Colombian conflict

3571:

Indirect costs include, " the loss of human capital for the duration of the detention and for the death of the kidnapped during his captivity". There are two types of kidnapping: a) kidnapping for extortion and political purposes; and b) simple kidnapping. According to data from the Directorate of Justice and Security of the DNP, this phenomenon shows an increasing trend. With respect to the costs of sequestration, the sources suggest an increasing behavior between 1996 and 2003. In such a way that "the average annual growth rate is 9.3%, the highest rate is observed in 1998 (46.2%), and in 2000 (37.2%) year in which the number of kidnappings also it is significantly high reaching its peak in the year 2000 with 1,938 cases." From then on, the trend becomes decreasing (except for a peak in 2002 with 1,542 cases) until reaching the 350 kidnappings (the lowest figure since 1996) in 2005. Within these costs, 64.4% are direct, representing US$ 167.4 million. 35.6% of the remaining costs are indirect, and represent US$ 92.7 million. In 2004, the costs of sequestration were reduced to $ 109,519 million, representing 0.27% of GDP in 2003.

3639:

investment." On the other hand, within the studies on the costs of the conflict, specific sectors such as the private sector have begun to be studied, taking into account the high costs they have had to assume due to the existence of this phenomenon. The large companies and those that operate at the national level assume the highest costs associated with the existence of the conflict. This is because they are more attractive for someone who wants to extort for example, and also those who lose most in adverse conditions. Appealing to the economic arguments that underlie the conflict, various state and international aid and cooperation institutions seek to establish the scope and potential benefits of a peaceful situation. This argument has mobilized and sensitized various sectors of society to understand that peace is also an economic necessity. In Colombia, as shown in the studies that have estimated the costs of the conflict, since the nineties it has imposed increasingly higher costs to various productive sectors of the economy and society in general.

3559:), between 1993 and 1995, groups outside the law demolished 11 tolls and a bridge, and its reconstruction cost $ 378,476,248. This amount increased significantly during the 1999–2003 period, when the costs generated by the reconstruction of bridges represented $ 18,455.7 million. These costs are equivalent to 1.71% of the total INVÍAS budget for 2003. For 2004, costs for damages to the road infrastructure dropped substantially to $ 680 million. The partial interruption of the roads directly affects the transport sector, food and other private guilds, which in turn assume costs for these damages. However, generally these have not been quantified, because of the difficulty they have to be directly calculated. This tends to present itself as a generalized problem in quantifying the costs associated with conflict. This is explained, in part, by the tendency in the various economic sectors not to denounce this type of actions that, in one way or another, interrupt the normal functioning of economic activities. 3584:(SIPRI) for the year 2001 " shows that Colombia ranked 24th in the countries with the largest participation in military spending, out of a total of 116 investigated."The figure for the participation of military expenditures in GDP was 3.8% for Colombia while in the countries of the American continent the closest figure is that of the United States with 3.1% followed by Chile with 2.9%, Ecuador with 2.1% and the rest of countries below 2.0% ". Thus, for the period 1999–2003, defense and security spending was $ 8,463,611.0 million, equivalent to 10.5% of GDP in 2003. The excess of said expense, compared to the average cost of neighboring countries, It was close to 0.79% of GDP. A Fedesarrollo study states that the Spending on defense and security carried out during 2004 " represented 4.5% of GDP " which does not have precedents in the history of 3610:

subsectors such as livestock and commercial agriculture is one of the consequences associated with the presence of an armed conflict. This cost is mainly assumed by farmers who experience the pressure of armed actions in their areas of operation. Within this context, the most serious consequences are related to the devaluation of the properties, the loss of productivity of the land -represented in the products that could potentially have been cultivated in these lands- and the difficulty in managing the efficient production of the lands. According to a study of National Planning, the estimated costs for the loss of productivity of land represented, between 1999 and 2003, $ 140,443.5 million, equivalent to 1.28% of the GDP of the agricultural sector of 2003.

3622:, "as a result of the displacement, the displaced households have left behind a little more than four million hectares, which correspond to 6.7 times of the total hectares granted by the program. of Agrarian Reform during the period between 1993 and 2000, and represent a total value of $ 2.6 billion." In this context, the enormous concentration of rural property in the hands of a few individuals is not only the result of the purchase of land by drug traffickers and the illegal appropriation by groups outside the law, but also the consequence of acquisition of properties devalued due to the armed conflict . It is estimated that 1.3% of the owners control 48% of the best lands. On the other hand, a study carried out by the 4048:. It would direct and coordinate efforts to search for and locate missing persons, or find their remains so that they may be returned to their families. To carry out its work, the search unit would collect the necessary information about missing persons, analyze the information collected, strengthen and streamline processes for identifying mortal remains in coordination with the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, guarantee families' participation and present an official report to families informing them of the fate of missing relatives. The search unit would be administrative and financially independent and autonomous, complementing the other components of the Comprehensive System. 3635:

loss in private investment has been estimated at 0.53 points of the annual GDP, due to the public order conditions that arise directly from the presence of an armed conflict. A 1% increase in the homicide rate reduces private investment by 0.66%. Thus, we can observe that the high levels of violence directly affect the transaction costs and levels of uncertainty in society. Likewise, they reduce to a certain degree the profitability of investments. A study by Corporación Invertir en Colombia (Coinvertir) and the National Planning Department (DNP) shows that insecurity hinders the development of new foreign investments, especially in the financial, oil and gas, and electric power sectors.

463: 659: 3732:. They gained so much strength and influence that they started to look for mechanisms that helped them grow even stronger. In that sense, they developed a "Rebel Diplomacy", understood as a rebel group's conduct of foreign affairs during the development civil war for the purpose of advancing its military and political objective. This diplomacy was used as a strategy that they engaged with various international actors in the seek for any type of support during different stages of the conflict. Among these international actors we can find other countries governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations. 2605: 3981: 3580:

a significant growth. Spending on defense and security includes, on the one hand, the means by which the State must have to defend sovereignty and territorial integrity, and on the other, the costs involved in maintaining internal security. Various studies of National Planning suggest that the Colombian State spends a much greater percentage in defense and security than other Latin American countries. Between 1991 and 1996, the estimated value of these resources was $ 3.7 billion. That is, 2.6% of GDP, while for Latin America the average of this expenditure was 1.7% of GDP. A study carried out by the

48: 809: 765: 739: 3287:" with little control of the nation's territory, adding that "they have really been diminished to the point where we can say they are a minimal threat to Colombian security," and that "After six years of going after them, reducing their income and promoting reinsertion of most of their members, they look like a paper tiger." However, he warned against any kind of premature triumphalism, because "crushing the rebels will take time." The 500,000 square kilometers (190,000 sq mi) of jungle in Colombia makes it hard to track them down to fight. 1892: 12884: 797: 12838: 2735:, who had been the UP's presidential candidate the previous year, was assassinated amid a wave of violence in which thousands of the party's members perished at the hands of death squads. According to Pecáut, the killers included members of the military and the political class who had opposed Betancur's peace process and considered the UP to be little more than a "facade" for the FARC, as well as drug traffickers and landowners who were also involved in the establishment of paramilitary groups. 751: 785: 287: 12871: 2784:. Pecáut and Dudley argue that significant tensions had emerged between Jaramillo, FARC and the Communist Party due to the candidate's recent criticism of the armed struggle and their debates over the rebels' use of kidnapping, almost leading to a formal break. Jaramillo's death led to a large exodus of UP militants; in addition, by then many FARC cadres who joined the party had already returned to clandestinity, using the UP experience as an argument in favor of revolutionary war. 263: 3511: 2857:, five FARC fronts (about 400 guerrillas) recognized intelligence pitfalls in a Colombian Army base and exploited them to overrun it on August 30, 1996, killing 34 soldiers, wounding 17 and taking some 60 as prisoners. Another significant attack took place in El Billar, Caquetá on March 2, 1998, where a Colombian Army counterinsurgency battalion was patrolling, resulting in the death of 62 soldiers and the capture of some 43. Other FARC attacks against Police bases in 3841: 3555:

the spilled oil, " from the repair of the pipeline, from the environmental decontamination and from the oil stopped producing 60% of the total expenses incurred." During the 1999–2003 period, costs against electrical and telecommunications towers increased substantially, representing $ 134,871.2 million. This is equivalent to 5.4% of 2003 GDP for the electricity, gas and water sector. On the other hand, according to data from the National Institute of Roads (

1390: 1233: 1222: 1211: 1200: 1189: 575: 542: 12620: 12596: 1340: 1027: 1007: 995: 983: 971: 959: 947: 935: 923: 911: 899: 887: 875: 863: 851: 830: 185: 726: 689: 627: 2028: 601: 12647: 2908:(DIA) report went so far as to speculate that this could be possible within 5 years if the guerrilla's rate of operations was kept up without effective opposition. Some viewed this report as inaccurate and alarmist, claiming that it did not properly take into account many factors, such as possible actions that the Colombian state and the U.S. might take in response to the situation, nor the effects of the existence of paramilitary groups. 713: 640: 251: 588: 12657: 12858: 227: 215: 12667: 12586: 1142: 701: 614: 203: 239: 672: 3626:(UNDP) states that the Colombian conflict has had a negative effect on the income of the population. According to this study, because of the conflict, Colombia has lost 17% of its per capita income in the last ten years. That is to say, " the money wasted every year corresponds to about 4.6 times what the community welfare homes programs, children's homes and school restaurants of the social support network cos." 1402: 1357: 1267: 1256: 1126: 1115: 1104: 1093: 1074: 1055: 556: 529: 344: 12637: 3894: 275: 12576: 2203:. In total, one in three of the 7.6 million registered victims of the conflict are children, and since 1985, 8,000 minors have disappeared. A Special Unit was created to search for persons deemed as missing within the context of and due to the armed conflict. As of April 2022, the Single Registry of Victims reported 9,263,826 victims of the Colombian conflict, with 2,048,563 of them being children. 2642:(1978–82) to lift a state-of-siege decree that had been in effect, on and off, for most of the previous 30 years. Under the latest such decree, President Turbay had implemented security policies that, though of some military value against the M-19 in particular, were considered highly questionable both inside and outside Colombian circles due to numerous accusations of military 2280:, worthless outside company stores, which would further charge extravagant prices compared to what workers earned. As well as this the system of employment was usually in which farmers would be forced to sell their property to the United Fruit Company and then be indebted to the company having to work on the land and pay back the company. The United Fruit Company would hire 4007:. In total, one in three of the 7.6 million registered victims of the conflict are children, and since 1985, 8,000 minors have disappeared. Since the peace talks with the FARC began four years ago, some 1,000 children have been forcibly recruited by some of the myriad armed groups in the country, 75 have been killed, and 65 schools have been damaged by fighting. 2957:

hospitals, churches, ambulances, and residential areas. FARC rebels were forced to flee the area, and many were killed or wounded. The Colombian government claimed that this was a significant victory, while human rights groups claimed this as proof that "anti-narcotics" aid, was actually just military aid which was being used to fight a leftist insurgency.

4152:"Latin America's longest war; "More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia," "Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia," "Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War," "Loyal Soldiers in the Cocaine Kingdom: Tales of Drugs, Mules and Gunmen," "Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of a Limpieza in Colombia"; Book Review" 4000:(IDPs). The report shows that the humanitarian crisis in Colombia is extremely serious in terms of both lethal and nonlethal violence. The report examines the widespread use of sexual violence against women and girls as a weapon of war, as well as the invisibility of this phenomenon. 16.9% of the population in Colombia has been a direct victim of the war. 3643:

strong presence. Likewise, for the Colombian private sector, indirect costs have more impact on their activities than direct costs. With respect to indirect costs, although there is a clear difficulty to be quantified, the various studies suggest that they have been significantly high and that they have had a representative impact on society as such.

3104:, the Commander of the Colombian National Army. In response, Chávez said that he was still willing to mediate, but had withdrawn Venezuela's ambassador to Colombia and placed Colombian-Venezuelan relations "in a freezer" President Uribe responded by accusing Chávez of legitimizing terrorism and pursuing an expansionist project on the continent. 3147:

that Emmanuel had been taken to Bogotá and "left in the care of honest persons" for safety reasons until a humanitarian exchange took place. The group accused President Uribe of "kidnapping" the child to sabotage his liberation. However, on January 10, 2008, FARC released Rojas and Gonzalez through a humanitarian commission headed by the

3761:, who have refused to lay down their arms after the FARC-government peace treaty came into effect in 2016. The dissidents number some 1200 armed combatants with an unknown number of civilian militia supporting them. The FARC dissidents have become "an increasing headache" for the Colombian armed forces, as they have to fight them, the 2880:(1994–1998) in the eyes of sectors of public and political opinion. He was already the target of numerous critics due to revelations of a drug-money scandal surrounding his presidential campaign. Perceptions of corruption due to similar scandals led to Colombia's decertification as a country cooperating with the United States in the 2752:(1986–1990) administration, in addition to continuing to handle the difficulties of the complex negotiations with the guerrillas, also inherited a particularly chaotic confrontation against the drug lords, who were engaged in a campaign of terrorism and murder in response to government moves in favor of their extradition overseas. 3923:

ruled in favor of allowing Colombians to sue former Chiquita Brand International executives for the company's funding of the outlawed right-wing paramilitary organization that murdered their family members. He stated in his decision that "'profits took priority over basic human welfare' in the banana

3579:

While spending on defense and security becomes very important to examine when dealing with a country immersed in an armed conflict, the analysis on this issue are relatively recent. This can be explained because until the beginning of the second half of the nineties, defense and security spending had

3554:

turned to 20 departments and 110 municipalities, destined to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants. For 2004, costs decreased substantially to $ 11,015.5 million. This is the first sector most affected by the terrorist actions of groups outside the law. The costs are mainly derived from

3000:

Some critical observers considered that Uribe's policies, while reducing crime and guerrilla activity, were too slanted in favor of a military solution to Colombia's internal war while neglecting grave social and human rights concerns. Critics have asked for Uribe's government to change this position

2935:

The AUC, originally present around the central/northwest part of the country, executed a series of raids into areas of guerrilla influence, targeting those that they considered as either guerrillas or their supporters. This resulted in a continuing series of massacres. After some of these operations,

2903:

Altogether, these events were interpreted by some Colombian and foreign analysts as a turning point in the armed confrontation, giving the FARC the upper hand in the military and political balance, making the Colombian government a target of critics from some observers who concluded that its weakness

10573:

Visit to Colombia, South America, by a Team from Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Headquarters, U.S. Army Special Warfare School, 26 Feb. 1962, Kennedy Library, Box 319, National Security Files, Special Group; Fort Bragg Team; Visit to Colombia; 3/62, "Secret Supplement, Colombian

3596:, who focuses on hitting militarily to groups outside the law, in order to regain security national. On the other hand, for the year 2004, the expenses of the Colombian Government in war and security were 6.59%, placing the country between the tenth that invest the most in war as proportion of GDP . 3388:

In 2012, the Colombia Military launched The Espada de Honor War Plan, an aggressive counterinsurgency strategies that aims to dismantle FARC's structure, crippling them both militarily and financially. The plan targets FARC leadership and it is focused on eliminating 15 of the most powerful economic

3356:

was elected president in August 2010, he promised to "continue the armed offensive" against rebel movements. In the month after his inauguration, FARC and ELN killed roughly 50 soldiers and policemen in attacks all over Colombia. September also saw the killing of FARC's second-in-command Mono Jojoy.

3348:

bombed a jungle camp in Southern Colombia. Colombian troops of the elite Task Force Omega then stormed the camp, capturing 15 FARC rebels, as well as 25 rifles, war materials, explosives, and information which was given to military intelligence. In Southwestern Colombia, FARC rebels ambushed an army

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in June 2005. The child was in poor condition; one of his arms was hurt, he had severe malnutrition, and he had diseases that are commonly suffered in the jungle. Having been evidently mistreated, the boy was later sent to a foster home in Bogotá and DNA tests were announced to confirm his identity.

2727:

insisted to his subordinates that the UP's creation did not mean that the group would lay down its arms; neither did it imply a rejection of the Seventh Conference's military strategy. Pecáut states that new recruits entered the guerrilla army and its urban militia units during this period, and that

3739:

Rebel diplomacy often emerges as a kind of counter diplomacy aimed at discrediting the State against which the insurgent group is fighting, it is a way of taking the battle to the political arena and waging it in the international arena. This occurred in the case of the FARC, which beyond defending

3634:

Although the agents adjust their investment behavior, that is, they internalize the phenomenon of violence, assuming it as a change in the structures of the economy in the long term the investment of both the State and the private sector is diminished in substantial ways. In the Colombian case, the

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in 2011. In June 2011, Colombian chief of staff Edgar Cely claimed that the FARC wants to "urbanize their actions", which could partly explain the increased guerrilla activity in Medellín and particularly Cali. Jeremy McDermott, co-director of Insight Crime, estimates that FARC may have some 30,000

3371:

By early 2011, Colombian authorities and news media reported that the FARC and the clandestine sister groups have partly shifted strategy from guerrilla warfare to "a war of militias", meaning that they are increasingly operating in civilian clothes while hiding amongst sympathizers in the civilian

2845:

began marching against the Colombian government to reject its drug war policies, including fumigations and the declaration of special security zones in some departments. Different analysts have stressed that the movement itself fundamentally originated on its own, but at the same time, FARC heavily

2760:

considered the incident to be a "natural" part of the truce and reiterated the group's intention to continue the dialogue, but President Barco sent an ultimatum to the guerrillas and demanded that they immediately disarm or face military retaliation. Regional guerrilla and Army skirmishes created a

2672:

was becoming increasingly important to all participants in the Colombian conflict. Guerrillas and newly wealthy drug lords had mutually uneven relations and numerous incidents occurred between them. Eventually the kidnapping of drug cartel family members by guerrillas led to the creation in 1981 of

2399:

In 1958, an exclusively bipartisan political alternation system, known as the National Front, resulted from an agreement between the Liberal and Conservative parties. The agreement had come as a result of the two parties attempting to find a final political solution to the decade of mutual violence

3642:

Among the sectors most affected by the conflict are the exploitation of hydrocarbons, electricity and livestock. This is explained, in part, because the areas where the operations and activities of these sectors take place, in parallel, are the territories where groups outside the law exert a very

3146:

test, comparing the child's DNA with that of his potential grandmother Clara de Rojas, were revealed by the Colombian government. It was reported that there was a very high probability that the boy was indeed part of the Rojas family. The same day, FARC released a communique in which they admitted

3076:

accused the FARC of executing the hostages and stated that government forces had not made any rescue attempts. FARC claimed that the deaths occurred during a crossfire, after an attack to one of its camps by an "unidentified military group". FARC did not report any other casualties on either side.

2431:

party as a route from violence to mainstream politics. Between 1985 and 2002, 4,153 members and supporters of the party were kidnapped and murdered by right-wing paramilitaries, with government support. This included two presidential candidates, 6 out of 16 congressmen, 17 regional representatives

3773:

at the same time. FARC dissidents are led by former mid-level commanders such as alias Gentil Duarte, alias Euclides Mora, alias John 40, alias Giovanny Chuspas and alias Julián Chollo. The FARC dissidents have been responsible for several attacks on the Colombian armed forces. These fighters are

3711:

In the past, the Colombian government laid landmines around 34 military bases to protect key infrastructure, but it renounced their use in 1997. Landmines are primarily used by the rebel groups to protect their home bases and illegal drug crops, which fund the conflict. FARC and ELN have deployed

3019:

On January 17, 2002, right-wing paramilitaries entered the village of Chengue, and divided up the villagers into two groups. They then went from person to person in one of the groups, smashing each person's head with sledgehammers and rocks, killing 24 people, as the Colombian military sat by and

2829:

FARC military activity increased throughout the bulk of the 1990s as the group continued to grow in wealth from both kidnapping and drug-related activities, while drug crops rapidly spread throughout the countryside. The guerrillas protected many of the coca growers from eradication campaigns and

2714:

and held the Supreme Court magistrates hostage, intending to put President Betancur on trial. The military responded with force and in the ensuing crossfire some 120 people lost their lives, including most of the guerrillas (several high-ranking operatives among them) and 12 Supreme Court Judges.

3609:

The estimated loss of human capital and productivity due to labor absenteeism in 2003 amounted to $ 366.2 billion. On the other hand, the loss of land productivity, which translates into a negative impact on administration, investment in physical and social capital, and the price of land in

3154:

On January 13, 2008, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez stated his disapproval with the FARC strategy of armed struggle and kidnapping saying "I don't agree with kidnapping and I don't agree with armed struggle". He repeated his call for a political solution and an end to the war on March and June

3099:

had given Chávez permission to mediate, under the conditions that all meetings with the FARC would take place in Venezuela and that Chávez would not contact members of the Colombian military directly, but instead go through proper diplomatic channels. However, President Uribe abruptly terminated

2915:

self-defense and intelligence gathering groups was authorized by Congress and the Samper administration in 1994. Members of CONVIVIR groups were accused of committing numerous abuses against the civilian population by several human rights organizations. The groups were left without legal support

2833:

In this context, FARC had managed to recruit and train more fighters, beginning to use them in concentrated attacks in a novel and mostly unexpected way. This led to a series of high-profile raids and attacks against Colombian state bases and patrols, mostly in the southeast of Colombia but also

2698:

ended when the guerrillas resumed fighting in 1985. The M-19 claimed that the cease-fire had not been fully respected by official security forces, alleged that several of its members had suffered threats and assaults, and questioned the government's real willingness to implement any accords. The

2206:

Approximately 80% of those killed in the conflict have been civilians. In 2022 the Truth Commission of Colombia estimated that paramilitaries were responsible for 45% of civilian deaths, the guerrillas for 27% and state forces for 12%, with the remaining 16% attributable to other groups or mixed

4364:

Legrand, p. 165. Lengrand states: "Some observers noted that this percentage of supposed paramilitary supporters elected to congress in March 2002 corresponded to the number of representatives elected from Uraba and the Atlantic coast where the paramilitaries are strong. (El Tiempo March 13–14,

3545:

The destruction of physical infrastructure has represented high costs for several sectors of the economy, directly altering production and distribution networks. The costs generated by damage to the oil infrastructure have shown a substantial increase since 1990. This is mainly explained by the

2948:

was sworn in as the President of Colombia. A member of the Conservative Party, Pastrana defeated Liberal Party candidate Horacio Serpa in a run-off election marked by high voter turn-out and little political unrest. The new president's program was based on a commitment to bring about a peaceful

2722:

According to historian Daniel Pecáut, the creation of the Patriotic Union took the guerrillas' political message to a wider public outside of the traditional communist spheres of influence and led to local electoral victories in regions such as Urabá and Antioquia, with their mayoral candidates

3735:

The guerrilla made intelligent and strategic use of social networks, using them as a means through which to offer the international public witnessing the conflict a vision of their own narrative of the conflict and to present themselves as a credible and preferable alternative to the Colombian

3570:

is the country in which more people are and have been kidnapped. Kidnapping, as one of the manifestations that underlie the armed conflict, carries both direct and indirect costs. The former comprise mainly the payment of ransoms and the expenses assumed by the State to control and prevent it.

2992:

first term in office (2002–2006), the security situation inside Colombia showed some measure of improvement and the economy, while still fragile, also showed some positive signs of recovery according to observers. But relatively little has been accomplished in structurally solving most of the

2956:

where FARC rebels were stationed. Using U.S. supplied aircraft and equipment, and backed with U.S. logistical support, Colombian government forces strafed and bombed the town for over 72 hours. In the attack, three civilians were killed and several others were wounded as the military attacked

3880:

A concerted country team effort should be made now to select civilian and military personnel for clandestine training in resistance operations in case they are needed later. This should be done with a view toward development of a civil and military structure for exploitation in the event the

2887:

The Samper administration reacted against FARC's attacks by gradually abandoning numerous vulnerable and isolated outposts in more than 100,000 km of the rural countryside, instead concentrating Army and Police forces in the more heavily defended strongholds available, which allowed the

2718:

Meanwhile, individual FARC members initially joined the UP leadership in representation of the guerrilla command, though most of the guerrilla's chiefs and militiamen did not demobilize nor disarm, as that was not a requirement of the process at that point in time. Tension soon significantly

2534:

In February 2015, the Historical Commission on the Conflict and its Victims (Comisión Histórica del Conflicto Armado y sus Víctimas – CHCV) published its report entitled "Contribution to an Understanding of the Armed Conflict in Colombia". The document addresses the "multiple reasons for the

2466:

resumed some of their drug-trafficking activities and resorted to extortion and kidnapping for financing, activities which led to a loss of support from the local population. These funds helped finance paramilitaries and guerrillas, allowing these organizations to buy weapons which were then

3944:, Colombia was the third largest recipient of US aid only after Egypt and Israel, and the U.S. has 400 military personnel and 400 civilian contractors in Colombia. Currently, however, Colombia is not a top recipient of U.S. aid, though it was under the first five years of the Plan Colombia. 3638:

One of the biggest problems to invest in Colombia is that it is necessary to devote a large part of the budget to security and protection controls, which is very difficult to justify before the house. In this sense, the economic environment affected by the violence translates into a tax on

2899:

in July 1997 and the unilateral liberation of 70 soldiers, a move which was opposed by the command of the Colombian military. Other contacts between the guerrillas and government, as well as with representatives of religious and economic sectors, continued throughout 1997 and 1998.

3001:

and make serious efforts towards improving the human rights situation inside the country, protecting civilians and reducing any abuses committed by the armed forces. Political dissenters and labor union members, among others, have suffered from threats and have been murdered.

4037:, offer truth to the public, contribute to the reparation of victims, contribute to the fight against impunity, adopt decisions which give full legal security to direct and indirect participants in the conflict and contribute to the achievement of a stable and lasting peace. 2408:

Colombia has a long history of political violence. Land, power, and wealth are unevenly distributed, and many rural citizens are used to fending for themselves. There is no consensus about the date on which the conflict began, with some saying 1958 (with the start of the

2311:

for better working conditions. The striking workers called for an end to temporary contracts, the creation of mandatory worker insurance, the creation of compensation for work accidents, the creation of hygienic dormitories, the 6 day work weeks, the implementation of a

2195:, 220,000 people have died in the conflict between 1958 and 2013, most of them civilians (177,307 civilians and 40,787 fighters), and more than five million civilians were forced from their homes between 1985 and 2012, generating the world's second-largest population of 3996:, 220,000 people have died in the conflict between 1958 and 2013, most of them civilians (177,307 civilians and 40,787 fighters) and more than five million civilians were forced from their homes between 1985 and 2012, generating the world's second largest population of 2362:

orchestrated by the rich. Workers began rioting and destroying the Colombian capital Bogota, leading to the death of 4,000 people. When news of the death of Gaitán reached the countryside, the local militias were furious and immediately started a civil war known as

2723:

winning 23 municipalities and their congressional ones gaining 14 seats (five in the Senate, nine in the lower Chamber) in 1988. According to journalist Steven Dudley, who interviewed ex-FARC as well as former members of the UP and the Communist Party, FARC leader

10770: 3971:

Néstor Humberto Martínez, was intended to send a message from the Colombian Attorney General's to the Colombian public that the peace process had failed. Santrich's arrest led to hundreds of ex-guerrillas taking up arms again, which jeopardized the peace process.

2457:

in Colombia grew increasingly powerful in the 1970s and 80s with the introduction of massive drug trafficking to the United States from Colombia. After the Colombian Government dismantled many of the drug cartels that appeared in the country during the 1980s,

3860:

The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the U.S. government encouraged the Colombian military to attack leftist militias in rural Colombia. This was part of the U.S. fight against communism.

3111:

expanded during his second term, involving numerous members of the administration's ruling coalition. Many pro-government lawmakers, such as the President's cousin Mario Uribe, have been investigated for their possible ties to paramilitary organizations.

2916:

after a 1997 decision by the Colombian Constitutional Court which restricted many of their prerogatives and demanded stricter oversight. However, in April 1997, preexisting paramilitary forces and several former CONVIVIR members were joined to create the

3127:, with the permission of the Colombian government. The mission was approved on December 26. Although, on December 31, FARC claimed that the hostage release had been delayed because of Colombian military operations. On the same time, Colombian President 2395:

in 1964, FARC was founded out of fighters unhappy with the peace settlement. The goal of the FARC, among other things, was redistribution of land that would benefit poor peasant farmers like Marin, along with the desire to establish a socialist state.

6072: 2548:

During this period, the main conflict in Colombia was between leftist guerillas and the central government. Key concerns included access to land, the battle between communist and far right ideologies, and the marginalisation of peasant populations.

4010:

According to the report "Basta ya", written in 2013 by Colombia's National Centre for Historical Memory, 80% of victims affected by conflict-related violence and landmines were civilians. The report documents 1,982 massacres between 1980 and 2012.

3707:

in Colombia. Between 1982 and the end of 2012, 2,038 people have been killed by landmines, according to the Presidential Program for Mine Action. Since 2000, casualties from landmines in Colombia have ranged from 1,300 a year to just around 550.

3466:(Clan de Golfo) leader Gustavo Adolfo Álvarez Téllez, who was one of Colombia's most wanted drug lords, with a 580 million peso bounty for his capture, was arrested at his lavish estate in Cereté while holding a party under quarantine during the 2699:

Betancur administration in turn criticized the M-19's actions and questioned its commitment to the peace process, while at the same time continuing to advance high-profile negotiations with the FARC. These negotiations led to the creation of the

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population. In early January 2011, the Colombian army said that the FARC has some 18,000 members, with 9,000 of those forming part of the militias. The army says it has "identified" at least 1,400 such militia members in the FARC-strongholds of

4900: 4874: 2316:, the abolishment of wages through company coupons and office stores, and the recognition of farmers and tenants as employees with legal rights. The strike quickly grew becoming the largest strike in all of Colombia's history, with many 6674: 6936: 3907:

The first paramilitary groups were organized following recommendations made by U.S. military counterinsurgency advisers who were sent to Colombia during the Cold War to combat leftist political activists and armed guerrilla groups.

2527:. The government also began a process of assistance and reparation for victims of conflict. Recently, U.P. supporters reconstituted the political party, within the process of reconciliation. Colombia's congress approved the revised 11239:

Zwischen Faszination und Gewalt : Kolumbien—unser gemeinsamer Nenner: Reflexionen über das Verhältnis zwischen kultureller Identität, Kommunikation und Medien anhand der diskursanalytischen Untersuchung einer kolumbianischen

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agents were participating in drug cartel-funded sex parties with prostitutes. Agents were provided with expensive gifts, weapons and money from drug cartel members. As a result, the head of the US Drug Enforcement Administration,

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Colombian internal security system deteriorates further. This structure should be used to pressure toward reforms known to be needed, perform counter-agent and counter-propaganda functions and as necessary execute paramilitary,

2849:

Additionally, in 1997 and 1998, town councilmen in dozens of municipalities of the south of the country were threatened, killed, kidnapped, forced to resign or to exile themselves to department capitals by the FARC and the ELN.

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In 2011, the Colombian Congress issued a statement claiming that the FARC has a "strong presence" in roughly one third of Colombia, while their attacks against security forces "have continued to rise" throughout 2010 and 2011.

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By the end of 2010, it became increasingly clear that "neo-paramilitary groups", referred to as "criminal groups" (BACRIM) by the government, had become an increasing threat to national security, with violent groups such as

2556:

began to attack peasant communities. This happened throughout Colombia with the Colombian army considering that these peasant communities were enclaves for bandits and Communists. It was the 1964 attack on the community of

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Unlike the rural FARC, which had roots in the previous Liberal peasant struggles, the ELN was mostly an outgrowth of university unrest and would subsequently tend to follow a small group of charismatic leaders, including

2210:

On June 23, 2016, the Colombian government and the FARC rebels signed a historic ceasefire deal, bringing them closer to ending more than five decades of conflict. Although the deal was rejected in the subsequent October

7130: 5494: 3791:, an area bordering both Colombia and Ecuador. On the first day alone, more than 50 individuals were arrested in the operation, while four cocaine labs were dismantled. The group has attempted to recruit locals in the 2367:. Joined by fellow leftists a brutal war was fought for over 10 years leading to the death of 200,000 people and the destruction of much of the country, resulting in a peace settlement and the changing of power to the 11525: 10330: 10408: 3447:

In September 2019, Colombia's President Iván Duque Márquez launched a new military crackdown against FARC, which declared resuming the armed struggle due to the government's failure to abide by the 2016 peace deal.

2755:

In June 1987, the ceasefire between FARC and the Colombian government formally collapsed after the guerrillas attacked a military unit in the jungles of Caquetá. According to journalist Steven Dudley, FARC founder

2324:

and leftists joining and organizing the strike. The United Fruit Company demanded that the workers disband and the union should disband. Following several weeks of failed negotiations, the Colombian government of

10251:

Jones, B., & Mattiacci, E. (2017). A manifesto, in 140 characters or fewer: Social media as a tool of rebel diplomacy. British Journal of Political Science, p. 1-23. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S0007123416000612

4029:, JEP) would be the transitional justice component of the Comprehensive System, complying with Colombia's duty to investigate, clarify, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and grave breaches of 2810:, followed by a FARC offensive that sought to undermine the deliberations of the Constitutional Assembly, began to highlight a significant break in the uneven negotiations carried over from the previous decade. 2390:

groups continued operating in several rural enclaves. One of the Liberal bands was a group known as the "Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia" (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), or FARC, formed by

2348:, leftist students protested and organized against the Colombian government, eventually hoping to overthrow it. This opposition to the Colombian Government exploded in 1948, upon hearing of the assassination of 3038:

Starting in 2004 a disarmament process was begun of Colombia's paramilitary groups (especially the AUC) and was completed on April 12, 2006, when 1,700 fighters turned in their weapons in the town of Casibare.

2936:

government prosecutors and/or human rights organizations blamed officers and members of Colombian Army and police units for either passively permitting these acts, or directly collaborating in their execution.

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that motivated the later creation of FARC. Despite the infantry and police encirclement of the villages inside Marquetalia (3500 men swept through the area), Manuel Marulanda managed to escape the army cordon.

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has served as the primary location for many FARC dissidents. On July 15, 2018, the Colombian and Peruvian governments launched a joint military effort known as Operation Armageddon to combat FARC dissidents.

3477:

The Gulf Clan, which dispatched 1,000 of its paramilitaries from Urabá, southern Córdoba and Chocó, hopes to suppress FARC rebels in northern Antioquia and take control of the entire municipality of Ituango.

6382: 3268:

and 11 Colombian military and police. Two FARC members were arrested. This trick to the FARC was presented by the Colombian government as a proof that the guerrilla organisation and influence is declining.

2199:(IDPs). 16.9% of the population in Colombia has been a direct victim of the war. 2.3 million children have been displaced from their homes, and 45,000 children killed, according to national figures cited by 6079: 2175:

The reasons for fighting vary from group to group. The FARC and other guerrilla movements claim to be fighting for the rights of the poor in Colombia to protect them from government violence and to provide

6984: 9163: 3774:

believed to be heavily involved in the production and sale of cocaine. Dissidents of FARC's 1st Front are located in the eastern plains of Colombia. Jhon 40 and their dissident 43rd Front moved into the

5935: 5906: 7301: 4896: 4870: 11086: 7390: 2474:, the government applied more military pressure on the FARC and other outlawed far-left groups. After the offensive, many security indicators improved. As part of a controversial peace process, the 14719: 9424: 10278: 7215: 5025: 3550:, between 1999 and 2003, the costs assumed by the hydrocarbon exploitation sector grew by approximately 59%, amounting to $ 817,654.5 million. This equates to 23.6% of the total royalties that 2794:

Contacts with the FARC, which had irregularly continued despite the end of the ceasefire and the official 1987 break from negotiations, were temporarily cut off in 1990 under the presidency of

10128: 9618: 11705:– (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive) 10304: 10217: 6666: 3433:

and the revised agreement will be submitted to Congress for approval. The House of Representatives unanimously approved the plan on November 30, a day after the Senate also gave its backing.

2764:

By 1990, at least 2,500 members of the FARC-founded Patriotic Union had been murdered, according to historian Daniel Pecáut, leading up to that year's assassination of presidential candidate

2535:

conflict, the principle factors and circumstances that made it possible and the most notable impacts on the population", and explains Colombia's armed conflict in terms of international law.

6928: 6439: 15034: 10927: 9644: 2638:

By 1982, the perceived passivity of the FARC, together with the relative success of the government's efforts against the M-19 and the ELN, enabled the administration of the Liberal Party's

6549: 4996: 2813:

Both parties nevertheless never completely broke off some amount of political contacts for long, as some peace feelers continued to exist, leading to short rounds of conversations in both

2272:

in Latin America at cheap prices, then resell the crops in foreign markets for inflated amounts. Local farmers were largely impoverished and were forced to grow specific crops, creating a

3237:

would claim that the AUC had supported Uribe's 2002 election, but said that this was a result of their similar "ideological discourse" and not the result of any direct prior arrangement.

2687:

of suspected Colombian cartel members to the U.S. The cartels responded by bribing or murdering numerous public officials, politicians and others. Their victims included Justice Minister

2616:(M-19), leading to a new phase in the conflict. The M-19 was a mostly urban guerrilla group, founded in response to an alleged electoral fraud during the final National Front election of 9211: 9185: 8947: 7077: 2243:

The origin of the armed conflict in Colombia goes back to 1920 with agrarian disputes over the Sumapaz and Tequendama regions. Much of the background of Colombian conflict is rooted in

3618:

The duration and expansion of the national conflict has had a significant impact on the distribution of income and wealth in Colombia. According to an investigation by the CEDE of the

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experts, to investigate Colombia's internal security situation. In February 1962, a Fort Bragg top-level U.S. Special Warfare team headed by Special Warfare Center commander General

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antipersonnel mines throughout an estimated area of up to 100 square kilometers. In March 2015, FARC stated that it would begin humanitarian demining in selected parts of Colombia.

9129: 5792: 4944: 11702: 10452: 10356: 11498: 10678: 8973: 5757: 2787:

The M-19 and several smaller guerrilla groups were successfully incorporated into a peace process as the 1980s ended and the '90s began, which culminated in the elections for a

9345: 7541: 7137: 6572: 5501: 1499: 2891:

Samper also contacted the guerrillas to negotiate the release of some or all of the hostages in FARC hands, which led to the temporary demilitarization of the municipality of

10740: 6843: 5689: 2576:

The Colombian government organized several short-lived counter-guerrilla campaigns in the late 1950s and early 1960s. These efforts were aided by the U.S. government and the

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to announce that Colombia was no longer the world's biggest producer of cocaine. The United States is still the world's largest consumer of cocaine and other illegal drugs.

1624: 10404: 8209: 5955: 8820: 7020: 3488:

On June 9, 2023, the Colombian government and ELN signed a six month nationwide ceasefire, to go into effect on August 3. This came after months of peace talks in Havana.

1584: 9367: 8895: 7356: 2665:, however, rejected any negotiations and continued to rebuild through the use of extortion and threats, in particular against oil companies of European and U.S. origin. 6756: 5615: 2131:

groups, fighting each other to increase their influence in Colombian territory. Some of the most important international contributors to the Colombian conflict include

8329: 8180: 5449: 2184:. The Colombian government claims to be fighting for order and stability, and to protect the rights and interests of its citizens. The paramilitary groups claim to be 1745: 7603: 5103: 3302:, snipers, and bomb attacks in urban areas. They also plan to buy missiles to fight the Colombian airforce which highly contribute to their weakness since few years. 2876:

These attacks, and the dozens of members of the Colombian security forces taken prisoner by the FARC, contributed to increasingly shaming the government of President

10953: 10708: 8872: 6363: 5726: 4357:

Legrand, p. 165. See Note #18 for more on peasant support for the guerrillas. (see also Ortiz 2001; Reyes Posada and A. Bejarano 1988; Archila N. 1996)", Notes.

3415:

On October 2, 2016, the results of the referendum to decide whether or not to support the peace accord showed that 50.2% opposed the accord while 49.8% favoured it.

10382: 5645: 2333:

to Ciénaga. After a standoff with the strikers, the Colombian Army shot into the crowd of strikers, killing between 68 and 2,000 people in what became known as the

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On June 22, 2015, a Colombian Army Black Hawk helicopter was destroyed while landing on a mine field laid by FARC: four soldiers were killed and six were wounded.

2997:(including those over a controversial project to eventually give Uribe the possibility of re-election), and a relative lack of freely allocated funds and credits. 2420:

In the mid-1980s, Colombia granted greater political and fiscal autonomy to local governments. This strengthened the government's position in more remote regions.

1709: 1466: 8921: 8456: 1629: 11471: 6991: 2888:

guerrillas to more directly mobilize through and influence events in large areas of rural territory which were left with little or no remaining local garrisons.

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country's other grave problems, such as poverty and inequality, possibly in part due to legislative and political conflicts between the administration and the

9506: 7630: 5927: 5910: 14875: 9039: 8480: 6174: 5059: 2288:. Any potential threat to the United Fruit Company would be overturned in a company backed coup, which would prop up friendly puppet politicians and support 1541: 7382: 6047: 14690: 14006: 12604: 9315: 9289: 9263: 2523:

with the aim to find a political solution to the armed conflict. After almost four years of peace negotiations, the Colombian state and the FARC announced

2478:(right-wing paramilitaries) as a formal organization had ceased to function. Colombia achieved a great decrease in cocaine production, leading White House 566: 9428: 9237: 7237: 1515: 14639: 9452: 8846: 5979: 4714: 2776:

for publicly calling out the UP as the "political wing of FARC" shortly before the murder, while others claimed it was the result of an alliance between

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wound down, most self-defense and guerrilla units made up of Liberal Party supporters demobilized, but at the same time some former liberals and active

2223:

for his efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end. A revised peace deal was signed the following month and submitted to

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on government positions killed 19 soldiers and an unspecified number of combatants. It was the deadliest day since peace talks began in November 2012.

3233:

In May 2008, a dozen jailed paramilitary leaders were extradited to the United States on drug-related charges. In 2009, extradited paramilitary leader

12287: 12103: 8253: 7999: 4770: 4558: 1531: 14171: 12030: 10120: 10019:

Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (2003). "El conflicto, callejon con salida: informe nacional de desarrollo humano para Colombia".

9614: 5177: 3915:

was fined $ 25 million as part of a settlement with the United States Justice Department for having ties to paramilitary groups. In 2016, Judge

3848:

was the head of a counterinsurgency team sent to Colombia in 1962 by the US Special Warfare Center. Yarborough was one of the earliest proponents of

10300: 10209: 6813: 6604: 5830: 2489:

In February 2008, millions of Colombians demonstrated against the FARC and other outlawed groups. The Colombian Ministry of Defense reported 19,504

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company executives' decision to finance the illegal death squads, despite knowing that this would advance the paramilitaries' murderous campaign."

3581: 2435:

In the 1980s, drug trafficking increased, bringing a concomitant increase in violence. Trafficking had begun in the 1960s and 70s, when a group of

1778: 1768: 366: 10919: 9640: 9076: 3933:

revealed a covert CIA program, started in the early 2000s, which provides the Colombian government with intelligence and GPS guidance systems for

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Bos, M., & Melissen, J. (2019). Rebel diplomacy and digital communication: Public diplomacy in the Sahel. International Affairs (London), 95(

7271: 6545: 4992: 4014:

The Government also began a process of assistance, attention and comprehensive reparation for victims of conflict. During his visit to Colombia,

3162:

released four others political hostages "as a gesture of goodwill" toward Chávez, who had brokered the deal and sent Venezuelan helicopters with

2307:. This would often lead to conflict between the United Fruit Company and the workers. This culminated in a strike in November 1928 by farmers in 1783: 605: 9971:

Cardenas, M.; X. Cadena; C. Caballero (2005). "El Incremento en el gasto en defensa y seguridad: resultados y sostenibilidad de la estrategia".

9615:"Denuncian presencia de disidentes de las Farc en parque natural. Serían guerrilleros del frente primero, que no se acogieron el acuerdo de paz" 5564: 4323: 3470:. Álvarez was described as the "brain" of the cartel, and by this point was reported to have taken charge of the cartel's Caribbean operations. 3276:

escaped with the assistance of a FARC rebel he convinced to travel with him. Soon after the liberation of this prominent political hostage, the

2661:, after a 1982 release of many guerrillas imprisoned during the previous effort to overpower them. A truce was also arranged with the M-19. The 14812: 14661: 9215: 9189: 5265: 4559:"Amnistía Internacional Colombia Seguridad, ¿a qué precio? La falta de voluntad del gobierno para hacer frente a la crisis de derechos humanos" 4234:"Supporting terror; Jeremy Corbyn MP explains the reasons why Britain should be staying well clear of Colombian President Uribe Velez's regime" 3736:

government. In this way, the FARC designed a web page and obtained support from press agencies and independent digital media, mostly European.

3131:

indicated that FARC had not freed the three hostages because Emmanuel may not be in their hands anymore. Two FARC gunmen were taken prisoner.

2949:

resolution of Colombia's longstanding civil conflict and to cooperate fully with the United States to combat the trafficking of illegal drugs.

12183: 11907: 8951: 7515: 7069: 4449: 4407: 4373: 13437: 11642: 8103: 7046: 4818: 3984:

The of Peace and Memory: A "memorial" to the victims of the conflict. In Colombia, April 9 is a symbolic day. It is a day of remembrance and

3319:

In November 2009, Nine Colombian soldiers were killed when their post was attacked by FARC guerrillas in a southwestern part of the country.

3305:

In February 2009, the guerrilla released 6 hostages as a humanitarian gesture. In March, they released Swedish hostage Erik Roland Larsson.

2076: 8776: 8728: 8579: 8545: 7687: 14763: 14569: 14176: 10642: 9394: 7765: 7713: 6958: 5585: 3399:

On December 15, 2014, 9 FARC guerrillas were killed in the aftermath airstrikes conducted by the Colombian air force in the Meta province.

1459: 11335: 10818: 7973: 7653: 6329: 5423: 2873:

in August 1998 killed more than a hundred soldiers, policemen and civilians, and resulted in the capture or kidnapping of a hundred more.

14111: 13442: 12218: 9137: 9008: 8029: 5667: 10260:

Huang, R. (2016). Rebel diplomacy in civil war. International Security, vol. 40, n.° 4, p. 89-126. https:// doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00237

6783: 6531:"Findings and Recommendations from the Colombian Truth Commission (Hallazgos y Recomendaciones de la Comisión de la Verdad de Colombia)" 5779: 5334: 4940: 3349:

patrol, killing a soldier. The troops then exchanged fire with the rebels. During the fighting, a teenager was killed in the crossfire.

2965:

The years from 2000 to 2006 were bloody ones in Colombia with thousands of deaths every year resulting from the ongoing war between the

14509: 14230: 12800: 10670: 10352: 8235: 5852: 3968: 2276:

in which farmers depended on the company for all food, products and wages. The United Fruit Company would usually pay their workers in

11860: 11399:

Elizabeth F. Schwartz (Winter 1995–1996). "Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States".

11283: 10071:

Echeverry, J.; N. Salazar; V. Navas (2001). "Nos parecemos al resto del mundo? El conflicto colombiano en el contexto internacional".

10037:

Echeverry, J.; N. Salazar; V. Navas (2001). "Nos parecemos al resto del mundo? El conflicto Colombiano en el contexto internacional".

9772: 8977: 7439: 5749: 4515:

Colombia: Inseguridad, Violencia, y Desempeño Económico en las Areas Rurales, Consejería para la Paz de la Presidencia de la República

3876:, Yarborough encouraged the creation and deployment of a paramilitary force to commit sabotage and terrorist acts against communists: 2653:(1982–1986), a Conservative. Betancur directed peace feelers at all the insurgents, and negotiated a 1984 cease-fire with the FARC at 13432: 13009: 12670: 12395: 11506: 10832: 9341: 8308: 8279: 8133: 7548: 5534: 3589: 3020:

watched. Two other bodies were later discovered dumped in a shallow grave. As the paramilitaries left, they set fire to the village.

2212: 769: 592: 11732: 10792: 9562: 9480: 9107: 7739: 5155: 5049:

Hudson, Rex A. (April 1, 2005). Country Profile: Venezuela. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 28.

13999: 13755: 13725: 13263: 11697: 10730: 9031: 8077: 7108: 6835: 5685: 4003:

2.3 million children have been displaced from their homes, and 45,000 children killed, according to national figures cited by

3205:

was killed by his security chief "Rojas". In March 2008 alone, FARC lost 3 members of their Secretariat, including their founder.

3148: 11797: 10547: 10513: 10098: 9839: 9592: 9532: 6639: 5129: 4844: 3381:"part-time fighters" in 2011, consisting of supporters making up the rebel militia network instead of armed uniformed combatants. 2761:

situation where each violation of the ceasefire rendered it null in each location, until it was rendered practically nonexistent.

15044: 15039: 14773: 14707: 13702: 12510: 12333: 12302: 10627: 8457:"Dossier de Información—Proceso en Busca del Acuerdo Humanitario Gobierno del Presidente Álvaro Uribe -FARC Noviembre 27 de 2007" 8213: 5951: 1665: 1452: 676: 9798: 8899: 8816: 8750: 7016: 2683:

and other cartels came under pressure from the U.S. government and from critical sectors of Colombian society who supported the

14714: 14258: 12926: 12623: 11709: 9371: 8404: 7360: 3758: 2970: 2917: 2553: 2475: 2414: 2169: 1394: 1361: 1309: 743: 579: 348: 11791: 11359: 5215: 4068: 2985:). The fighting resulted in massive internal displacement of Colombia's civilian population and thousands of civilian deaths. 15054: 14056: 13924: 13381: 13083: 13078: 12689: 12563: 11014: 10601: 8702: 8672: 8642: 8609: 8434: 8388: 7888: 7800: 7671: 6748: 6376: 6277: 6244: 6124: 5611: 5240: 4692: 3993: 3831: 2781: 2192: 2120: 1793: 303: 8333: 8184: 8159: 7880:

You are still being lied to: the remixed disinformation guide to media distortion, historical whitewashes and cultural myths

7493: 5453: 5287: 15064: 15049: 14909: 14646: 14544: 14449: 14090: 13320: 13258: 13243: 13215: 12537: 12439: 7599: 6003: 5722: 4299: 4233: 4176: 4151: 3835: 3623: 3473:

On June 26, Clan del Golfo and FARC dissidents were confirmed be in a direct armed conflict in northern Antioquia known as

3402:

On May 22, 2015, the FARC suspended a truce after 26 of its fighters were killed in a government air and ground offensive.

3043: 1850: 10700: 6304: 6027: 4103: 2649:

Citizen exhaustion due to the conflict's newfound intensity led to the election with 47% of the popular vote of President

14840: 14668: 14186: 14106: 14036: 13992: 12579: 12532: 11428: 10378: 9941:

Urrutia, N. (2004). "El gasto en defensa y seguridad: caracterizacion del caso colombiano en el contexto internacional".

7185: 6703: 3766: 3762: 2978: 2925: 2662: 2228: 1406: 1314: 533: 11772: 11678: 11558: 8051: 7878: 6464: 3226:' on Venezuelan based television station Telesur on May 25, 2008. 'Timochenko' announced the new commander in chief is ' 14914: 14904: 14444: 14280: 14051: 13959: 13600: 13235: 13130: 13022: 12628: 12251: 12127: 8925: 8463: 8378: 7386: 3619: 3335: 2044: 1704: 139: 11887: 11626: 11479: 6870:"Conflicto armado en Colombia: análisis de las causas económicas, sociales e institucionales de la oposición violenta" 4970: 15084: 15074: 15069: 14629: 14581: 14499: 13447: 11247: 11227: 11199: 11171: 11150: 11126: 11105: 11077: 11056: 11035: 10993: 9926:

Pinto, M. I. Altamae; Y. Lahuerta; L. Cepeda (2004). "El secuestro en Colombia caracterizacion y costos economicos".

8210:"Terrorist Organization Profiles – START – National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism" 7831: 7412: 6872:[Armed conflict in Colombia: analyzing the economic, social, and institutional causes of violent opposition] 5316: 4626: 4588: 4493: 4277: 4218: 4136: 4113: 3155:

2008, "The guerrilla war is history...At this moment in Latin America, an armed guerrilla movement is out of place".

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John Lindsay-Poland (January–February 2010). "Retreat to Colombia: The Pentagon Adapts Its Latin America Strategy".

9824:

Borrego, M. E. P.; Ballen, A. V.; Percipiano, Y. L. (2005). "Costos Generados por la violencia armada en Colombia".

1260: 1011: 15029: 14504: 14198: 14181: 14083: 13459: 13253: 12650: 12359: 7626: 6206: 4042:

Unidad especial para la búsqueda de personas dadas por desaparecidas en el contexto y en razón del conflicto armado

2821:, Mexico (1992). Despite the signing of several documents, no concrete results were achieved when the talks ended. 2788: 1650: 631: 8488: 6410: 6181: 5066: 3940:

As of August 2004, the US had spent $ 3 billion in Colombia, more than 75% of it on military aid. Before the

2904:

was being evidenced, perhaps even foreshadowing a future guerrilla victory in the middle term. A leaked 1998 U.S.

2497:

between August 2002 and their collective demobilization in 2017, peaking in the year 2008. During these years the

14477: 14015: 13919: 13832: 13555: 13464: 13355: 13073: 12931: 12552: 12211: 10893: 10052:

Parra, C. (1998). "Determinantes de la Inversion en Colombia: evidencia sobre el capital humano y la violencia".

7573: 6043: 3948: 3005: 2459: 2284:

to enforce its power, their purpose was to put down worker calls for reform, destroy unions, and put down worker

1951: 778: 519: 354: 13306: 9956:

Trujillo, C; M. Badel (1998). "Los Costos Economicos de la criminalidad y la violencia en Colombia: 1991–1996".

9060: 6985:"Memorias de violencia: bonanza marimbera en la ciudad de Santa Marta durante las década del setenta al ochenta" 6516: 3740:

its political proposal and ideology, its international discourse focused on a frontal attack on the Government.

15094: 14807: 14675: 14624: 14586: 14519: 14482: 14213: 14138: 13902: 13692: 13605: 13424: 13338: 13094: 13053: 13043: 12972: 12675: 12466: 12349: 12157: 9241: 8802: 7241: 5637: 5386: 5152:"El Pais: Венесуэла с помощью Лукашенко и его приближенных поставляла белорусское оружие колумбийским боевикам" 4030: 3728:(FARC), was one of the most powerful violent groups with which the Colombian government had to deal during the 3202: 3182: 3108: 3063: 2573:

Both guerrilla groups remained mostly operational in remote areas of the country during the rest of the 1960s.

2124: 1920: 1910: 1215: 644: 372: 9449: 8842: 5971: 4710: 2911:

Also during this period, paramilitary activities increased, both legally and illegally. The creation of legal

15099: 14685: 14472: 14268: 14248: 13765: 13562: 13481: 13038: 13002: 12527: 12364: 12006: 11666:

Guests: Ezequiel Vitonas, former mayor of Toribio, and Manuel Rozental, human rights activist. Interviewers:

10671:"Covert action in Colombia: U.S. intelligence, GPS bomb kits help Latin American nation cripple rebel forces" 10153: 4022: 3912: 3467: 3186: 3008:, which had been linked to drug trafficking and attacks on civilians, was added to the US State Department's 2846:

encouraged the marchers and actively promoted their demands both peacefully and through the threat of force.

1899: 663: 467: 11930: 9754: 9732: 8511: 6148: 5882: 1891: 491: 14191: 13810: 13639: 13582: 13567: 13454: 13220: 13140: 12111: 8257: 8003: 6869: 5723:"Informe ¡Basta Ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad: Estadísticas del conflicto armado en Colombia" 5301: 4766: 4566: 3312:, an offensive in border areas where the FARC's forces still has a strong military presence, especially in 2368: 2062: 2039: 1871: 12041: 6805: 6729: 6600: 3280: 3068:

On June 28, 2007, the FARC suddenly reported the death of 11 of the 12 kidnapped provincial deputies from

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Echandia, C (1997). "Expansion territorial de la guerrilla colombiana: geografia, economia y violencia".

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that resulted in the freedom of 15 political hostages, including former Colombian presidential candidate

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resulted in Uribe winning re-election with a historic first round vote tally of 62%, followed by leftist

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for the murder but journalist Steven Dudley argues that many in the UP pointed at then-Interior Minister

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Evolución reciente del conflicto armado en Colombia: La Guerrilla in Las violencias: inclusión creciente

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Colombian authorities added that a boy matching Emmanuel's description had been taken to a hospital in

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The drug trafficking sales have gone up in Colombia since the 1970s due to the conflict. Many Mexican

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In 2010, the FARC killed at least 460 members of the security forces, while wounding more than 2,000.

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Ibanez, A.; A. Moya; A. Velasquez (2006). "Hacia una politica proactiva de la poblacion desplazada".

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Pinto; Vergara; Lahuerta (2004). "Costos generados por la violencia armada en Colombia: 1999–2003".

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Steele, Abbey. 2018. Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil War. Cornell University Press.

10405:"La historia de "Gentil Duarte", el disidente de las Farc más buscado del país - ELESPECTADOR.COM" 8780: 8724: 3135: 2728:

the FARC continued to carry out kidnappings and to target regional politicians for assassination.

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Both sides blamed each other for the bloodbath, which marked the end of Betancur's peace process.

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As War Ends: What Colombia Can Tell Us About the Sustainability of Peace and Transitional Justice

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The Special Unit for the Search of Missing Persons in the context and due to the armed conflict (

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allowed them to grow and commercialize coca in exchange for a "tax" either in money or in crops.

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which occurred during the armed conflict. Its objectives would be to satisfy victims' right to

3900:, then the U.S. Secretary of State, visiting Colombia as part of the United States' support of 3393: 3257: 3073: 2966: 2695: 2613: 2567: 2512: 2116: 2109: 1930: 1773: 1687: 1130: 867: 801: 618: 410: 190: 47: 8025: 6236: 5338: 4269: 4263: 4199:

Stokes, p. 26, quoting Marc Grossman, U.S. undersecretary of state for political affairs.

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Granada y Rojas (1995). "Los Costos Economicos del Conflicto armado en Colombia: 1990–1994".

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Chávez's mediation efforts on November 22, 2007, after Chávez personally contacted General

2858: 2688: 2304: 2289: 2262: 2224: 2006: 1556: 1551: 14860: 12694: 11760: 10836: 9554: 9472: 9212:"Fuerzas Militares tienen identificados a 1410 milicianos de Las Farc | RCN La Radio" 9099: 8355: 8305: 8283: 8137: 5526: 3249: 8: 15089: 14817: 14591: 14514: 14494: 14463: 13952: 13892: 13887: 13805: 13717: 13620: 13550: 13538: 13210: 13205: 13030: 12960: 12765: 12424: 11740: 11284:"Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency" 9238:"Reconocer el conflicto no cambia estatus de las Farc – Noticias de Justicia en Colombia" 9073:"Colombian rebel attacks intensify, dozens killed | Energy & Oil | Reuters" 8081: 7743: 7663: 7440:"Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency" 5151: 4484:

Gonzalo Sánchez G. (2001). Charles Bergquist; Ricardo Peñaranda; Gonzalo Sánchez (eds.).

3929: 3482: 3345: 3326:, killing one police officer and wounding two. Cuellar was found dead the following day. 3101: 2862: 2838: 2558: 2392: 2103: 1880: 1824: 1619: 1589: 1296: 441: 310: 12380: 11761:"War in Colombia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in U.S.-Colombia Policy, 1988–2002" 10086: 9584: 9528: 7100: 6629: 3911:

One multinational corporation has also been directly tied to paramilitary death squads.

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activities against known communist proponents. It should be backed by the United States.

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At the end of 2007, FARC agreed to release former senator Consuelo González, politician

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In mid-1996, a civic protest movement made up of an estimated 200,000 coca growers from

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Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class

10819:"La DEA, la Fiscalía y un coronel entramparon el proceso de paz | Cambio Colombia" 10735: 10586: 10551: 10533: 10434: 10327:"Un ataque perpetrado por disidentes de las FARC dejó a 6 policías heridos en Colombia" 7159: 6895: 5556: 5361: 5125: 4897:"El ministro de Defensa aseguró que con este logro se desarticula toda la organización" 4871:"El ministro de Defensa aseguró que con este logro se desarticula toda la organización" 3729: 3684: 3546:

increase in attacks on oil pipelines by groups outside the law. According to data from

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and other drugs produced in Colombia were mostly consumed in the US as well as Europe.

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for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long war to an end.

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and her son Emmanuel, born in captivity after a relationship with one of her captors.

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increased, as both sides began to accuse each other of not respecting the cease-fire.

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This led to an outrage in the Colombian Public, creating an explosion of leftists and

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brought with him a message of peace and paid tribute to the victims of the conflict.

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were the first drug trafficking organizations in Colombia and had alliances with the

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By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from the

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Programa de Estudios Sobre Seguridad, Justicia y Violencia. Universidad de los Andes

6780:"¿Por qué empezó y qué pasó en la guerra de más de 50 años que desangró a Colombia?" 6207:"'Without drug traffickers, we'd have peace': Colombian villagers flee new killings" 3960: 3872:, visited Colombia for a second survey. In a secret supplement to his report to the 3815: 3807: 3088: 14967: 14935: 14930: 14743: 14738: 14539: 14380: 14329: 14203: 14148: 13820: 13790: 12902: 12731: 12704: 12191: 11776: 11559:"Squaring Colombia's Circle: The Objectives of Punishment and the Pursuit of Peace" 11452: 11367: 11305: 11295: 10525: 10353:"Policía murió en ataque atribuido a disidencia de FARC en Meta – Noticias Caracol" 10275:"Disidencias de las Farc, un 'blanco' cada vez más grande para las Fuerzas Armadas" 10006:

Universidad de los Andes, Secretariado Nacional de Pastoral Social Caritas Colombia

7659: 7461: 7451: 6885: 5856: 5178:"Allegations of Venezuela, Nicaragua Complicity in FARC Money Laundering Resurface" 4079: 3953: 3457: 3442: 3377: 3265: 2842: 2732: 2580:, which employed hunter-killer teams and involved U.S. personnel from the previous 2094: 1609: 1572: 1241: 1171: 1159: 1082: 1063: 1035: 1015: 12955: 12736: 12318: 11821: 10018: 8694: 8664: 8634: 8601: 8430: 7325:"Special Reports – Do The Math – Why The Illegal Business Is Thriving – Drug Wars" 6696: 6573:"Colombia just voted no on its plebiscite for peace. Here's why and what it means" 3031:

had described then-Senator Uribe as a "close personal friend" and collaborator of

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in 1995 (when the effects of the measure were temporarily waived), 1996 and 1997.

2777: 1614: 1059: 939: 479: 299: 164: 92:: Fredy Iturre Klínger (center) cries after seeing his half-brother killed in the 14758: 14549: 14439: 14407: 14290: 13973: 13795: 12709: 12599: 12374: 12369: 12187: 11685: 11004: 10649: 10631: 10210:"Landmines Are Killing Colombians, "Lend Your Leg" to Support Victims – ABC News" 9713: 9456: 9398: 9319: 9293: 9267: 9186:"FARC tienen menos integrantes y están debilitadas, dice jefe militar colombiano" 8312: 8163: 7489: 6749:"The battles began in 1964: Here's a look at Colombia's war with the FARC rebels" 5568: 5230: 4450:"The United States and Colombia: The Journey from Ambiguity to Strategic Clarity" 3754: 3749: 3373: 3245: 3035:. The Uribe administration denied several of the allegations in the 1991 report. 2870: 2807: 2658: 2589: 2483: 2454: 2334: 2258: 2032: 1733: 1726: 1604: 1324: 546: 335: 5995: 5379: 4615:

Livingstone, p. 7; Source: Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS);

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occurred between the ELN and FARC dissidents in Arauca, leaving 23 people dead.

3128: 3096: 2989: 2471: 975: 14651: 14634: 14598: 14559: 14126: 14121: 14066: 13587: 13524: 12912: 12863: 12843: 12770: 12714: 12483: 11972: 11647: 11310: 9290:"Asesinan a dos candidatos a la alcaldía de Campamento en Antioquia – 20110530" 7466: 6296: 6019: 5022:"Las 10 razones por las que el EPL es un problema que se le creció al Gobierno" 3770: 3688: 3656: 3463: 3362: 3261: 3253: 3210: 3198: 3047: 3013: 2444: 2330: 2177: 2157: 1291: 951: 509: 454: 448: 317: 292: 12128:"Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: the US War of Terror in Colombia" 10529: 8055: 6929:"Todo pasó frente a nuestros ojos. Genocidio de la Unión Patriótica 1984–2002" 6071:

Historical Commission on the Conflict and Its Victims (CHCV) (February 2015).

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Archivos de Macroeconomia, Documento 143, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

10039:

Archivos de Macroeconomia, Documento 143, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

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http://www.english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/01/20101123513156705.html

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In October 1959, the United States sent a "Special Survey Team", composed of

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moved into drug trafficking in Colombia alongside local marijuana producers.

2341: 2296: 2136: 2108:'Colombian internal armed conflict') began on May 27, 1964, and is a 1966: 1155: 834: 323: 268: 75: 38: 12135: 9973:

Sostenibilidad de la Seguridad Democratica. Fundacion Seguridad y Democracia

6533:. Truth Commission (Comisión de la Verdad). July 26, 2022. pp. 127–128. 4044:) would be a special high-level unit created following the signature of the 3178: 2152:, which was triggered by the 1948 assassination of liberal political leader 13146: 12471: 12272: 11895: 11634: 11375: 10654: 9755:"Disidencias despliegan "comando antiparamilitar" en el norte de Antioquia" 8567: 6300: 4966: 4737:"British intelligence members sent to Colombia after IRA suspects arrested" 4015: 3897: 3652: 3408:

On June 23, 2016, the Colombian government and FARC agreed to a ceasefire.

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Sherman, John W. "Political Violence in Colombia: Dirty Wars Since 1977."

9733:"En Cereté capturan a alias Tavo, uno de los narcos más buscados del país" 7416: 7293: 6890: 4517:, Colombia, 1999, Director de Investigación: Jesus Antonio Bejarano Avila. 14046: 12405: 11671: 11300: 11259:

Las Farc: de la autodefensa a la combinación de todas las formas de lucha

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More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia

9714:"Arrested: Illegal quarantine party reveals Colombian druglord's hideout" 9130:"En 2010, unos 460 militares y policias murieron en combates en Colombia" 8542:"Chávez acusa a Uribe de mentiroso y congela las relaciones con Colombia" 7456: 3840: 3680: 3660: 3322:

On December 22, 2009, FARC rebels raided the home of Provincial governor

3284: 3116: 2684: 2593: 2581: 2285: 2273: 2185: 473: 398: 385: 11727:(Ongoing reporting on the Colombian conflict and active criminal groups) 10301:"Disidencias de las Farc contarían con 1.200 hombres - ELESPECTADOR.COM" 9943:

Archivos de Economia, Documento 249, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

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Archivos de Economia: Documento 257, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

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Loyal Soldiers in the Cocaine Kingdom: Tales of Drugs, Mules, and Gunmen

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According to the Colombian government, in early 2009 FARC launched plan

13660: 12945: 11391: 10920:"Pope at Colombia prayer meeting for reconciliation weeps with victims" 9425:"Alertan que más de 330 municipios tienen fuerte presencia de las Farc" 8484: 6414: 5638:"Colombia's ELN rebels release oil workers after brief capture -police" 4619:

Systems of Violence: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia

3985: 3934: 2317: 12619: 12595: 10897: 9368:"Atentados de las Farc en el Valle – Noticias de Justicia en Colombia" 9316:"Las Farc amenazan a la senadora antioqueña Liliana Rendón – 20110527" 7577: 4993:"Colombia Arrest of EPL Middleman Shows Booming Venezuela Arms Market" 3429:

The Colombian government and the FARC on November 24 signed a revised

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A "final, full and definitive accord" was agreed to on August 24, 2016

11882:(In Spanish and English with chronology and key texts and agreements) 11841: 11526:"The Day after Tomorrow: Colombia's FARC and the End of the Conflict" 9133: 4350:

Legrand, p. 165. See Note #15 for more on women in the conflict.

4300:"The Colombian crisis in historical perspective (Record in progress)" 3886: 3851: 3779: 3704: 3672: 3551: 3547: 3163: 3095:

between the FARC and the government of Colombia. Colombian President

2516: 2490: 2479: 2440: 2436: 2352: 2349: 2181: 2128: 1444: 731: 694: 485: 123: 13343: 12987: 12646: 12165: 8948:"Operation 'Strategic Leap' to marginalize FARC: VP – Colombia news" 8280:"Guerra sin cuartel Colombia y el derecho internacional humanitario" 7070:"Colombia, de la guerra antidrogas a la guerra contra el terrorismo" 6073:"Contribution to an Understanding of the Armed Conflict in Colombia" 5193:"Female Colombian snipers 'fighting to defend Col Gaddafi in Libya'" 3556: 3272:

On October 26, 2008, after 8 years of captivity, the ex-congressman

14892: 14285: 13115: 13018: 12950: 12816: 12656: 10379:"Dos policías muertos en ataque donde opera disidencia de las FARC" 6667:"Colombia's congress approves historic peace deal with FARC rebels" 6634: 3941: 3882: 3585: 3567: 3299: 2912: 2866: 2818: 2803: 2654: 2321: 2300: 1339: 1026: 1006: 994: 982: 970: 958: 946: 934: 922: 910: 898: 886: 874: 862: 850: 829: 360: 184: 119: 30: 12666: 12585: 11900:

Colombian-based private research center that studies the conflict

11191:

Colombia and the United States: War, Terrorism and Destabilization

10643:

Families Of Death Squad Victims Allowed To Sue Chiquita Executives

9668:"Colombian government renews civil war amid growing social unrest" 6371:(in Spanish). The National Center for Historical Memory's (NCHM). 4666:"Panama busts drug ring linked to Colombia's FARC, Mexican cartel" 3959:

According to the 2022 Truth Commission report, the 2019 arrest of

12830: 12010: 11934: 10457: 10453:"Peru arrests more than 50 in anti-drug bust at Colombian border" 8751:"Chavez Calls on Colombian Rebels to End Struggle, Free Hostages" 7655:

The Frontlines of Peace: An Insider's Guide to Changing the World

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Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists;

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Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists;

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Violence in Colombia, 1990–2000: Waging War and Negotiating Peace

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In 2001 the largest government supported paramilitary group, the

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Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization

6111:

Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization

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on drug trafficking charges, which was a joint operation by the

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that would write a new constitution, which took effect in 1991.

12889: 12726: 12636: 11988: 11187: 8896:"FARC Is a 'Paper Tiger' After Offensive, Desertions (Update1)" 6149:"Understanding Colombia's armed conflict: International actors" 5424:"The FARC 1964–2002: From Ragged Rebellion to Military Machine" 4004: 3166:

logos into the Colombian jungle to pick up the freed hostages.

2345: 2200: 244: 232: 220: 12575: 12069: 11599:"Political Crime, Amnesties and Pardons: Scope and Challenges" 9958:

Archivos de Macroeconomia, Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

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Archivos de Macroeconomia: Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

9862:

Archivos de Macroeconomia. Departamento Nacional de Planeacion

9773:"Fighting Intensifies in Eastern Colombia; at Least 23 Killed" 7383:"One Million Voices Against the FARC: A Milestone for Freedom" 5853:"Colombia Truth Commission Gives Scathing Report on Civil War" 5288:"Recent Attack on Peru Police Shows Shining Path Still Strong" 3703:

Since 1990, over 11,000 people have been killed or wounded by

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unanimously approved the plan on November 30, a day after the

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In July 1999, Colombian military forces attacked the town of

2253:

and leftist parties united against the dictator of Colombia,

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The conflict is historically rooted in the conflict known as

280: 15035:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of South America

11703:

Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombia

11643:"Indigenous Community in Colombia Fears Start of "Dirty War" 11114: 8134:"Narcotics and Economics Drive U.S. Policy in Latin America" 5996:"armed conflict Archives – Colombia News – Colombia Reports" 4819:"Ex-FARC Mafia: The New Player in Colombian Organized Crime" 3365:

taking control of large parts of the Colombian countryside.

2707:) -UP-, a legal and non-clandestine political organization. 2525:

consensus on a 6-point plan towards peace and reconciliation

2432:

and 163 councilmen. These killings aggravated the conflict.

2413:(National Front)) and others 1964 (with the creation of the 14890: 10070: 10036: 9503:"Nine FARC members killed by army raid in Colombian jungle" 9264:"Acción propagandística de las Farc en Medellín – 20110602" 6863: 6861: 6289: 5952:"Neo-Paramilitary Groups Consolidating in Colombia: Report" 5928:"'Loco,' Colombia's Last Drug Lord, Extradited to New York" 5668:"At least 14 rebels killed in fighting with Colombian army" 5337:. US Department of State. November 22, 2004. Archived from 5335:"Bush, Uribe Applaud Strength of U.S.-Colombia Partnership" 4941:"La disidencia de las FARC llega ya a los 700 combatientes" 3784: 3725: 3668: 3159: 3107:

Several scandals have affected Uribe's administration. The

2974: 2921: 2585: 2508: 2494: 2269: 2140: 706: 208: 12026:– No longer available online (censored by U.S. government) 11398: 11256: 11027:

The Making of Modern Colombia, a Nation in spite of itself

10952:. Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz. Archived from 8922:"FARC launch 'Rebirth' plan: intelligence – Colombia news" 6537: 5972:"Neo-paramilitaries do not deserve political status: Govt" 4926: 4304:

Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies

11765:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69

11360:"Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia" 11048:

Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia

10003: 9888:

Otero, D. (2007). "Las Cifras del Conflicto Colombiano".

9395:"Colombia's Guerrillas: The Rebellion That Would Not Die" 8974:"Colombia attacks rebels in border areas – Colombia news" 8817:"AUC supported Uribe's election: Mancuso – Colombia news" 8777:"Colombian rebels free hostages in jungle to Hugo Chávez" 8431:"BBC NEWS – Americas – Colombia rebels 'killed hostages'" 7819:

Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia

7322: 6836:"Las teorías del origen del conflicto armado en Colombia" 6222: 6220: 6020:"peace talks Archives – Colombia News – Colombia Reports" 4210:

Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia

4131:. Translated by James Graham. Columbia University Press. 3964: 3214:, published an interview with Colombian Defense Minister 2928:

rebel groups as well as civilians starting with the 1997

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The United Fruit Company existed to buy large amounts of

8779:. Yahoo News. Reuters. February 27, 2008. Archived from 8026:"CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF RIGHTS SITUATION IN COLOMBIA HUMAN" 6858: 5907:"War and Drugs in Colombia – International Crisis Group" 5096:"Colombia's FARC rebels to ask government for ceasefire" 4457:

Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College

4415:

Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College

4408:"Colombia's Three Wars: U.S. Strategy at the Crossroads" 4381:

Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College

4374:"Colombia's Three Wars: U.S. Strategy at the Crossroads" 3818:

were "welcome" in Venezuela and to the São Paulo Forum.

3698: 3344:

On January 1, 2010, 18 FARC rebels were killed when the

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Livingstone, (Foreword by Pearce, Jenny), p. xvii (f24)

3655:

have been spotted to operate in the area including the

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On July 20, 2013, as peace talks were making progress,

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undertaken by the government of the current president

2768:. The Colombian government initially blamed drug lord 2588:, and which would later participate in the subsequent 2552:

In the early 1960s, Colombian Army units loyal to the

12226: 11493:

Extensive ideas on solutions to the Colombia conflict

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They planned to intensify 3091:were acting as authorised mediators in the ongoing 2160:repression in rural Colombia in the 1960s that led 14062:Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 12181:Crisis briefing on displacement because of the war 11754:(collection of declassified U.S. documents online) 10984:Cuellar, Francisco Ramírez; Aviva Chomsky (2005). 10585: 10148: 10146: 10087:"Natalio Cosoy, "Clearing Colombia of landmines," 9555:"Colombia and Farc rebels sign historic ceasefire" 8976:. Colombia Reports. April 10, 2009. Archived from 8204: 8202: 8175: 8173: 7923: 7921: 7019:(in Spanish). verdadabierta.com. August 21, 2008. 6810:¡Basta ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad 6661: 6659: 6657: 6405: 6403: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6261: 6228: 6108: 6097: 5468: 5191: 4483: 3975: 3283:called Latin America's biggest guerrilla group a " 3264:, three American military contractors employed by 3173:launched a military operation 1.8 kilometres into 12031:"Civil War? 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Archived from 8096: 8070: 8044: 8018: 7992: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7897: 7858: 7849: 7840: 7809: 7784: 7758: 7732: 7706: 7680: 7645: 7618: 7592: 7111:from the original on May 8, 2017 6747:Kraul, Chris (August 30, 2016). 6362:Historical Memory Group (2013). 6024:Colombia News – Colombia Reports 6000:Colombia News – Colombia Reports 5976:Colombia News – Colombia Reports 4617:Richani, Nazih (April 1, 2002). 4150:Peter, Canby (August 16, 2004). 4097: 3836:Colombia–United States relations 3795:in Peru to take up their cause. 3563:Kidnapping and extortion ransoms 3509: 3023:In 2004, it was revealed by the 2789:Constituent Assembly of Colombia 2026: 1890: 1400: 1388: 1355: 1338: 1265: 1254: 1231: 1220: 1209: 1198: 1187: 1140: 1124: 1113: 1102: 1091: 1072: 1053: 1025: 1005: 993: 981: 969: 957: 945: 933: 921: 909: 897: 885: 873: 861: 849: 828: 807: 795: 783: 772:(financial support; 1960s–1970s) 763: 749: 737: 724: 711: 699: 687: 670: 657: 638: 625: 612: 599: 586: 573: 554: 540: 527: 461: 342: 285: 273: 261: 249: 237: 225: 213: 201: 183: 146:Colombia–FARC peace deal in 2016 46: 14968:Mapuche conflict (1997–present) 14936:Mexican Drug War (2006–present) 14478:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 14459:Internal conflict in Bangladesh 13833:Freedom of religion in Colombia 13158:Current internal armed conflict 13074:United Provinces of New Granada 12365:Andean diplomatic crisis (2008) 12162:Colombia Peacebuilding database 11846:Center for International Policy 11457:Center for International Policy 11045:Dudley, Steven (January 2004). 10182:Journal of ERW and Mine Action, 9075:. Reuters. September 10, 2010. 8405:"A Harsh Light On Associate 82" 8212:. Start.umd.edu. Archived from 7534: 7508: 7492:(in Spanish). ejercito.mil.co. 7482: 7431: 7405: 7375: 7349: 7316: 7286: 7256: 7230: 7214:. usatoday.com. July 30, 2012. 7204: 7178: 7123: 7092: 7061: 7035: 6961:. economist.com. 27 July 2013. 6921: 6828: 6798: 6771: 6740: 6721: 6689: 6564: 6548:. D+C/Development+Cooperation. 6523: 6509: 6483: 6268:. Seven Stories Press. p. 6199: 6167: 6115:. Seven Stories Press. p. 5926:Friedman, Uri (July 10, 2013). 5897: 5871: 5845: 5772: 5741: 5660: 5630: 5604: 5578: 5519: 5442: 5415: 5401: 5372: 5353: 5308: 5294: 5280: 5222: 5208: 5184: 5170: 5144: 5118: 5052: 4985: 4959: 4933: 4915: 4889: 4691:Brooke, James (March 7, 1991). 4642: 4635: 4597: 4573: 4565:. December 2002. Archived from 4527: 4478: 4436:James, Preston Everett (1969). 4310:(55/5): 165–209. Archived from 4286: 4255: 4232:Corbyn, Jeremy (July 2, 2003). 3976:Statistics about victims of war 3947:In March 2015, it was revealed 3451: 3044:Colombian presidential election 3016:and Canada soon followed suit. 15045:Civil wars of the 21st century 15040:Civil wars of the 20th century 14520:Sectarian violence in Pakistan 14445:Islamic State–Taliban conflict 14214:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 14139:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 12467:Illegal drug trade in Colombia 12293:Palace of Justice siege (1985) 12288:Dominican Embassy siege (1980) 11931:"Colombian President's Office" 11096:Ruiz, Bert (October 1, 2001). 10833:"The Axis of Peace and Memory" 10273:Cali, Casa Editorial El País. 9505:. Reuters. December 16, 2014. 9460:InterAmerican Security Watch, 9370:. Eltiempo.Com. Archived from 9240:. Eltiempo.Com. Archived from 9188:. enLatino.com. Archived from 7976:. Ces.fe.uc.pt. Archived from 7627:"Understanding Colombia's war" 6868:Yaffe, Lilian (July 1, 2011). 5387:Congressional Research Service 4863: 4837: 4811: 4785: 4759: 4729: 4703: 4684: 4668:. Reuters. December 19, 2014. 4658: 4611: 4552: 4520: 4031:international humanitarian law 3316:, near the Venezuelan border. 3109:Colombian parapolitics scandal 3080:In 2007, Venezuelan President 3064:Colombian parapolitics scandal 2743: 2710:On November 6, 1985, the M-19 2156:, and in the aftermath of the 1416:26,648 demobilized since 2002 1: 14769:Syrian–Turkish border clashes 14691:Iran–Israel conflict in Syria 14473:Insurgency in Northeast India 14269:Religious violence in Nigeria 14249:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 12108:National Film Board of Canada 11380:Economic and Political Weekly 11091:. Cambridge University Press. 10125:The Christian Science Monitor 8727:. Reuters. January 13, 2008. 8002:. Uasb.edu.ec. Archived from 5360:Long, Robert (May 24, 2009). 4967:"EPL / Los Pelusos – Profile" 4265:Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth 4262:Pearce, Jenny (May 1, 1990). 4175:Stokes, Doug (July 1, 2005). 4051: 4023:Special Jurisdiction of Peace 3913:Chiquita Brands International 3614:Impact on income distribution 3187:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis 2505:The Peace process in Colombia 2257:. Colombia at the time was a 2238: 1705:San José de Apartadó massacre 65:: National Police during the 15055:Military history of Colombia 14931:Chiapas conflict (1994–2014) 14582:Conflicts in the Philippines 14192:Jihadist insurgency in Niger 12533:Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003) 12339:El Nogal Club bombing (2003) 11767:. National Security Archive. 11414:NACLA Report on the Americas 11218:Pardo Rueda, Rafael (2004). 11066:Kirk, Robin (January 2003). 10986:The Profits of Extermination 9805:. Havana, Cuba. June 9, 2023 9393:Otis, John (July 16, 2011). 8462:(in Spanish). Archived from 8282:(in Spanish). Archived from 8238:(in Spanish). Archived from 8183:. Ucdp.uu.se. Archived from 7945:Dudley, pp. 127–139, 165–166 6546:"Returning to everyday life" 6519:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022. 6078:(in Spanish). Archived from 4651: 3998:internally displaced persons 3988:with the conflict's victims. 3956:, announced her retirement. 3921:Southern District of Florida 3744:Emergence of FARC dissidents 3436: 3329: 3201:, also a member of the FARC 3057: 2960: 2939: 2824: 2369:Colombian Conservative Party 2197:internally displaced persons 7: 15065:Rebellions in South America 15050:Revolution-based civil wars 14823:Russian invasion of Ukraine 14732:DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey 14727:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 14325:Jamaican political conflict 14276:Conflict in the Niger Delta 13930:Colombia in popular culture 13703:Water supply and sanitation 13121:Colombian Civil War of 1895 12754:Military Forces of Colombia 12298:DAS Building bombing (1989) 11954:"Background Note: Colombia" 11330:(Sep 2015) 13#9 pp 454–465. 11237:Hennecke, Angelika (2006). 11121:. Oxford University Press. 11100:. McFarland & Company. 10894:"the Land Restitution Unit" 10592:. South End Press. p. 10518:Small Wars and Insurgencies 10493:(in Spanish). July 28, 2019 9214:. RCN Radio. Archived from 8898:. Bloomberg. Archived from 7714:"Camilo Torres and the ELN" 7165:Central Intelligence Agency 6728:Brungardt, Maurice (1997). 5562:World Report 2011: Colombia 4102:Livingstone, Grace (2004). 3418:In October 2016, President 3029:Defense Intelligence Agency 2906:Defense Intelligence Agency 2538: 1429:Number of refugees: 340,000 10: 15121: 14808:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 14698:Kurdish separatism in Iran 14676:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 14625:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 14483:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 14366:Ecuadorian security crisis 14298:Western Togoland Rebellion 14209:Sudanese nomadic conflicts 13064:Viceroyalty of New Granada 12973:Some Colombian politicians 12742:Some Colombian politicians 12186:November 19, 2010, at the 12038:Ideas for Peace Foundation 11533:International Crisis Group 11268:Nueva historia de Colombia 11220:La historia de las guerras 10648:February 25, 2017, at the 8377:Grace Livingstone (2004). 8311:November 21, 2008, at the 7688:"Marquetalia and the FARC" 6959:"Peace and brotherly love" 5495:"Military Personnel, 2013" 5362:"Colombia's War on Terror" 3969:Colombian Attorney General 3825: 3747: 3590:Security Policy Democratic 3491: 3455: 3440: 3333: 3278:Vice President of Colombia 3070:Valle del Cauca Department 3061: 2631: 2460:left-wing guerrilla groups 2133:multinational corporations 1941:Viceroyalty of New Granada 1418:34,065 captured since 2004 1411:irregular military groups: 1032:Waldemar Franklin Quintero 14991: 14960: 14944: 14923: 14900: 14895:conflicts in the Americas 14833: 14795: 14788: 14686:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 14612: 14604:South Thailand insurgency 14570:Conflict in Rakhine State 14530: 14432: 14416: 14400: 14393: 14353: 14335:Salvadoran gang crackdown 14317: 14310: 14241: 14177:Insurgency in the Maghreb 14164: 14099: 14029: 14022: 13946: 13925:Right-wing paramilitarism 13851: 13716: 13651: 13647: 13638: 13546: 13537: 13505: 13415: 13377: 13368: 13319: 13272: 13184: 13180: 13171: 13111:United States of Colombia 13029: 12810:Former government program 12748: 12551: 12360:"False positives" scandal 12314:Mapiripán Massacre (1997) 12263: 12249: 12244: 12240: 12235: 11684:October 18, 2015, at the 11334:Cirlig, Carmen-Cristina. 11009:. Duke University Press. 10630:October 12, 2017, at the 10564:Livingstone, 2004: p. 155 10530:10.1080/09592319508423115 10431:Venezuela: A Mafia State? 10180:"Leah Young, "Colombia," 7188:. un.org. 8 August 2013. 6467:. FARC-EP International. 5450:"Vicente Castaño, muerto" 4506:Livingstone, p. 110. 4076:The Tabula Rasa Institute 3822:Role of the United States 3689:Los Valencia Organization 3600:Indirect economic effects 3281:Francisco Santos Calderón 3025:National Security Archive 2470:During the presidency of 2403: 2377:Colombian Communist Party 1997:United States of Colombia 1651:"False positives" scandal 1486: 1423:Civilians killed: 177,307 1422: 1414:11,484 killed since 2004 1351:20,001 injured since 2004 1331: 1275: 820: 175: 100: 45: 28: 23: 15085:Anti-communist terrorism 15075:21st century in Colombia 15070:20th century in Colombia 14264:Nigerian bandit conflict 14144:Insurgency in Mozambique 14112:Ethiopian civil conflict 14072:Western DR Congo clashes 12776:Colombian Naval Infantry 12445:Human rights in Colombia 12273:La Violencia (1948–1958) 12024:(in Spanish and English) 11958:U.S. Department of State 11948:(In Spanish and English) 11925:(In Spanish and English) 11908:"Colombian Army website" 11902:(In Spanish and English) 11276:Journals and periodicals 11209:Palacios, Marco (1995). 11182:Books in other languages 11024:Bushnell, David (1993). 10184:Issue 13.1, Summer 2009" 7516:"Colombia's peace deals" 6497:(in Spanish). April 2022 6495:Unidad para las Víctimas 5452:. Cambio. Archived from 5366:Harvard Political Review 4556:Livingstone, p. 6; 4488:. SR Books. p. 13. 4482:Livingstone, p. 5; 4259:Livingstone, p. 5; 4056: 3992:According to a study by 3620:Universidad de los Andes 2738: 2640:Julio César Turbay Ayala 2627: 2599: 2543: 2229:House of Representatives 2191:According to a study by 904:Julio César Turbay Ayala 379:Libertadores del Vichada 15030:Wars involving Colombia 14340:Honduran gang crackdown 14231:Western Saharan clashes 14226:Western Sahara conflict 14182:Insurgency in the Sahel 14016:Ongoing armed conflicts 13163:Colombian peace process 13106:Granadine Confederation 13101:Republic of New Granada 12511:FARC political hostages 12506:Kidnappings in Colombia 12381:Nariño massacres (2009) 12083:(in German and English) 11261:. Universidad Nacional. 11194:. Seven Stories Press. 11098:The Colombian Civil War 10054:Planeacion y Desarrollo 7877:Russ Kick, ed. (2009). 7816:Dudley, Steven (2004). 7791:Pecáut, Daniel (2008). 6935:(in European Spanish). 6151:. colombiareports.com. 4207:Dudley, Steven (2004). 4187:(4): 26. Archived from 4162:(5): 31. Archived from 3630:Decrease in investments 3541:Physical infrastructure 3502:Direct economic effects 3481:On January 2, 2022, an 3340:Colombian peace process 2834:affecting other areas. 2817:, Venezuela (1991) and 2766:Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa 2676:Muerte a Secuestradores 2618:Misael Pastrana Borrero 2373:Colombian Liberal Party 2360:political assassination 2235:also gave its backing. 1987:Granadine Confederation 1977:Republic of New Granada 1537:Palace of Justice siege 1532:Dominican embassy siege 1425:People abducted: 27,023 1349:4,908 killed since 2004 892:Alfonso López Michelsen 880:Misael Pastrana Borrero 856:Guillermo León Valencia 67:Palace of justice siege 37:(1971–present) and the 14662:Saudi–led intervention 14490:Insurgency in Pakistan 14371:Insurgency in Paraguay 13601:Science and technology 13356:Indigenous territories 13059:Kingdom of New Granada 12956:Colombian drug cartels 12801:Attorney General units 12737:Colombian drug cartels 12559:Government of Colombia 12538:Doe v. Chiquita (2007) 12386:2013 Colombian clashes 12375:Operation Fenix (2008) 12370:Operation Jaque (2008) 12329:Bojayá massacre (2002) 12104:"Who Shot My Brother?" 11989:"AUC Official Website" 11499:"Colombia 2005 Report" 11422:Government/NGO reports 11288:International Security 11003:Aviva Chomsky (2008). 10441:. 2018. pp. 3–84. 10091:Bogota, 14 March 2015" 9455:June 16, 2012, at the 7822:. Routledge. pp. 7444:International Security 7043:"LA BONANZA MARIMBERA" 5533:. September 12, 2010. 4743:. September 17, 2016. 4646:Livingstone, p. 7 4579:Arocha, Jaime (1998). 4524:Livingstone, p. 5 3989: 3904: 3891: 3857: 3850:"paramilitary and/or 3778:of western Venezuela. 3716:FARC's rebel diplomacy 3518:This section is empty. 3324:Luis Francisco Cuéllar 3242:Colombian armed forces 3220:Manuel Marulanda Vélez 3171:Colombian armed forces 3169:On March 1, 2008, the 2967:Colombian Armed Forces 2946:Andrés Pastrana Arango 2796:César Gaviria Trujillo 2614:19th of April Movement 2609: 2568:Camilo Torres Restrepo 2249:, a conflict in which 2117:government of Colombia 2098: 1931:New Kingdom of Granada 1794:Police station attacks 1710:Sierra Macarena ambush 1693:Bahía Portete massacre 964:Andrés Pastrana Arango 868:Carlos Lleras Restrepo 821:Commanders and leaders 411:Norte del Valle Cartel 300:Colombian drug cartels 108:May 27, 1964 – present 15095:Communism in Colombia 14450:Republican insurgency 14254:Boko Haram insurgency 12920:Former paramilitaries 12831:DynCorp International 12705:Cuban revolutionaries 12308:Humanitarian exchange 12158:"Insight on Conflict" 12047:on September 10, 2009 11984:Maps of the conflict. 11914:on September 27, 2007 11679:The Colombian Miracle 11553:(Spanish and English) 11520:(Spanish and English) 11141:Stokes, Doug (2005). 10926:. September 8, 2017. 10874:on September 25, 2015 10584:Noam Chomsky (2000). 10355:. February 25, 2018. 9531:. BBC. May 22, 2015. 9431:on September 30, 2011 8845:. CNN. July 2, 2008. 8570:(November 26, 2017). 8166:on February 22, 2005. 7980:on September 23, 2015 7824:58–61, 94–95, 233–237 7740:"Hunter Killer Teams" 6891:10.18046/recs.i8.1133 6702:. Ecsbdefesa.com.br. 6638:. November 24, 2016. 6213:. September 22, 2018. 5290:. September 13, 2017. 5180:. September 18, 2017. 4943:. November 27, 2017. 3983: 3896: 3878: 3874:Joint Chiefs of Staff 3870:William P. Yarborough 3846:William P. Yarborough 3843: 3389:and military fronts. 3240:On July 2, 2008, the 3181:, member of the FARC 3136:San José del Guaviare 3093:humanitarian exchange 2878:Ernesto Samper Pizano 2774:Carlos Lemos Simmonds 2750:Virgilio Barco Vargas 2622:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 2607: 2584:campaign against the 2270:agricultural products 2255:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1911:Pre-Columbian period 1789:Centro Andino bombing 1595:Siege of Las Delicias 1332:Casualties and losses 1147:Daniel Rendón Herrera 928:Virgilio Barco Vargas 504:La Familia Michoacana 122:with spillovers into 15100:Communist rebellions 14764:Russian intervention 14754:Inter-rebel conflict 14708:Western Iran clashes 14681:Gaza–Israel conflict 13756:World Heritage Sites 13726:Archaeological sites 13460:Council of Ministers 13264:World Heritage Sites 13254:Environmental issues 13231:Valleys and Plateaus 13131:Separation of Panama 13116:Republic of Colombia 13084:Wars of independence 13049:Muisca Confederation 12961:Mexican drug cartels 12629:List of FARC attacks 12450:Politics of Colombia 12344:Neiva bombing (2003) 12278:Marquetalia Republic 11937:on November 18, 2008 11871:on November 17, 2006 11655:on February 23, 2006 11542:on December 13, 2014 11439:on February 23, 2006 11301:10.1162/isec_a_00406 11213:(in Spanish). Norma. 10329:. January 18, 2018. 10127:. January 30, 2013. 9840:"Informe Anual 2003" 9697:translate.google.com 9140:on December 27, 2010 8980:on February 22, 2012 8954:on February 22, 2012 8757:on February 11, 2009 8242:on December 1, 2006. 8084:on February 13, 2008 8058:on September 2, 2005 7457:10.1162/isec_a_00406 7389:. February 4, 2011. 7244:on December 29, 2010 7238:"The World Factbook" 7045:. radionacional.co. 6997:on February 21, 2017 6673:. 30 November 2016. 6336:on December 26, 2009 6227:Garry Leech (2009). 5954:. Insightcrime.org. 5885:on November 13, 2010 5644:. October 18, 2013. 5456:on February 27, 2012 5411:. November 13, 2012. 5229:Molla, Ylli (2016). 5024:. lasillavacia.com. 4929:on October 18, 1996. 4569:on November 7, 2007. 4166:on October 20, 2006. 3665:Beltrán Leyva Cartel 3462:On April 25, senior 3203:Central High Command 3183:Central High Command 3074:Colombian government 2893:Cartagena del Chairá 2689:Rodrigo Lara Bonilla 2513:Colombian government 2356:Jorge Eliécer Gaitán 2327:Miguel Abadía Méndez 2305:United Fruit Company 2263:United Fruit Company 2154:Jorge Eliécer Gaitán 2007:Republic of Colombia 1921:Spanish colonization 1557:DAS Building bombing 1552:Massacre of Trujillo 1317:: 1,380–3,000 (2013) 338:(Since 2016 or 2017) 14818:Russo-Ukrainian War 14515:Insurgency in Sindh 14495:Insurgency in Sindh 14172:Insurgency in Egypt 14117:Afar–Somali clashes 13920:Guerrilla movements 13465:Government agencies 13438:Comptroller General 12849:Mission in Colombia 12425:Democratic security 12406:Total Peace concept 12072:on January 12, 2006 11865:Alternatives to war 11828:. December 23, 2009 11779:on October 26, 2009 11743:on February 3, 2006 11631:Inter Press Service 11370:on January 6, 2003. 11311:20.500.11850/480000 10675:The Washington Post 10156:. The-monitor.org. 9643:. October 3, 2016. 9591:. August 25, 2016. 9374:on January 11, 2012 9322:on October 12, 2017 9296:on October 12, 2017 9270:on October 12, 2017 9244:on January 11, 2012 8701:. January 5, 2008. 8671:. January 5, 2008. 8641:. January 2, 2008. 8608:. October 5, 2007. 8411:on October 15, 2007 8317:Dallas Morning News 8260:on February 2, 2004 8140:on October 27, 2005 8114:on October 26, 2013 8000:"Milson Betancourt" 7963:Dudley, pp. 165–166 7936:Dudley, pp. 162–165 7694:on October 28, 2010 7554:on October 29, 2013 7467:20.500.11850/480000 6577:The Washington Post 6465:"Agreement Victims" 6187:on January 23, 2017 6085:on January 21, 2016 5913:on October 20, 2014 5389:. February 23, 2011 5072:on January 23, 2017 4605:US State Department 4240:: 7. Archived from 4191:on January 9, 2016. 3930:The Washington Post 3346:Colombian Air Force 3274:Óscar Tulio Lizcano 3102:Mario Montoya Uribe 2944:On August 7, 1998, 2644:human rights abuses 2393:Pedro Antonio Marin 2292:to maintain power. 2290:right-wing militias 2121:paramilitary groups 2033:Colombia portal 1952:United Provinces of 1620:Villanueva massacre 1590:La Gabarra massacre 311:Oficina de Envigado 94:Battle of Gutiérrez 60:: Displaced people. 15105:Cold War conflicts 15020:Colombian conflict 14703:Iran–PJAK conflict 14565:Karen–Mon conflict 14361:Colombian conflict 14154:Operation Atalanta 14057:Insurgency in Chad 13693:Race and ethnicity 13606:Telecommunications 13339:Metropolitan areas 13126:Thousand Days' War 13069:Foolish Fatherland 13044:Indigenous peoples 12968:military personnel 12796:Migración Colombia 12489:Catatumbo campaign 12459:Illegal drug trade 12417:Government aspects 12355:Operation Emmanuel 12283:The National Front 12228:Colombian conflict 12138:on October 1, 2005 11842:"Colombia Program" 11585:. October 19, 2015 11433:Human Rights Watch 10956:on October 5, 2016 10767:washingtonpost.com 10739:. March 26, 2015. 10736:The New York Times 10554:on March 30, 2010. 10536:on March 30, 2010. 10435:Medellin, Colombia 10303:. March 20, 2018. 10097:. March 14, 2015. 9693:"Google Translate" 9405:on August 23, 2013 8928:on October 7, 2011 8433:. News.bbc.co.uk. 8286:on August 30, 2005 7864:Dudley, pp. 91–104 7720:on October 7, 2008 7160:The World Factbook 7143:on April 13, 2015. 6603:. nobelprize.org. 5978:. March 23, 2011. 5567:2015-02-06 at the 5557:Human Rights Watch 5341:on August 24, 2006 5321:The New York Times 5200:. April 14, 2011. 4995:. April 28, 2017. 4969:. March 26, 2017. 4697:The New York Times 4693:"Operation Traíra" 4365:2002)", see Notes. 4181:Canadian Dimension 3990: 3927:In December 2013, 3905: 3858: 3730:Colombian Conflict 3685:Guadalajara Cartel 3420:Juan Manuel Santos 3354:Juan Manuel Santos 3216:Juan Manuel Santos 3185:. This led to the 3158:In February 2008, 3121:Operation Emmanuel 2995:Colombian Congress 2930:Mapiripán Massacre 2670:illegal drug trade 2651:Belisario Betancur 2610: 2608:Colombian soldier 2425:Belisario Betancur 2344:organizations. In 2282:private militaries 2227:for approval. The 2217:Juan Manuel Santos 2091:Colombian conflict 1804:Bogotá car bombing 1799:Catatumbo campaign 1600:Mapiripán massacre 1580:Villatina massacre 1547:Avianca Flight 203 1478:Colombian conflict 1368:35,000 demobilized 1227:Mauricio Jaramillo 1109:Rodrigo Tovar Pupo 1000:Iván Duque Márquez 988:Juan Manuel Santos 916:Belisario Betancur 775:Cartel of the Suns 498:Guadalajara Cartel 417:North Coast Cartel 85:Juan Manuel Santos 24:Colombian Conflict 15080:Conflicts in 2022 15007: 15006: 14858: 14857: 14854: 14853: 14803:Abkhazia conflict 14784: 14783: 14620:Abkhazia conflict 14575:Rohingya conflict 14545:Myanmar civil war 14424:Xinjiang conflict 14389: 14388: 14376:Peruvian conflict 14345:Gang war in Haiti 14306: 14305: 14042:Anglophone Crisis 13982: 13981: 13942: 13941: 13938: 13937: 13634: 13633: 13533: 13532: 13482:Foreign relations 13443:Inspector General 13382:Political parties 13364: 13363: 13315: 13314: 13238:(Protected Areas) 12985: 12984: 12980: 12979: 12695:Foro de São Paulo 12612:Former guerrillas 12477:Operation Snowcap 12401:2022 Huila attack 11637:on July 18, 2010. 11509:on August 1, 2020 11482:on August 3, 2004 11072:. PublicAffairs. 11016:978-0-8223-4190-1 10603:978-0-89608-611-1 10461:. July 16, 2018. 10407:. April 2, 2018. 10381:. March 4, 2018. 9779:. January 3, 2022 9699:. April 25, 2020. 9561:. June 23, 2016. 9479:. July 21, 2013. 9218:on April 13, 2011 9192:on March 13, 2012 9036:Los Angeles Times 8469:on July 24, 2011. 8390:978-0-8135-3443-5 8236:"Uscátegui acusa" 8006:on March 11, 2012 7954:Pecáut, pp. 51–52 7890:978-1-934708-07-1 7802:978-958-45-1322-9 7673:978-0-19-753035-1 7419:on March 23, 2013 7363:on April 10, 2013 7017:"El narcotráfico" 6882:Universidad Icesi 6753:Los Angeles Times 6438:. December 2016. 6378:978-958-57608-4-4 6279:978-1-58322-606-3 6246:978-0-8070-6148-0 6126:978-1-58322-606-3 5829:. July 25, 2013. 5674:. April 18, 2021. 5573:World Report 2011 5507:on April 13, 2015 5304:. March 27, 2017. 5242:978-9928-219-00-8 5218:. March 15, 2011. 3866:counterinsurgency 3793:Putumayo Province 3789:Putumayo Province 3605:Productivity loss 3538: 3537: 3468:COVID-19 pandemic 3424:Nobel Peace Prize 3394:two rebel attacks 3296:guerrilla warfare 3250:Íngrid Betancourt 3235:Salvatore Mancuso 3144:mitochondrial DNA 3086:Colombian Senator 3042:In May 2006, the 2990:President Uribe's 2853:In Las Delicias, 2439:began to smuggle 2221:Nobel Peace Prize 2107: 2087: 2086: 2020: 2019: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1688:Zona Rosa attacks 1656:Macayepo massacre 1625:Nudo de Paramillo 1443: 1442: 1437:Total casualties: 1120:Salvatore Mancuso 171: 170: 33:(1964–1991), the 15112: 14885: 14878: 14871: 14862: 14861: 14793: 14792: 14744:Daraa insurgency 14739:Syrian civil war 14669:Yemeni Civil war 14540:Myanmar conflict 14398: 14397: 14381:Mapuche conflict 14330:Mexican drug war 14315: 14314: 14204:Sinai insurgency 14149:Somali Civil War 14027: 14026: 14009: 14002: 13995: 13986: 13985: 13962: 13955: 13903:Drug trafficking 13811:National symbols 13791:Muisca mythology 13649: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13591: 13583:Mineral industry 13568:Economic history 13544: 13543: 13375: 13374: 13344:Capital District 13259:Invasive species 13244:Cities and towns 13239: 13182: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13054:Spanish conquest 13012: 13005: 12998: 12989: 12988: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12875: 12873: 12872: 12862: 12860: 12859: 12842: 12840: 12839: 12669: 12659: 12649: 12639: 12622: 12598: 12588: 12578: 12523: 12501: 12462: 12420: 12238: 12237: 12221: 12214: 12207: 12198: 12197: 12192:Reuters AlertNet 12177: 12175: 12173: 12164:. Archived from 12147: 12145: 12143: 12134:. Archived from 12123: 12121: 12119: 12110:. Archived from 12099: 12097: 12095: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12068:. Archived from 12056: 12054: 12052: 12046: 12040:. Archived from 12035: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12009:. Archived from 11999: 11997: 11995: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11946: 11944: 11942: 11933:. Archived from 11923: 11921: 11919: 11910:. Archived from 11899: 11898:on July 4, 2007. 11894:. Archived from 11880: 11878: 11876: 11867:. Archived from 11856: 11854: 11852: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11804:. Archived from 11788: 11786: 11784: 11775:. Archived from 11768: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11739:. Archived from 11725: 11723: 11721: 11716:on July 26, 2011 11712:. Archived from 11664: 11662: 11660: 11651:. Archived from 11638: 11633:. Archived from 11614: 11612: 11610: 11594: 11592: 11590: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11541: 11535:. Archived from 11530: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11505:. Archived from 11491: 11489: 11487: 11478:. Archived from 11467: 11465: 11463: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11435:. Archived from 11417: 11408: 11395: 11371: 11366:. Archived from 11354: 11352: 11350: 11343:Library Briefing 11340: 11323: 11313: 11303: 11271: 11262: 11253: 11233: 11214: 11205: 11177: 11156: 11132: 11111: 11083: 11062: 11041: 11020: 10999: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10924:radiovaticana.va 10916: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10900:on March 5, 2013 10890: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10873: 10866: 10858: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10839:on July 15, 2017 10829: 10823: 10822: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10697: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10666: 10660: 10640: 10634: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10591: 10581: 10575: 10571: 10565: 10562: 10556: 10555: 10550:. Archived from 10544: 10538: 10537: 10532:. Archived from 10509: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10498: 10481: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10312: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10270: 10261: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10243: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10150: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10034: 10025: 10024: 10016: 10010: 10009: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9986: 9977: 9976: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9953: 9947: 9946: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9923: 9914: 9913: 9905: 9894: 9893: 9885: 9866: 9865: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9844: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9750: 9741: 9740: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9710: 9701: 9700: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9581: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9469: 9463: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9401:. Archived from 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9136:. Archived from 9126: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9069: 9063: 9058: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8902:on June 26, 2009 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8875:on July 10, 2008 8865: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8783:on March 3, 2008 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8631: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8491:on March 9, 2008 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8461: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8407:. Archived from 8401: 8395: 8394: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8358:. April 30, 2007 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8332:. Archived from 8326: 8320: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8256:. Archived from 8250: 8244: 8243: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8216:on July 27, 2013 8206: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8177: 8168: 8167: 8162:. Archived from 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8136:. Archived from 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8080:. Archived from 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8028:. Cidh.oas.org. 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 7996: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7946: 7943: 7937: 7934: 7928: 7925: 7916: 7913: 7904: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7874: 7865: 7862: 7856: 7855:Pecáut, p. 51-52 7853: 7847: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7772:on April 8, 2016 7768:. Archived from 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7742:. Archived from 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7716:. Archived from 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7690:. Archived from 7684: 7678: 7677: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7580:on March 5, 2013 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7553: 7546: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7469: 7459: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7300:. May 26, 2009. 7290: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7240:. Archived from 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7135: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6893: 6875: 6865: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6840:www.elheraldo.co 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6663: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6626: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6571:Idler, Annette. 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6417:on July 8, 2016. 6407: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6387: 6370: 6359: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6332:. Archived from 6326: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6303:. May 26, 2008. 6293: 6287: 6286: 6267: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6234: 6224: 6215: 6214: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6145: 6134: 6133: 6114: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6084: 6077: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5857:Voice of America 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5819: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5784: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5754:Colombia Reports 5748:Silva, Gustavo. 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5719: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5582: 5576: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5422:Bargent, James. 5419: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5384: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5154:. May 13, 2008. 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5106:on July 28, 2020 5102:. Archived from 5091: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5071: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4662: 4645: 4638: 4632: 4614: 4608: 4600: 4594: 4576: 4570: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4530: 4523: 4512: 4505: 4499: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4465: 4459:. Archived from 4454: 4447: 4441: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4424:on June 29, 2018 4423: 4417:. Archived from 4412: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4390:on June 29, 2018 4389: 4383:. Archived from 4378: 4371: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4334:on June 19, 2006 4330:. Archived from 4321: 4315: 4314:on May 31, 2006. 4296: 4289: 4283: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4244:on May 31, 2006. 4230: 4224: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4173: 4167: 4148: 4142: 4125: 4119: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4085:on July 21, 2012 4084: 4078:. Archived from 4073: 4066: 3954:Michele Leonhart 3724:guerrilla group 3533: 3530: 3520:You can help by 3513: 3506: 3458:War in Catatumbo 3443:War in Catatumbo 3422:was awarded the 3266:Northrop Grumman 2733:Jaime Pardo Leal 2731:In October 1987 2705:Unión Patriótica 2219:was awarded the 2207:responsibility. 2125:crime syndicates 2102: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2016: 2015: 1961: 1907: 1906: 1894: 1884: 1866: 1865: 1741:Nariño massacres 1715:Jamundí massacre 1671:El Nogal bombing 1610:Machuca massacre 1489: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1469: 1462: 1455: 1446: 1445: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1377:18,506 captured 1360: 1359: 1358: 1343: 1342: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1246: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1194:Timoleón Jiménez 1192: 1191: 1190: 1176: 1164: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1040: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1010: 1009: 998: 997: 986: 985: 974: 973: 962: 961: 950: 949: 938: 937: 926: 925: 914: 913: 902: 901: 890: 889: 878: 877: 866: 865: 854: 853: 833: 832: 812: 811: 810: 800: 799: 798: 788: 787: 786: 768: 767: 766: 755: 753: 752: 742: 741: 740: 730: 728: 727: 717: 715: 714: 705: 703: 702: 693: 691: 690: 675: 674: 673: 662: 661: 660: 643: 642: 641: 630: 629: 628: 617: 616: 615: 604: 603: 602: 591: 590: 589: 578: 577: 576: 559: 558: 557: 545: 544: 543: 532: 531: 530: 466: 465: 464: 347: 346: 345: 291: 289: 288: 279: 277: 276: 267: 265: 264: 255: 253: 252: 243: 241: 240: 231: 229: 228: 219: 217: 216: 207: 205: 204: 188: 187: 102: 101: 50: 21: 20: 15120: 15119: 15115: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15110: 15109: 15010: 15009: 15008: 15003: 14987: 14956: 14945:Central America 14940: 14919: 14896: 14889: 14859: 14850: 14829: 14780: 14759:Rojava conflict 14749:Desert campaign 14608: 14550:Kachin conflict 14532: 14526: 14440:Afghan conflict 14428: 14412: 14408:Korean conflict 14385: 14349: 14302: 14291:Azawad conflict 14237: 14160: 14095: 14018: 14013: 13983: 13978: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13934: 13847: 13828:Public holidays 13796:Muisca religion 13712: 13630: 13589: 13529: 13515:Aerospace Force 13501: 13433:Auditor General 13411: 13360: 13311: 13274:Natural regions 13268: 13249:Natural hazards 13237: 13236:National parks 13167: 13025: 13016: 12986: 12981: 12967: 12941: 12936: 12922: 12917: 12896: 12894: 12883: 12881: 12870: 12868: 12857: 12855: 12837: 12835: 12826: 12821: 12812: 12807: 12792: 12783:National Police 12746: 12732:Fighters+Lovers 12710:Provisional IRA 12685: 12680: 12614: 12609: 12600:FARC dissidents 12566: 12555: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12524: 12517: 12515: 12502: 12495: 12493: 12463: 12456: 12454: 12421: 12414: 12377: 12346: 12310: 12267: 12231: 12225: 12188:Wayback Machine 12171: 12169: 12168:on July 1, 2017 12156: 12152:Red Resistencia 12141: 12139: 12126: 12117: 12115: 12114:on May 24, 2007 12102: 12093: 12091: 12087: 12075: 12073: 12060: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12033: 12029: 12016: 12014: 12013:on July 5, 2008 12005: 11993: 11991: 11987: 11977: 11975: 11971: 11962: 11960: 11952: 11940: 11938: 11929: 11917: 11915: 11906: 11886: 11874: 11872: 11859: 11850: 11848: 11840: 11831: 11829: 11820: 11811: 11809: 11808:on July 6, 2011 11796: 11782: 11780: 11771: 11746: 11744: 11731: 11719: 11717: 11708: 11694: 11686:Wayback Machine 11658: 11656: 11641: 11608: 11606: 11597: 11588: 11586: 11577: 11568: 11566: 11557: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11528: 11524: 11512: 11510: 11497: 11485: 11483: 11470: 11461: 11459: 11451: 11442: 11440: 11427: 11348: 11346: 11338: 11328:History Compass 11250: 11230: 11202: 11174: 11153: 11129: 11108: 11080: 11059: 11038: 11017: 10996: 10975: 10973:Further reading 10970: 10969: 10959: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10933: 10931: 10918: 10917: 10913: 10903: 10901: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10852: 10842: 10840: 10831: 10830: 10826: 10817: 10816: 10812: 10802: 10800: 10795:. thehill.com. 10791: 10790: 10786: 10776: 10774: 10761: 10760: 10756: 10746: 10744: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10699: 10698: 10694: 10684: 10682: 10667: 10663: 10650:Wayback Machine 10641: 10637: 10632:Wayback Machine 10622: 10618: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10582: 10578: 10574:Survey Report." 10572: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10510: 10506: 10496: 10494: 10483: 10482: 10478: 10468: 10466: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10414: 10412: 10403: 10402: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10351: 10350: 10346: 10336: 10334: 10325: 10324: 10320: 10310: 10308: 10299: 10298: 10294: 10284: 10282: 10271: 10264: 10259: 10255: 10250: 10246: 10237: 10233: 10223: 10221: 10208: 10207: 10203: 10193: 10191: 10178: 10177: 10173: 10163: 10161: 10152: 10151: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10119: 10118: 10114: 10104: 10102: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10069: 10065: 10050: 10046: 10035: 10028: 10017: 10013: 10002: 9998: 9987: 9980: 9969: 9965: 9954: 9950: 9939: 9935: 9924: 9917: 9906: 9897: 9886: 9869: 9858: 9854: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9822: 9818: 9808: 9806: 9797: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9780: 9771: 9770: 9766: 9751: 9744: 9729: 9725: 9712: 9711: 9704: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9664: 9660: 9650: 9648: 9639: 9638: 9634: 9624: 9622: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9598: 9596: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9568: 9566: 9553: 9552: 9548: 9538: 9536: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9486: 9484: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9457:Wayback Machine 9448: 9444: 9434: 9432: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9408: 9406: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9375: 9366: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9340: 9339: 9335: 9325: 9323: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9299: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9273: 9271: 9262: 9261: 9257: 9247: 9245: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9184: 9183: 9179: 9169: 9167: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9128: 9127: 9123: 9113: 9111: 9096: 9092: 9082: 9080: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9059: 9055: 9045: 9043: 9028: 9024: 9014: 9012: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8931: 8929: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8876: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8852: 8850: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8826: 8824: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8784: 8775: 8774: 8770: 8760: 8758: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8734: 8732: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8708: 8706: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8676: 8663: 8662: 8658: 8648: 8646: 8633: 8632: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8565: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8523: 8508: 8504: 8494: 8492: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8466: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8440: 8438: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8414: 8412: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8336:on June 6, 2013 8328: 8327: 8323: 8313:Wayback Machine 8304:Tod Robberson, 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8219: 8217: 8208: 8207: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8187:on June 6, 2013 8179: 8178: 8171: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8141: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8007: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7983: 7981: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7875: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7834: 7814: 7810: 7803: 7789: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7746:on June 6, 2009 7738: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7695: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7607: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7522:on 1 April 2016 7514: 7513: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7436: 7432: 7422: 7420: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7292: 7291: 7287: 7277: 7275: 7270:. 1 July 2008. 7262: 7261: 7257: 7247: 7245: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7167: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7066: 7062: 7052: 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June 28, 2022 5851: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5821: 5820: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5721: 5720: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5569:Wayback Machine 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5420: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5313: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5227: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5092: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4899:. infobae.com. 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4873:. infobae.com. 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4825:. March 9, 2018 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4793:"Ex-FARC Mafia" 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4629: 4602: 4591: 4557: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4496: 4469: 4467: 4466:on May 29, 2018 4463: 4452: 4448: 4434: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4410: 4406: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4376: 4372: 4337: 4335: 4322: 4280: 4260: 4221: 4139: 4116: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4054: 4046:final agreement 3978: 3838: 3824: 3800:São Paulo Forum 3755:FARC dissidents 3752: 3750:FARC dissidents 3746: 3718: 3701: 3677:Medellín Cartel 3649: 3632: 3616: 3607: 3602: 3577: 3565: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3504: 3499: 3497:Economic impact 3494: 3460: 3454: 3445: 3439: 3374:Valle del Cauca 3342: 3332: 3246:Operation Jaque 3197:. On March 3, 3066: 3060: 2963: 2942: 2827: 2746: 2741: 2701:Patriotic Union 2681:Medellín Cartel 2636: 2630: 2602: 2590:Phoenix Program 2546: 2541: 2499:military forces 2484:Gil Kerlikowske 2455:Organized crime 2429:Patriotic Union 2411:Frente Nacional 2406: 2335:Banana massacre 2259:banana republic 2241: 2127:, and far-left 2083: 2054: 2035: 2027: 2025: 2013: 2011: 2001:1863–1886 1991:1858–1863 1981:1831–1858 1971:1819–1831 1960:1810–1816 1959: 1956: 1953: 1945:1717–1819 1935:1550–1717 1925:1499–1550 1882: 1875: 1864: 1859: 1661:Bojayá massacre 1605:El Aro massacre 1482: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1380:Medellín Cartel 1378: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1345:Army and Police 1337: 1325:FARC dissidents 1323: 1318: 1313: 1312:: 13,980 (2016) 1295: 1290: 1285: 1282:National Police 1271:Francisco Galán 1266: 1264: 1263: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1151:Medellín cartel 1149: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1098:Vicente Castaño 1092: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1036: 1024: 1016: 1004: 992: 980: 968: 956: 944: 932: 920: 908: 896: 884: 872: 860: 848: 845: 844: 838:(2022–present) 837: 827: 808: 806: 805: 796: 794: 793: 784: 782: 781: 777: 773: 764: 762: 761: 759: 750: 748: 747: 738: 736: 735: 725: 723: 722: 712: 710: 709: 700: 698: 697: 688: 686: 685: 671: 669: 658: 656: 639: 637: 626: 624: 613: 611: 600: 598: 587: 585: 574: 572: 561:EPL/Los Pelusos 555: 553: 549: 547:FARC dissidents 541: 539: 528: 526: 462: 460: 438: 432: 405:Medellín Cartel 388: 381: 343: 341: 313: 286: 284: 283: 274: 272: 271: 262: 260: 259: 250: 248: 247: 238: 236: 235: 226: 224: 223: 214: 212: 211: 202: 200: 199: 194: 182: 160: 130: 109: 88: 79: 70: 61: 56: 51: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15118: 15108: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15025:Guerrilla wars 15022: 15005: 15004: 15002: 15001: 14995: 14993: 14992:Related topics 14989: 14988: 14986: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14964: 14962: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14954: 14948: 14946: 14942: 14941: 14939: 14938: 14933: 14927: 14925: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14901: 14898: 14897: 14888: 14887: 14880: 14873: 14865: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14849: 14848: 14843: 14837: 14835: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14826: 14825: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14799: 14797: 14790: 14786: 14785: 14782: 14781: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14736: 14735: 14734: 14724: 14723: 14722: 14712: 14711: 14710: 14705: 14695: 14694: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14673: 14672: 14671: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14654: 14652:Qatif conflict 14644: 14643: 14642: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14606: 14601: 14599:Papua conflict 14596: 14595: 14594: 14589: 14579: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14560:Karen conflict 14557: 14552: 14547: 14536: 14534: 14528: 14527: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14486: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14455: 14454: 14453: 14452: 14447: 14436: 14434: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14426: 14420: 14418: 14414: 14413: 14411: 14410: 14404: 14402: 14395: 14391: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14357: 14355: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14321: 14319: 14312: 14308: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14272: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14245: 14243: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14235: 14234: 14233: 14223: 14218: 14217: 14216: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14174: 14168: 14166: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14157: 14156: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14135: 14134: 14129: 14127:Oromo conflict 14124: 14122:OLA insurgency 14119: 14109: 14107:ADF insurgency 14103: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14087: 14086: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14069: 14067:Ituri conflict 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14033: 14031: 14024: 14020: 14019: 14012: 14011: 14004: 13997: 13989: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13976: 13971: 13964: 13963: 13956: 13948: 13947: 13944: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13916: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13868: 13857: 13855: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13824: 13823: 13818: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13722: 13720: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13658: 13652: 13642: 13636: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13626:Transportation 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13596:Stock exchange 13593: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13547: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13531: 13530: 13528: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13511: 13509: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13475:Vice President 13472: 13467: 13462: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13427: 13421: 13419: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13409: 13408: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13389: 13384: 13378: 13372: 13366: 13365: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13350:Corregimientos 13346: 13341: 13336: 13334:Municipalities 13331: 13325: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13278: 13276: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13185: 13175: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13153:National Front 13150: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13035: 13033: 13027: 13026: 13015: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12992: 12983: 12982: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12975: 12970: 12966:Some Colombian 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12935: 12934: 12929: 12916: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12903:Águilas Negras 12898: 12893: 12892: 12879: 12866: 12864:European Union 12853: 12852: 12851: 12844:United Nations 12833: 12820: 12819: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12803: 12798: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12779: 12778: 12768: 12763: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12715:Colombia Three 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12663: 12653: 12643: 12633: 12632: 12631: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12592: 12582: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12564:Paramilitaries 12561: 12556: 12549: 12548: 12541: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12516: 12514: 12513: 12508: 12494: 12492: 12491: 12486: 12484:Narcoterrorism 12481: 12480: 12479: 12469: 12455: 12453: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12268: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12255: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12230:(1964–present) 12224: 12223: 12216: 12209: 12201: 12195: 12194: 12178: 12154: 12149: 12148:by Doug Stokes 12124: 12100: 12085: 12058: 12027: 12007:"FARC website" 12003: 11985: 11969: 11950: 11927: 11904: 11884: 11857: 11838: 11818: 11794: 11789: 11769: 11756: 11729: 11706: 11700: 11693: 11692:External links 11690: 11689: 11688: 11676: 11648:Democracy Now! 11639: 11616: 11615: 11605:. June 2, 2016 11595: 11575: 11565:. June 2, 2015 11555: 11522: 11495: 11468: 11449: 11419: 11418: 11409: 11396: 11372: 11355: 11331: 11324: 11294:(4): 167–203. 11273: 11272: 11263: 11254: 11248: 11234: 11228: 11215: 11206: 11200: 11179: 11178: 11172: 11157: 11151: 11138: 11133: 11127: 11112: 11106: 11093: 11084: 11078: 11063: 11057: 11042: 11036: 11021: 11015: 11000: 10994: 10974: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10941: 10911: 10885: 10850: 10824: 10810: 10784: 10754: 10722: 10692: 10661: 10635: 10616: 10602: 10576: 10566: 10557: 10539: 10524:(3): 304–327. 10504: 10476: 10444: 10422: 10396: 10370: 10344: 10318: 10292: 10262: 10253: 10244: 10231: 10201: 10171: 10142: 10112: 10078: 10063: 10044: 10026: 10011: 9996: 9978: 9963: 9948: 9933: 9915: 9895: 9867: 9852: 9831: 9816: 9790: 9764: 9742: 9723: 9702: 9684: 9658: 9632: 9606: 9576: 9546: 9520: 9494: 9464: 9442: 9416: 9385: 9359: 9333: 9307: 9281: 9255: 9229: 9203: 9177: 9151: 9121: 9090: 9064: 9053: 9022: 8991: 8965: 8939: 8913: 8886: 8860: 8834: 8808: 8794: 8768: 8742: 8716: 8686: 8656: 8623: 8593: 8576:New York Times 8559: 8533: 8518:(in Spanish). 8502: 8483:(in Spanish). 8472: 8448: 8422: 8396: 8389: 8369: 8347: 8321: 8297: 8271: 8245: 8227: 8198: 8169: 8151: 8125: 8095: 8069: 8043: 8017: 7991: 7965: 7956: 7947: 7938: 7929: 7927:Dudley, p. 102 7917: 7905: 7896: 7889: 7866: 7857: 7848: 7839: 7832: 7808: 7801: 7783: 7757: 7731: 7705: 7679: 7672: 7644: 7617: 7591: 7565: 7533: 7507: 7481: 7450:(4): 167–203. 7430: 7404: 7374: 7348: 7315: 7285: 7255: 7229: 7203: 7177: 7146: 7122: 7091: 7060: 7034: 7008: 6976: 6950: 6920: 6857: 6827: 6812:(in Spanish). 6797: 6770: 6739: 6720: 6688: 6653: 6618: 6589: 6563: 6536: 6522: 6508: 6482: 6453: 6420: 6399: 6377: 6347: 6318: 6288: 6278: 6252: 6245: 6216: 6198: 6166: 6135: 6125: 6096: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6040: 6016: 5992: 5968: 5948: 5932:Foreign Policy 5923: 5896: 5870: 5844: 5809: 5771: 5740: 5703: 5677: 5659: 5629: 5603: 5577: 5575:, January 2011 5548: 5518: 5467: 5441: 5414: 5400: 5371: 5352: 5326: 5307: 5302:"Shining Path" 5293: 5279: 5248: 5241: 5221: 5207: 5183: 5169: 5143: 5117: 5083: 5051: 5039: 5010: 4984: 4958: 4932: 4914: 4888: 4862: 4836: 4810: 4799:. June 1, 2023 4784: 4769:. semana.com. 4758: 4741:The Irish News 4728: 4702: 4683: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4609: 4595: 4589: 4571: 4550: 4539:infoplease.com 4525: 4518: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4476: 4442: 4400: 4366: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4316: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4253: 4246: 4225: 4219: 4200: 4193: 4168: 4143: 4137: 4120: 4114: 4095: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 3977: 3974: 3961:Jesús Santrich 3823: 3820: 3816:Jesús Santrich 3808:Nicolás Maduro 3776:Amazonas state 3771:Clan del Golfo 3748:Main article: 3745: 3742: 3717: 3714: 3700: 3697: 3693:Amezcua Cartel 3657:Sinaloa Cartel 3648: 3645: 3631: 3628: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3576: 3573: 3564: 3561: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3516: 3514: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3483:internal fight 3475:Operation Mil. 3453: 3450: 3438: 3435: 3363:Aguilas Negras 3331: 3328: 3310:Strategic Leap 3298:by the use of 3262:Keith Stansell 3254:Marc Gonsalves 3211:Revista Semana 3089:Piedad Córdoba 3059: 3056: 3048:Carlos Gaviria 3014:European Union 2962: 2959: 2941: 2938: 2826: 2823: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2629: 2626: 2601: 2598: 2554:National Front 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2445:American Mafia 2405: 2402: 2331:Colombian Army 2320:, anarchists, 2240: 2237: 2178:social justice 2158:anti-communist 2113:asymmetric war 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2045:Constitutional 2042: 2036: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1825:Arauca clashes 1822: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1769:Arauca attacks 1763: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1747:Strategic Leap 1743: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1420: 1419: 1385: 1352: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1327:: 2,500 (2021) 1307: 1306:: 3,749–13,000 1300: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1261:Antonio García 1178: 1168:José Rodríguez 1079:Carlos Castaño 1045: 1043: 1042: 1022: 1002: 990: 978: 966: 954: 952:Ernesto Samper 942: 930: 918: 906: 894: 882: 870: 858: 842: 841: 840: 823: 822: 818: 817: 681: 680: 667: 654: 648: 635: 622: 609: 596: 583: 570: 564: 551: 537: 515: 514: 513: 510:Milenio Cartel 507: 501: 495: 489: 483: 477: 471: 458: 455:Tijuana Cartel 452: 449:Sinaloa Cartel 427: 426: 420: 414: 408: 402: 396: 390: 383: 376: 370: 364: 358: 352: 339: 333: 327: 321: 318:Clan del Golfo 315: 304:paramilitaries 295: 293:United Kingdom 178: 177: 173: 172: 169: 168: 162: 156: 155: 154: 153: 148: 136: 132: 131: 118: 116: 112: 111: 106: 98: 97: 43: 42: 41:(2001–present) 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15117: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15000: 14999:War on Terror 14997: 14996: 14994: 14990: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14961:South America 14959: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14943: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14924:North America 14922: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14902: 14899: 14894: 14886: 14881: 14879: 14874: 14872: 14867: 14866: 14863: 14847: 14846:Loyalist feud 14844: 14842: 14839: 14838: 14836: 14832: 14824: 14821: 14820: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14794: 14791: 14787: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14728: 14725: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14716: 14713: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14699: 14696: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14677: 14674: 14670: 14667: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14658: 14657:Yemeni crisis 14655: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14645: 14641: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14635:Iraq conflict 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14615: 14611: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14584: 14583: 14580: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14555:Kalay clashes 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14535: 14529: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14491: 14488: 14487: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14470: 14465: 14462: 14461: 14460: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14441: 14438: 14437: 14435: 14431: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14415: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14399: 14396: 14392: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14352: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14313: 14309: 14299: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14251: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14240: 14232: 14229: 14228: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14221:War in Darfur 14219: 14215: 14212: 14211: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14199:Libyan Crisis 14197: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14169: 14167: 14163: 14155: 14152: 14151: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14133: 14132:War in Amhara 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14098: 14092: 14089: 14085: 14084:M23 offensive 14082: 14081: 14080: 14079:Kivu conflict 14077: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14028: 14025: 14021: 14017: 14010: 14005: 14003: 13998: 13996: 13991: 13990: 13987: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13961: 13957: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13945: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13863: 13862: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13854: 13850: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13838:Miss Colombia 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13719: 13715: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13637: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13536: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13504: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13418: 13414: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13367: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13351: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13308: 13307:Pacific/Chocó 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13279: 13277: 13275: 13271: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13191: 13190: 13187: 13186: 13183: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13148: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13096: 13095:reunification 13092: 13091:Gran Colombia 13089: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13013: 13008: 13006: 13001: 12999: 12994: 12993: 12990: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12946:Spearhead Ltd 12944: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12923: 12921: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12908:Los Rastrojos 12906: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12897: 12891: 12880: 12878: 12877:United States 12867: 12865: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12845: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12784: 12781: 12777: 12774: 12773: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12761:National Army 12759: 12758: 12757: 12755: 12751: 12750: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12700:PC de C (M-L) 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12627: 12626: 12625: 12621: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12569: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12521: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12499: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12460: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12435:Plan Patriota 12433: 12431: 12430:Plan Colombia 12428: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12418: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12319:El Caguán DMZ 12317: 12315: 12312: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12253: 12247: 12246:Participants 12243: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12222: 12217: 12215: 12210: 12208: 12203: 12202: 12199: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12182: 12179: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12090: 12086: 12084: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12043: 12039: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12002: 11990: 11986: 11974: 11970: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11949: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11926: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11903: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11883: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11807: 11803: 11802:RULAC Project 11799: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11757: 11755: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11728: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11687: 11683: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11669: 11668:Juan Gonzalez 11654: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11554: 11538: 11534: 11527: 11523: 11521: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11494: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11415: 11410: 11407:(2): 381–420. 11406: 11402: 11397: 11393: 11389: 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New Press. 11165: 11164: 11158: 11154: 11152:1-84277-547-2 11148: 11144: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11128:0-19-504617-X 11124: 11120: 11119: 11113: 11109: 11107:0-7864-1084-1 11103: 11099: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11085: 11081: 11079:1-58648-104-5 11075: 11071: 11070: 11064: 11060: 11058:0-415-93303-X 11054: 11051:. Routledge. 11050: 11049: 11043: 11039: 11037:0-520-08289-3 11033: 11029: 11028: 11022: 11018: 11012: 11008: 11007: 11001: 10997: 10995:1-56751-322-0 10991: 10987: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10978:English books 10955: 10951: 10945: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10915: 10899: 10895: 10889: 10870: 10863: 10857: 10855: 10838: 10834: 10828: 10820: 10814: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10758: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10732: 10726: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10696: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10665: 10659:June 4, 2016. 10658: 10656: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10639: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10620: 10605: 10599: 10595: 10590: 10589: 10580: 10570: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10508: 10492: 10491: 10490:La Vanguardia 10486: 10480: 10464: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10448: 10440: 10439:InSight Crime 10436: 10432: 10426: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10358: 10354: 10348: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10280: 10276: 10269: 10267: 10257: 10248: 10242:), 1331-1348. 10241: 10235: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10189: 10185: 10183: 10175: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10147: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10116: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10090: 10082: 10074: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10048: 10040: 10033: 10031: 10022: 10015: 10007: 10000: 9992: 9985: 9983: 9974: 9967: 9959: 9952: 9944: 9937: 9929: 9922: 9920: 9911: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9891: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9863: 9856: 9848: 9841: 9835: 9827: 9820: 9804: 9800: 9794: 9778: 9774: 9768: 9760: 9759:Caracol Radio 9756: 9749: 9747: 9738: 9737:Caracol Radio 9734: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9707: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9677:September 12, 9673: 9669: 9662: 9646: 9642: 9636: 9625:September 16, 9620: 9616: 9610: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9580: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9468: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9446: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9337: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9057: 9046:September 17, 9041: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8995: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8822: 8818: 8812: 8804: 8798: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8563: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8465: 8458: 8452: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8373: 8357: 8351: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8301: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8174: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7960: 7951: 7942: 7933: 7924: 7922: 7915:Pecáut, p. 52 7912: 7910: 7900: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7873: 7871: 7861: 7852: 7846:Dudley, p. 56 7843: 7835: 7833:0-415-93303-X 7829: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7812: 7804: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7675: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7550: 7543: 7537: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7139: 7132: 7126: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7022: 7018: 7012: 6993: 6986: 6980: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6864: 6862: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6736:(5): 107–118. 6735: 6731: 6724: 6705: 6698: 6692: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6532: 6526: 6518: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6366: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6256: 6248: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6223: 6221: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6183: 6176: 6170: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6103: 6101: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6049: 6046:. Shoah.org. 6045: 6041: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5696:September 26, 5691: 5687: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5460:September 18, 5455: 5451: 5445: 5434:September 27, 5429: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5404: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5297: 5289: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5225: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5198:The Telegraph 5194: 5187: 5179: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5088: 5068: 5061: 5055: 5046: 5044: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5015: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4824: 4823:InSight Crime 4820: 4814: 4798: 4797:InSight Crime 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4628:0-7914-5345-6 4624: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4590:958-96259-5-9 4586: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4495:0-8420-2869-2 4491: 4487: 4480: 4477: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4438:Latin America 4420: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4279:0-906156-44-0 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4220:0-415-93303-X 4216: 4213:. Routledge. 4212: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4138:0-231-12915-7 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4115:0-8135-3443-7 4111: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3982: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3917:Kenneth Marra 3914: 3909: 3903: 3902:Plan Colombia 3899: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3828:Plan Colombia 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3572: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3532: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3449: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3359:Los Rastrojos 3355: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191:Rafael Correa 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3052:Horacio Serpa 3050:with 22% and 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3033:Pablo Escobar 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2981:and also the 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2955: 2954:Puerto Lleras 2950: 2947: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2802:sanctuary at 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2778:Fidel Castaño 2775: 2771: 2770:Pablo Escobar 2767: 2762: 2759: 2758:Jacobo Arenas 2753: 2751: 2736: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2725:Jacobo Arenas 2720: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2443:. Later, the 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:revolutionary 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2137:United States 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2110:low-intensity 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2024: 2023: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1967:Gran Colombia 1965: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1846:Peace process 1844: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820:Apure clashes 1818: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1784:Cauca attacks 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1676:Neiva bombing 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1615:Siege of Mitú 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1438: 1433: 1421: 1412: 1408: 1396: 1386: 1381: 1372: 1366:2,200 killed 1363: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1262: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1239: 1228: 1217: 1216:Joaquín Gómez 1206: 1195: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1156:Pablo Escobar 1152: 1148: 1136: 1132: 1131:Diego Murillo 1121: 1110: 1099: 1088: 1086: 1080: 1069: 1067: 1061: 1060:Fidel Castaño 1049: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1013: 1012:Jaime Ramírez 1008: 1003: 1001: 996: 991: 989: 984: 979: 977: 972: 967: 965: 960: 955: 953: 948: 943: 941: 940:César Gaviria 936: 931: 929: 924: 919: 917: 912: 907: 905: 900: 895: 893: 888: 883: 881: 876: 871: 869: 864: 859: 857: 852: 847: 846: 839: 836: 835:Gustavo Petro 831: 825: 824: 819: 815: 803: 791: 780: 776: 771: 758: 745: 733: 720: 708: 696: 684: 683:Supported by: 678: 668: 665: 655: 652: 649: 646: 636: 633: 623: 620: 610: 607: 597: 594: 584: 581: 571: 568: 565: 562: 552: 548: 538: 535: 525: 524: 523: 522: 521: 516: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 480:Juárez Cartel 478: 475: 472: 469: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 446: 445: 444: 443: 437: 435: 431: 430:Supported by: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 387: 384: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 340: 337: 336:Ex-FARC Mafia 334: 331: 328: 325: 324:Los Rastrojos 322: 319: 316: 312: 309: 308: 307: 306: 305: 301: 296: 294: 282: 270: 269:United States 258: 246: 234: 222: 210: 198: 197:Supported by: 195: 193: 192: 186: 180: 179: 174: 166: 165:El Caguán DMZ 163: 158: 157: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 137: 134: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 113: 107: 104: 103: 99: 95: 91: 86: 82: 77: 76:Pablo Escobar 73: 68: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 39:War on Terror 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 14972: 14720:2015–present 14360: 13861:Human rights 13816:Coat of arms 13746:Video gaming 13731:Architecture 13673:Demographics 13616:Trade unions 13556:Central bank 13425:Constitution 13400:Conservatism 13348: 13321:Subdivisions 13189:Biodiversity 13157: 13147:La Violencia 13145: 13141:World War II 12938: 12937: 12919: 12918: 12895: 12823: 12822: 12809: 12808: 12789: 12752: 12682: 12681: 12611: 12610: 12542: 12519: 12497: 12472:War on drugs 12458: 12416: 12265: 12258:Key aspects 12257: 12250: 12245: 12227: 12172:November 21, 12170:. 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Planeta. 10960:August 24, 10747:August 29, 10415:August 11, 10089:BBC Mundo, 9803:Al Jazeera 9783:January 5, 9599:August 25, 8485:Caracol TV 8290:August 31, 8264:August 31, 8144:August 31, 8062:August 31, 7974:"Research" 7610:23 October 7341:August 25, 7155:"Colombia" 6969:22 October 6878:Revista CS 6681:1 December 6556:August 12, 6475:August 23, 5889:October 2, 5827:Al Jazeera 5764:October 9, 5622:August 13, 5235:. Botart. 5032:August 16, 4607:: 1. 2000. 4535:"Colombia" 4156:The Nation 4052:References 3986:solidarity 3826:See also: 3802:hosted in 3456:See also: 3441:See also: 3431:peace deal 3334:See also: 3224:Timochenko 3179:Raúl Reyes 3062:See also: 2859:Miraflores 2800:Casa Verde 2632:See also: 2582:Philippine 2318:socialists 2239:Background 2213:plebiscite 1409:and other 1375:222 killed 792:(factions) 520:Guerrillas 436:(1979–90) 373:Los Paisas 14587:Communist 13913:Terrorism 13766:Festivals 13761:Carnivals 13683:Languages 13678:Education 13563:Companies 13487:Judiciary 13470:President 13455:Executive 13448:Ombudsman 13405:Communism 13387:Elections 13302:Orinoquía 13292:Caribbean 13216:Mountains 13173:Geography 12939:Linked to 12824:Linked to 12766:Air Force 12683:Linked to 11812:March 23, 11737:Paul Wolf 11720:March 29, 11320:0162-2889 10904:March 23, 10843:April 23, 10803:28 August 10777:28 August 10609:March 26, 9847:Ecopetrol 9134:ABC Color 8761:April 10, 7584:March 23, 7526:24 August 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621:(1974–90) 608:(1987–90) 500:(1978–89) 494:(2008–14) 486:Los Zetas 425:(1981–90) 407:(1972–93) 401:(1975–95) 389:(2010–17) 382:(2010–17) 375:(2008–14) 363:(1994–07) 357:(1978–99) 351:(1997–08) 124:Venezuela 58:Top right 14893:Cold War 14592:Drug war 14311:Americas 14286:Mali War 13969:Category 13866:Intersex 13771:Folklore 13688:Religion 13656:Abortion 13611:Taxation 13578:Industry 13507:Military 13492:Congress 13429:Control 13370:Politics 13039:Timeline 13023:articles 13019:Colombia 12951:CONVIVIR 12817:CONVIVIR 12520:Lawsuits 12252:Timeline 12184:Archived 12017:July 12, 11826:BBC News 11682:Archived 11349:July 15, 10928:Archived 10797:Archived 10771:Archived 10741:Archived 10709:Archived 10705:ABC News 10679:Archived 10646:Archived 10628:Archived 10497:April 4, 10469:July 18, 10463:Archived 10409:Archived 10383:Archived 10357:Archived 10331:Archived 10305:Archived 10279:Archived 10218:Archived 10214:ABC News 10188:Archived 10158:Archived 10129:Archived 10105:June 21, 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2913:CONVIVIR 2867:La Uribe 2863:Guaviare 2839:Putumayo 2819:Tlaxcala 2804:La Uribe 2655:La Uribe 2539:Timeline 2375:and the 2322:marxists 2301:militias 2225:Congress 2186:reacting 2180:through 2172:(FARC). 2050:Military 2040:Economic 1915:pre-1499 1900:Timeline 1883:Colombia 1872:a series 1870:Part of 1851:Timeline 1838:See also 1721:Emmanuel 1434:220,000+ 1299:: 14,033 1294:: 33,913 1276:Strength 361:CONVIVIR 191:Colombia 120:Colombia 115:Location 53:Top left 31:Cold War 14417:Central 14030:Central 13953:Outline 13893:Smoking 13888:Poverty 13806:Theater 13751:Cuisine 13718:Culture 13640:Society 13621:Tourism 13551:Banking 13539:Economy 13297:Insular 13221:Islands 13211:Geology 13206:Climate 13031:History 12624:FARC-EP 12118:May 27, 11888:"CERAC" 11392:4378701 10458:Reuters 10389:June 6, 10363:June 6, 10337:June 6, 10311:June 6, 10285:June 6, 10194:June 8, 10060:: 1–31. 9809:June 9, 9005:Reuters 8879:July 2, 8853:July 2, 7333:. PBS. 7170:May 24, 6734:Innovar 6237:242–247 5672:Reuters 5642:Reuters 5393:May 18, 5100:Reuters 5003:June 6, 4977:June 6, 4951:June 6, 4721:28 June 4338:May 31, 4035:justice 3919:of the 3885:and/or 3804:Caracas 3492:Impacts 3292:Rebirth 3175:Ecuador 2988:During 2897:Caquetá 2855:Caquetá 2815:Caracas 2592:in the 2521:FARC-EP 2449:Cocaine 2371:to the 2309:Ciénaga 2278:coupons 2251:liberal 2162:Liberal 2106: 2095:Spanish 2014:present 1753:Corinto 1682:14 July 1635:Dabeiba 1439:450,000 1244:† 1174:† 1162:† 1085:† 1066:† 1038:† 1018:† 770:Albania 719:Belarus 563:(1967–) 550:(2016–) 536:(1964–) 488:(1997–) 482:(1989–) 476:(1986–) 470:(2009–) 457:(1987–) 451:(1990–) 434:Contras 326:(2004–) 320:(2001–) 314:(1993–) 257:Ecuador 161:changes 140:Ongoing 128:Ecuador 96:, 1999. 14789:Europe 14531:South- 14023:Africa 13974:Portal 13853:Issues 13741:Cinema 13497:Police 13287:Andean 13282:Amazon 13226:Rivers 13021: 12890:Canada 12887: 12874: 12861: 12841: 12790:Other: 12727:ANNCOL 12522: 12518: 12500: 12496: 12461: 12457: 12419: 12415: 11390: 11318: 11246: 11226: 11198: 11170: 11149: 11125: 11104: 11076: 11055: 11034: 11013: 10992: 10600: 10548:"None" 9409:May 7, 8387: 7887: 7830: 7799: 7670: 7474: 6906: 6898: 6375: 6276: 6243: 6123: 5239: 4625: 4587: 4492: 4276: 4217: 4135: 4112: 4005:Unicef 3834:, and 3691:, and 3675:. 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