaus, was sent to investigate these events. Casement was already world famous, due to his denunciation of the abuse and mistreatment to which the native population in the 557:, the republics of New Granada and Ecuador went to war. The conflict was favorable for the former and ended with the Treaty of Pasto, which only delimited the first section of the 3212: 1132:

by ceding Peruvian Amazonian territories. After a successful blockade campaign of the Ecuadorian coast and the occupation of Guayaquil, the Franco-Castile Treaty, also called the

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as its capital. It covered the territories and missions located to the north and south of the Amazon and its respective tributaries, in accordance with the Royal Decree of 1802.

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to take military measures as a response to Villa's expulsion. On July 3, 1828, however, the Republic of Colombia officially declared war on the Peruvian Republic, beginning the

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On October 23, 1851, a fluvial convention was signed by Bartolomé Herrera (for Peru) and Duarte Da Ponte Ribeyro (for Brazil). In its eight article, the first section of the

251:, with its existence being disputed by the former. The decree of 1740 has also been called into question by the latter, with some historians also questioning its existence. 1841:

was the owner of all the rubber territories from the Amazon to the current Colombian territory. His enormous commercial successes pushed him to create a company called the

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was signed in the Napo and Putumayo areas. However, it was not approved by Colombian Foreign Minister Francisco de Paula Matéus, arguing that Tanco had no instructions.

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on June 9, the Peruvian proclamation of independence took place on July 28 of the same year, and Trujillo, Tumbes, Jaén and Maynas being integrated into the new state.

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Cuerpo de leyes de la República de Colombia, que comprende todas las leyes, decretos y resoluciones dictados por sus congresos desde el de 1821 hasta el último de 1827

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The question of limits would be resolved when the Spanish ruling was issued in the lawsuit with Ecuador and would be submitted to arbitration in case of disagreement.

1705: 903: 217:. From these viceroyalties, new divisions would be later established to better administer the large territories in Central America, South America and the Caribbean. 2205:. Indeed, one consequence of the treaty was that Colombia supported Peru in the Peruvian-Ecuadorian dispute and that Ecuador broke off its relations with Colombia. 4050: 1001:, Putumayo and other Ecuadorian rivers that descend to the Amazon." The Peruvian Minister Plenipotentiary in Quito, Mariano José Sanz León, forwarded his protest. 3269: 2326:

The situation would escalate, however, as Colombia would sever relations with Peru in February 1933, and both countries would battle each other until President

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The agreements were approved by the Colombian Congress and sent for ratification in Lima. However, it seems that due to the enormous influence of the powerful

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The Agreement was disapproved by Peru due to Colombian actions considered offensive. Therefore, La Mar was willing to continue the war, but was overthrown by

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On July 19, 1911, a week after the clashes in La Pedrera, the Peruvian Minister Plenipotentiary Ernesto de Tezanos Pinto and the Colombian Foreign Minister

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The arbitration agreement was signed on December 15, 1894, since the three countries did not reach an agreement on their arguments. The first article said:

4268: 2138: 1776:; establishing the principles of law and equity. The arbitration should only be initiated when the litigation between Peru and Ecuador, pending before the 351:

ordered Jaén to swear to the Colombian constitution and thus, to form part of Colombia. The city rejected the mandate, arguing that it had deputies in the

2264:). They obtained, through donations and charity from civilians and the military, the necessary weapons and resources to start the “recovery of the port”. 1848:

On August 9, 1907, Benjamín Saldaña Roca filed a criminal complaint in Iquitos against the employees of Arana's company. The accusation pointed out that

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was designated as the capital, covering the territories bathed by the Caquetá, Putumayo, Napo and Amazon rivers, from the border with Ecuador to Brazil.

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the three countries claimed. The Ecuadorian Congress declared that it would not recognize the validity of the arrangements between its two neighbors.

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Maynas invoking the Royal Decree of 1802 (then lost) and the self-determination of peoples, as it would also do in future negotiations with Colombia.

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Colombia defined its position on the General Command of Maynas, which was disputed by the three countries. Peru maintained that, according to the

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However, regarding the arbitration and modus vivendi agreements agreed upon in the Porras-Tanco Argáez treaty, no formal agreement was reached.

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The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein

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The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein

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The commission to settle the dispute over Leticia met in Rio de Janeiro in October 1933. The Peruvian side was made up of Víctor M. Maúrtua,

181: 2291:

took place after Leticia was seized with the support of the local population. As a result, Colombian authorities and police fled to nearby

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On July 15, 1916, the plenipotentiary minister of Ecuador, Alberto Muñoz Vernaza; and that of Colombia, Fidel Suárez, signed in Bogotá the

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are presented by both parties, indicate the limits of the two republics. Meanwhile, they accept as such limits those that emanate from the

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In 1890 and 1891, the Colombian government raised its protest in both Quito and Lima, since this treaty interfered with its claims in the

2391: 2198: 1862: 1115: 240: 3228: 1540:, Colombia and (presumably) Ecuador. The Colombian-Chilean negotiations continued, which included the sale of an armored vehicle of the 965:

of 1810, those territories belonged to his country. He based himself on the Royal Decree of 1802 and the self-determination of peoples.

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of 1802, whose existence had been questioned and doubted. About the original, the same newspaper indicated that there was a copy in the

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and beginning the proclaimed state's independence campaign. Public opinion was divided into three: one part supported annexation to the

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minister in Lima, José del C. Triunfo, considered that the treaty violated the rights of his country, and raised a protest against it.

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to health problems and lack of money, Valcárcel was unable to take charge of the investigation, so he was replaced by Rómulo Paredes.

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Once the negotiations were restarted, on March 24, 1922, a direct agreement was reached in Lima, the work of the plenipotentiaries

1446: 1765:. The arbitration commitment would last 10 years, with the contentious issues presented to the arbitrator by special conventions. 4607: 3927: 2331: 1149:, recognized in article 5 of the treaty of September 22, 1829 between Colombia and Peru, and that of the former Viceroyalties of 239:

A series of royal decrees followed in the following century until 1819. The decree of 1802 would later serve as the basis of the

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The situation between Colombia and Peru worsened as time went by. On May 17, 1828, the Peruvian Congress authorized President

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established three provinces in October 1821: the northern, central, and southern provinces. The latter nominally included the

4981: 4214: 3754: 3710: 1258:. Through the Espinoza-Bonifaz Arbitration Agreement, both parties agreed to submit the border problem to arbitration by the 284: 255: 149: 1701: 4991: 4889: 4315: 2142: 2110: 202: 2045:

Determine the cases in which Colombian or Peruvian law should be applied to those presumed guilty of crimes in the region.

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Algo de historia. Las cuestiones territoriales con el Ecuador y Colombia y la falsedad del Protocolo Pedemonte-Mosquera

2134: 2115:, a boundary treaty between the two republics, from the Mataje River to the mouth of the Ambiyacú River in the Amazon: 1720: 1693: 779:

In May 1842, acts were signed in the province of Maynas, which ratified the will of its inhabitants to belong to Peru.

516: 500: 2941: 2559: 2496: 2472: 2448: 1921: 4986: 4971: 4961: 4640: 4166: 3977: 3449: 3222: 2922: 2613: 2567: 1727:

agree that, ending favorably for Ecuador, as this Republic expects, the dispute over boundaries between Ecuador and

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issued a law by which authorizations were given to create missions and police services in the regions bathed by the

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between Colombia and Peru. The governments of Ecuador (represented by Carlos R. Tobar) and Brazil (represented by

4734: 4106: 2312: 152:, all of Spain's former territories signed and agreed to proclaim their limits in the basis of the principle of 4729: 4343: 3021: 2980: 410: 229: 190: 2349: 1710: 908: 728:, numerous political voices from the ephemeral state revived the Bolivarian claim of Tumbes, Jaén and Maynas. 660: 4966: 4956: 4832: 4739: 931: 4180: 4126: 4759: 4749: 4724: 4602: 693: 544: 531:

After the separation, Nueva Granada was constituted territorially according to the division of 1810. Thus,

492: 399: 292: 3928:"Tratado de Límites y Navegación Fluvial entre las Repúblicas de Colombia y Perú (Tratado Salomón-Lozano)" 3254: 2946: 2501: 2477: 2453: 2357: 2327: 2296: 2240: 2166: 4754: 4285: 2396: 1865:; even more so, when it was discovered that the accused for the terrible abuses had British capital. Sir 1380: 974: 961:, raised a protest. José Manuel Tirado, then Foreign Minister of Peru, maintained that, according to the 725: 558: 535:

was created, which established the Napo River and its confluence with the Amazon as its southern limit.

4873: 4423: 2605: 1757:, Foreign Minister of Colombia; and the Colombian Minister Plenipotentiary in Peru, Luis Tanco Argáez. 1499: 1154: 436: 302: 221: 186: 35: 4176: 3249: 2353: 423: 258:, the new republics in South America agreed to proclaim their limits in the basis of the principle of 4815: 4413: 4207: 2021:

The appointment of a commission to investigate the events in Putumayo and establish responsibilities.

1533: 887:

es:Convención Fluvial sobre Comercio y Navegación entre la República del Perú y el Imperio del Brasil

709: 333: 4081: 2176: 1740: 1240: 731: 4509: 3077: 1724: 1689: 1640: 810:

Fluvial Convention on Commerce and Navigation between the Republic of Peru and the Empire of Brazil

478: 467: 210: 3026: 1886: 1715:. According to a 1851 treaty, the border was originally defined as being between Peru and Brazil. 1536:

and the Chilean plenipotentiary in Bogotá, Francisco J. Herboso, establishing an alliance between

926:

When the Granadine government was made aware of this agreement, it ordered its minister in Chile,

348: 4403: 1908: 1059: 681: 496: 337: 288: 233: 2681: 1263: 4849: 4544: 4305: 4150: 3999: 3700: 2535:

Colección de los tratados, convenciones capitulaciones, armisticios, y otros actos diplomáticos

2202: 1773: 1388: 899: 402:

on August 3, 1822, Bolívar recognized that both Jaén and Maynas legitimately belonged to Peru.

225: 321: 4652: 4619: 4570: 4487: 4333: 2214: 2172: 2092: 1877: 1754: 1103: 705: 554: 166: 4027: 3895:

Tratado de Límites entre las Repúblicas de Colombia y Ecuador (Tratado Muñoz Vernaza-Suárez)

3771: 3727: 2308: 2077: 416:

and forced Sucre to resign from the presidency, ending Colombian influence in that country.

173:

two years later, finally establishing a border agreed upon by both parties to the conflict.

4996: 4919: 4703: 4514: 4338: 4280: 4252: 4200: 2320: 2072:. In June, another expedition sailed to Puerto Córdoba under the command of General Neyra. 2069: 2058: 1451: 1133: 943: 697: 394:

took place, ending the war in Peru. After the fact, protests against Bolívar, who remained

306: 260: 154: 2193: 1903: 1837: 1789: 788: 52:

12 October 1821 – 24 May 1934 (112 years, 7 months, 1 week and 5 days)

8: 4868: 4719: 4691: 4684: 4597: 4497: 4492: 2406: 2343: 2157: 1495: 1255: 1150: 1090:

was designated as its capital and its limits to the south extended from the mouth of the

768: 483: 420:

independence and the restitution of Jaén and Maynas. Next, Villa received his passports.

214: 170: 77: 3978:"The war between Colombia and Perú (1932-1934). A perspective from the venezuelan press" 792: 720: 550: 532: 4899: 4894: 4580: 4471: 4451: 4237: 4158: 4029:

EL CONFLICTO COLOMBO – PERUANO: Apuntes acerca de su desarrollo e importancia histórica

2401: 2361: 2062: 1814: 1427: 1400: 1392: 756: 504: 391: 356: 3997:"En el Perú hay manifestaciones por la revisión del tratado de límites con Colombia". 3214:

Relaciones Diplomáticas de Colombia y la Nueva Granada: Tratados y Convenios 1811-1856

1823:

Rubber exploitation had radically changed the lives of the inhabitants of the Amazon.

474: 407: 367: 4787: 4696: 4504: 4371: 4364: 4162: 3750: 3706: 3445: 3250:"Ley del 15 de junio de 1857 que erige en estados diversas porciones de la República" 3218: 2976: 2609: 2563: 2304: 1947: 1849: 1818: 1537: 954: 764: 590: 395: 2227: 1102:

In 1858, the governments of New Granada and Ecuador decided to go to arbitration in

927: 462:. Despite the initial success of the Peruvian Army, however, the war ended with the 432: 406:

against Bolívar and Sucre. At the same time, the Peruvian army under the command of

4674: 4376: 4310: 3086: 2687: 2268: 2257: 2249: 2248:

Pedro del Águila Hidalgo and Manuel I. Morey created the National Patriotic Junta (

1472: 1396: 1262:. Both countries presented their arguments in 1889: Peru, through its commissioner 854: 520: 463: 459: 352: 2653: 4923: 4827: 4805: 4782: 4657: 4635: 4614: 4585: 4575: 4565: 4247: 4242: 4140: 3744: 3439: 2966: 2584: 1372:

was a border treaty between Ecuador and Peru signed in 1890 but never effective.

1136:, was signed. In this document, the validity of the Royal Decree of 1802 and the 978: 272: 2179:(representing Peru). The Salomón-Lozano treaty established the following limit: 1532:

On September 27, 1901, a protocol was signed between Colombian Foreign Minister

1431: 4863: 4679: 4647: 4418: 4408: 4388: 4359: 1866: 1612: 1435: 1376:

initiating discussions with his Ecuadorian counterpart Pablo Herrera González.

701: 325: 264:, which regarded the Spanish borders of 1810 as the borders of the new states. 198: 159: 1281: 937: 549:

On February 7, 1832, due to territorial disputes over the provinces of Pasto,

141: 4950: 4844: 4524: 4461: 4456: 4435: 4087: 2658:(in Spanish). Caracas: Imprenta de Valentín Espinal. 1840. pp. 207–2011. 2300: 1870: 1567: 1219: 1206: 1188: 1175: 1071: 1012:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between New Granada and Ecuador

994: 986: 958: 455: 451: 443: 317: 310: 1467: 4810: 4466: 2951: 2506: 2482: 2458: 2277: 2232: 2223:

Peruvian protests in 1932 against ratification of the Salomón-Lozano Treaty

1777: 1562: 1541: 1439: 1415: 1259: 1120: 1091: 982: 914: 562: 488: 329: 2042:

The amount of compensation that one of the countries had to pay to another

2024:

The material damages and the families of the victims would be compensated.

4662: 4539: 4534: 4519: 4428: 4398: 4223: 2219: 1853:

over the area between the Putumayo and Caquetá, the complaint was filed.

1083: 1074:

law of July 25, 1824, annulling what was decreed by the Treaty of Pasto.

990: 515:

With Gran Colombia dissolved, the conflict now included the newly formed

206: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4854: 4820: 4290: 3441:

Colombia y la diplomacia secreta: gestiones para implantar la monarquía

2267:

The group released an irredentist manifesto known as the Leticia Plan (

1676: 1411: 1384: 1266:; however, the Ecuadorian document was lost, so a copy had to be sent. 1097: 998: 890: 664: 139:. The dispute had its origins on each country's interpretation of what 1784:

right margin. Customs would be mixed and the product of these common.

1087: 953:

Given this fact, the Plenipotentiary Minister of New Granada in Lima,

4837: 4393: 1547: 1325: 947: 447: 298: 4128:

Nuestra cuestión de límites con las repúblicas de Ecuador y Colombia

1927: 1857:

possession very compromising documents for the Peruvian Amazon Co."

1835:

received a great economic boost at that time. On the Peruvian side,

2316: 1993: 771:, transferred to Lima. The official files were lost during a fire. 128: 102: 62: 2287:

In the early hours of September 1, 1932, what is now known as the

2124:

Peru duly made a reservation of its rights affected by said pact.

1832: 1483:

Upon entering the dispute, Colombia upheld the recognition of the

1161: 2244: 2239:

The Colombia–Peru War was the result of dissatisfaction with the

1824: 1653: 1345: 1129: 1046: 930:, to raise a protest in April 1853; stating that it violated the 628: 413: 244: 136: 2942:"Proclamación de la separación de Venezuela de la Gran Colombia" 2096:

Pedrera and return the captured war trophies to the Colombians.

1379:

In order to counter popular opinion, the Peruvian government of

148:

used to precisely define its possessions in the Americas. After

4667: 3982: 3444:(in Spanish). Bogotá: Universidad de Bogotá. pp. 195–199. 2292: 1828: 1769: 380: 359:

himself made Sucre desist from his plans for the same reasons.

4192: 165:

The dispute between both states ended in the aftermath of the

1704:) signed a treaty, in which they defined their border in the 796: 145: 2918:"13 de mayo de 1830; Nacimiento de la República del Ecuador" 2473:"Se suprime el recién creado Virreinato de la Nueva Granada" 1808: 1383:

at first stressed the importance of such a treaty, due to a

2449:"La corona española crea el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada" 2088:

fighting, the Colombian contingent was forced to withdraw.

2006: 1973: 1762: 1358: 938:

Creation of the Political and Military Government of Loreto

867: 834: 641: 608: 341: 248: 132: 115: 66: 1454:. His Colombian peer, Marco Fidel Suárez, indicated that: 1082:

On June 15, 1857, within the Granadina Confederation, the

582:

Treaty of Friendship and Alliance Between Peru and Ecuador

4188:. Librería Francesa Científica y Casa Editorial E. Rosay. 1768:

The second agreement submitted the question of limits to

1077: 324:. The province, however, had declared itself part of the 1167: 692:

On November 21, 1832, the Peruvian Congress created the

279:

of the Proclamation of the independence of Peru in 1821.

1800:

protocol was signed in Lima in the disputed area and a

942:

On March 10, 1853, the Peruvian government created the

446:

blockaded the Colombian coast and besieged the port of

4083:

Compendio de la Historia General del Ejército del Perú

3277:(in Spanish). Bogotá: Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia. 2683:

Reglamento Provisional de 1821 (12 de febrero de 1821)

2360:, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Luis Cano Villegas and 802: 477:. The latter, wishing to end the conflict, signed the 3795:(in Spanish). Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia. 1907. 1098:

Arbitration of Chile between New Granada and Ecuador

466:, on February 27, 1829; and with the signing of the 1892: 1696:on May 4, 1904, the same day as the signing of the 510: 40:

Map of the disputed territories in the 20th century

2552:PERÚ Y ECUADOR: Antecedentes de un Largo Conflicto 1735: 687: 301:was declared on October 9, 1820, establishing the 2497:"Se restablece el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada" 2235:flies over the port of Leticia after the takeover 1912:Dorado with death if they did not flee the area. 1527: 1157:, according to the Royal Decree of July 15, 1802. 977:enacted a law, declaring "free navigation of the 755:On March 3, 1842, the recently founded newspaper 427:Disputed territories at the time of the conflict. 4948: 2319:. Those actions were then mostly ignored by the 2256:), known also as the Patriotic Junta of Loreto ( 1094:to the mouth of the Yavarí River in the Amazon. 782: 774: 747: 205:in the Americas were initially divided into two 3776:. London: Fischer Unwin. pp. 174–175, 177. 3210: 2968:Historia de La Diplomacia Venezolana: 1811-1985 2538:(in Spanish). Imprenta del estado. p. 227. 1162:The Boundary Commission between Brazil and Peru 526: 379:On September 1, 1823, Simón Bolívar arrived in 4088:Biblioteca General y Aula Virtual del Ejército 4025: 3910: 3908: 3022:"División política-administrativa de Colombia" 2099: 1915: 1462: 362: 4208: 4155:Historia de la República del Perú (1822-1933) 3975: 3122: 3120: 2127: 1933: 759:published for the first time the text of the 4175: 3951: 3914: 3844: 3820: 3808: 3686: 3662: 3638: 3572: 3560: 3437: 3287: 3198: 3162: 3138: 3040: 2772: 2736: 2724: 2548: 2519: 1555: 1248: 715: 3905: 3749:. University of Chicago Press. p. 30. 2080:, to evict the Colombians from La Pedrera. 944:Political and Military Government of Loreto 538: 4215: 4201: 4074: 4051:"CONMEMORACION DE LA TOMA DE LETICIA 1932" 3789:Tratado de Límites entre Colombia y Brasil 3769: 3725: 3117: 2713:Gaceta del Gobierno del Perú Independiente 1772:, or in his refusal or impediment, to the 1574: 1109: 316:Around the same time, a newly independent 197:At the beginning of the 18th century, the 3920: 3634: 3632: 3421: 3419: 3019: 2602:The Politics of South American Boundaries 2030:A new modus vivendi would be agreed upon. 1809:The rubber boom and the Putumayo genocide 3976:Ávila Sánchez, Vanessa C. (2017-06-01). 3901:. Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia. 1916. 3746:Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man 3698: 3583: 3581: 3271:Sinopsis de la Frontera Colombia-Ecuador 2589:(in Spanish). La Industria. p. 119. 2330:'s assassination on the same year by an 2226: 2218: 2156: 2152: 1739: 1466: 1269: 1239: 1119: 1004: 730: 450:, occupying it on January 19, 1829. The 422: 366: 271: 180: 3804: 3802: 3742: 3611: 3512: 3476: 3398: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3311: 3299: 2995: 2892: 2880: 2844: 2820: 2392:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute 1725:Republic of the United States of Brazil 1498:, but depending politically on that of 575:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute 507:, which further complicated the issue. 267: 4949: 4107:Red Cultural del Banco de la República 3629: 3416: 3211:López Domínguez, Luis Horacio (1993). 2599: 2531: 2052: 1235: 1078:Creation of the Federal State of Cauca 968: 313:, and another supported independence. 125:Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute 4196: 4134:. Imprenta Tipográfica de La Opinión. 3732:. London: Fischer Unwin. p. 132. 3578: 2964: 2582: 2382:Bolivian–Peruvian territorial dispute 2063:Peruvian colony in the Amazon Trapeze 1548:Rubber boom, later treaties, and the 1421: 568: 4026:Atehortúa Cruz, Adolfo León (2007). 3799: 3702:The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement 3377: 2387:Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute 2208: 2149:accepted by the Colombian minister. 2143:President of the Swiss Confederation 2033:A trade agreement would be adjusted. 1926:On April 24, 1907, it was signed in 1850:horrible crimes were being committed 1796:In this context, on June 6, 1906, a 1201:, when in fact it is at coordinates 1124:Painting of the Battle of Guayaquil. 224:was established on the basis of the 4145:. Intendencia General de la Guerra. 3674: 3650: 3623: 2640: 2558:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Lima: 1774:President of the Argentine Republic 1168:1851 treaty between Peru and Brazil 803:1851 Treaty between Peru and Brazil 135:, which, until 1916, also included 28:South American territorial disputes 13: 4139:Angulo Puente Arnao, Juan (1927). 4125:Angulo Puente Arnao, Juan (1908). 3868: 3832: 3705:. Anaconda Editions. p. 356. 3174: 3150: 3064: 2700: 767:and another in the archive of the 169:, which led to the signing of the 127:was a territorial dispute between 14: 5013: 3963: 3933:. Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia 3880: 3856: 3186: 3126: 3111: 3099: 3052: 2923:Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil 2295:. On 1 September 1932, President 2161:Border agreed upon by the treaty. 739:of 1802 published in El Comercio. 4977:Territorial disputes of Colombia 4182:Historia de los límites del Perú 4159:Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A 4142:Historia de los límites del Perú 4138: 4124: 4094: 4043: 4019: 4007: 3990: 3969: 3957: 3945: 2973:Andrés Bello Catholic University 2424:Ecuador and Colombia signed the 2299:dispatched two regiments of the 1999: 1986: 1893:Putumayo–Caquetá armed incidents 1667: 1646: 1633: 1351: 1338: 1287:Black: borders as per the treaty 1280: 1052: 1039: 881: 860: 847: 655: 634: 621: 511:Conflict with Brazil and Ecuador 336:on August 19. With the entry of 108: 95: 34: 4222: 4118: 4037:Universidad Pedagógica Nacional 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3780: 3763: 3736: 3719: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3431: 3404: 3392: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3262: 3242: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3105: 3093: 3079:Ley del 21 de noviembre de 1832 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2958: 2934: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2674: 2662: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2356:. The Colombian delegation, by 2352:, Alberto Ulloa Sotomayor, and 2337: 2311:; both settlements were in the 2280:, whose inhabitants joined the 1736:Velarde-Calderón-Tanco Treaties 688:Creation of Amazonas Department 4013: 3599: 3587: 3536: 3500: 3464: 3335: 2593: 2576: 2542: 2525: 2513: 2489: 2465: 2441: 2428:in 1916, ending their dispute. 2418: 2284:, whose number was 48 people. 1843:Peruvian Amazon Rubber Company 1528:Abadía Méndez-Herboso Protocol 1442:rivers and their tributaries. 1289:Yellow: Peruvian modifications 696:, made up of the provinces of 230:Captaincy General of Venezuela 191:Captaincy General of Venezuela 176: 1: 5002:Territorial evolution of Peru 4481:Eastern and Southeastern Asia 3425: 3410: 3371: 3359: 3347: 2784: 2668: 2434: 783:Creation of Caquetá Territory 775:Referendum in Maynas Province 561:between the two nations: the 4982:Territorial disputes of Peru 4149: 4059:. 2021-09-01. Archived from 4056:Municipalidad Ramón Castilla 3548: 3524: 3488: 3438:Uribe Vargas, Diego (2005). 3323: 3007: 2904: 2868: 2856: 2832: 2796: 2628: 2549:Cayo Córdoba, Percy (1995). 2412: 2243:and the imposition of heavy 2175:(representing Colombia) and 1907:rubber collecting firm, the 1793:, its approval was delayed. 1020:Friendship and border treaty 527:Creation of Popayán Province 493:dissolution of Gran Colombia 400:Francisco de Paula Santander 309:, another annexation to the 7: 3726:Hardenburg, Walter (1912). 3527:2005, Vol. 12, pp. 193-194. 2426:Muñoz Vernaza-Suárez Treaty 2375: 2362:Guillermo Valencia Castillo 2106:Muñoz Vernaza-Suárez Treaty 2100:Muñoz Vernaza-Suárez Treaty 1922:Vásquez Cobo–Martins treaty 1916:Vásquez Cobo-Martins Treaty 1673:es:Tratado Tobar-Rio Branco 1463:1894 Tripartite Conferences 726:Peru-Bolivian Confederation 363:Gran Colombia–Peru conflict 322:Jaén de Bracamoros Province 297:The formal independence of 10: 5018: 4554:Central and Eastern Europe 3770:Hardenburg, Roger (1912). 2606:Greenwood Publishing Group 2600:Parodi, Carlos A. (2002). 2341: 2262:Junta Patriótica de Loreto 2212: 2164: 2128:Colombia–Peru negotiations 2056: 1939:Porras-Tanco Argáez Treaty 1934:Porras-Tanco Argáez Treaty 1919: 1812: 1748:between Colombia and Peru. 1445:Peruvian Foreign Minister 1426:On December 22, 1890, the 1113: 973:On November 26, 1853, the 572: 542: 303:Free Province of Guayaquil 282: 222:Viceroyalty of New Granada 4916:Border changes since 1914 4908: 4882: 4798: 4775: 4712: 4628: 4553: 4480: 4444: 4352: 4326: 4261: 4230: 3743:Taussig, Michael (2008). 3326:2005, Vol. 10, p. 215-217 3255:Luis Ángel Arango Library 2947:Luis Ángel Arango Library 2871:2005, Vol. 1, p. 280–281. 2703:1981, Vol. 7, p. 172-173. 2502:Luis Ángel Arango Library 2478:Luis Ángel Arango Library 2454:Luis Ángel Arango Library 2358:Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez 2328:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro 2254:Junta Patriótica Nacional 2017:of the following points: 1979: 1969: 1961: 1953: 1943: 1666: 1661: 1626: 1618: 1608: 1600: 1592: 1584: 1556:Pardo-Tanco Argáez Treaty 1331: 1321: 1313: 1305: 1297: 1279: 1249:First Spanish arbitration 1244:Map sent by Peru in 1889. 1140:of 1810 were recognized: 1086:was created. The city of 1032: 1024: 1016: 1011: 880: 875: 840: 830: 822: 814: 809: 716:Juan José Flores and Peru 710:Department of La Libertad 654: 649: 614: 604: 596: 586: 581: 390:On December 9, 1824, the 289:Independence of Guayaquil 88: 44: 33: 25: 20: 4972:20th century in Colombia 4962:19th century in Colombia 4591:unification with Moldova 4274:Turks and Caicos Islands 4177:Porras Barrenechea, Raúl 3699:Casement, Roger (1997). 2560:Universidad del Pacífico 2532:Aranda, Ricardo (1890). 946:, assigning the city of 900:border of both countries 545:Ecuadorian–Colombian War 539:Ecuadorian–Colombian War 285:Independence of Colombia 211:Viceroyalty of New Spain 185:19th century map of the 4992:Colombia–Peru relations 4641:unification with Kosovo 4151:Basadre Grohmann, Jorge 4102:"La guerra con el Perú" 3663:Porras Barrenechea 1926 3551:2005, Vol. 12, pp. 194. 3010:2005, Vol. 2, p. 17-19. 2907:2005, Vol. 2, p. 13-14. 2835:(2005), Vol. 1, p. 271. 2397:Colombia–Peru relations 2354:Raúl Porras Barrenechea 1909:Peruvian Amazon Company 1706:Apaporis-Tabatinga Line 1686:Tobar–Río Branco Treaty 1580:Tobar–Río Branco Treaty 1575:Tobar–Río Branco Treaty 1166:In accordance with the 1116:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 1110:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 957:, and that of Ecuador, 932:Treaty of San Ildefonso 904:Apaporis-Tabatinga line 234:Royal Audience of Quito 21:Colombian–Peruvian Wars 4850:Greater Germanic Reich 4648:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4035:(in Spanish). Bogotá: 3966:, Vol. 14, p. 123-125. 3491:2005, Vol. 12, p. 192. 3020:Aguilera Peña, Mario. 2809:Gran Historia del Perú 2761:Gran Historia del Perú 2749:Gran Historia del Perú 2686:(in Spanish). Huaura: 2643:2001, Vol. 7, p. 1115. 2350:Víctor Andrés Belaúnde 2282:Civilian Recovery Army 2272: 2261: 2253: 2236: 2224: 2199:conflicts with Ecuador 2186: 2177:Alberto Salomón Osorio 2162: 2122: 1749: 1733: 1521: 1511:an independent state. 1476: 1460: 1381:Andrés Avelino Cáceres 1245: 1159: 1125: 1084:Federal State of Cauca 924: 765:High Court of Accounts 740: 708:; separating from the 694:Department of Amazonas 661:es:Tratado Pando-Novoa 437:Gran Colombia–Peru War 428: 372: 326:Presidency of Trujillo 280: 226:New Kingdom of Granada 194: 187:Viceroyalty of Santafé 162:on several occasions. 4838:Annexation of Austria 3114:, Vol. 2, p. 239-240. 3102:, Vol. 2, p. 237-239. 3027:Banco de la República 2965:Picón, Delia (1999). 2859:2005, Vol. 1, p. 278. 2799:(2005), Vol. 2, p. 13 2241:Salomón–Lozano Treaty 2230: 2222: 2181: 2173:Fabio Lozano Torrijos 2167:Salomón–Lozano Treaty 2160: 2153:Salomón–Lozano Treaty 2117: 2093:Enrique Olaya Herrera 1887:Salomón-Lozano Treaty 1878:Supreme Court of Peru 1813:Further information: 1743: 1717: 1516: 1470: 1456: 1370:García-Herrera Treaty 1275:García-Herrera Treaty 1270:García–Herrera Treaty 1243: 1142: 1123: 1005:1856 Treaty of Bogotá 919: 734: 426: 370: 349:Antonio José de Sucre 328:on June 4, alongside 275: 220:On May 27, 1717, the 184: 4987:Colombia–Peru border 4967:20th century in Peru 4957:19th century in Peru 4498:annexation of Taiwan 2631:, 1981, Vol. 3: 1055 2583:Ulloa, Luis (1911). 2321:Colombian government 2135:separation of Panama 2059:Battle of La Pedrera 1534:Miguel Abadía Méndez 1452:Department of Loreto 1264:José Pardo y Barreda 1220:7.11417°S 73.80111°W 1189:7.02139°S 74.14083°W 1134:Treaty of Mapasingue 787:On May 2, 1845, the 318:Republic of Colombia 311:Republic of Colombia 307:Protectorate of Peru 293:Independence of Peru 268:Wars of Independence 261:uti possidetis juris 256:wars of independence 155:uti possidetis juris 2811:(2000), p. 252-253. 2407:Territorial dispute 2344:Rio Protocol (1934) 2313:Amazonas Department 2297:Luis Miguel Sánchez 2053:La Pedrera Conflict 1940: 1721:Republic of Ecuador 1688:was signed between 1581: 1565:. That same day, a 1496:Viceroyalty of Peru 1291:Red: current border 1276: 1236:Direct negotiations 1225:-7.11417; -73.80111 1216: / 1194:-7.02139; -74.14083 1185: / 975:Ecuadorian Congress 969:1853 Ecuadorian Law 963:uti possidetis iure 902:was delimited: the 791:was separated from 517:Republic of Ecuador 470:the following day. 215:Viceroyalty of Peru 4382:Western Azerbaijan 4316:Dominican Republic 3952:Porras Barrenechea 3915:Porras Barrenechea 3883:, Vol. 12, p. 266. 3859:, Vol. 12, p. 265. 3845:Porras Barrenechea 3821:Porras Barrenechea 3809:Porras Barrenechea 3687:Porras Barrenechea 3639:Palacios y Safford 3573:Porras Barrenechea 3561:Porras Barrenechea 3513:Porras Barrenechea 3477:Porras Barrenechea 3399:Porras Barrenechea 3387:Porras Barrenechea 3312:Porras Barrenechea 3300:Porras Barrenechea 3288:Porras Barrenechea 3199:Porras Barrenechea 3163:Porras Barrenechea 3139:Porras Barrenechea 3041:Porras Barrenechea 2996:Porras Barrenechea 2893:Porras Barrenechea 2881:Porras Barrenechea 2845:Porras Barrenechea 2821:Porras Barrenechea 2773:Porras Barrenechea 2737:Porras Barrenechea 2725:Porras Barrenechea 2520:Porras Barrenechea 2402:Dispute resolution 2315:, now in southern 2237: 2225: 2163: 2139:Court of The Hague 2078:Óscar R. Benavides 1938: 1861:public opinion in 1815:Amazon rubber boom 1750: 1579: 1477: 1428:Colombian Congress 1422:1890 Colombian Law 1401:War of the Pacific 1274: 1246: 1126: 741: 569:Pando–Noboa Treaty 484:Larrea-Gual Treaty 429: 392:Battle of Ayacucho 383:, aboard the brig 373: 371:Guayaquil in 1827. 347:On July 22, 1822, 281: 195: 4944: 4943: 4911:Related concepts: 3756:978-0-226-79011-4 3712:978-1-901990-05-8 3189:, Vol. 5, p. 136. 3129:, Vol. 2, p. 241. 2215:Colombia–Peru War 2209:Colombia–Peru War 2014: 2013: 1948:Friendship treaty 1819:Putumayo genocide 1682: 1681: 1366: 1365: 1292: 1067: 1066: 955:Mariano Arosemena 896: 895: 789:Caquetá Territory 751:of 1802 published 670: 669: 591:Friendship treaty 353:Peruvian Congress 332:on January 7 and 167:Colombia–Peru War 121: 120: 84: 83: 80:is signed in 1934 5009: 4895:Papua New Guinea 4217: 4210: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4146: 4135: 4133: 4112: 4111: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3515:1926, pp. 49-50. 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3227:. Archived from 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3087:Congress of Peru 3084: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3055:, Vol. 2, p. 24. 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2950:. Archived from 2938: 2932: 2931: 2926:. Archived from 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2688:Congress of Peru 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2608:. pp. 5–8. 2597: 2591: 2590: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2505:. Archived from 2493: 2487: 2486: 2481:. Archived from 2469: 2463: 2462: 2457:. Archived from 2445: 2429: 2422: 2289:Leticia Incident 2273:Plan de Leticia) 2114: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1941: 1937: 1755:Clímaco Calderón 1714: 1671: 1670: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1582: 1578: 1473:Antonio Raimondi 1357: 1355: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1286: 1284: 1277: 1273: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1009: 1008: 912: 885: 884: 866: 864: 863: 853: 851: 850: 807: 806: 793:Popayán Province 769:convent of Ocopa 721:Juan José Flores 659: 658: 640: 638: 637: 627: 625: 624: 579: 578: 533:Popayán Province 521:Empire of Brazil 464:Battle of Tarqui 396:Dictator of Peru 114: 112: 111: 101: 99: 98: 46: 45: 38: 18: 17: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5006: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4904: 4878: 4794: 4776:Northern Europe 4771: 4745:Italian Grisons 4708: 4675:North Macedonia 4629:Southern Europe 4624: 4549: 4476: 4440: 4348: 4322: 4257: 4226: 4221: 4185: 4169: 4131: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3503:1912, p. 79-80. 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3401:1926, p. 46-48. 3397: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3314:1926, p. 37-39. 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3234: 3232: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2975:. p. 101. 2963: 2959: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895:1926, p. 24-27. 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2787:(1997), p. 109. 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763:(2000), p. 252. 2759: 2755: 2751:(2000), p. 251. 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2715:, 28 July 1821. 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2598: 2594: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2378: 2346: 2340: 2217: 2211: 2169: 2155: 2130: 2108: 2102: 2065: 2057:Main articles: 2055: 2000: 1998: 1987: 1985: 1936: 1924: 1918: 1895: 1873:was subjected. 1821: 1811: 1738: 1708: 1668: 1647: 1645: 1634: 1632: 1577: 1558: 1553: 1530: 1471:Map of Peru by 1465: 1424: 1389:Tacna and Arica 1352: 1350: 1339: 1337: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1272: 1251: 1238: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1118: 1112: 1100: 1080: 1053: 1051: 1040: 1038: 1007: 971: 940: 906: 882: 861: 859: 848: 846: 826:23 October 1851 805: 785: 777: 753: 718: 690: 656: 635: 633: 622: 620: 577: 571: 547: 541: 529: 513: 479:Piura Armistice 475:Agustín Gamarra 468:Girón Agreement 408:Agustín Gamarra 365: 340:'s troops into 295: 270: 179: 160:armed conflicts 109: 107: 96: 94: 69: 53: 39: 12: 11: 5: 5015: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4942: 4941: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4799:Western Europe 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4566:Czechoslovakia 4563: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4173: 4167: 4147: 4136: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4093: 4073: 4042: 4018: 4016:, 1969. p. 186 4006: 3989: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3919: 3904: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3813: 3798: 3779: 3762: 3755: 3735: 3718: 3711: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3467:1912, pp. 6-7. 3457: 3450: 3430: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3261: 3241: 3223: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2981: 2971:(in Spanish). 2957: 2954:on 2014-11-06. 2933: 2930:on 2013-06-07. 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2823:(1926), p. 25. 2813: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2673: 2671:1997, p. 2–10. 2661: 2645: 2641:Tauro del Pino 2633: 2621: 2614: 2592: 2575: 2568: 2541: 2524: 2512: 2509:on 2014-11-06. 2488: 2485:on 2014-11-06. 2464: 2461:on 2014-11-06. 2439: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2342:Main article: 2339: 2336: 2213:Main article: 2210: 2207: 2165:Main article: 2154: 2151: 2129: 2126: 2101: 2098: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009: 1996: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1935: 1932: 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1904:Julio C. Arana 1894: 1891: 1867:Roger Casement 1810: 1807: 1737: 1734: 1680: 1679: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1643: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1613:Rio de Janeiro 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1576: 1573: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1546: 1529: 1526: 1508:uti possidetis 1492:uti possidetis 1485:uti possidetis 1464: 1461: 1447:Alberto Elmore 1423: 1420: 1391:, territories 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1348: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1285: 1271: 1268: 1250: 1247: 1237: 1234: 1163: 1160: 1147:uti possidetis 1138:uti possidetis 1114:Main article: 1111: 1108: 1099: 1096: 1079: 1076: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1049: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1006: 1003: 970: 967: 939: 936: 928:Manuel Ancízar 894: 893: 878: 877: 873: 872: 871: 870: 857: 842: 838: 837: 832: 828: 827: 824: 820: 819: 816: 812: 811: 804: 801: 795:. The city of 784: 781: 776: 773: 752: 746: 717: 714: 689: 686: 668: 667: 652: 651: 647: 646: 645: 644: 631: 616: 612: 611: 606: 602: 601: 598: 594: 593: 588: 584: 583: 570: 567: 543:Main article: 540: 537: 528: 525: 512: 509: 433:José de la Mar 364: 361: 269: 266: 199:Spanish Empire 178: 175: 119: 118: 105: 91: 90: 86: 85: 82: 81: 75: 71: 70: 61: 59: 55: 54: 50: 42: 41: 31: 30: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5014: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4924:Reunification 4921: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4845:Pan-Germanism 4843: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445:Southern Asia 4443: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327:South America 4325: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4291:United States 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262:North America 4260: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4168:9972-205-62-2 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4063:on 2021-09-24 4062: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4003:. 1932-09-06. 4002: 4001: 3993: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3911: 3909: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3739: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3612:Rey de Castro 3608: 3602:2004, pp. 52. 3601: 3596: 3590:2004, pp. 51. 3589: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3539:1912, pp. 84. 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3453: 3451:9789589029770 3447: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3231:on 2016-03-03 3230: 3226: 3224:958-643-000-6 3220: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3088: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2786: 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1627:Signatories 1500:New Granada 1332:Signatories 1223: / 1192: / 1060:New Granada 1033:Signatories 1028:9 July 1856 997:, Nancana, 907: [ 841:Signatories 761:Real Cédula 757:El Comercio 749:Real Cédula 737:Real Cédula 698:Chachapoyas 673:exchanged. 615:Signatories 497:New Granada 203:possessions 177:Spanish era 4951:Categories 4936:Rump state 4928:Revanchism 4855:Lebensraum 4704:Yugoslavia 4472:Tamil Nadu 4452:Bangladesh 4377:Azerbaijan 4238:Mauritania 4067:2022-08-13 3235:2022-08-15 2982:9802442046 2435:References 2084:Putumayo. 2070:La Pedrera 1838:Casa Arana 1798:status quo 1790:Casa Arana 1677:Wikisource 1604:4 May 1904 1399:since the 1387:regarding 1385:plebiscite 1317:2 May 1890 1211:73°48′04″W 1208:07°06′51″S 1180:74°08′27″W 1177:07°01′17″S 891:Wikisource 665:Wikisource 573:See also: 385:Chimborazo 338:San Martín 283:See also: 254:After the 4890:Australia 4505:Indonesia 4394:Kurdistan 4334:Argentina 4301:Greenland 4014:Ugarteche 3954:, pp. 79. 3675:Salamanca 3651:Valcárcel 3641:, p. 515. 3624:Valcárcel 3614:, p. 155. 3600:Valcárcel 3588:Valcárcel 3575:, pp. 75. 3563:, pp. 50. 3537:Salamanca 3501:Salamanca 3465:Salamanca 3336:Salamanca 2413:Footnotes 2192:In Peru, 1898:happen). 1662:Full text 1619:Effective 1326:Guayaquil 1072:Colombian 979:Chinchipe 948:Moyobamba 934:of 1777. 876:Full text 682:Granadine 650:Full text 505:Venezuela 454:occupied 448:Guayaquil 299:Guayaquil 4821:Wallonia 4735:Dalmatia 4653:Bulgaria 4615:Slovenia 4535:Thailand 4525:Mongolia 4520:Malaysia 4488:Cambodia 4344:Colombia 4179:(1926). 4153:(2005). 3917:, p. 54. 3869:Bustillo 3847:, p. 53. 3835:, p. 72. 3833:Bustillo 3823:, p. 52. 3689:, p. 51. 3626:, p. 53. 3426:Bustillo 3411:Bustillo 3372:Bustillo 3360:Bustillo 3348:Bustillo 3290:, p. 60. 3201:, p. 34. 3177:, p. 20. 3175:Bustillo 3165:, p. 84. 3151:Bustillo 3141:, p. 58. 3067:, p. 17. 3065:Bustillo 3043:, p. 32. 2785:Belaúnde 2775:, p. 25. 2727:, p. 23. 2669:Belaúnde 2376:See also 2334:member. 2317:Colombia 2309:Tarapacá 1994:Colombia 1970:Location 1723:and the 1609:Location 1440:Amazonas 1436:Putumayo 1418:rivers. 1393:occupied 1322:Location 1155:Santa Fe 913:and the 831:Location 605:Location 519:and the 277:Painting 243:between 241:conflict 232:and the 213:and the 189:and the 129:Colombia 103:Colombia 63:Colombia 58:Location 4883:Oceania 4864:Ireland 4833:Austria 4828:Germany 4811:Celtics 4806:Belgium 4788:Karelia 4783:Finland 4730:Corsica 4697:Galicia 4658:Croatia 4636:Albania 4620:Ukraine 4608:Ukraine 4586:Romania 4576:Moldova 4571:Hungary 4561:Belarus 4545:Vietnam 4372:Assyria 4365:Artsakh 4360:Armenia 4248:Somalia 4243:Morocco 4090:. 2015. 3964:Basadre 3881:Basadre 3857:Basadre 3549:Basadre 3525:Basadre 3489:Basadre 3324:Basadre 3187:Basadre 3127:Basadre 3112:Basadre 3100:Basadre 3089:. 1832. 3053:Basadre 3008:Basadre 2905:Basadre 2869:Basadre 2857:Basadre 2833:Basadre 2797:Basadre 2690:. 1821. 2629:Castell 2305:Leticia 2269:Spanish 2258:Spanish 2250:Spanish 2245:tariffs 2141:or the 1954:Drafted 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Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute

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